Plural of nouns. Nominative case. Case endings of plural nouns origin of the word and its structural elements

1. List of words with the normative ending -ы (-И) in the nominative plural:

2. List of words with the normative ending -A (-Я) in the nominative plural

Note:

1) It is necessary to remember the following forms:

BODIES (torso) - BODIES (buildings)

CAMPS (political groups) - CAMPS (tourist)

HUSBANDS (state) - HUSBANDS (in families)

TEETH (in humans, animals) - TEETH (in a saw)

BLANKS (spaces) - BLANKS (documents)

ORDERS (knightly, monastic) - ORDERS (awards)

IMAGES (artistic) - IMAGES (icons)

TONES (sounds) - TONES (shades of color)

BREAD (food products) - BREAD (cereals)

BOTTOM - DONYA

CHICKEN - CHICKENS

PERSON PEOPLE

CHILDREN

LOG - LOGS

VESSEL - VESSELS

The noun NEDRA (earth) is used only in the plural and with the ending -A in the nominative case.

The following rhymes help you remember the normative formation of the nominative plural form of a number of nouns:

Our children know:

There is a professor at the university!

Conducted negotiations -

We signed contracts.

2, Standard formation of GENTIVE PLURAL forms of some NOUNS

1. Nouns denoting the name of vegetables and fruits, mainly in the genitive plural form, have the ending -OV:

2. Nouns denoting the names of paired objects, mainly in the genitive plural form, have a zero ending:

Note:

The following mnemonic device allows you to remember the correct formation of the genitive plural form of the nouns SOCKS and STOCKINGS - a technique for easier memorization:

SOCKS are short, but in the genitive plural we use the long word SOCKS;

STOCKINGS are long, but in the genitive plural we use the short word (zero ending) STOCKINGS.

In other words, the shorter, the longer, that is, the shorter the object, the longer the word: a pair of SOCKS - a pair of STOCKINGS.

If you are in doubt about how to correctly form the genitive plural form of the nouns SOCKS, STOCKINGS, then remember the following quatrain:

I left her inpledge

A couple of fashionable onesstocking

And he immediately left forPskov

With a box of coloredsocksOV .

3. Nouns denoting the names of nationalities, mainly in the genitive plural form, have a zero ending:

4. Neuter nouns ending in -CE in the nominative singular case, and in the plural genitive case, as a rule, ending in -ETS:

5. Nouns denoting the name of a group of people by occupation most often have a zero ending:

6. Neuter nouns ending in the nominative singular in -БЭ without stress, and in the feminine in -БЯ without stress, have the ending -II in the genitive plural:

7. Nouns of the neuter gender, ending in the nominative singular case in -Ё, as well as in the feminine and general gender in -Ё under stress, in the genitive plural case have the ending -ЭИ:

9. The following nouns in the genitive plural have the ending -Эй:

10. The following nouns in the genitive plural have a zero ending:

11. The following nouns have the ending -OB in the genitive plural:

Note:

Remember the standard formation of the genitive plural of the following nouns.

Most masculine nouns of the 1st declension in the nominative plural are characterized by the main ending -ы/-и. This ending has:

1) nouns containing more than one syllable, of which the last one is stressed (in the nominative singular case): argument, boxer, vernissage, veteran, leader, debutant, defus, kurgan, motel, trainee, psychic, etc. The exceptions are two words: sleeve - sleeves and cuff - cuffs;

2) a considerable number of monosyllabic nouns with constant stress in case forms (singular): ball - balls, bass - basses, fight - boú, gol - goals, fat - fats, club - puffs (smoke), garden - gardens, soup - soups, cheese - cheeses; gene - genes, gram - grams, load - weights, probe - probes, club - clubs (association of people); varnish - varnishes, elevator - elevators, warehouse - warehouses, syllable - syllables, view - views, cake - cakes, toast - toasts, pound - pounds, chef - chefs and some. etc.

Note. A mistake, and a fairly common one, is the formation of the mopmá form.

The ending -ы also has the vast majority of borrowed words ending in -tor, -sor (such as vector, compressor, lecturer). The exceptions are the nouns director, doctor, professor, which form the nominative plural in -a: directorá, doctorá, professorá. A few words - the animate inspector, instructor, conductor (about a person), proofreader, editor, inanimate spotlight, sector, tractor (the rest of the inanimate -tor, -sor have the ending -s) have variant, stylistically equal forms: instructors and instructors, spotlights and spotlights, etc.

At the same time, a significant part of nouns is characterized by the form ending in -a as normative, i.e. the only one possible from the point of view of literary norms. Forms in -á/-я (percussive) have:

1) many monosyllabic nouns: side (but in phraseological units: hands on hips), century (but in phraseological units: live forever, forever, forever and ever), top (top in the meaning of 'lifting folding' carriage roof), eye, house, food, edge, forest, ravine, meadow, fur (in the meaning of 'cured skins' or 'products made from them'), horn, clan (in the meaning of 'species, type of army or weapon') , growth, snow, account (in the meaning of `money document`, `category of financial transaction`), current (in the meaning of `place of threshing`, `place of melting`), tone (in the meaning of `color, shade of color`), bread ( in the meaning of 'cereal'), stable, color (as the color of something), silk (silk in the meaning of 'product').

The ending -я (with an increasing suffix -j- or ovj-) has the nouns tooth, son-in-law, wedge, stake, lump, cry (in the meaning of “a device for carrying heavy loads”, “a point mounted on a pole”), godfather, husband ( in the meaning of 'a married man in relation to his wife');

2) many nouns with more than one syllable with constant stress on the first syllable (in singular forms): address (as a designation of place of residence), shore, bor (as part of a chimney), ber, buffer, fan, bill, monogram, skewer, evening, city, voice, doctor, hollow, huntsman, gutter, pearls (as products), millstone, zakrom, cutter, cover, clover (as “the crops of this culture”), bell, body (in all meanings except “torso”) and `typographic font`), dome, coachman, camp (in all meanings except `socio-political group`), ploughshare, master, number, image (in the meaning of `icon`), okorok, okrug, order (as a reward) , order (in the meaning of `document`), island, vacation, sail, passport, ash, cook, train, offal, cellar, belt, wire, pass (in the meaning of `document`), sugar (sugar - in special use in the meaning `varieties of this substance`), terem, grouse, poplar, torbas, tyes, cold (cold in the meaning of `cold weather period`), khutor, skull, best man, ramrod, cadencher (in the meaning of `graduate of a military school in pre-revolutionary Russia` and `volunteer non-commissioned officer` in the Russian army), anchor and some. etc.

Note. The forms found in written and oral speech in -a from the following words do not meet the literary norm: age, hair, choice, grazing, exit, admission, cone, lapel, lecturer, month, profile, sniper, rector, transport, coach, circle.

The ending -я (with the increasing suffix -j-) has the nouns ear, rim, rein (`belt for controlling a horse`).

Several dozen nouns have variant forms in -ы/-и and -á/-я. Some of these nouns are commonly used words, the variant forms of which are normative and stylistically equivalent. These include: bunker, heap, pennant, glider, jumper, asp, inspector, instructor, jacket, corrector, cruiser, pretzel (in phraseology only the -i form is used: to write out pretzel), shred, flap, lighter, seine, gadfly , whirlpool, order (as an architectural term), baker, clerk, pole, mine (the search form is preferable), bailiff, handwriting, searchlight, poodle, report (report form is preferable), editor, mouthpiece, sweater, sector, scooter, locksmith, sable (meaning `fur, fur products` only sable), sauce, slipway, report card, tenor, turner, tractor, tumbler, truffle, non-commissioned officer, paramedic, courier, wing, weather vane, workshop, skipper, schnitzel, stack, stamp , plug, storm, sharpie, hawk.

A significant group consists of words (commonly used and assigned to one or another terminology), in which variant forms in -а/-я characterize professional speech (mechanics, technicians, sailors, etc.). Such forms are actively used from nouns, which are the names of mechanisms (and their parts), various kinds of devices, tools, equipment, etc. (valve - valve, grader - grader, throttle - throttle, dowel - dowel, tanker - tanker, etc.), names of professions, specialties, positions (pilot - pilot, navigator - navigator, etc.).

The number of words whose variant forms are characteristic of poetic, sublime speech is insignificant. Such variant forms include snow, wind, thunder, leaves (plants), men, sons, poplars. Compare, for example: “Through these simple autumn clearings, wild winds are blowing” (R. Kaz.); “I love you, My swinging winds” (A. Prokofiev); “As if creeping up on a quiet horizon, A cloud spread out. Lightning. Thunder. On the field there is a spruce tree with its green umbrella, Beyond the field - somewhere far away - there are houses” (A. Reshetov); “Ask those soldiers who lie under the birch trees, and let their sons tell you whether the Russians want war” (Eut.); “And spring whistles and mutters. Poplars are flooded knee-deep. Maples are awakening from sleep, So that the leaves flutter like butterflies” (Sick.).

Note. Forms ending in -а/-я and -ы/-и are not stylistic variants if they refer to homonyms or different meanings of a word. For example: teeth (in a saw) and teeth (in a person, animal); roots (`roots and leaves used in lishu') and roots (part of a plant; mathematical term); husbands (`men in relation to wives`) and husbands (`statesmen`), etc.

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.

As noted earlier (see paragraph 2.2.1. Gender of nouns), in the form nominative plural(primarily masculine nouns) there is a large number of endings, which is associated with the history of the development of the system of declensions of Russian nouns.

1. Currently, among masculine nouns of the second declension, the two most common endings are: -s/-s And -and I, and in colloquial speech and vernacular the ending is marked with particular productivity -and I. It partially replaces the ending -s/-s and in literary language.

Thus, in the 19th century forms were common houses, trains, and in the twentieth century - houses ́, trains ́. Already in recent decades, forms directors, professors became obsolete, and their place was taken by the versions of director ́, professor ́.

However, the process of replacing the ending -ы/- and the ending -а/-я in the literary language is much slower than in common speech precisely because forms with -а/-я are in many ways perceived as second-rate, reduced.

The use of either ending is determined by a number of factors:

A) nouns that denote paired concepts have the ending -а/-я:

eyes ́, sleeves ́, cuffs ́;

b) most monosyllabic words have a plural ending -s/-s (cakes, fleets, noises), but exceptions are possible (houses ́, varieties ́);

V) The ending -а/-я, as a rule, is the plural of two-syllable words with the emphasis on the first syllable.

Wed: kater - boats, ramrod - ramrod.

If the stress in the initial form falls on the second syllable, then the ending is common in the plural -s/-s: watermelon - watermelons;

G) in trisyllabic and polysyllabic words the ending is common -s/-s with emphasis on the middle of the word: pharmacists, contracts(form agreement although acceptable, it is still undesirable!);

d) foreign words (usually of French origin) with the final -er/-er and stress on the last syllable usually have the ending -ы/-и:

officer - officers, kiosk - kioskers, driver - drivers (!);

note to the last form. Form used in common and professional speech driver supported by the colloquial singular form with emphasis on the first syllable - chauffeur. But this pronunciation is not literary (!).

e) words of Latin origin with the ending -tor/-sor usually have the ending -ы/-и ( computers, processors), although in animate nouns that are quite frequent and commonly used in speech, the ending -a/-я becomes common.

Wed: commentators, lecturers, new authors - directors, doctors, professors;

and) ending -а/-я usually have two-syllable and three-syllable nouns with stress on the first syllable and with finals -л/-л and -р/-р:

shako - shako, tunic - tunic(permissible - tunics).

Sometimes the same noun is simultaneously subject to several mutually exclusive factors. It is among such words that the largest number of variants in speech is observed.

For example, words factor, vector disyllabic with stress on the first syllable, so in the plural they could have the ending -а/-я. At the same time, these are inanimate nouns of Latin origin with a final -tor, so they can have the ending -ы/-и. In literary language, the action of the second factor wins and the variants are normative vectors, factors.
Noun bunker disyllabic with stress on the first syllable, so it can have the ending -a. But as a word of German rather than French origin in -er, it can have the ending -ы. In literary language, both forms are equal: bunker And bunkers.

Sometimes the use of one or another ending is determined by the meaning and compatibility of the word:

• hog(horizontal parts of chimneys) and hogs(castrated male pigs);
• conductor/tram conductors And conductors in the machine(special devices in mechanisms);
• factory buildings, cadet corps And human or animal body;
• fur(tanned animal skins) and bellows;
• images in the novel And images of saints in the church;
• knightly orders And orders for exploits;
• reins for a horse And reasons(motivations);
• belts and robes And Time Zones(permissible - time zones);
• missing letters And factory passes;
• sable(fur) and sables(animals);
• bank accounts - office accounts;
• sons from first marriage And sons of the fatherland;
• electric currents And current in the field;
• tones in music And tones in painting;
• apply the brakes ́ - remove brakes during operation;
• spiritual teachers And school teachers;
• bread in the oven And bread in the field;
• colors(paints) and flowers(plants);
• cadets(large landowners in Germany) and cadet(pupils of military schools).

2. Neuter nouns of the second declension usually have a plural ending -а/-я: ring ́ - rings, porch ́ - porch.

This ending (unlike masculine nouns) is usually unstressed: villages, glass, buckets.

In the initial form the stress usually falls on the last syllable: village, glass, bucket.

But the stressed ending -а/-я is also possible - mirrors(in the initial form such nouns usually have a stress based on - mirror).

Much less often, neuter nouns have the ending -ы/-и: shoulder - shoulders.

Sometimes in speech there is an erroneous use of the ending -ы/-и in a number of neuter nouns instead of the normative ending -а/-я.

For example: mirrors instead of normative mirrors; spots instead of normative spots; eggs instead of normative eggs.

3. A number of nouns are characterized by non-standard formation of the nominative plural form:

Masculine nouns ending in -yonok in the plural have the suffix -yat- and the unstressed ending -a:

foal - foals, child - guys;

nouns ending in -anin/-yanin in the plural end in -ane/-yanin:

citizen - citizens, peasant - peasants, Armenian - Armenians (!);

note to plural forms of nouns: owner - owners(very bad mistake - owners!), bottom - donya, awl - shilya, chicken - chickens, ship - ships, child - children, person - people.

4. In addition, it should be remembered that not all nouns have two forms - singular and plural.

Collective, abstract nouns have only the singular form:

goodness, faith, youth, linen.

A number of concrete nouns do not have a singular form:

scissors, trousers.

The names of substances also usually have one form: either a singular form or a plural form.

Wed: sugar, coal, jam; ink, sawdust.

Therefore, it would be incorrect to use an abstract noun in the plural morality in a sentence: The word “morality” refers to generally accepted forms of morality protected by the state.

Sometimes the use of one or another ending is determined by the meaning and compatibility of the word:

· hog Á (horizontal parts of chimneys) and hog s (castrated male pigs);

· conductor A conductor s trams And conductor s in the stack(special devices in mechanisms);

· frame Á plant, cadet corps Á And frame s person or animal;

· fur Á (tanned animal skins) and blacksmith bellows And ;

· image s in the novel And image Á saints in the church;

· knightly order s And order Á for exploits;

· rein I for horse And occasion s (motivations);

· belt Á robes And time zone Á (permissible - time zone s );

· pass And letters And factory pass Á ;

· sable Í (fur) and sobol And (animals);

· bank account Á – office account s;

· sons Í from first marriage And son ś fatherland;

· electrical current And And current A in field;

· tone s in music And tone Á in painting;

· press the brake Á – remove the brake s at work;

· spiritual teachers And And school teacher Í ;

· bread s in the oven And bread A in field;

· color Á (paints) and color ś (plants);

· cadet s (large landowners in Germany) and cadet Á (pupils of military schools).

2. Genitive

1). For example, some nouns male in the genitive singular the main ending varies AND I (tea, sugar) with additional options U/S (tea, sugar).

Usually ending U/S can be used in the following cases:

For nouns with a real meaning, when indicating their quantity - that is, to designate a part of the whole ( a glass of tea, a kilogram of sugar, a piece of cheese).

When they say bring milk, kvass, sausages etc., which means it doesn’t matter How many you need to bring what part. On the contrary, when they say: bring milk, kvass, sausage, mean that the interlocutor knows How many need to bring or need to bring not Part what you ask for, and All. Wed: bring milk - bring a glass, a bottle of milk And bring milk from the refrigerator - bring all the milk from the refrigerator.

However, if the noun is accompanied by a modifier, you need to choose a form ending in A/Z ( a cup of hot tea, a pack of dried tobacco);

For collective and abstract nouns with the meaning of quantity ( few people, a lot of noise);

In phraseological units ( a week without a year, face to face, with the world one by one);

In negative sentences ( there was no peace, there was no refusal; read a book - don't read a book).

2) In the genitive case plural in nouns male several variants of case endings:

3) In the prepositional case, in some cases the ending U is added to the main option - the ending E: in the workshop - in the workshop(in this case, option U is colloquial): grow in the forest - know about the forest(the ending distinguishes the shade in the meaning: circumstance and object), on a current account - to be in good standing(in phraseological expressions). Usually, when choosing an ending, you should take into account the context, that is, pay attention to what meaning is implemented in the word.

2. Morphological norms of adjectives, numerals and pronouns.

In the normative aspect of the morphology of adjectives, two complex issues are: the formation of forms of degrees of comparisons and the difference between full and short forms of adjectives.

Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives. There are simple and compound degrees of comparison of adjectives. The simple comparative form is formed using suffixes –ee and –ee (colloquial): faster - faster, some adjectives form the comparative degree using a suffix -e: more lively, louder, more dexterous, sweeter. The simple superlative form of adjectives is formed using suffixes –aysh(ii) (Supreme), –eysh(ii) ) (beautiful). The compound comparative form is formed using the word more, and excellent using the word most (This house is tall, but the one next door is taller. This house is the tallest in the city).

It should be taken into account that not all qualitative adjectives are capable of forming degrees of comparison using the appropriate suffixes. Words do not form such forms:

immortal, brilliant, near, fighting, sick (about a person), stormy, upper, eternal, possible, strong-willed, outstanding, heroic, deaf (about a person), naked, proud, long-standing, distant, businesslike, cruel, familiar, oblique, short, crooked (about a person), dead (not alive), peaceful, powerful, unknown, lower, general, excellent, advanced, positive, last, permanent, similar, right (fair, containing truth), empty (about a container: nothing not filled), developed, early, ragged, timid, blind, controversial, urgent, predatory, gloomy, colorful, young, etc.

Some of these adjectives cannot be used comparatively due to the specificity of their meaning (for example, one cannot be more or less immortal, more or less naked). Others could theoretically form a comparative degree, but due to their formal characteristics they do not have such a form or have a rarely used form. In the latter case, in informal speech in some combinations you can use a descriptive way of expressing the degree of comparison: more strong-willed, more businesslike, more cruel.

Traditional speech errors in the formation of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives are associated with:

1) mixing simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison (higher, most beautiful) And

2) absence of an object of comparison ( This room is brighter. Need + than that).

Full and short forms of the adjective. There are differences between the full and short forms of an adjective, so these forms cannot always replace each other.

The short forms are predominantly bookish: The lecture is interesting and instructive. Full forms of adjectives are usually used in colloquial speech: The lecture is interesting and instructive. With the full form of the adjective, used in the nominative case as a compound predicate, as a rule, there cannot be controlled words, but with the short form, they can. For example: he was sick with a sore throat; he is capable of music(but one cannot say - he was sick with a sore throat, he was capable of music).

The full form of the adjective indicates a permanent attribute, the short form indicates a temporary one: beautiful girl(at all), the girl is beautiful(At the moment).

When forming short forms of adjectives ending in – new (natural, artificial, solemn) fluctuations are observed: natural - natural, artificial - artificial, solemn - solemn. Currently, both options are possible both in written and oral speech, but the truncated form (in - en) is more common.

Morphological norms of numerals . There are rules for using numerals:

1) B complex and compound cardinal numbers all parts bow ( a book with one hundred and fifty-six pages).

2) When declining complex and compound ordinal numbers only the last word in the numeral changes ( born in nineteen ninety-two).

3) Cardinal numbers(except numeral alone ) are not combined with words denoting paired objects, such as: sleigh, scissors, day, trousers, glasses, etc.. (it is forbidden : twenty-two days, thirty-three scissors) – you should use the expression edit: The twenty-second day / twenty-two days have passed. Thirty-three scissors were purchased.

4) Collective numbers combine only with animate masculine nouns ( two boys, three men) and cannot be combined with feminine nouns ( you can’t say: three girls, only: three girls).

5) When combining a noun with a numeral denoting a fraction, the noun must be in the genitive singular ( not allowed: 12.6 kilometers, only: 12.6 kilometers).

6) Numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred have only two case forms: in the Nominative and Accusative cases: one and a half - one and a half and one and a half hundred, in all other cases one and a half and one and a half hundred. These numerals are combined with nouns in the Genitive singular (Nominal and Vin. case ): one and a half spoons, and in the plural (all other cases): about one and a half hundred pages.

Morphological norms of pronouns. Their own morphological norms apply when using pronouns:

1) Pronoun They does not correlate with collective nouns ( people, youth, merchants). It is forbidden: The people went to the polls together because they understood how important it was. It follows they → he or the people → people.

2) Personal pronouns cannot be used as a second subject or object. It is forbidden: Plyushkin, he is the negative hero of the novel.

3) If there are two subjects of action personal and possessive pronouns require additional clarification or rephrasing of the entire sentence to avoid ambiguity. It is forbidden: The professor invited the graduate student to read his report (whose? The professor’s or the graduate student’s?).

4) In indefinite pronouns with suffixes -something, or, -something suffix -That forms the meaning “unknown”; suffix -or forms the meaning “any”, and the suffix -somehow – meaning “unimportant” (You can’t: Someone or someone knocks on the door. Only: Someone is knocking).

5) Determinative pronouns everyone, anyone and everyone cannot replace each other (Cannot: Every person is responsible for his own life. Only: Every person...).

3. Morphological norms of verbs and prepositions.

Let us briefly turn to the basic morphological norms governing the use of verbs:

1) The verb pairs differ stylistically: see - see, hear - hear, lift - lift, climb - climb and so on. The first option is bookish - literary, the second - colloquial.

2) Verbs with alternation O//A based on: condition - condition, concentrate - concentrate and so on. also distinguished as bookish (O form) and colloquial (A form).

3) For so-called insufficient verbs ( to win, to convince, to find oneself, to dare, to feel) the form of the 1st person singular of the future tense has a compound character ( I can/can/must win).

4) The so-called abundant verbs have two forms of the present tense with a stylistic or semantic difference. For example: waves - waves (book and colloquial version), moves (moves) - moves (leads, encourages).

Abundant verbs have two personal forms, which differ in stylistic coloring.

Some parallel forms differ not stylistically, but in shades of meaning.

5) For verbs in the past tense, the main form is without a suffix -Well (get wet - get wet, get used to it - got used to it).

6) Unity of aspectual and tense forms of verbs - a rule according to which all verbs within one sentence must be used in the same grammatical form. It is forbidden: On vacation, he rested and did what he loved again. Only: got busy!

7) In a special form of the verb - gerund - suffix -V - normative, suffix – lice – colloquial. It is forbidden: After reading the book. Only: After reading the book.

Violations of grammatical norms are often associated with the use of prepositions in speech. Thus, the difference in semantic and stylistic shades between synonymous constructions with prepositions is not always taken into account because of And thanks to. Pretext thanks to retains its original lexical meaning associated with the verb thank, therefore, it is used to indicate the cause that causes the desired result: thanks to the help of comrades, thanks to proper treatment. If there is a sharp contradiction between the original lexical meaning of the preposition thanks to and indicating a negative reason, the use of this preposition is undesirable: Didn't come to work due to illness. In this case it is correct to say - because of illness.

Prepositions thanks, despite, according to, towards According to modern standards, they are used only with the dative case. The preposition is used with the names of islands and peninsulas on: Kamchatka, Dikson, Capri.
Pretext on used with the names of avenues, boulevards, squares, streets; pretext V- with names of lanes, passages: on Vernadsky Boulevard, on Victory Square, on Suvorov Street.

If the names of mountain areas are in the singular form, then the preposition is used on if the plural form is a preposition V.: in the Caucasus, Elbrus, Pamar and the Alps, in the Himalayas.,

Prepositions V And on in some constructions they are antonymous to prepositions from And s: wentVStavropol - returned from Stavropol, went to the Caucasus- came from the Caucasus.

Literary norm of the modern Russian language: in Ukraine, from Ukraine.

“In 1993, at the request of the Government of Ukraine, the options to Ukraine(and correspondingly from Ukraine). Thus, according to the Government of Ukraine, the etymological connection of the constructions, which did not suit it, was broken to Ukraine And to the outskirts. Ukraine seemed to receive linguistic confirmation of its status as a sovereign state, since the names of states, and not regions, are formalized in the Russian tradition using prepositions V (in) And from...” (Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. M.: Nauka, 2001. P. 69).

Since no one uses the phrases on the state or in the country , then there is no reason to use the phrase in Ukraine. Thus, whenever we talk about the state of Ukraine, we must write and speak only in Ukraine.

Supporters of writing in Ukraine often cite the following examples: in Cuba, Malta, Cyprus. Please note that in all cases we are talking about island states, i.e. in this case, the word island fell out of context: on the island of Cuba, on the island of Malta, on the island of Cyprus. So, for example, in English, the division when using toponyms in different contexts is quite clear: on Cuba (in Cuba) - if we are talking about an island, in Cuba (in Cuba) - if we are talking about a state.

However, the literary norm of the Russian language, according to which one should speak and write in Ukraine, is the result of the historical development of the language over several centuries. Combination of prepositions V And on with certain words is explained solely by tradition. Wed: at school, at the institute, at the pharmacy, in the department, But: at a factory, at a post office, at a resort, at a warehouse etc. A literary norm cannot change overnight due to any political processes.

With verbs of feeling ( grieve, cry, grieve, yearn, miss, miss, etc.) pretext By used with the dative case, for example: grieve for your son, cry for your father, grieve for your husband, yearn for your native village, miss Mikhailovsky. But personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons with the indicated verbs are often placed in the prepositional case, for example: cries for you, grieves for us.

It is erroneous to use a preposition after the marked verbs behind with the instrumental case, for example: “He misses you,” “She misses you.”

After verbs of motion ( walk, walk, run, move, climb, wander, etc.) the preposition po is used with the dative case: walked through the meadow (through the meadows), walked through the forest (through the forests), ran along the shore (along the banks), wandered through the field (through the fields), etc.

Pretext By with the prepositional case it is used with the meaning “after something”, for example: upon expiration of the term, upon arrival at the place, upon graduation from school, upon arrival in the city.

After the preposition By pronouns How many And some are put in the dative case, for example: How many notebooks were given to each student? I haven't been home for several days.

Thus, in this lecture we became acquainted with the concept of “morphological norm” and found out how to form the forms of words belonging to different parts of speech. In case of difficulty, it is recommended to consult grammar dictionaries.

Topic 2.9. Syntactic norms of the Russian language.

1. Approval standards. Agreement of the predicate with the subject

2. Management standards

3. Use of participial phrases

4. Errors in constructing complex sentences

Order of words in a sentence. Agreement of the predicate with the subject. Harmonization of definitions and applications. Management standards. The cases of nominal and verbal control are more difficult - control with homogeneous members of the sentence, “stringing” cases, subordinate clauses with the same conjunctions, choosing the correct case and preposition. Converting direct speech into indirect speech. Use of separate structures.

Syntactic norms reflect the peculiarities of constructing phrases and sentences in the Russian language.

The greatest difficulties usually arise from the following points:

Choosing a controlled form in a phrase;

Agreement between subject and predicate;

Use of participial and participial phrases;

Construction of some types of complex sentences.

1.Approval standards

Agreeing the definition with the word being defined

1. If the definition refers to a noun that depends on numerals two three four , then the following matching rules are recommended:

2. If the definition comes before a numeral, then it is put in the form of the nominative case, regardless of the gender of the nouns: first two years, latest two weeks, upper two windows.

Agreement of the predicate with the subject

When agreeing the predicate with the subject, the following rules must be observed.

Governance standards

Management norms include the correct choice of preposition in a phrase and the correct choice of the case form of a noun and pronoun.

When choosing a preposition, you should take into account its inherent shades of meaning. So, to express cause-and-effect relationships synonymous ones are used prepositions due to, as a result of, due to, in connection with, thanks to, due to and etc.

You should say:

It is necessary to distinguish between constructions with words that are similar in meaning or have the same root, but require different controls (different cases). For example: to worry about someone, but to worry about someone. The error may arise because both verbs mean “to worry.” Another example: confidence in something, but faith in something. In this case, the error may be generated by a common root.

Distinguish:

Some verbs may have control in different cases depending on different semantic shades.

Distinguish:

Remember the controls:

Use of participial phrases

Participle- a verb form denoting an additional action performed by the subject (subject) and relating only to it. Therefore, the participial phrase cannot be used:

Examples of errors when using participial phrases:

1. Flying over the raging ocean, the swift's strength ran out(instead of: Flying over the raging ocean, the swift became weak. Or: When the swift flew over the raging ocean, his strength dried up). Here it turns out that forces fly by.

2. Having reached the outskirts of the city, an amazing panorama opened up before them.(instead of: When they reached the outskirts of the city, they saw an amazing panorama. Or: When they reached the outskirts of the city, an amazing panorama opened up before them). Here it turns out that the panorama has come out.

3. After running a few steps, a brilliant idea struck him(instead of: As he ran a few steps, a brilliant idea struck him). In this case, a sentence with an adverbial phrase cannot be constructed, since it turns out that the thought has run through.

Errors in constructing complex sentences

There are 3 types of complex sentences:

- Non-union complex sentence – I was very surprised: my classmates gave me a real celebration.

- Complex sentence – Life is given once, and you want to live it cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully(A. Chekhov). Thinking would not be necessary if there were ready-made truths(A. Herzen); He remains alone who seeks a friend without faults(Last.).

All types of complex sentences can be synonymous:

· SPP: The work was accepted because I turned it in on time. / The work was accepted because I turned it in on time.

· SSP: I turned in the work on time and it was accepted.

· BSP: The work was accepted: I turned it in on time. / I turned in the work on time - it was accepted.

Errors:

1. The diversity of parts of a complex sentence is manifested:

a) when a subordinate clause and a member of a simple sentence are used as homogeneous constructions, for example: “At the production meeting, issues of further improving the quality of products were discussed and whether it was possible to reduce costs”(follows: ...issues of further improving the quality of products and the possibility of reducing their cost were discussed).

b) with a common subordinating part, a two-part sentence and a one-part impersonal sentence act as homogeneous syntactic elements, for example: “The speaker put forward two points: 1) accelerated privatization of state property is becoming increasingly important; 2) it is necessary to increase the role of labor collectives in this process”;

c) when using (without proper justification) different word orders in subordinate subordinate clauses, for example: “One of the shortcomings of the school’s teaching staff is that it does not carry out enough educational work, extracurricular activities are poorly conducted, and student performance is declining.”(in the second and third subordinate clauses the reverse word order should also be used).

2. The construction shift can be expressed in the fact that the main sentence is “broken” by the subordinate clause located inside it, for example : “The main thing that needs to be paid attention to is the genre side of the work”(follows: The main thing that needs to be paid attention to is the genre side of the work

Construction displacement can occur if the subordinate clause is “broken” by the main clause, for example: “But these quotes are unknown where the author borrowed them from”(instead of: It is unknown where the author borrowed these quotes from). Such constructions are colloquial in nature.

3. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words when:

a) choosing a conjunction or allied word that is not suitable for the given context, for example: “It was possible to agree only with those provisions of the report that did not contain any internal contradictions