The action is dramatic. The meaning of the phrase “development of action”. What is action development

In the section on the question: List and characterize the stages of development of action in a composition (in literature) asked by the author Caucasian the best answer is exposition, beginning, development of action, climax and resolution. Isolating these elements is advisable only in connection with a conflict. (The fact is that in school there is often a simplified approach to defining plot elements, like: “the plot is when the action begins”). Decisive for determining the elements of the plot is the nature of the conflict in each this moment.
Exposition is a part of a work, usually the initial one, which precedes the plot. She usually introduces us to actors, circumstances, place and time of action. There is no conflict in the exhibition yet.
The plot of a work is the moment when a conflict arises or is discovered.
What follows is the development of the action, that is, a series of episodes in which the characters try to actively resolve the conflict, but nevertheless it becomes increasingly acute and tense.
Finally, the conflict reaches a point when the contradictions can no longer exist in their previous form and require immediate resolution; the conflict reaches its maximum development. According to the author’s plan, the greatest tension of the reader’s attention and interest usually falls on this same point. This is the culmination.
Following the climax, in close proximity to it (sometimes already in the next phrase or episode), comes the denouement - the moment when the conflict exhausts itself, and the denouement can resolve the conflict, or clearly demonstrate its insolvability.
It should be noted that the definition of plot elements is necessary in order to more accurately imagine the external structure of the plot.
In determining the elements of the plot, there may be various difficulties that need to be foreseen; This is especially true for large-scale works. Firstly, a work may have not one, but several storylines; for each of them, as a rule, there will be a different set of plot elements. Secondly, in a major work there is usually not one, but several climaxes, after each of which the appearance of a weakening of the conflict is created and the action begins to decline slightly, and then the upward movement begins again to the next climax. The climax in this case often represents an imaginary resolution to the conflict, after which the reader can take a breath, but then new events lead to further development of the plot, it turns out that the conflict is not resolved, etc. until a new climax.

The meaning of ACTION DEVELOPMENT in the Dictionary of Literary Terms

ACTION DEVELOPMENT

Structural element of the plot: a system of events arising from the plot. As the process progresses, the conflict intensifies, and the contradictions between the actors deepen and intensify.

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• DEVELOPMENT in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
  (Development; Psychogenese) - psychoanalysis claims that human behavior can be considered in its development, that is, the behavior of an adult can be interpreted as a complication...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
  characteristics of qualitative changes in objects, the emergence of new forms of existence, innovations and innovations and associated with the transformation of their internal and external connections. ...
• ACTIONS in the One-Volume Large Legal Dictionary:
  - one of the types of legal facts, are those facts that depend on the will of people, since they are committed by them. d. are divided...
• ACTIONS in the Big Legal Dictionary:
  - one of the types of legal facts, are those facts that depend on the will of people, since they are committed by them. D. are divided...
• DEVELOPMENT
  ECONOMICS - absolute and relative changes in macroeconomic indicators that characterize the state of the country's economy over time over a long period. Used for…
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  TECHNICAL - see TECHNICAL ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  INVESTIGATIVE - see INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  DESCENTIVE - see DESCENTIVE ACTIONS…
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  LEGAL - see LEGAL ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  NOTARIAL - see NOTARIAL ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  ILLEGAL - see ILLEGAL ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  SUSPENSION OF AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT - see SUSPENSION OF AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  CONCLUDENT - see CONCLUDENT...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  CURRENCY - see CURRENCY ACTIONS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  PROHIBITED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO WAR VICTIMS - see PROHIBITED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO WAR VICTIMS...
• ACTIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  - such legal facts, the occurrence of which depends on the will and consciousness of people. D. are divided into legal and illegal (offenses) ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  directed, natural change; as a result of development, a new qualitative state of the object arises - its composition or structure. There are two forms of development: ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• DEVELOPMENT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  directed, natural change in nature and society. As a result of development, a new qualitative state of the object arises - its composition or structure. ...
• DEVELOPMENT V Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -I, Wed. 1. see develop2, -sya2. 2. The process of natural change, transition from one state to another, more perfect one; transition...
• DEVELOPMENT
  DEVELOPMENT (biol.), a process of closely interrelated quantities. (growth) and qualities. (differentiation) of transformations of individuals from the moment of conception to the end of life (individual R., ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  DEVELOPMENT, evolution, directed change of something. organic whole (biological, social, cultural-historical), in the process of which its internal development unfolds. possibilities. Flows through time...
• ACTIONS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ACTION AND REACTION LAW (Newton's third law of mechanics), see Newton's laws...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (philosophical) ? cm. …
• DEVELOPMENT in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, development, …
• DEVELOPMENT in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  -I, just food. , With. 1) Gradual improvement, strengthening, strengthening through training. Muscle development. Memory development. Development of abilities. Of all …
• DEVELOPMENT
  1. Syn: progress, improvement, evolution, growth 2. Syn: development, forging (rare, arr., intensified), formation (book), education 3. Syn: development, ...
• ACTIONS in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
  Syn: see...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
  1. Syn: progress, improvement, evolution, growth 2. Syn: production, forging (rare, arr., intensified), formation (book ...
• ACTIONS in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
  Syn: see...
• DEVELOPMENT
  Syn: progress, improvement, evolution, growth Syn: production, forging (ed.)arr. strengthened), formation (book), education Syn: development, ...
• ACTIONS in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  Syn: see...
• DEVELOPMENT
  Wed 1) The process of action according to meaning. verb: to develop, to develop. 2) Status by value. verb: to develop. 3) The process of natural change, transition...
• ACTIONS in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  pl. 1) Military operations. 2) Behavior, actions...
• DEVELOPMENT in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  development, ...
• DEVELOPMENT in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  development, …
• DEVELOPMENT in the Spelling Dictionary:
  development, ...
• DEVELOPMENT in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  <= развить 2, -ся 2 развитие степень сознательности, просвещенности, культурности Высокое умственное р. развитие процесс закономерного изменения, перехода из одного …
• DEVELOPMENT in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  biological process of closely interrelated quantitative (growth) and qualitative (differentiation) transformations of individuals from the moment of conception to the end of life (individual development, or ...
• DEVELOPMENT in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  development, pl. no, cf. (book). 1. Action according to verb. develop-develop. Muscle development through gymnastics. 2. Condition according to verb. develop-develop. Industrial development. ...
• DEVELOPMENT
  development cf. 1) The process of action according to meaning. verb: to develop, to develop. 2) Status by value. verb: to develop. 3) The process of natural change, ...
• ACTIONS in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  actions plural 1) Military operations. 2) Behavior, actions...
• DEVELOPMENT
  Wed 1. process of action according to Ch. develop, develop 2. state according to Ch. develop 3. The process of natural change, transition from one ...
• ACTIONS in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  
• DEVELOPMENT
  Wed 1. process of action according to Ch. develop II, develop II, develop II 1., 2., 3., 4. 2. The result of such an action; ...
• ACTIONS in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  pl. 1. Military operations. 2. Behavior, actions...
• HABERMAS in the Dictionary of Postmodernism.
• FRANCE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
  Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radyanska Socialistichna Respublika), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation ...
• THE USSR. SOCIAL SCIENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  sciences Philosophy Being an integral part of world philosophy, the philosophical thought of the peoples of the USSR has traveled a long and complex historical path. In spiritual...

THE ACTION IS DRAMATIC, the term has several meanings.

1. In performing arts, it is the most important means of expressing acting skills. In fact, it is a means of embodying a stage image or role. It includes a complex complex of both physical (plasticity, facial expressions, speech, gestures, etc.) and psychological processes (experience, perception, evaluation, etc.).

The concept of stage action formed the basis of the “Stanislavsky system” - the theory and method of acting developed by K.S. Stanislavsky. In particular, K.S. Stanislavsky introduced the concepts of “effective analysis of the play” (analysis of the psychophysical actions of each character); “end-to-end action” (logical chain, continuous action of the role), “super-task” (goal to which the entire complex of acting action leads).

An actor on stage without action is impossible, regardless of the genre, style or creative method of stage work. It is action that is the fundamental specific feature of acting. It brings into view the character’s character, the logic and process of his development, conflicting relationships, etc. – that is, everything that makes up the essence of a stage work.

Depending on the type of stage art, the ratio of physical and psychological actions in the actor’s work changes. For example, in a ballet or opera performance, dance or vocal technique becomes most important. However, even in this case, without filling the image with psychological action, the role remains formal, turning from a work of art into a technical exercise.

2. In dramaturgy, action is considered as a development of events; here the term is closely related to the concepts of “plot” and “plot”. In accordance with this, it is possible to classify actions according to external and internal parameters. The set of actual events leading to changes in the current situation, the emergence of new characters and new circumstances - that is, everything that relates to the plot of the play - refers to external action. Especially often the action along the external line develops in vaudevilles, detective stories, and sitcoms. If in a dramatic work serious problems arise behind simple or ordinary situations, if changes occur not so much in the situational position of the characters, but in their psychology, characters and worldview - which is included in the concept of the plot of the play, the action can be classified as internal. The clearest example of internal action is the plays of A.P. Chekhov, where the characters’ grandiose tragicomic problems arise behind everyday life. However, the division into external and internal actions is quite arbitrary; These are two sides of the same coin, and they cannot exist in isolation. So, say, in Shakespeare's plays, an extremely dynamic series of events leads to an equally dynamic change and development of the characters' characters.

3. Both in dramaturgy and in its stage embodiment, the term “action” is often used as a synonym for the term “act,” denoting a completed part of a play or performance, usually separated from others by intermission.

Tatiana Shabalina

Offers several definitions of the concept “plot”. According to Ozhegov, plot in literature is the order and connection of events. Ushakov's dictionary suggests that they be considered a set of actions, the sequence and motivation for the unfolding of what is happening in a work.

Relationship with plot

In modern Russian criticism, plot has a completely different definition. The plot in literature is understood as the course of events against the background of which the confrontation is revealed. The plot is the main artistic conflict.

However, other points of view on this issue have existed in the past and continue to exist. Russian critics of the mid-19th century, supported by Veselovsky and Gorky, considered the compositional aspect of the plot, that is, how exactly the author communicates the content of his work. And the plot in literature is, in their opinion, the actions and relationships of the characters.

This interpretation is directly opposite to that in Ushakov’s dictionary, in which the plot is the content of events in their sequential connection.

Finally, there is a third point of view. Those who adhere to it believe that the concept of “plot” has no independent meaning, and when analyzing it is quite enough to use the terms “plot”, “composition” and “plot diagram”.

Types and variants of product schemes

Modern analysts distinguish two main types of plot: chronicle and concentric. They differ from each other in the nature of the connections between events. The main factor, so to speak, is time. The chronic type reproduces its natural course. Concentric - focuses no longer on the physical, but on the mental.

Concentric plots in literature include detective stories, thrillers, social and psychological novels, and dramas. Chronicle is more often found in memoirs, sagas, and adventure works.

Concentric plot and its features

In the case of this type of course of events, a clear cause-and-effect relationship between the episodes can be traced. The development of the plot in literature of this type is consistent and logical. It is easy to highlight the beginning and end here. Previous actions are the causes of subsequent ones; all events seem to be pulled together into one node. The writer explores one conflict.

Moreover, the work can be either linear or multilinear - the cause-and-effect relationship is preserved just as clearly, moreover, any new storylines appear as a result of events that have already happened. All parts of a detective story, thriller or story are built on a clearly expressed conflict.

Chronicle story

It can be contrasted with concentric, although in fact there is not an opposite here, but a completely different principle of construction. These types of plots in literature can interpenetrate each other, but most often either one or the other is decisive.

The change of events in a work built on a chronicle principle is tied to time. There may be no clear connection, no strict logical cause-and-effect relationship (or at least this connection is not obvious).

In such a work we can talk about many episodes, the only thing they have in common is that they happen in chronological order. A chronicle plot in literature is a multi-conflict and multi-component canvas, where contradictions arise and fade, and one is replaced by another.

Commencement, climax, denouement

In works whose plot is based on conflict, it is essentially a scheme, a formula. It can be divided into its constituent parts. The elements of plot in literature include exposition, setup, conflict, rising action, crisis, climax, falling action, and resolution.

Of course, not all of the above elements are present in every work. More often you can find several of them, for example, plot, conflict, development of action, crisis, climax and denouement. On the other hand, it matters how exactly the work is analyzed.

The exhibition in this regard is the most static part. Its task is to introduce some of the characters and the setting of the action.

The plot describes one or more events that give rise to the main action. The development of the plot in literature goes through conflict, rising action, crisis to climax. She is also the peak of the work, playing a significant role in revealing the characters’ characters and in the unfolding of the conflict. The denouement adds the final touches to the story being told and to the characters.

In literature, a certain plot structure has developed, which is psychologically justified from the point of view of its influence on the reader. Each element described has its place and meaning.

If a story does not fit into the scheme, it seems sluggish, incomprehensible, and illogical. For a work to be interesting, for readers to empathize with the characters and delve into what is happening to them, everything in it must have its place and develop in accordance with these psychological laws.

Plots of ancient Russian literature

Ancient Russian literature, according to D. S. Likhachev, is “literature of one theme and one plot.” World history and the meaning of human life are the main, deep motives and themes of the writers of those times.

The plots of ancient Russian literature are revealed to us in lives, epistles, walks (descriptions of travel), chronicles. The names of the authors of most of them are unknown. According to the time interval, the Old Russian group includes works written in the 11th-17th centuries.

The diversity of modern literature

Attempts to classify and describe the plots used have been made more than once. In his book The Four Cycles, Jorge Luis Borges suggested that in world literature there are only four types:

• about search;
• about the suicide of God;
• about the long return;
• about the assault and defense of a fortified city.

Christopher Booker identified seven: rags to riches (or vice versa), adventure, there and back again (Tolkien's The Hobbit comes to mind), comedy, tragedy, resurrection and defeating the monster. Georges Polti reduced the entire experience of world literature to 36 plot collisions, and Kipling identified 69 of their variants.

Even specialists of other profiles were not left indifferent by this question. According to Jung, the famous Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology, the main plots of literature are archetypal, and there are only six of them - the shadow, anima, animus, mother, old man and child.

Index to folk tales

Perhaps most of all, the Aarne-Thompson-Uther system “highlighted” the possibilities for writers - it recognizes the existence of approximately 2,500 options.

We are, however, talking about folklore here. This system is a catalog, an index of fairy-tale plots known to science at the time of compilation of this monumental work.

There is only one definition for the course of events here. The plot in literature of this kind looks like this: “The persecuted stepdaughter is taken into the forest and abandoned there. Baba Yaga, or Morozko, or Leshy, or 12 months, or Winter, test her and reward her. The stepmother’s own daughter also wants to receive a gift, but does not pass the test and dies.”

In fact, Aarne himself established no more than a thousand options for the development of events in the fairy tale, but he allowed for the possibility of new ones and left a place for them in his original classification. This was the first index that came into scientific use and was recognized by the majority. Subsequently, scientists from many countries made their additions to it.

In 2004, an edition of the reference book appeared, in which the descriptions of fairy-tale types were updated and made more accurate. This version of the index contained 250 new types.

the most important component of artistic conflict; the concept characterizes the way of movement of artistic action, passing through the points of initiation, culmination and denouement. The development of the action can be carried out in different compositional rhythms and have a different number of climax points.

Whole: plot

Other associative links: plot, conflict, climax, resolution

“In a work of art, the development of an action can be interrupted by a sudden, unexpected denouement. In ancient Greek tragedies, the gods were such a force, unraveling all the contradictions through their intervention” (A. Revyakin).

“In the field of plot composition, there are no universal rules and norms. In some cases, the conflict underlying the plot requires numerous twists and turns; in others, on the contrary, the slow development of action is important for the writer” (V.E. Khalizev).

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• - A set of processes that determine the morphological, physiological and biochemical changes that an individual undergoes on the way from fertilization of the egg to death...

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• - a process of closely interrelated quantities. and qualities, transformations of individuals from the moment of birth to the end of life and throughout the entire existence of life on Earth of their species, etc. system-tic. groups...

  Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

• - a natural change in matter and consciousness, their universal property...

  The Beginnings of Modern Natural Science

• - a structural element of the plot: a system of events arising from the plot. As the process progresses, the conflict intensifies, and the contradictions between the actors deepen and intensify...

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• - 1. Strengthening, strengthening. 2. Bringing to a certain degree of spiritual, mental maturity, consciousness, culture, etc. 3. Bringing to a certain degree of strength, power, perfection; raising the level of something. 4...

  Great psychological encyclopedia

• - psychoanalysis asserts that human behavior can be considered in its development, i.e., adult behavior can be interpreted as a complication or evolution of child behavior, and that the “highest” forms of the latter...

  Dictionary of Analytical Psychology

• - forward movement, evolution, transition from one state to another. R. is opposed to “creation”, “explosion”, emergence from nothing, as well as spontaneous formation from chaos and...

  Philosophical Encyclopedia

• - characteristics of qualitative changes in objects, the emergence of new forms of existence, innovations and innovations and associated with the transformation of their internal and external connections...

  The latest philosophical dictionary

• - DEVELOPMENT is an irreversible, progressive change in objects of the spiritual and material world in time, understood as linear and unidirectional. In European philosophy, the concept of R. became dominant in...

  Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

• - English development; German Entwicklung. 1. Individual R. - manifested in the totality of successive morphol., physiol., biochemical changes occurring in the body from the moment of its inception until the end of life...

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• - A multidimensional process, usually implying a change in state from less satisfactory to more satisfactory...

  Political science. Dictionary.

• - directed, natural change in nature and society. As a result of development, a new qualitative state of the object arises - its composition or structure...

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• - qualitative changes in the structure and functions of the body and its individual parts - organs, tissues and cells, arising in the process of ontogenesis...

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• - 1. the process of natural change, transition from one state to another, more perfect one; transition from an old qualitative state to a new one, from simple to complex, from lower to higher 2...

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"development of action" in books

Development of tropes during the action