How to write “O” and “E” after hissing words. Letters o, e, e after sibilants When to write o or e after sibilants
Answered by Yesenia Pavlotski, linguist-morphologist, expert at the Institute of Philology, Mass Information and Psychology of Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University.
We should start with the fact that the letter e in a language there is a special status of a sign, the strict obligatory use of which is limited. No other letter of our alphabet enjoys such a “privilege.” It's hard to imagine that we could write or not write a, t or at, if we so want. But here's the word before you hedgehog- same as hedgehog. The result is a “stereo picture”: a hedgehog is a hedgehog, and in our minds this is the same word.
Many people have a question: if there is no difference, if the use of a letter is not mandatory, then why is such a sign needed at all? Who needed to enter it and why?
So, in order. In understanding language as a system, treating it as a historical phenomenon will greatly help. When we read a textbook on the history of Russia, we are carried back into the past by exciting stories of fierce battles and great achievements. But believe me, the textbook on the grammar of the Old Russian language knows stories no less exciting than the Battle of the Ice, the Battle of Kursk and the collapse of the USSR. What are the first, second and third palatalizations worth, the development of intersyllabic synharmonism and the great fall of the reduced ones. If you get acquainted with the history of the language, you will never again think that someone forcibly changes it, spoils it, introduces something into it, takes something out of it, and all for the sake of some bad people in order to confuse all the other good people.
Appearance of the sign e was the result of a global transformation in the Old Russian language - the transition<е>V<о>(transition of sound [e] to sound [o]). You can read more about this process in any historical grammar textbook. (He writes in great detail about the prerequisites and the phenomenon itself. V.V. Kolesov.) Most often, the following example is given for understanding: before the transition<е>V<о>word honey pronounced like [ m´ed], and then they began to pronounce it the way we hear it today - [ Maud]. (The sign in the transcription indicates the softness of the consonant.) So, the phonetic phenomenon was formed, but there was no expression for it, but the appearance of a special sign, of course, was inevitable. In the 18th century, a combination appeared for this purpose io— miod, however, he was not destined to take root, like other options - o, ё, їô, ió, io.
Denotation of one sound by two letters io the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences questioned E.R. Dashkova. And, despite the fact that the replacement she proposed e those offered later could come ö, ø, ε, ę, ē, ĕ , it is this letter that we know today as part of our alphabet. The search for another form of sound designation was natural: the fact is that the style e requires three broken actions, and in this e is also unique - not a single letter of our alphabet consists of three separate characters, the writing of which is limited by cursive. Write a word with a pen, in the middle of which there will be e- you will track what you need to write e, stop, return your hand back, put one point and then the second. All this, of course, is not very convenient.But e throughout its history it has been objectionable not only for this. Its spread in the 18th - 19th centuries was blocked by the attitude towards pronunciation with e as ignoble, philistine. Pronunciation with e instead of e was considered something like ours call instead of calls— emphasized belonging to an approved group of native speakers. Pronunciation with e was considered vernacular, denigrating the language. President of the Russian Academy A. S. Shishkov wrote that writing “stars” instead of “star” is a complete corruption of the language.
There is an opinion (and you can check its validity yourself) that the text with e is much more difficult to read than the same text with e. Perhaps, due to the optional use of this letter and its ambiguous status, we have not been able to properly get used to its appearance and return to it not only when writing - with our hands, but also when reading - with our eyes, as if “stuttering”.
Well, in the end, e they even refuse to be a full-fledged letter. So, A.A. Reformed writes that there is only a special icon umlaut(two dots) above the letter e, which is an opportunity to avoid discrepancies - but not an independent letter e.
So, we have already found out that the path is e difficult, unenviable fate. It remains to understand the main thing: are there cases when the norm establishes its obligatory nature. Yes, there are such cases.
Firstly, e required in special texts: primers, school textbooks for native Russian speakers and foreigners, as well as dictionaries. It is necessary for learning the language.
Secondly, e is required to indicate the correct pronunciation in cases where the word is new, little-known, or vice versa - characterized by widespread erroneous pronunciation, like words *convicted, *newborn. Letter e, which, as a rule, indicates the place of stress, also helps indicate the norm - convict, newborn.
And thirdly, you will agree that there is a difference between let's take a break we, or still let's take a break. In some cases e has a meaningful function - All And All, perfect And perfect.
Also e required in proper names.
In all other cases, use e optional and determined by the choice of the author of the text.
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich
Letters o, e, e after sibilants
Letters about her after the hissing ones
Letters about her in place of stressed vowels
§ 17. After f, h, w, sch uh letter is written e , eg: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name), on the boundary, about a candle, a soul, a sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.
Note. About cases of writing after hissing letters uh see § 25.
§ 18. After f, h, w, sch to convey a stressed vowel O letter is written O or e .
Letter O is written in the following cases.
1. At the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs ?O, eg: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; stranger, big, stranger, big; fresh, hot, good, general(short forms of neuter adjectives and adverbs).
2. In suffixes of nouns:
?OK, eg: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump and so on.;
?onok And ?Chonok, eg: little bear, little mouse, little pebble, little barrel, little little arap;
?onysh: uzhonysh;
?He to(a) and ?He to(and), eg: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, rhymes;
?ovk(a) (in denominative derivative words), e.g.: chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), khrychovka, small things;
?about(A): thicket, clearing(deforestation); same in word slum, where the suffix does not stand out in modern language, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in the word studies is written e ;
?otk(A): ratchet;
?ovshchin(A): stabbing.
3. In the suffix of adjectives ?ov-, eg: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on ?sheep, ?ovnik, derived from adjectives with the suffix ?ov- (?ev-): pear And pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum (cherry plum), guzhovka (horse-drawn), punch (punchy), tick‘cliff-billed heron’ ( tick-borne), fight (pugnacious, from brawler‘kind of plane’), raincoat (raincoat), speech (speech), hogweed (borscht), zhovnik (snake). The word is spelled the same way gooseberry, where the suffix is not distinguished in modern language.
Note 1. Denominal nouns in ?sheep type small saw, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay(see § 19, paragraph 3).
Note 2. In Russian surnames, the hissing + ?ov (?ev) is written O or e in accordance with tradition and with registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov And Chernyshev, Kalachov And Kalachev, Khrushchov And Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.
4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs ?okhonk-, eg: fresh, good.
5. In place of a fluent vowel O in nouns and adjectives, for example: glutton, glutton, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, burnout, heartburn(cf. I'm burning, I'm burning); trouble(cf. gen. p. why the hell), the seam (seam); princes(genus plural from princess), knife(genus from sheath? - outdated variant of the word sheath), scrotum, scrotum(genus plural and diminution from purse), intestines, intestines(genus and diminution from guts), squash(decrease from sauerkraut), cat And terrible(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); This also includes words with the suffix ?ok: hook, jump(gen. p. hook, jump) etc. (see above, point 2). However, in words accounting, accounting, account, account, calculation(cf. I will take into account, I will count, I will begin, I will count, I will count) the letter is written e (see § 19, paragraph 7).
Note. As well as ridiculous, where necessary, colloquial versions of the short forms husband are written. sort of terrible, must, need.
6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel O after sibilants there is always shock and does not alternate with uh(in writing e): click(And keep quiet), zhoster, zhokh, glutton(and option glutton), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prim, clink, clink; shuffle, rustle, blinkers(And saddlery, saddler).
The word is spelled the same way evening(And vecho?roshny), although it is related to the word evening(And evening) (cf. § 19, paragraph 7).
With letter O some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.
7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign) words. List of basic words: borjom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, cruchon, offshore, torshon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Shchors.
§ 19. In all other cases, to convey the stressed vowel o after f, h, w, sch letter is written e , namely:
1. In verb endings ?eat, ?eat, ?eat, ?eat, eg: you lie, cut your hair, bake, push.
2. In imperfective verbs ?yowl and verbal nouns in ?yowling, eg: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, shading; in passive participles ?vanny, eg: demarcated, uprooted, shaded.
3. In verbal nouns on ?yovka, eg: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, delimitation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).
4. In the suffix of nouns ?er, eg: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.
5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives ?yonn- And ?yong-, eg: tense(And tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; loaded, burnt, baked, baked, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplicity, erudition, tense, detached, simplified, strained, burnt, stewed, condensed milk.
6. In the place of the fugitive O in verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( lit, burned, burned, burned, set fire and etc.; the same in participles: set fire and etc.; Wed I'll light it, I'll light it), ?person (read, took into account etc., cf. read, studied), walked and prefixes ( came, left etc., cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with the root burned contrasted with the writing of cognate nouns with the letter O: burn, arson, overburn(see § 18, paragraph 5).
7. In those roots of Russian words where the shock sound O corresponds in other words or forms of the same root to the vowel (stressed or unstressed) conveyed by the letter e. The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses, words with the same root or forms with the letter e after f, h, w, sch ).
Roots with combination same :
chewed (chew),
gutter (gutters, groove, grooved),
yellow (yellow, yellowish, turn yellow, yolk),
acorn (acorns, stomach?k'little acorn', acorn),
bile, gall(cf. options bile, gallbladder; biliary, biliary),
wives, wifey, little wife, newlyweds (wife, woman, woman, feminine, getting married, getting married),
perch (pole, pole, pole),
millstone (millstone, millstone),
hard, rigidity (tough, harsh),
overarm (sa?zhen And soot),
heavy (heavier, grow heavier, outdated heavier).
Roots with combination what :
twine (twine, twine),
evening (evening, evening),
liver, hepatic (liver),
honor, honorable (honor),
bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),
counting, counting, crediting, report, accounting, counter, counting, crediting, accounting, crosswise, even, odd, even, rosary (count, re-count, count, offset, take into account, deduction, accounts?, accountant, not? even),
shit (chebotar),
bangs, bangs, bangs(plural) ( brow, petition, beard),
canoe (shuttles, shuttle),
cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline(cf. option scratch; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),
black (black, blacken, rabble, blackness, blackish),
callous, callousness (callous, become callous),
damn, damn, little devil (damn, devils, devil, devil, damn, devilry),
dash (damn, damn, damn, draw, drawing),
comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (scratch, scratch, comb, comb),
clear, clear, distinct (rosary?),
tap dance (what?).
Roots with combination she :
cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),
Koshevka (Kosheva?),
wallet (wallet, purse),
millet, millet (millet),
lattice, sieve(plural) lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),
silk, silk (silk, silky),
whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whispers),
fur, long-haired, short-haired (wool, woolen, woolen).
Roots with combination more :
dandy (foppish, foppish, flaunt, flaunt),
cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek (cheek, cheeky),
tickles (tickle, tickle),
lye, lye (crack, cracks),
click, click (click, click),
lye, lye (alkalis, alkaline),
puppy (whelp, puppy),
brush (bristle).
Note. However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written O . In accordance with tradition and registration, the letter is written in official documents O in such proper names as, for example, Choboty(name of locality), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov(last names).
8. In the sentence n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter, and; in a word more.
9. In some borrowed words, where the letter e conveyed under special stress, different from Russian O, vowel sound of the source language, e.g. Prime Minister's wife, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.
Letters oh, oh in place of unstressed vowels
§ 20. In an unstressed position after f, h, w, sch letter is written e - in accordance with the drum uh(in writing e ), and with the drum O(in writing O or e ). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap (what?), leg? (she?nkel), ironing (angling), tu?che (candle?); b) yellow(cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), peas (rooster?k), Punch, raincoat (penny, borscht), one hundred?we're born (chizho?m), more(cf. big), ry?zhem (someone else's), can I? (hot?). Some spellings with e after hissing ones they are not checked by the shock position, for example: wish, stomach, gelatin, attic, move, lisp, rough, latch.
§ 21. In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, w a letter is written in an unstressed position O . List of basic words: Jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonic; chonguri, lecho, poncho, ranch, capriccio(cf. option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written O after hissing words (see § 18, paragraph 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after the hissing word is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torsion(from torchon), choker(from what?ker), cleaning rod?(plural from ramrod).
Note 1. Letter O written after sibilants not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunity, intersectoral, leather and footwear.
Note 2. Letter O after sibilants not under stress it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: Zhokhova?ty(from zhokh), chopornova?ty(from prim), good?(‘barely audible rustling’), on?fresh(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).
authorVowels not after sibilants and q Letters a - ya, y - yu § 1. Letters a, y are used: To convey vowels a, y at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: hell, scarlet, army, gasp, liana, oasis , Loire; mind, morning, bumpkin, spider, will teach. To convey the vowels a, u and at the same time to indicate
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir VladimirovichVowels after sibilants and q Letters a, y § 13. After zh, sh, ch, sch, q the letters a, y are written (and not written i, y), for example: sorry, Zhanna, boundary; ball, noodles; hour, candle, silent; platform, raincoat; heron, father; creepy, I'll say; noise, Shura, enormous; feeling, silent; pike, forgive me; in a row, to father. Note 1: B
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir VladimirovichLetters i, s § 14. After zh, sh, h, sch the letter i is written (and s is not written), for example: fat, saffron milk cap, interpublishing, say, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look. Note. In some foreign-language proper names, the letter y is written after h, for example: Truong Tinh (Vietnamese proper name). § 15.
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir VladimirovichThe letters o and e after c § 22. After c, to convey the stressed vowel o, the letter o is written, to convey the stressed e - the letter e, for example: clatter, socle, dancer, dancer, dance, facing, crimson, face, face, cucumber , cucumbers, sheep; valuable, whole, tse (letter name), tsetse
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir VladimirovichThe letter e after sibilants and c § 25. The letter e is written after the letters zh, ch, sh, c only in the following special cases.1. In abbreviations, for example: ZhEA (housing maintenance office), ZhES (railway power station), CHES (frequency electromagnetic sensing), CELT (color
author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 4. Vowels after hissing words 1. After hissing words (zh, ch, sh, shch), the letters i, yu, y are not written, but are written accordingly a, y, and, for example: seagull, farewell, miracle, squint, fat, sew . Exceptions: brochure, jury, parachute, pshute, fishyu and some other words of foreign origin. Note.
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 1. The first word after a period, question or exclamation mark, or ellipsis at the end of the previous sentence is written with a capital letter. For example: Black evening. White Snow (Block). Won't you leave? No? (Chekhov). Forward!
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichVI. Vowels after sibilants and c in suffixes and endings § 35. Vowels o and e after sibilants 1. After sibilants, o is written under stress, in accordance with the pronunciation: a) at the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), listage, displacement, footage,
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 35. Vowels o and e after sibilants 1. After sibilants, o is written under stress, in accordance with the pronunciation: a) at the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), listage, litrazh, metrage, installation, dummy, page , rack, ball, paralysis,
author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 4. Vowels after hissing words 1. After hissing words (zh, ch, sh, shch), the letters i, yu, y are not written, but are written accordingly a, y, and, for example: seagull, farewell, miracle, squint, fat, sew .Exceptions: brochure, jury, parachute, pshute, fishu and some other words of foreign origin. Note.
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 1. The first word after a period, question or exclamation mark, or ellipsis at the end of the previous sentence is written with a capital letter. For example: Black evening. White Snow (Block). Won't you leave? No? (Chekhov). Forward!
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichVI. VOWELS AFTER SISSINGS AND C IN SUFFIXES AND ENDINGS § 34. Vowels o and e after sibilants 1. After sibilants, under stress, o is written, in accordance with the pronunciation: a) at the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), leafage, displacement, footage,
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 34. Vowels o and e after sibilants 1. After sibilants, o is written under stress, in accordance with the pronunciation: a) at the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), listage, litrazh, metrage, installation, dummy, page , rack, ball, paralysis,
author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna4.12. The influence of morphological spellings on graphics (the history of spellings of vowels after sibilants and ts). Morphological spelling, based on a uniform graphical consolidation of the significant parts of the word identified by our linguistic consciousness, “defeats” the weak points
From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna4.13. Writing e / o after sibilants The possibility of writing e or o after sibilants appeared in connection with the law of the transition of /e/ to /o/ after soft consonants under stress. The current distribution in the spelling of e and o after sibilants, as well as after c, developed mainly spontaneously
From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna5.11.2. Vowels after sibilants and q 1. Vowels after sibilants. After sibilants (zh, ch, sh, shch), the letters i, yu, s are not written, but a, y, and (hour, mercy). Exception: brochure, jury, parachute. This rule does not apply to foreign proper names (Jules, Jumiège), some Russian surnames
The Russian language is flexible, strong, rich. Although it is not as complicated in spelling words as, for example, English, it still has many pitfalls. One of these obstacles on the path to correct writing are words that include the letters o-e-e after sibilants. To make it easier to memorize the corresponding rules, the table O, E, E after sibilants in different parts of speech will help.
It would seem that everything is simple. We learned the rule that when we hear o after hissing words, we write e. Suddenly the words “ramrod” or “burn” appear from somewhere. Moreover, for some reason the last word can also be seen in the form of “burn”. Such insidiousness can puzzle not only a schoolchild, but also an adult. This happens because the spelling of these vowels after sibilants is determined by more than one rule.
It also depends on whether the named vowels are stressed or unstressed, in what part of the word or in what part of speech they are written. In different circumstances, the spelling will be different. You need to know these rules well so as not to make mistakes when you have to write words with such a spelling.
The easiest way to remember is when the hissing sound is followed by the sound E under stress. In this case, the letter E is always written. And in adjectives, and in participles, and in all other parts of speech: tin, rustling, Zhenya, egg.
But words with an accented O sound are no longer so simple. It can be transmitted with the letters E and O. We will dwell on this in more detail later.
Vowels O, Yo, E after sibilants
If in a word under stress the letter E was written (which was heard as O), then the letter E is written in the unstressed position after the sibilants. It does not matter where it is - in the root, suffixes or endings.
Examples:
- whisper – whispers (at the root);
- peas - cockerel (in the suffix);
- watchman - siskin (at the end).
Some words with unstressed E just need to be remembered, since they cannot be checked by their stressed position. For example: lisp, wish, heck.
The letter O in an unstressed position is written after sibilants in several cases.
- in some words that came to us from other languages. These words just need to be remembered. Here are a few as examples:
- majordomo;
- Scotland;
- banjo;
- ranch;
- highway.
– if these are compound words or in words with the prefix inter-. For example, interregional, intersectoral and so on.
– also in words that are not part of the literary norm, but were invented by the authors of texts that formed them from existing ones. Example: fresh(from fresh according to the white sample).
After hissing and “ts”
If, after hissing ones, we hear a percussive sound o, then we do not always write what we hear. Sometimes o is written after soft h, and e is written after hard w or w. How to determine the correct option?
The stress will always be E when in words of the same root there is an alternation after the sibilant stressed O and unstressed E.
Example:
- bees - bee;
- whisper - whisper.
If there is no such alternation in the roots of words, then O is written.
- Gooseberry;
- the seam;
- slum;
- clink glasses.
In words that came into Russian from different languages, where the letter е conveys a special sound from the original language, е is written. Example: Schoenberg, Schoenbruny.
The rules do not apply to many common or proper nouns. The names of rivers and cities, first and last names are written in accordance with how it is reflected in the documents. John, Pechora, Zhora, Kalachov/Kalachev, Chernyshev/Chernyshov.
Otherwise, it is important to pay attention to which part of the word and which part of speech has the stressed sound O.
When a noun is formed from a verb, then E is written in the suffixes. Example: overnight (to spend the night). On the contrary, if a noun is formed from other parts of speech, then after sibilants there is an O: little wolf, little wolf and so on.
If a word is formed using the suffix ЁР, it will have е after the sibilants: boyfriend, conductor.
There is also such an interesting group of words that are similar in sound, but different in spelling. Nouns are written with O, and verb forms with E: arson - set fire; burn - burn.
Spelling e, e, o after hissing and c
Participle
In suffixes under stress in participles we write E, in unstressed positions we write E.
Adverb
In adverb suffixes the letter O will be written if it is stressed. The unstressed suffix will be s E: fresh, fragrant.
The rule does not apply to the adverb yet.
Adjective
In suffixes of adjectives formed from nouns, we write O.
Adjectives formed from verbs are written in such cases with E. Example: brocade - gilded (from the verb to gild).
Ending
In most cases, if after hissing words we hear a stressed O, then this sound is expressed in writing as E.
But the endings of nouns and adjectives with stress are written O, without stress - E.
Exercise
Insert the missing letters and mark the spellings.
It was fresh... Sh...k - that's our way! The f...ngler hit the...ch...t and pushed his shoulder...on J...on. Yes, you're a big...r in the hood...not.
SPELLING E (E) - ABOUT AFTER SIZZING AND C
At the root of a word, if you can find a test word withletter e :b e c k e v a - b e c e v a (rope)
At the root of borrowed words
(remains in checklists
O ):sh o kolad, rattle o tka, slum o ba, izzh o ga
no accent
: good e go, si ´ tts e mIn endings and suffixes of nouns. and adj.
under stress : big ó th, girl ó nkaIn adverb suffixes
no accent : louder e. Exception - yetIn adverb suffixes
under stress :hot o
Runaway O
no accent
: earring e k - earringRunaway e in noun and short adj. m. kindunder stress : prince ó n - princess
In verbs: bake, eat, separate
In the suffix - yonn- (-yon-) participles:
armed
In suffixes of verbal nouns:
condensed milk, stew nka, noch e vka, korch e vka,
demarcation ё vka, retouch ё vka, koch ё vka, zhzh yonka,
fluff, length, shelling,
detachment, tension
kvash yonka (sour milk)
BUT kvass o nka (vessel)
Suffix - er- in borrowed words: conductor
Exception: dance
In words formed from the word
What:why, no matter
Remember: burn your hand – verb
evening (newspaper)
kama ´ sh e vka - bird
burn hands - noun.
eve o r
Here's some fun, invigorating advice for you:
IN root of the word after the hissing
What do you hear under the accent?
It is heard as O. It is written as E.
EXCEPTIONS: RUSH in the GOOSEBERRY, SEAM on the HOOD
Rustle, clink glasses, slum,
Pulp, heartburn and thicket,
Seam, gooseberries and gluttons,
Ramrod, prim and blinders,
Shaw, joule, gherkin,
Rozhon, Borjomi and dude,
Hood, major and shorts,
Shock, kharcho, anchovy, junk,
Ratchet, joker, chok, vechor -
Remember this whole set.
After the hissing one, don’t rush:
The rhyme includes - ABOUT write.
Remember the words with E
We write E in the words: cheap,
Twine, overnight stay and uprooting,
Heavy, condensed, trainee, boyfriend,
Liver, stew and conductor.
Spelling of vowels after sibilants and C in suffixes and endings
nouns
Snow is falling from the sky...
With a white roof..th and porch..m
The house seems like a palace to us..m.
And now, my friend, attention:
In suffixes and endings
On the edge of the word, at the very end,
After hissing and after C
Under the accent it is written O,
E – unstressed, that’s all.
Now practice:
The princess, dressed in sh..lk, is crying,
But the stupid king won’t understand it at all,
What is the reason for those tears and what is the problem?
And the poor man rushes here and there.
The courtiers then hold advice,
After all, there are no obvious reasons for hysteria.
Perhaps the hair is disheveled,
Or maybe a bee stung?
The princess whispered in the doctor’s ear:
I really want goosebumps... that's what I really want.
Everyone is in sh..ke and holding a family council -
There is no gooseberry in the city.
A messenger galloped into the thicket of the forest,
Across the river he suddenly saw a gooseberry.
Along the narrow rail, swaying, past..l,
But I’m glad that the goose..penetrated the princess ours..l.
The princess, wearing a woolen hood...
Waiting for the messenger, she went up onto the balcony.
A messenger rushed from the black forest,
Kryzh..vnik brought, and then the fairy tale ends.
The king is delighted, he is overjoyed.
He brings chocolate to the messenger on a platter.
And the princess kisses him on the cheek.
The king remained silent, did not say anything.
Dictation
A prim devil in black silk clothes sat on a hard sofa and drank cheap acorn coffee, occasionally clinking glasses with his reflection in a heavy, glossy samovar standing on a chocolate-colored brocade tablecloth. The devil was a big glutton and, despite heartburn and a sick liver, he ate gooseberries with condensed milk. After eating and threatening his reflection with his finger, the devil, bravely shaking his bangs, started tap dancing. The clatter of his hooves was so strong that those on the ground floor thought that a horse was prancing upstairs. However, the devil was not a very skilled dancer and, having made one not entirely successful leap, crashed into a samovar and burned his spot, covered with soft fur. The burn was very severe. Distressed by the damn short sheep, he rushed to the barrel of soaked apples and stuck the burnt snout into it. “They say it’s true that God doesn’t protect the careless,” the devil cursed with a damn proverb.
Spelling the letters O and E after sibilants
In order to accurately write a dubious vowel (O or E) after sibilants (Zh, Sh, Ch, Shch) and not CHOKE, you must first find out in which part of the word the vowel being tested is located - in the root, suffix or ending. In addition, if the vowel is in a suffix or ending (in other words, outside the root), then you also need to know what part of speech the word being tested belongs to (that is, whether it is a noun, adjective, adverb, verb).
HOW TO CHOOSE A VOWEL AT THE ROOT OF A WORD?
1. At the ROOT WORD under stress, you need to write E if in other forms of this word or in words with the same root the letter E is written: WHISPER (because WHISPERS), BEES (because BEE), BLACK (because BLACK), YELLOW (because YELLOW), SHEL (because COME), etc. This is how most roots are written.
2. If it is not possible to find a test word, then after the hissing words, at the root, under the stress, you should write O: SEAM, RUSH, BLINDERS, HEARTBURN, GOOSEBERRY, GLUTTER, Clink Clinks, Slum. There are not very many such words, and they are usually remembered as exceptions.
3. If you have a word of foreign origin in front of you, then you need to write O after the hissing consonant at the root under stress, for example: HOOD, SHOCK, JUGGLE.
HOW TO CHOOSE A VOWEL IN SUFFIX AND ENDING?
1. In the SUFFIX of a noun, adjective, adverb, the letter O is written under stress: DOG-ONK-A, KAMYSH-OV-YY, HOT-O.
2. AT THE ENDING OF nouns and adjectives, the letter O is written under stress: DOCTOR-OM, BIG-OH.
3. In SUFFIXES of verbs, participles and all words formed from verbs, the letter E is written under stress: PECH-ET, YOU-KORCH-EV-YVA-TY, YOU-KORCH-EV-KA, PERE-SECH-YONN-YY , NIGHT-YOV-KA, LISH-YONN-YY.
DIFFICULT CASES
Please note that the nouns STEW, CONDENSED, OCHEVKA and some others are written with the letter E. The letter E is written in the suffixes of these words, since they are related in meaning to the verbs STEW, CONDENSATE and OCHEVAT.
Please note that the words RECHOVKA, MELOCHOVKA, PLASCHOVKA are written with an O. The letter O is written in the suffixes of nouns according to the rule stated above.
Please note that the word BECHEVKA is written with the letter E. The letter E is written because this vowel is part of the root and is verified by the word BECHEVA.
Separately, it is necessary to remember the rule of writing words with the root ZHOG / ZHEG.
If the word is a noun, then you need to write the letter O. For example: SEVERE BURN, ARSON COMMITTED TO A HOUSE. But when the word is a verb, it is written with the letter E. For example: SEVERELY BURNED MY HANDS, AN UNKNOWN MAN SET THE HOUSE BURNED, THE AUTHOR BURNED THE MANUSCRIPTS.
Exercise
1. – And why the hell didn’t I go straight to the archers! - Wartkin exclaimed bitterly. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
2. He was struck by the silence during the day and the rustling during the night. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
3. The bus stopped, and the driver said: “We’ve arrived.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
4. At that very moment a mask appeared in front of him and put its hand on his shoulder. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
5. An Orlov resident went to them, hoping to feast on sterlets in Staritsa, but found that there was “only enough dirt” there. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
6. ...Looks into the field through the window bars, sees cheerful birds floating freely in the sea of air ... (N. M. Karamzin)
7. He listened intently for some time. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
8. Below are lush, densely green flowering meadows, and behind them, along the yellow sands, a bright river flows (N. M. Karamzin)
9. Peace was soon concluded, and Erast returned to Moscow, burdened with debts. (N. M. Karamzin)
10. ...I would bow to him with a smile and say warmly: “Hello, dear shepherd” (N. M. Karamzin)
11. ...The sad story of those times when the ferocious Tatars and Lithuanians devastated the surrounding area with fire and sword... (N. M. Karamzin)
12. The enlightened reader knows that Shakespeare and Walter Scott both presented their gravediggers as cheerful and playful people. (A.S. Pushkin)
13. Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the beam, the driver whistled and the horses galloped. (A.S. Pushkin)
14. The officer, inflamed by the wine, the game and the laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended. (A. S. Pushkin)
15. Honorable, but troublesome, and not so much honorable as troublesome, and in the end not honorable at all, but so... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
16. At the border of the illuminated space, a car with a canvas top was getting wet, and next to the car, two people in shiny raincoats were bending a third one, black and wet, to the pavement. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
17. A hefty big-lipped man with rosy cheeks, clicking his fingers as he walked and dancing, walked towards the counter. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
18. Victor took a step back. It was a patient from a leper colony - a “wetman”, or a “bespectacled man”, as they were called here for the yellow circles around the eyes - in a tight black bandage hiding the lower half of his face. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
19. Only once did he clearly and loudly say: “I don’t know.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
20. And he took out a fountain pen and began to unscrew the cap, listening to his feelings with the interest of an outsider, and he was not surprised when he felt proud. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
21. Are you familiar with the toy called “Bad Wolf”? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
22. Firstly, maybe not with brass knuckles at all, but with a brick, and secondly, who knows where they can hit me in the skull? I could be hanged at any moment, so what, now – don’t leave the room? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
23. The two in cloaks turned around at once and looked at Victor for several moments from under their pulled-up hoods. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
24. Society, at least, would be sweetly sh_, and pale young men with burning eyes would tag along on your heels. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
25. I have a diseased liver, catarrh of the intestines and something else with my stomach. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
26. “You and I, our psyche is not adapted to such sh_ kam. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
27. And for a whole minute not a sound was heard, only some rustling, like fog, rustled, creeping over the ground. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
28. – Well, stop! - Sh_ then they said from the darkness and pressed something familiar into their chest. Victor automatically raised his hands. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
29. A jeep pulled up to the entrance, the door opened, and a young man with glasses and a briefcase and his lanky companion got out into the rain, covered with only a raincoat. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
30. Only Teddy, a shelter rat, a product of the port slums, could know such words_ b. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
31. There were illuminated shop windows and a neon-lit entrance to the cinema, where very identical young people of indeterminate gender, in shiny raincoats down to their heels, crowded under the canopy. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
32. Mr. President deigned to work himself up to the last degree, splashes flew from his fanged mouth, and I took out a handkerchief and demonstratively wiped my cheek, and this was probably the most courageous act in my life, except for the case when I fought with three tanks at once. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
33. – Has everyone read my works?
“Yes,” children’s voices responded. - Read... Everything...
“Great,” Victor said, puzzled. - Polish, although surprised. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
34. Either they will begin to look at each other in embarrassment, or their faces will light up with understanding, or a certain sigh of relief will sweep through the hall as a sign that the misunderstanding has been clarified. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
35. Diana sensibly reasoned that Rossheper, with all his abnormal gluttony, could not cope with such a mass of berries alone. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
36. Where is the bungee, he thought. Where did I put the bunge_? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
37. There were a lot of people here, some semi-familiar men and women, they stood in a circle and clapped their hands, and in the center of the circle Diana danced with that same yellow-faced dude, the owner of an eagle profile. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
38. This morning an investigator came to see me. You see, I’m in a brutal state of mind, my head is cracking, I’m sitting, looking out the window, and then this cudgel appears and starts doing business... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
39. He jumped up, turned on the light and, wincing from the pain in his eyes, began to grope for his clothes. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
40. Cars with their headlights on were crowded in front of the police department. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
The exercise was prepared by N. Gorbanev-Gamaleya and B.A. Panov (“League of Schools”)
