Mischief is an alternating vowel in the root. Handbook of the Russian language. Spelling of roots alternating according to shades of the main meaning

If the root is followed by the suffix -a-, then the root is written and, if there is no suffix, then the root is written e.

Subtract that - subtract you. try on, try on a dress, measure.

To lock - to lock, to unlock - to unlock, to bulge - to bulge.

In words with the root pir- with the meaning “abundant treat, feast”, and is always written.

Feast, feast.

Alternation A(I)/im(in)

2.3.3. Use of the letter E

As noted (see paragraph 1.5), the vowel letter e is used primarily after soft consonants and at the beginning of a word, after vowels, if it denotes two sounds [j] + vowel ( yes, the land of the Vedas).

At the same time, according to tradition, in many words after hard consonants and after vowels (where there is no sound [j]) e is also written, not e.

When choosing a vowel, you should use the following rules:

I. REPEATMENT.

UNStressed VOWELS AT THE ROOT OF A WORD

II. EXPLANATION OF NEW MATERIAL.

At the stage of explaining new material, a multimedia system is also used.

On the screen there is a table with alternating vowels at the root of the word, with pictures that help to better perceive the material.

VOWELS IN ROOTS WITH ALTERNATING

There are words with the same root that have different vowels at their roots. That's what it is roots with alternation. It must be well remembered that “the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels in these roots does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition.” When writing the vowel in these roots, we will use special rules. These rules can be combined into 4 groups.

1st group

An unstressed root is always written the same way(and percussion - in different ways: the way it is heard):

Please pay attention: the rule applies only to words that are the same root and have the same meaning.

Look at the picture: Zar I. In the sky once mountains zar are I. In the sky once prostrate. On the shore it's a fire. Willows on clone zar were over about flame-tainted water. The fisherman looks at float

OK.

2nd group

The spelling of a vowel fundamentally depends on what consonants follow it:

growth

plant

grown Attention! Don't confuse the root -grew- with attachment !

dis-

3rd group -A-:

grown The spelling of a vowel depends on whether there is a suffix after the root The girl has braided hair – here there is no suffix after the root-A-,

and the ending; in addition, roots with alternation kos-/-kas-

have the meaning “to touch”.

Exceptions: A R vnina Exceptions: (This O external, Exceptions: A but not external there is a place for something, but it is written ).

-A- Be equal! (Team in formation - stand up),

smooth level Exceptions: A(mark, private

some value) equally Exceptions: A(on external

shares).

-mac- – -mok-

Exception: -jump- – -jump- A sk

chock. You can remember these roots in another way:-with how- – here there is no suffix after the root -- With skoch- - With -O-; then there will be two exceptions:

jump, jump.

(Each student has such a hint table on his desk.)

III. SECURING THE MATERIAL.

TRAINING EXERCISES Exercise 1. Explain the spelling of alternating vowels in the root.

The procedure is as follows:

1) Put emphasis in the word;

2) select the root;

3) justify the choice of vowel using information from the table;

4) emphasize the vowel in the root. Task 2.

Insert the missing letters. Explain your choice by referring to the table and following the order of the previous task.

DIFFERENTIATED TASKS Option I

(for weak students): easy cheating Task 3.

Grow corn, get ready to hunt, young shoots.

branch industry, increasing speed, heavy rain, push through the thickets, freeze with admiration, grow a brilliant shift, the assumption disappears, lay grown flowers at the foot of the monument, misfortune touched him too, approached the thickets of reeds, the pie begins to burn, moneylender Rostislav lives in Rostov , addition and subtraction, put the proceeds in a fireproof cabinet, the beetle is located on a shiny lily pad, state the requirements, free application, improper bone fusion, plant cover, weak sprout. Option II:

complicated cheating Task 4.

Write it off. Highlight roots with alternating vowels. Mark the conditions for choosing spellings.

Settle down for rest, gather with friends, an argument breaks out, make the bed, effort, get in the company, clean the room, put your feet up, touch on a question, write an essay, the paper gets hot, burn your fingers, disgusting moneylender, wipe the dishes, rub a bruise, get burned from shame, grown drain, wipe the windows, burnt candle.

INDEPENDENT WORK Task 5.

Write it down and explain the spelling graphically.

Ira is very neat. Every morning she cleans the apartment, removes all the dirt, wipes off the dust, locks the closets, makes the beds, and then lights the lamp and admires how everything shines. She doesn't reckon with the fact that she's simply dying of fatigue.

But sometimes she gets offended by her lazy brother, runs away and says: “Let him clean up here at least once, remove the dirt! Is it really difficult for him to lock the closet, make the bed, wipe the table so that everything shines and shines? I wouldn’t die if I worked.”

CONTROL EXERCISES Task 6.

Test your spelling recognition skills. Fill in the table with these words.

Pleasure, offer, unsatisfied, embrace, sunbathe, carnival, _color, position, delight, b_grove, r_stock, studio, listen, _aroma, freeze, vegetative, fountain, insight, age, bed. Task 7.

The article was published with the support of the Lamoda.ru online store. Taking advantage of the offer of the Lamoda.ru online store, you can buy branded clothing, shoes and accessories at a competitive price and without leaving your chair at your computer. The store's rich assortment includes shoes from Bogner, Boss, Baldinini, Lamania, Fendi and many other famous brands. The convenient rubricator of the Lamoda.ru website will help you quickly find clothes and shoes of the right type, size and manufacturer.

IV. SPELLING TESTS

Option I

1. In which word is the letter written? A ?

a) Get warm;

b) burnt;

c) warm up;

d) vygorki.

2. In which word is the letter written? (This ?

a) Z_rnitsa;

b) rage;

d) z_revo.

3. (This ?

a) Bend over;

b) swear;

c) swear;

d) bending.

4. In which words is the letter written? A ?

a) Pl_vchiha;

b) float_vok;

c) swimmer;

d) pl_woons;

d) pl_wunets beetle.

5. In which words is the letter written? (This ?

a) Wash it out in the rain;

b) wash in water;

c) blotting paper;

d) wash out all the ink;

e) Dip dumplings in sour cream.

6. In which words is the letter written? A ?

a) Understand;

b) opinion;

c) p_take (tracks);

d) p_uniform;

e) r_venovesie.

7. In which words is the letter written? A ?

a) Inspect;

b) pl_vuchy;

c) bow;

d) warm up;

d) understand.

8. Which row is the letter in? (This written in all words?

a) Insight, in vain, location, tilt;

b) contact, create, inclination, offer:

c) urgent, plunging, navigating, evading;

d) get hot, pour, dissolve, dissolve;

e) zar_li, proposed, scorch, come.

9. In which sentences does the letter A is written in all words at the place of the gap?

a) A tanned shepherd drove his cow Zorka in the morning.

b) The river, illuminated by the rays of the sun, appeared before us in all its grandeur.

c) The young deer, having made a huge leap, quickly ran off into the thicket.

d) The wires should not have touched, but because of the wind they touched each other.

10. In which words is the letter written? e ?

a) Read a book;

b) get up;

c) b_become;

d) lay down;

Option II (for high school students)

1. In which words is the letter written? A ?

a) Adolescent;

b) p_stock;

c) R_stislav;

d) grow_st;

d) extension.

2. In which words is the letter written? (This ?

a) skip;

b) upstart;

c) sk_chok;

d) give a hint.

3. In which words is the letter written? A ?

a) Offer;

b) position;

c) adjective;

d) offer;

4. In which words is the letter written? (This ?

a) Attack;

c) tangent;

d) kicking;

d) touch.

5. In which word is the letter written? e ?

a) Gather (on an expedition);

b) washing powder;

c) heartbreaking (scream);

d) dying;

d) rub (eyes).

6. In which word is the letter written? e ?

a) Brilliant (debut);

b) people (students);

c) lock yourself with a key;

d) spreading fog;

d) marriage.

7. In which words is the letter written? (This ?

a) Vodor_sli;

b) grown;

c) to_dream;

d) give a hint;

e) to be located.

8. In which words is the letter written? And ?

a) Continues (through the thickets);

b) choose the root;

c) incendiary (speech);

d) (stable) phrase;

d) fitting suit.

9. Which row is the letter in? A written in all words?

a) Inspect, por_sl, dig_out, smear;

b) tangent, float, wrap, branch;

c) to utter, to stand, to level, to bow;

d) touching, flammable (materials), position, tear;

d) bow, ember, z_rnitsa, affirm.

10. Which row is the letter in? And written in all words?

a) lean, lay down, die, pick up;

b) stop, lock up, burn, freeze;

c) sleep, unlock, lock, rest;

d) expand, choose, become, gather;

e) light up, spread out, tear apart, subtract.

11. Which sentence has a spelling mistake?

a) At first Mumu was very weak, frail and ugly, but little by little she got over it and straightened out.

b) Jumping in fright, the hare jumped over the pit and galloped ahead of the running dogs.

c) It took him a long time to choose a float and a spinner.

d) The dawn burst into flames and engulfed half the sky.

e) Oblomov took the pen and dipped it into the inkwell, but there was no ink.

T.V. REBYAZINA,
M.V. MIKHEEV,
school number 171,
Moscow

When different word forms are formed, the sound of a word may change. This phenomenon is usually explained by historical alternation of vowels. This feature should be taken into account in the process of identifying main morphemes or selecting test words of the same root.

In contact with

Basic Rules

According to the morphological principle, the spelling of morphemes corresponds to how they sound when they are stressed. Roots with the alternation o-a, e-i, a-i/im, a-i/in do not obey this law. Their spelling is determined by the following conditions:

• the presence of the suffix -a-;
• consonants coming after a vowel;
• position - under or not;
• semantic meaning.

Let's consider cases of spelling words where there is alternation of vowels in the root: gor-gar, clone-clan, tvor-tvar, zor-zar. Without stress in the indicated morphemes it is necessary to write “o”, except for -zar-, in which the unstressed alternating vowel “a” is written. Under the accent, of course, we write the letter that we hear. Exceptions are considered: to ripen, utensils, scorch, dross.

Errors in the spelling under consideration are due to the fact that the verification method is determined incorrectly, since alternating vowels are not checked using stress. An example of a typical mistake: in the verb to bend, they write the letter “ A", choosing the same root word “bow”.

Important! It is necessary to distinguish between unstressed vowels and alternating ones. If, when performing a task, you need to find a word where there is alternation, you should remember that the difference is determined by the semantic meaning.

In “mountainous” there is no alternation, as indicated by its semantic meaning. Here the unstressed vowel is checked thanks to the stressed position: hill, hillock. Nouns: fire victim, spontaneous combustion - are similar in meaning to the verb “burn”, therefore, there is alternation here.

When the choice of writing method depends on consonants

There are morphemes in which the consonants behind it become the condition for choosing the vowels o/a. In the roots -rast-, - rasch-, - grew - it is written “ A" before - “st” or “sch” (plant growing, fusion). If they are absent, the letter “ is written O": young growth. Nouns: rostok, Rostov, Rostislav, moneylender, industry - these are exceptions. The same letter is preserved in related words: Rostislavovich, Rostovites, rostok, usurious, industry worker, teenage.

Failure to apply the rule leads to the following errors:

1. Sometimes, instead of a word with alternating vowels, another is written, for example, the adjective “luxurious”, without taking into account that - in this case, the syllable, and the root - luxurious - is characterized by the meaning “to grow”.
2. Often they don’t see the combination “ st", they only notice the consonant “ With", therefore they can write the participle “growing up” with “ O".

Difficulties are caused by the spelling -skak-, -skoch-, in which “ A" used before " To", and the consonant " h" requires writing "O". When applying this rule, it is important to determine which letter ( To or h) stands in the infinitive from which the word in question is derived.

Based on the fact that in the indefinite form “jump” at the root of the word before the consonant “ To" the letter "is written" A", in verbs from the phrases “I’ll ride” on one leg or on a horse, you should choose “ A".

In other cases: I’ll drop by for a minute, I’ll slip through the gap - you need to write the letter “ O", since in the indefinite form “drop in” (meaning “run in”) there is also “ O" before the consonant " h".

Presence of the suffix -a-

The spelling of such words is determined by the suffix -a- and the lexical meaning of the word.

Most often, incorrect spellings occur due to the lack of ability to distinguish homonymous roots with the unstressed and alternating vowel being tested. The following are erroneous reasoning:

1. The alternation im/in-a/ya is most often not distinguished from an unstressed vowel. You can avoid such mistakes by choosing a paired example of alternation: understand - understand; hugging - hugs, squeeze - squeeze, curse - curse, curses. Having made sure that there is an alternation, you are unlikely to check the verb “remove” with its other form - “removes”.
2. The alternating root/world means “to die, to freeze.” Only in this case do we write “ And", if there is a suffix - A-, when he's not there - " e". Many people apply this rule to the words: reconcile friends, try on boots, and the result is an error in the test.
3. This happens when writing the root ter/tir in the meaning “tert”, which is mistakenly combined with the word “lose”, meaning “to lose”.
4. There are even comical cases: the noun “plumage” is correlated with the verb “to lean”, although their meaning is different, in the first case we write “ e", test words - “feathers”, “feather”, in the second example there is a different spelling - an alternating vowel, the choice of which is determined by the suffix - A-.
5. Another clear example of an error: in the noun “squint” they find an alternating vowel, but it is formed from the combination “squint eye” and has nothing in common with the word “touch”.

Alternating vowels in the root with the suffix -a-

What rule to apply for -equal-even- and -mak-mok-

The choice of writing method is determined by the lexical meaning of the words. -Mak- can be found in words adjacent in meaning to the verb to dip: to dip dumplings in sour cream. In morphemes -mok-; -wet semantics, it is associated with the verb to get wet, which means “to become saturated with moisture, to become wet,” for example: blotter, waterproof overalls.

The meaning -equal- goes back to the adjectives equal, identical, the morpheme -even- is similar in meaning to the adjectives even, smooth, flat. Let's compare examples:

• align the edges of the fabric, trim the hem of the dress (make it even);
• equalize rights (make equal), align with the cart (walk at an equal distance with the cart).

Exception: noun “plain”, “equally”.

In other words, if something needs to be made straight, even, we choose the verbs: level. When we are talking about objects that are similar, identical in age, weight, and other characteristics, we write the root -equal-: equation, comparison, alignment with the middle, equivalence, balance.

Attention! Only taking into account the context can one correctly resolve the issue of spelling verbs with -rovn-; -equal-.

Here are some examples:

1. The path has leveled out. (Became smooth).
2. Tenth graders were equal in quality of academic performance. (Students became equal in learning).
3. The hairdresser trimmed the hair with hot scissors.
4. The recruits lined up at the command of the platoon leader.

They often make mistakes when using words in a figurative meaning: water level (flat surface), level of education. It must be remembered that the spelling of vowels remains unchanged.

Root -float-

In the morpheme under consideration, which is close in meaning to the verb “swim”, the vowel “ A". The question arises: why is it classified as an alternating root? The fact is that there are nouns “swimmer” and “swimmer” that are spelled differently. Consequently, there is an alternation of o/a (waterfowl, fins). For example, there is no need to mix them with the participle “melting”, which is related to the words: melt, refractory, melting (of metal).

Alternating unstressed vowels in the root

Spelling of alternating vowels O and A in the roots -KOS- and -KAS-

Bottom line

To summarize, we note that all alternating vowels inherently cause certain difficulties. Despite this, errors in writing can be avoided by learning the roots in which this alternation is observed, taking into account the conditions for choosing the vowel and the lexical meaning of the morphemes in question.

• home
• Horoscope
• Mischief is an alternating vowel in the root. Handbook of the Russian language. Spelling of roots alternating according to shades of the main meaning