What are stressed personal endings of verbs? Spelling of unstressed personal verb endings, conjugations, exceptions

Spelling of personal endings of verbs is a rule tested during the state final certification in the ninth and eleventh grades. Despite the large number of hours allocated by the school curriculum to study this topic, many students continue to make annoying mistakes in writing. It is difficult to explain this phenomenon, since the topic can hardly be considered complex.

A little theory about verbs

Words of this part of speech are usually divided into two large groups: conjugated and non-conjugated. The first group consists of verbs that change according to tenses, persons and moods. They have another name - personal. The second group includes the infinitive, participle, and gerund, since they do not have the grammatical category of person or mood.

Personal endings of verbs included in the first group can be unstressed or stressed. The choice of vowels in endings that are under stress does not cause difficulties. The rule says that you should write the letter that you hear. For example, they scream, weave, talk, burn. Unstressed personal endings of verbs should be written based on the infinitive.

In order not to make mistakes in spelling, you need to know what verb conjugation is. The personal endings of verbs depend precisely on this constant morphological feature.

Correct spelling algorithm

To avoid mistakes, you should proceed according to the following plan:

1. Put the word in its initial form. It is imperative to ensure that the word and its dictionary form belong to the same type: perfect or imperfect.
2. Determine the conjugation at the end of the infinitive.
3. Choose the ending depending on the person and number.

Sample reasoning

1. In the sentence “The man is hiding ... behind the curtain at the far window,” a vowel is missing at the end of the predicate. The second syllable -va- is stressed, so the choice of the missing letter must be made based on the conjugation.

2. The person (what is he doing?) is hiding.. This is an imperfect verb, which in an indefinite form will answer the question “what to do?”. The initial form is to hide.

3. The word ends in -аt and is not one of the exceptions, therefore “to hide” is a verb of the first conjugation.

4. Personal endings of verbs of this group are written with a vowel e. In the 3rd person singular form, this word will have the ending -et: A man is hiding behind a curtain at the far window.

Conjugation

There are two conjugations in the Russian language.

The first conjugation includes words ending in -at, -et, -yat, -ot, -ut. For example, drown, bargain, darken, stab, fight, pick, tickle, hang, rush, shoot, weed, blacken.

The second conjugation includes all verbs ending in -it. For example, to stain, demolish, wound, paint, argue, spoil, cut.

However, as is often the case in the Russian language, there are exceptions to the rule. There are thirteen such words, and you need to remember them.

On a note

It is important to remember that words that are formed by prefixes from exceptions will have the same constant morphological feature as their non-prefixed forms. For example, shave, shave, lay, lay will belong to the first conjugation, and endure, consider, hold, drive - to the second.

Very often, students incorrectly determine the conjugation of verbs with the prefix you-, which leads to the wrong spelling of the ending. The reason for this phenomenon may be that the prefix pulls the accent towards itself, which automatically makes the ending unstressed. In order to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, the conjugation must be determined by their prefixless form.

Verbs with the postfix -sya have the same constant morphological feature as their verbs. For example, shave - shave, cut - cut, dig - dig, chase - chase, look - look, throw away - throw away.

Some words can have both conjugations. The word “honor,” for example, has 2 forms in the 3rd person plural: honor and honor.

Writing vowels

Vowels in the personal endings of verbs that are in an unstressed position depend on the conjugation. Words of the first conjugation end with a vowel e, words of the second conjugation - with a vowel And.

Difficulties can arise with differently conjugated verbs. Unstressed personal endings of verbs of this category can have endings of both conjugations. This group is formed by words want, run, honor. Verbs give, There is and their derivatives do not belong to this group, but also have different endings when changing according to persons and numbers.

Spelling personal endings of verbs does not require students to memorize large amounts of theoretical information. You should place the emphasis correctly, remembering several nuances (conjugation, the phenomenon of heteroconjugation, algorithm for choosing a vowel), and be guided by them when writing.

Spelling personal verb endings

WITH stressed endings of verbs all clear. The letter under stress is a test letter:

Words bale eat , bale look , track look and so on - stressed endings. They are written the same way they are pronounced (heard).

IN unstressed endings of verbs spelling letters e And And are determined by the indefinite form of these verbs:

Verbs ending in –it belong to the II conjugation: remember it ,smooth it .

All other verbs belong to the I conjugation, namely verbs in the indefinite form ending in

-at, -at,

-yat, -yt

-et, -et.

But there are verbs - exceptions related to II conjugation that need to be remembered. The easiest way to remember them is with the help of a rhyme:

Drive, hold, look and see,

Breathe, hear, hate,

And depend and twist,

And offend and endure,

You will remember, friends,

They cannot be conjugated with -e.

Let's make a table of unstressed endings of verbs:

There are differently conjugated verbs, for example, the verbs - to run and to want. Let's look at their endings:

I want oh, I'm running

You want eat, run

he wants yeah, he's running

We want them, let's run

You are hot come on, run

They want yat, run

There are verbs in the Russian language that are not used in the 1st person singular.

For example, verb win. Instead of the first person singular, they say:

I want to win or I'll try to win .

So, in order to check the correct spelling of the ending of a verb, you should reason as follows:

1. Determine the ending of the verb (stressed or unstressed).

If it is shock, then this is a test. If it’s unstressed, we discuss further.

2. We put the verb in the indefinite form and check its ending:

If the verb ends in -it, then it is a verb of the second conjugation - we write at the ending -i, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write –at or –yat.

3. Check whether the verb is included in the list of exceptions on –at And -there are.

If included, then this is a verb of the second conjugation, at the end we write -And:

hate eat - hate - hate .

If it is not included, then this is a verb of the first conjugation, at the end we write -e, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write –ut or -yut.

For example:

Twist..sew.

This verb is in the future tense, 2nd person and singular:

1. The ending is unstressed.
2. In an indefinite form - tighten- ending –it– this is the II conjugation, at the end we write -And : twist look .

Depend..t.

This verb is in the present tense, 3rd person, plural:

1. The ending is unstressed.
2. In an indefinite form - stuck eat - ending -there are.
3. The verb is included in the list of exceptions - this is II conjugation, verb in the 3rd person, plural, ending -yat: stuck yat .

Spelling a soft sign after hissing verb endings

Verbs of the present and future tense in the 2nd person, singular ending in sibilant –sh. In this case, after –sh a soft sign is written:

beige eat, shout, sing .

A soft sign is written before -xia:

look oh, you're curling up .

It should be remembered that to use a soft sign after sibilants, you do not need to determine the form of the verbs, since:

A soft sign after sibilants at the end of verbs is written ALWAYS, it is preserved before -xia And -those:

you scream

take care - take care

cut - cut.

M.Yu. OKHLOPKOVA,
International University of Nature,
society and people "Dubna", Dubna, Moscow region.

Spelling verbs and verb forms

Spelling personal verb endings

Notes:

1. Verbs with a prefix You- The conjugation is determined by the prefixless verb:

they get enough sleep - sleep (2nd conjugation)
he will raise a son - he will raise(2nd conjugation)
his son will grow up - growing up(1st conjugation)

2. Remember different conjugated verbs: want, run, honor (honor, honor), dawn (the dawn is dawning, the dawn is dawning).

3. Verbs to -yat belong to the 1st conjugation: baat, bleat, winnow, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt(not to be confused: hide– “hide”), find fault.

4. Verbs recover, become frosty, become disgusted, become moldy in a literary language they change according to the 1st conjugation (you will get better, you will become frosty, you will become disgusted, you will become moldy).

5. There are different literary and colloquial forms: torment(liter.) – torment(colloquial); measure(liter.) – measure(colloquially).

Exercises

№ 1 . Determine the verb conjugation: take(1),swerve(1),twist(1),own(1),hear(2),cut(1),hang(2),be able(1),offend(2),want(diversified), whistle(2),rub (1).

№ 2 . Fill in the table with these verbs according to the example: glue, hate, build, shave, grind, hope, sway, melt, twirl, want, conceal.

№ 3 . Write it down, insert the missing letters, indicate the conjugation.

1. Drops in puddles splash more regularly and mutter their psalm. 2. The knight trembles involuntarily: he sees the old battlefield. (A. Pushkin) 3. He laughs - everyone laughs, frowns - everyone is silent. (A. Pushkin) 4. The pale blue sky breathes light and warmth and greets Petropol with an unprecedented September. 5. People will clear the paths, trample, leave footprints, and the snow will fall again and cover everything with almost weightless down pillows.

Spelling verb suffixes

Notes:

1. When selecting the form of the 1st person, units. h. to check the spelling of verbs with suffixes -ova-/-eva-, -yva-/-iva- It is necessary to take into account the type of the verb.
dispel(nonsov. v.) – dispelling(unsov. v.) (wrong I'll dispel, because verb owl Here dispel).
Scout(nonsov. v.) – I'm scouting(unsov. v.) (wrong I'll scout out, because verb owl Here reconnoiter).

2. Pay attention to the spelling of verbs with roots -ved- :
confess - I confess; preach - I preach; manage - I'm in charge; taste - taste; visit - visit;.

find out - find out 3. Remember the spelling of verbs: e stuck wat 3. Remember the spelling of verbs: (Although t); I e stuck eclipse I And t); (Although e stuck once (Although And(Although); no e stuck wat no And t); extended e stuck once extended And t);molested e intention get involved

(no pair of owl species). 4. Differentiate between verbs e stuck admonition - “to persuade, advise” and And stuck admonished

- “to conscience, to shame.” 5. Differentiate between verbs e stuck potch - “treat” and And stuck almost

Exercises

№ 1 - "sleep". . Put the verbs into the imperative and indicative moods:.

№ 2

Flag re_t. Burevestnik re_l. Didn't see anyone. Can't see anything. Success depends on effort.

№ 3 Dependent on parents. The cloud has cleared. The box doesn't stick well. The conversation didn't go well. Everything is disgusting.

. Write by inserting the missing letters.

Advise to rest, study the map, not limit yourself to persuasion, preach mercy, darken the sun; the mountain was deforested, the singer was deprived of her voice, the peasants were deprived of land, the village was depopulated.

Formation and spelling of participles Active participles	(denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action) Passive participles
		(indicate a sign of the object to which the action is directed) Present tense
		(from ness. v.) Past tense

(from owl species and non-owl species)

Exercises

№ 1 is there a gun . From these verbs form all possible forms of participles:.

№ 2 love, lie, make up, laugh, create, dress, glue . Indicate verbs from which passive past participles cannot be formed: buy, announce, be surprised, build, open, insist : 1) on something, 2).

liqueur Answer : these are verbs 1.

№ 3 build up, be surprised, insist . Among the forms on -my indicate participles:.

dependent, audible, combustible, readable, tireless, discernible, surmountable Note . Among the forms on . Participles on

liqueur: audible, readable.

TRAINING TESTS

Test No. 1

Indicate the numbers of words that are written with the letter y(y) .

1. they mumble
2. they are trembling
3. they see_t
4. they are swearing
5. they get enough sleep
6. they hope
7. they cherish_t
8. they are brezh_t
9. snow ta_t
10. the grass is swaying
11. they seem to be
12. dogs la_t
13. sheep ble_t
14. they are fighting

Test No. 2

a mistake was made .

1. he pecks
2. he shaves
3. it will melt
4. he is unsteady
5. he drives
6. he grinds
7. he lays
8. he cherishes
9. he sways
10. it rumbles
11. he shines
12. he is spinning
13. he will hear
14. he hopes

Test No. 3

Indicate the numbers of words in which a mistake was made .

1. preach
2. to manage
3. renew
4. outshine
5. admonish
6. posted
7. recovered
8. built on
9. open
10. treat

Test No. 4

Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which the letter is missing And .

1. When you see him, give him this letter.
2. If you don't take out the trash, you will be punished.
3. He didn’t see anyone.
4. The conversation is not going well.
5. If you hold the pen tightly, your hand gets tired quickly.
6. He will raise a son.
7. You will get better soon.
8. Clouds obscure the sun.
9. He won't last long.
10. The hike left the tourists exhausted.

Indicate the numbers of words in which mistakes were made.

1. they are dreaming
2. they are toiling
3. they are holding
4. they are driving
5. they cherish
6. they lay
7. they peck
8. they are bubbling
9. they mumble
10. they sway
11. they bark
12. they hope
13. they bleat
14. they are amusing themselves

Indicate the numbers of phrases and sentences in which mistakes were made .

1. They hope not to make a mistake.
2. The guys covered the book.
3. He was advised to undergo treatment.
4. Explore the secrets of the earth.
5. No one hoped for success anymore.
6. The horses are barely dragging along.
7. The tournament weakened the athlete.
8. Dawn is just breaking.
9. If you say too much, you will regret it.
10. Constantly spinning.
11. The grass sways in the wind.
12. They toil for a long time.
13. Treat yourself sweetly.
14. Encourage a friend.
15. The waters are bubbling.
16. They mutter.
17. Were not dependent on our parents.
18. Extend the holidays.
19. Something seems ahead.
20. If you see him, tell him.

Test No. 1

Write down the missing participles (if participles cannot be formed, put a dash).

Test No. 2

From the given participles, choose the passive past participle.

Please provide numbers.
1. discarded
2. studied
3. offending
4. persecuted
5. adhesive
6. melted
7. infused

Test No. 3

8. swept A or (Although .

Indicate the numbers of words in which letters are missing
1. wobbly
2. adhesive
3. struggling
4. raving
5. racing
6. chalk_shchy
7. breathable
9. hopeful
10. shaking
11. laying
12. thinking
13. penitent
14. jumping

Test No. 4

e .

1. rope hanging from the roof
2. ball dropped in the mud
3. targeted beast
4. mixed ingredients
5. ships are hung with flags
6. hung by the seller
7. shotgun
8. clothes hanging in the closet
9. hinged door
10. hanging grain
11. arrow sparrow
12. a barrel pumped out of a barn
13. involved in a crime
14. the walls are hung with paintings
15. dumped garbage
16. mixed solution
17. infused with herbs
18. promised help
19. Shepherds of glory
20. overheard conversation

Test No. 5

Indicate the numbers of phrases in which a letter is missing and I) .

1. glue stick
2. shuffled cards
3. glued notebook
4. melted snow
5. melting snow
6. kneaded dough
7. posted goods

Test No. 6

What part of speech are the highlighted words? Choose the correct answer:

A) participle, B) adjective, C) noun.

1 part mourners
2. think about past
3. closed syllable
4. devastated Human
5. devastated city
6. orbital poplar
7. faded bush
8. room for waiting

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE TESTS

Spelling verb endings and suffixes

Test No. 1: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14.
Test No. 2: 1, 5, 7 (from grind), 12, 13.
Test No. 3: 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 13, 17.
Test No. 4: 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.
Test No. 5: 3, 4, 7, 14.
Test No. 6: 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 17, 18.

Spelling participles

Test No. 1: 1. solved; 2. solvable; 3. adhesive; 4. hopeful.
dependent, audible, combustible, readable, tireless, discernible, surmountable: present participles are formed only from imperfective verbs, and passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.
Test No. 2: 1, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15.
Test No. 3: 2, 5, 12.
Test No. 4: 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16.
Test No. 5: 2, 4, 10, 14. (In No. 7, two spellings are possible: hung goods, i.e. the one that was hung was divided by weight; hung goods, that is, the one that was hung, placed in some space.)
Test No. 6: A: 5, 6, 7; B: 3, 4; B: 1, 2, 8.

Literature

1. Russian language: Textbook for in-depth study in high school / Bagryantseva V.A. and others. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2000. pp. 58–84.

2. Valgina N.S., Svetlysheva V.N. Russian language. Spelling and punctuation. Rules and exercises. M.: Neolit, 2000. pp. 107–122.

3. Tsarenkova T.A. Collection of tests on the Russian language. Dubna: Int. University of Nature, Society and Man “Dubna”, 2002.

4. Steinberg L.Ya. 1000 questions and answers. Russian language: A textbook for applicants to universities. M.: Book House "University", 1999. pp. 57–70.

The rule about conjugating verbs in the Russian language is one of the necessary attributes of competent written speech.

Only knowing and being able to apply it in practice can you understand how to write verb endings correctly.

What is verb conjugation

The term "conjugation" first appeared in Russian in the seventeenth century. It was formed from the word “conjugate”, in the outdated meaning of “attach, bring closer”, from Latin - “to bend”, “to bend”.

In linguistics it is given the meaning: “a combination of various verbal forms.” In the ancient textbook of John of Damascus, this term is characterized by such words as “marriage”, “union”.

Conjugation in modern linguistics usually means changing verbs in person and number. There are only two of them in the Russian language: the first and the second.

How to determine verb conjugation by personal endings

Personal endings are called the endings of words denoting the actions of objects in the first, second and third persons (“-у”, “-yu”, “-eat”, “-eat”, “-ish”, “-et”, “-et” "", "-im", "-em", "-em", "-im", "-ete", "-yote", "-ite", "-ut", "-yut", "-at ", "-yat") singular and plural.

To determine the conjugation, you first need to isolate the stressed syllable in a word and see whether the stress falls on the ending or not.

For example, in the word “fight” the stress falls on the second syllable, i.e. the personal ending is unstressed. And in the word “run” the stress falls on “-at”, i.e. it is stressed.

Conjugation in stressed endings

Based on the stressed ending of a word denoting the action of an object, it is very easy to determine the conjugation; for this it is enough to know only the endings for the I and II conjugations.

Usually the second conjugation includes verbs starting with “-it”, and the first conjugation includes all the others (including those starting with “-t”, as in the words “live”, “is”, “-ti” for the word “go”, etc. .d.).

Examples:

• “weed” ends with “-т” - 1 conjugation;
• “stand” - ending “-yat” - 1 conjugation;
• “to doze” - at the end of “-at” - 1 conjugation.

However, there are many exception verbs, which will be discussed below.

Verb conjugation in Russian using examples in the table

Conjugating verbs using unstressed personal endings

If a word denoting the action of an object has an unstressed personal ending, then you need to form an indefinite form from it and see which letter comes before the “-т”. In this case, the initial form should be taken of the same type as the personal form.

Examples:

• “raises” is an imperfective verb. This means that the indefinite form must also be of the imperfect form - “raise”. The ending “-yat” means I conjugation;
• “melts” is an imperfect verb, in the infinitive “melt”, i.e. this word should be included in the I conjugation, since it ends in “-yat”.
• "glues". We put it in an indefinite form: “glue.” The ending is “-it”, respectively, this verb belongs to the II conjugation;
• “you are fighting” - “to fight”, with “-ot” and is included in the I conjugation.

Task: conjugate (that is, change by persons and numbers) the above words.

To determine the person of a verb, you need to put a personal pronoun in front of it. We get “I lift” and “you lift.”

First conjugation:

1. I lift, we lift;
2. you lift, you lift;
3. he lifts, they lift.

Now let’s conjugate the verb of the second conjugation to see how the endings change:

• I glue, we glue;
• you glue, you glue;
• he glues, they glue.

To summarize, we note that to find out which vowel to put at the end of a word, you can use two methods:

• The first way is to put the verb in the third person plural.

For example, you need to find out the ending of the verb “vert_t”. We put it in the third person: “they twirl.” The verb ends in “-yat”, which means that it is a verb of 2 conjugations and in the indefinite form the ending will be “-it”, i.e. "twirls."

It’s the same with verbs of the first conjugation, for example, “to start.” We put it in the third person: “they’ll start it.” The ending is “-yut”, therefore, this is 1 conjugation, and the indefinite form will have the ending “-yat”: “to start”.

• The second method is definition by the indefinite form of the verb or infinitive(i.e., the verb must answer the questions “what to do?” or “what to do?”). Having put the verb in the indefinite form, we look at the ending. If there is a verb that does not start with “-it”, then it belongs to the first conjugation and the letter “e” will be written in the unstressed personal ending.

For example, the verb “stro_t”. We put it in the infinitive, it turns out to be “build”, the ending is “-it”, i.e. the verb is of the second conjugation and in the personal form the letter “i” will be written - “builds”.

The verb “zate_t” in the infinitive has the ending “-yat”, that is, it refers to the first conjugation and in its personal form it will have the ending “-et”, i.e. “starts”.

Exceptions 1 and 2 conjugations

It is important to remember all the exceptions that apply to this rule. Exceptions must be learned, since the writing of words denoting the actions of objects largely depends on them.

Conclusion

As you can see, it is not difficult to determine the conjugation of a verb; it is not for nothing that students learn this rule in elementary school. But this knowledge will allow you to correctly write personal verb endings, which is simply necessary for a person who wants to have competent written speech.

Spelling: spelling personal endings of verbs. Personal verb endings- endings of the present and simple future tenses of the verb, as well as verbs in the imperative mood. The writing of the personal endings of verbs in the present and simple future forms differs depending on the type of verb conjugation:

Algorithm for determining verb endings

1 stage. To determine the conjugation of a verb, you need to know its personal ending is stressed or unstressed. Exists two way:

1. Put the verb in the third person singular (he, she, it) and see which vowel is clearly heard. If a vowel is clearly heard Yo, this is a verb I conjugation: swim - swims, drink - drinks . If a vowel is clearly heard AND, then this is a verb II conjugation: fly - flies .
2. Put the verb in the third person plural (they) and see which vowel is clearly heard. If you hear -UT, -YUT, this is a verb I conjugation: swim - float . If you hear -AT, -YAT, then this is a verb II conjugation: fly - fly.
3. If both methods did not help, then we have a verb with an unstressed personal ending, we move on to the 2nd stage.

Stage 2. If the verb ended up with unstressed personal ending , then its conjugation is determined by infinitive . When defining the infinitive: do not change the form of the verb, do not drop -SYA, drop the prefix YOU-! Eliminate unconjugated verbs: WANT, RUN, as well as specially conjugated GIVE, EAT(however, the latter should not get to this stage, since they have shock endings)

• II conjugation: verbs ending in initial form with -ITE(except for the verbs SHAVE, LAY, LAY - they belong to the I conjugation), and also exception verbs PUSH, HOLD, BREATHE, DEPEND, HATE and OFFEND, and also TENDER, TURN, HEAR, SEE and WATCH (including all verbs formed from exception verbs).
• I conjugation: all other verbs, as well as exception verbs SHAVE, LAY, LAY.

You should remember the spelling of some verbs in the infinitive!

• blow, bleat, smell, bark, roar, melt, sow, tea and hope, cherish, cough, repent, stand - they need to be written in the initial form only through -Yat.
• glue, dry, build, sting, mark, say and beckon, worry, overpower, ride, throw, win - they need to be written in the initial form only through -It.