Sentence: what is a predicate and subject. Predicate and its main types All about predicate

However, not everyone fully understands what this mysterious definition means. Let's try to fill the gaps in our knowledge and understand in detail, predicate and subject. What parts of speech can they be expressed by? And in what cases are they separated on a letter such as a dash?

Definition

To understand what a predicate and subject are, you need to understand their definitions.

Subject Who? or What? and denoting the subject being discussed in the sentence. Warm weather has settled throughout the region. In this example, the word “weather” acts as the subject (that is, the subject of speech), and the grammatical features that the other main member of this sentence, the predicate, will receive depend on it.

Predicate- this is one of the main members of the sentence, answering the questions: what to do? what? what's happening? who it(or what's happened) item? It denotes an action performed by the subject of speech, its state or attribute. In the above example, the predicate is the verb " established". From the subject he received such features as the singular number and the feminine ending.

Ways of expressing subject and predicate

This is one of the most difficult issues in the topic described. After all, in order to understand what a predicate and subject are, you need to be able to correctly define them in speech.

Subject

The subject of a sentence can be expressed by the following parts of speech:

• Noun or pronoun (in I. p.). The weather was good.
• Adjective, numeral or participle (in I. p.). Seven do not wait for one.
• Composite structures:
• numeral + noun: A lot of people crowded into the room;
• adjective + preposition + noun: The best athlete did not start the competition;
• pronoun + adjective or participle: Something light rustled in the air;
• noun + preposition + noun: Elena and her husband came to visit friends.
• Infinitive. Smoking is harmful to health.

Predicate

The predicate in a sentence can be expressed by the following parts of speech:

• Verb (simple or compound). Marina dreams of becoming a biologist.
• Noun. Victor is my only love.
• Adjective or participle. How rich is the nature of the Ural Mountains!

Dash between subject and predicate

The table below clearly shows in which cases the main terms
Sentences are separated in writing by this punctuation mark.

You should remember what a predicate and a subject are, and also that when changing places in a sentence, they change their functions. My best friend is Julia. Julia is my best friend.

The predicate is one of the main members of the sentence, consistent with the subject (in number, gender, person) and answering the questions: “what does the subject do?”, “what is it?”, “who is it?”, “what is it?” , “what’s happening to him?”

The syntax in Russian provides ample opportunities for composing sentences. The predicate can be a verb, adverb, adjective, or even a noun.

Verb predicate

Most often, the predicate can be expressed as a verb. In this case, a simple verbal predicate, a verbal predicate and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished. Simple verb predicates include:
- verbs in the imperative, indicative or subjunctive mood (for example: “Don’t touch the toy!”, “It’s raining”, “I’d like to go for a walk with friends”);
- phraseological units based on verbs (“He lost his temper”);
- phrases of two verbs of the same form, the first of which denotes an action, the second - the purpose of the action (“I’ll go, is everything okay”).

A compound verbal predicate is a phrase, the grammatical and lexical meaning of which is expressed in different words: an auxiliary and a main verb, the latter being used in the form and carrying the lexical meaning of the predicate (“I wanted to talk about you”). A compound verb predicate can be complicated if it consists of several auxiliary words (“He decided to stop being angry”).

A compound nominal predicate is expressed by a phrase consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs can be:
- the verb “to be”, deprived in this case of its lexical meaning “to exist”, “to be available” (“She was a student”);
- semi-nominal verbs “seem”, “turn out to be”, “happen”, “appear”, “become”, “become”, “reputed”, “considered” and some others (“He is her hero”);
- full-valued verbs expressing action, movement, state (“The children came to the guests already grimy”).

Other parts of speech, as a predicate

The predicate can only be expressed by an adverb, without using a connective, if the sentence does not need to specify the time of the action taking place (“It’s just monstrous!” Compare: “It was monstrous!”).

A short adjective is often used as a predicate in colloquial and artistic styles (“Our grandfather is not yet old at heart”). Using this technique allows you to vary the composition of the sentence and improve the readability of the text.

The noun becomes a predicate in definition sentences and is often separated from the subject by a dash. For example: “My mother is a cook,” “A book is a storehouse of wisdom.”

Also, sometimes a numeral name (“Twice three is six”) acts as a predicate.

Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting an action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.

Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is communicated about the reality named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or unreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb And compound nominal .

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed in one word And ambiguous .

PGS- one word :

1) verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / is reading / will read / would read / let him read / this book.

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; There is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And bang the hat right on the floor. As soon as the music starts, the boy immediately starts dancing.

PGS- phrase :

1. PGS - phraseologically free , But syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical value:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I walk and walk, but it’s still a long way to the forest.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle like this to indicate an intense or fully accomplished action:
That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or verbs of the same root to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He doesn’t sleep himself and doesn’t let others sleep.
I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he just say / know and sings to himself.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with the particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was getting ready to go to the cinema, but didn’t go.

7) design with an action intensity value:
All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, indivisible in meaning into an action and its material object; in most cases, this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: to take part, to come to one's senses, to become enraged, to sound the alarm, to have the opportunity, to have the intention, to have the habit, to have the honor, to have the right; express a desire, burn with desire, acquire a habit, consider oneself entitled, consider it necessary and so on.:

He took part in the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
preinfinitive part + infinitive.

Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - names the action.

Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phasic meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase value expressed by verbs become, begin (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), cease (cease), stop (cease) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the given words, characteristic of a colloquial style of speech):

I started/continued/finished reading this book.

Modal meaning can be expressed

1) verbs be able, able, want, desire, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present time in the zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was willing/willing/able to wait.

The phraseological unit can be used both in the pre-infinitive part and in the infinitive position:

He is looking forward to participating in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to take part in the conference(= wants to participate).
He eager to take part at the conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of the GHS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to feel hungry.
I felt that I might soon begin to feel hungry.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: To be afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is atypical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which is found in compound nominal predicates. In addition, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not coming means offending.

The following predicates are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of an imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, occupying the position of complement in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked her, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to notice that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb, standing before the infinitive, has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (ligament) + nominal part.

Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Administrative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Administrative part It happens:

1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of “to appear” and not “to be” or “to have”), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.

2) semi-nominal (semi-abstract): verbs appear (appear), happen, appear (seem), introduce yourself (introduce yourself), become (become), become (become), stay (remain), count, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.

For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie, work, live, etc.

For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.

Significant And semi-significantbunch when determining the type of predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed mono-wordly or non-wordly.

One-word noun phrase :

1) a noun in case form, often in the nominative case. / instrumental case.

For example: He is/was a teacher. The skirt was checkered.

2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any degree of comparison.

For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .

4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!

5) numeral: He was eighth in line.

6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.

Non-word expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase can have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.

For example: The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is uninformative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be dropped from the sentence with almost no loss of meaning).

For example: He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.

The connective part can also be expressed by phraseological units:

He looked gloomy and distracted - phraseological unit in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.

For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become an expert in this field.

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Types of predicates:

1. Simple verb predicate - PGS
2. Compound verb predicate - GHS
3. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Ways to express a simple verbal predicate

Note!

1) Form of complex future tense ( I will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;

2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore a comma is not placed in front of them (the subject and the predicate are never separated by a comma!);

3) the modal particle was denotes an action that began, but did not take place due to some reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and is not distinguished by commas (unlike the introductory words happens, happened with the meaning of regular repetition of the action).

Wed: He used to not show up in the village for weeks;

4) to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, you should remember:

A) phraseology can often be replaced with one word:

to win - to win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - promise; give an order - order and etc.;

b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be replaced with the connective be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can be.

Wed: He hung his nose(PGS) - you can’t: He had a nose; She sat tired(SIS) - She was tired; He born happy (SIS) - He was happy.

Note. In speech (especially colloquial) there can be various kinds of complicated simple verbal predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:

1) a combination of two verb forms with the particle so ( Made friends so made friends! );

2) a combination of the verb go with another verb in the same form ( I'll go call my mom);

3) a combination of the verb take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with the particles yes, yes and, and ( I’ll take it and leave for the village tomorrow; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);

4) combination of a verb with particles yes, know (to yourself), well, so and to yourself (And Ivanushka know yourself, hold on; I I just screamed );

5) a combination of a verb with the same root form of an adverbial type ( He eats it; She roars).

Plan for parsing a simple verb predicate

1. Indicate the type of predicate.
2. Indicate the form of the conjugated verb.

Sample parsing

My business is going well.

They're going uphill- simple verbal predicate; expressed by verbal phraseology in the present tense of the indicative mood.

I would like to forget about everything.

I'd like to forget- simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of a sentence

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of a sentence. They are associated with the meanings of moods and tense of the predicate verb.

The troops are moving to the front.

(The action actually happens and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to see us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

You should talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but is desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of a sentence because all the minor members in a sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

Let us show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram.

Subject as a member of a sentence. Forms of subject expression

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in “unusual” forms. The following table will help you correctly determine the subject.

Basic ways of expressing the subject.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Types of predicate

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is connected with the subject by a special connection and has a meaning expressed in the questions what does the subject of speech do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian can be simple or compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the others carry the semantic load. In other words, in compound predicates, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was Colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, to the word work the semantic load of the predicate decreases.)

Among compound predicates, a distinction is made between compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed by the following verb forms:

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verbal predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb to wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnawing is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (must, glad, ready, obligated, etc.) and an auxiliary verb-linking be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense this linking is omitted).

(here the copula will be omitted).

So, let’s imagine the structure of a compound verbal predicate with the formula:

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a copular verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the copular verb becomes, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the copular verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let's imagine the structure of a compound nominal predicate with the formula:

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, various forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the state category, verb in the indefinite form.

In the Russian language, at least four main types of one-part sentences can be distinguished.

Basic types of two-part sentences

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical basics in them.

Basic types of one-part sentences

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except the main ones, are called secondary.

The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but extend (explain) it. They can also explain other minor members.

Let us demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, minor members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are recognized by questions.

Appreciated (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

Appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Supplement as part of a sentence. Types of add-ons

A complement is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions of indirect cases (i.e., all except the nominative) and denotes the subject. The object usually extends the predicate, although it can also extend other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is a fascinating activity. (Here the journals complement extends the subject.)

Objects are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of a verb and complete phrases.

During the campaign he shaved with (what?) a bayonet. (Here the complement bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) beauty. (Here the complement of beauty is expressed by an adjective in the role of a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the complement to remain is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.)

He read (what?) a lot of books. (Here the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions can be direct or indirect.

Direct objects belong to transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I’ll see my relatives now (v.p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (v.p.).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p.p.).

I put the bread on the table (v.p. with a preposition).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the infinitive form of the verb).