Russian Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century briefly. Time of Troubles (briefly)

One of the most difficult periods in the history of the state is the Time of Troubles. It lasted from 1598 to 1613. It was at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. there is a severe economic and political crisis. Oprichnina, the Tatar invasion, the Livonian War - all this led to the maximum increase in negative phenomena and increased public indignation.

Reasons for the start of the Time of Troubles

Ivan the Terrible had three sons. He killed his eldest son in a fit of rage; the youngest was only two years old, and the middle one, Fyodor, was 27. Thus, after the death of the tsar, it was Fyodor who had to take power into his own hands. But the heir is a soft personality and was not at all suitable for the role of ruler. During his lifetime, Ivan IV created a regency council under Fedor, which included Boris Godunov, Shuisky and other boyars.

Ivan the Terrible died in 1584. Fedor became the official ruler, but in fact it was Godunov. A few years later, in 1591, Dmitry (the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible) dies. A number of versions of the boy's death have been put forward. The main version is that the boy accidentally ran into a knife while playing. Some claimed that they knew who killed the prince. Another version is that he was killed by Godunov’s henchmen. A few years later, Fedor dies (1598), leaving no children behind.

Thus, historians identify the following main reasons and factors for the beginning of the Time of Troubles:

1. Interruption of the Rurik dynasty.
2. The desire of the boyars to increase their role and power in the state, to limit the power of the tsar. The boyars' claims grew into an open struggle with the top government. Their intrigues had a negative impact on the position of royal power in the state.
3. The economic situation was critical. The king's campaigns of conquest required the activation of all forces, including production ones. In 1601–1603 there was a period of famine, which resulted in the impoverishment of large and small farms.
4. Serious social conflict. The current system rejected not only numerous fugitive peasants, serfs, townspeople, city Cossacks, but also some parts of the service people.
5. Domestic policy of Ivan the Terrible. The consequences and results of the oprichnina increased distrust and undermined respect for law and authority.

Events of Troubles

The Time of Troubles was a huge shock for the state., which affected the foundations of power and government. Historians identify three periods of unrest:

1. Dynastic. The period when there was a struggle for the Moscow throne, and it lasted until the reign of Vasily Shuisky.
2. Social. The time of civil strife between the popular classes and the invasion of foreign troops.
3. National. The period of struggle and expulsion of the interventionists. It lasted until the election of a new king.

The first stage of the turmoil

Taking advantage of the instability and discord in Rus', False Dmitry crossed the Dnieper with a small army. He managed to convince the Russian people that he was Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible.

A huge mass of the population followed him. Cities opened their gates, townspeople and peasants joined his troops. In 1605, after the death of Godunov, the governors took his side, and after a while the whole of Moscow.

False Dmitry needed the support of the boyars. So, on June 1 on Red Square, he declared Boris Godunov a traitor, and also promised privileges to the boyars, clerks and nobles, unimaginable benefits to merchants, and peace and quiet to the peasants. An alarming moment came when the peasants asked Shuisky whether Tsarevich Dmitry was buried in Uglich (it was Shuisky who headed the commission to investigate the death of the prince and confirmed his death). But the boyar already claimed that Dmitry was alive. After these stories, an angry crowd broke into the houses of Boris Godunov and his relatives, destroying everything. So, on June 20, False Dmitry entered Moscow with honors.

It turned out to be much easier to sit on the throne than to stay on it. To assert his power, the impostor consolidated serfdom, which led to discontent among the peasants.

False Dmitry also did not live up to the expectations of the boyars. In May 1606, the Kremlin gates were opened to the peasants, False Dmitry was killed. The throne was taken by Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. The main condition for his reign was the limitation of power. He swore that he would not make any decisions on his own. Formally, there was a restriction of state power. But the situation in the state has not improved.

The second stage of the turmoil

This period is characterized not only by the struggle for power of the upper classes, but also by free and large-scale peasant uprisings.

So, in the summer of 1606, the peasant masses had a leader - Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. Peasants, Cossacks, serfs, townspeople, large and small feudal lords, and servicemen gathered under one banner. In 1606, Bolotnikov’s army advanced to Moscow. The battle for Moscow was lost, and they had to retreat to Tula. Already there, a three-month siege of the city began. The result of the unfinished campaign against Moscow was the capitulation and execution of Bolotnikov. From this time on, peasant uprisings began to decline.

Shuisky's government sought to normalize the situation in the country, but peasants and servicemen were still dissatisfied. The nobles doubted the ability of the authorities to stop peasant uprisings, and the peasants did not want to accept serfdom. At this moment of misunderstanding, another impostor appeared on the Bryansk lands, who called himself False Dmitry II. Many historians claim that he was sent to rule by the Polish king Sigismund III. Most of his troops were Polish Cossacks and nobles. In the winter of 1608, False Dmitry II moved with an armed army to Moscow.

By June, the impostor reached the village of Tushino, where he camped. Such large cities as Vladimir, Rostov, Murom, Suzdal, Yaroslavl swore allegiance to him. In fact, two capitals appeared. The boyars swore allegiance either to Shuisky or to the impostor and managed to receive salaries from both sides.

To expel False Dmitry II, the Shuisky government concluded an agreement with Sweden. According to this agreement, Russia gave the Karelian volost to Sweden. Taking advantage of this mistake, Sigismund III switched to open intervention. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth went to war against Russia. Polish units abandoned the impostor. False Dmitry II was forced to flee to Kaluga, where he ingloriously ended his “reign.”

Letters from Sigismund II were delivered to Moscow and Smolensk, in which he stated that, as a relative of the Russian rulers and at the request of the Russian people, he was going to save the dying state and the Orthodox faith.

Frightened, the Moscow boyars recognized Prince Vladislav as the Russian Tsar. In 1610, a treaty was concluded in which the basic plan for the state structure of Russia was stipulated:

• the inviolability of the Orthodox faith;
• restriction of freedom;
• division of power of the sovereign with the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor.

The oath of Moscow to Vladislav took place on August 17, 1610. A month before these events, Shuisky was forcibly tonsured a monk and exiled to the Chudov Monastery. To manage the boyars, a commission of seven boyars was assembled - seven-boyars. And already on September 20, the Poles entered Moscow without hindrance.

At this time, Sweden openly demonstrates military aggression. Swedish troops occupied most of Russia and were already ready to attack Novgorod. Russia was on the verge of the final loss of independence. The aggressive plans of the enemies caused great indignation among the people.

The third stage of the turmoil

The death of False Dmitry II greatly influenced the situation. The pretext (the fight against the impostor) for Sigismund to rule Russia disappeared. Thus, the Polish troops turned into occupation troops. Russian people unite to resist, the war began to acquire national proportions.

The third stage of the turmoil begins. At the call of the patriarch, detachments come from the northern regions to Moscow. Cossack troops led by Zarutsky and Grand Duke Trubetskoy. This is how the first militia was created. In the spring of 1611, Russian troops launched an assault on Moscow, which was unsuccessful.

In the fall of 1611, in Novgorod, Kuzma Minin addressed the people with a call to fight against foreign invaders. A militia was created, whose leader was Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.

In August 1612, the army of Pozharsky and Minin reached Moscow, and on October 26 the Polish garrison surrendered. Moscow was completely liberated. The Time of Troubles, which lasted almost 10 years, is over.

In these difficult conditions, the state needed a government that would reconcile people from different political sides, but could also find a class compromise. In this regard, Romanov’s candidacy suited everyone.

After the grandiose liberation of the capital, letters of convocation of the Zemsky Sobor were scattered throughout the country. The council took place in January 1613 and was the most representative in the entire medieval history of Russia. Of course, a struggle broke out for the future tsar, but as a result they agreed on the candidacy of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (a relative of the first wife of Ivan IV). Mikhail Romanov was elected Tsar on February 21, 1613.

From this time begins the history of the Romanov dynasty, who was on the throne for more than 300 years (until February 1917).

Consequences of the Time of Troubles

Unfortunately, the Time of Troubles ended badly for Russia. Territorial losses were suffered:

• loss of Smolensk for a long period;
• loss of access to the Gulf of Finland;
• eastern and western Karelia are captured by the Swedes.

The Orthodox population did not accept the oppression of the Swedes and left their territories. Only in 1617, the Swedes left Novgorod. The city was completely devastated; several hundred citizens remained in it.

Time of Troubles led to economic and economic decline. The size of arable land fell 20 times, the number of peasants decreased 4 times. Cultivation of the land was reduced, the monastery yards were devastated by the interventionists.

The number of deaths during the war is approximately equal to one third of the country's population. In a number of regions of the country, the population fell below the level of the 16th century.

In 1617–1618, Poland once again wanted to capture Moscow and enthrone Prince Vladislav. But the attempt failed. As a result, a truce with Russia was signed for 14 years, which marked the refusal of Vladislav’s claims to the Russian throne. The Northern and Smolensk lands remained for Poland. Despite the difficult conditions of peace with Poland and Sweden, the end of the war and the desired respite came for the Russian state. The Russian people unitedly defended the independence of Russia.

The Time of Troubles in Russia is a historical period that shook the state structure in its very foundations. It occurred at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th centuries.

Three periods of turmoil

The first period is called dynastic - at this stage, contenders fought for the Moscow throne until Vasily Shuisky ascended to it, although his reign is also included in this historical era. The second period was social, when various social classes fought among themselves, and foreign governments took advantage of this struggle. And the third - national - it continued until Mikhail Romanov ascended the Russian throne, and is closely connected with the fight against foreign invaders. All these stages significantly influenced the further history of the state.

Board of Boris Godunov

In fact, this boyar began to rule Russia back in 1584, when the son of Ivan the Terrible, Fedor, completely incapable of state affairs, ascended the throne. But legally he was elected tsar only in 1598 after the death of Feodor. He was appointed by the Zemsky Sobor.

Rice. 1. Boris Godunov.

Despite the fact that Godunov, who took over the kingdom during a difficult period of social distress and the difficult position of Russia in the international arena, was a good statesman, he did not inherit the throne, which made his rights to the throne questionable.

The new tsar began and consistently continued a course of reforms aimed at improving the country's economy: merchants were exempt from paying taxes for two years, landowners for a year. But this did not make Russia’s internal affairs easier - crop failure and famine of 1601-1603. caused mass mortality and an increase in the price of bread of unprecedented proportions. And the people blamed Godunov for everything. With the appearance in Poland of the “legitimate” heir to the throne, who was allegedly Tsarevich Dmitry, the situation became even more complicated.

First period of turmoil

In fact, the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia was marked by the fact that False Dmitry entered Russia with a small detachment, which kept increasing against the backdrop of peasant riots. Quite quickly, the “prince” attracted the common people to his side, and after the death of Boris Godunov (1605) he was recognized by the boyars. Already on June 20, 1605, he entered Moscow and was installed as king, but could not retain the throne. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry was killed, and Vasily Shuisky sat on the throne. The power of this sovereign was formally limited by the Council, but the situation in the country did not improve.

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Rice. 2. Vasily Shuisky.

Second period of troubles

It is characterized by performances by different social strata, but primarily by peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov. His army advanced quite successfully across the country, but on June 30, 1606, it was defeated, and soon Bolotnikov himself was executed. The wave of uprisings has subsided slightly, thanks in part to the efforts of Vasily Shuisky to stabilize the situation. But in general, his efforts did not bring results - soon a second Ldezhmitry appeared, who received the nickname “Tushino thief.” He opposed Shuisky in January 1608, and already in July 1609, the boyars who served both Shuisky and False Dmitry swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav and forcibly tonsured their sovereign into monks. On June 20, 1609, the Poles entered Moscow. In December 1610, False Dmitry was killed, and the struggle for the throne continued.

Third period of troubles

The death of False Dmitry was a turning point - the Poles no longer had an actual excuse to be on Russian territory. They become interventionists, to fight whom the first and second militia gather.

The first militia, which went to Moscow in April 1611, did not achieve much success, as it was disunited. But the second, created on the initiative of Kuzma Minin and headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, achieved success. These heroes liberated Moscow - this happened on October 26, 1612, when the Polish garrison capitulated. The actions of the people are the answer to the question of why Russia survived the Time of Troubles.

Rice. 3. Minin and Pozharsky.

It was necessary to look for a new king, whose candidacy would suit all layers of society. This was Mikhail Romanov - on February 21, 1613, he was elected by the Zemsky Sobor. The time of troubles is over.

Chronology of events of the Troubles

The following table gives an idea of ​​the main events that took place during the Troubles. They are arranged chronologically by date.

What have we learned?

From an article on history for grade 10, we learned briefly about the Time of Troubles, looked at the most important thing - what events took place during this period and what historical figures influenced the course of history. We learned that in the 17th century, the Time of Troubles ended with the ascension to the throne of the compromise Tsar Mikhail Romanov.

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The Time of Troubles occupies a serious place in the history of Russia. This is a time of historical alternatives. There are many nuances in this topic that are generally important for understanding and rapid assimilation. In this article we will look at some of them. Where to get the rest - see at the end of the article.

Causes of the Time of Troubles

The first reason (and the main one) is the suppression of the dynasty of the descendants of Ivan Kalita, the ruling branch of the Rurikovichs. The last king of this dynasty - Fyodor Ioannovich, son - died in 1598, and from that same time the period of the Time of Troubles in the history of Russia began.

The second reason - more the reason for the intervention during this period - is that at the end of the Livonian War, the Moscow state did not conclude peace treaties, but only truces: Yam-Zapolskoye with Poland and Plyusskoye with Sweden. The difference between a truce and a peace treaty is that the former is only a break in the war, and not its end.

Course of events

As you can see, we are analyzing this event according to the scheme recommended by me and other colleagues, about which you can.

The Time of Troubles began directly with the death of Fyodor Ioannovich. Because this is a period of “kinglessness,” of kinglessness, when impostors and generally random people ruled. However, in 1598, the Zemsky Sobor was convened and Boris Godunov, a man who had long and persistently walked to power, came to power.

The reign of Boris Godunov lasted from 1598 to 1605. At this time the following events occurred:

1. The terrible famine of 1601 - 1603, the consequence of which was the rebellion of Cotton Crookshanks, and the mass exodus of the population to the south. And also dissatisfaction with the authorities.
2. Speech of False Dmitry the First: from the autumn of 1604 to June 1605.

The reign of False Dmitry the First lasted one year: from June 1605 to May 1606. During his reign The following processes continued:

False Dmitry the First (aka Grishka Otrepiev)

The boyars grew dissatisfied with his rule, since False Dmitry did not respect Russian customs, married a Catholic, and began to distribute Russian lands as fiefs to the Polish nobility. In May 1606, the impostor was overthrown by the boyars led by Vasily Shuisky.

The reign of Vasily Shuisky lasted from 1606 to 1610. Shuisky was not even elected at the Zemsky Sobor. His name was simply “shouted”, so he “enlisted” the support of the people. In addition, he gave the so-called cross-kissing oath that he would consult with the boyar duma in everything. During his reign the following events occurred:

1. The peasant war led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov: from the spring of 1606 to the end of 1607. Ivan Bolotnikov acted as the governor of “Tsarevich Dmitry,” the Second False Dmitry.
2. The campaign of False Dmitry II from the autumn of 1607 to 1609. During the campaign, the impostor was unable to take Moscow, so he sat down in Tushino. Dual power appeared in Russia. Neither side had the means to defeat the other side. Therefore, Vasily Shusky hired Swedish mercenaries.
3. The defeat of the “Tushinsky Thief” by the troops of Swedish mercenaries led by Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky.
4. Intervention of Poland and Sweden in 1610. Poland and Sweden were at war at this time. Since Swedish troops, albeit mercenaries, were in Moscow, Poland had the opportunity to begin an open intervention, considering Muscovy an ally of Sweden.
5. The overthrow of Vasily Shuisky by the boyars, as a result of which the so-called “seven boyars” appeared. The boyars de facto recognized the power of the Polish king Sigismund in Moscow.

Results of the Time of Troubles for the history of Russia

The first result The Troubles began with the election of a new reigning Romanov dynasty, which ruled from 1613 to 1917, which began with Mikhail and ended with Mikhail.

The second result the boyars began to die out. Throughout the 17th century, it lost its influence, and with it the old tribal principle.

Third result— devastation, economic, economic, social. Its consequences were overcome only by the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.

Fourth result— instead of the boyars, the authorities relied on the nobility.

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The Time of Troubles in the history of Russia is a difficult period in the history of the country. It lasted from 1598 to 1613. At the turn of the 16th – 17th centuries, the country suffered a severe socio-economic and political crisis. The Tatar invasion, the Livonian War, and the internal policy of Ivan the Terrible (oprichnina) led to a maximum intensification of negative trends and an increase in discontent among the country's population. These difficult historical circumstances became the causes of the Time of Troubles in Rus'. Historians highlight individual, most significant periods of the Time of Troubles.

The first period, the beginning of the Time of Troubles, was marked by a fierce struggle for the throne of many contenders. Ivan the Terrible's son Fedor, who inherited power, turned out to be a weak ruler. In fact, Boris Godunov, the brother of the Tsar's wife, received power. It was his policies that ultimately led to the discontent of the people.

The Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of Grigory Otrepiev, who declared himself False Dmitry, the miraculously saved son of Ivan the Terrible. Not without the support of the Poles, False Dmitry was recognized by a fairly large part of the country's population. Moreover, in 1605 the impostor was supported by Moscow and the governors of Rus'. In June of the same year, False Dmitry was recognized as king. But his support for serfdom caused violent discontent among the peasants, and his too independent policy led to the obvious displeasure of the boyars. As a result, False Dmitry 1 was killed on May 17, 1606. And V.I. Shuisky ascended the throne. However, his power was limited. Thus ended this stage of unrest, which lasted from 1605 to 1606.

The second period of unrest began with an uprising led by I.I. Bolotnikov. The militia consisted of people from all strata. Not only peasants, but also serving Cossacks, serfs, landowners, and townspeople took part in the uprising. But, in the battle of Moscow, the rebels were defeated, and Bolotnikov was captured and executed.

The people's outrage only intensified. The appearance of False Dmitry 2 was not long in coming. Already in January 1608, the army he had assembled moved towards Moscow. He settled on the outskirts of the city in Tushino. Thus, two operating capitals were formed in the country. At the same time, almost all officials and boyars worked for both kings, often receiving money from both Shuisky and False Dmitry 2. After Shuisky managed to conclude an agreement on assistance, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began aggression. False Dmitry had to flee to Kaluga.

But Shuisky also failed to retain power for long. He was captured and forced to become a monk. An interregnum began in the country - a period called the Seven Boyars. As a result of the deal between the boyars who came to power and the Polish interventionists, Moscow swore allegiance to the King of Poland, Vladislav, on August 17, 1610. False Dmitry 2 was killed at the end of this year. The struggle for power continued. The second period lasted from 1606 to 1610.

The final, third period of the Troubles is the time of struggle against the invaders. The people of Russia were finally able to unite to fight the invaders - the Poles. During this period, the war acquired a national character. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky reached Moscow only in August 1612. They were able to liberate Moscow and expel the Poles. Here are all the stages of the Time of Troubles.

The end of the Time of Troubles was marked by the emergence of a new dynasty on the Russian throne - the Romanovs. At the Zemsky Sobor on February 21, 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar.

Years of turmoil have led to terrible results. The consequences of the Troubles were a complete decline in crafts and trade, and the almost complete ruin of the treasury. Also, the results of the Troubles were reflected in the country’s serious lag behind the countries of Europe. It took more than a dozen years to restore.

The beginning of the 17th century was marked for Russia by a series of difficult trials.

How the Troubles Began

After Tsar Ivan the Terrible died in 1584, the throne was inherited by his son Fyodor Ivanovich, who was very weak and sickly. Due to his state of health, he did not rule for long - from 1584 to 1598. Fyodor Ivanovich died early, leaving no heirs. The youngest son of Ivan the Terrible was allegedly stabbed to death by Boris Godunov's henchmen. There were many people who wanted to take the reins of power into their own hands. As a result, a struggle for power developed within the country. This situation gave rise to the development of such a phenomenon as the Troubles. The causes and beginning of this period were interpreted differently at different times. Despite this, it is possible to identify the main events and aspects that influenced the development of these events.

Main reasons

Of course, first of all, this is the interruption of the Rurik dynasty. From this moment on, the central government, which has passed into the hands of third parties, loses its authority in the eyes of the people. The constant increase in taxes also served as a catalyst for discontent among townspeople and peasants. For such a protracted phenomenon as the Troubles, the reasons have been accumulating for more than one year. This also includes the consequences of the oprichnina, economic devastation after the Livonian War. The last straw was the sharp deterioration in living conditions associated with the drought of 1601-1603. The Time of Troubles became the most opportune moment for external forces to eliminate Russia's state independence.

Background from the point of view of historians

It was not only the weakening of the monarchy that contributed to the emergence of such a phenomenon as the Troubles. Its reasons are related to the interweaving of the aspirations and actions of various political forces and social masses, which were complicated by the intervention of external forces. Due to the fact that many unfavorable factors emerged simultaneously, the country plunged into a deep crisis.

For the occurrence of such a phenomenon as the Troubles, the reasons can be identified as follows:

1. The economic crisis that occurred at the end of the 16th century. It was caused by the loss of peasants to the cities, the increase in tax and feudal oppression. The situation was aggravated by the famine of 1601-1603, which killed about half a million people.

2. Dynasty crisis. After the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the struggle between various boyar clans for the right to stand in power intensified. During this period, Boris Godunov (from 1598 to 1605), Fyodor Godunov (April 1605 - June 1605), False Dmitry I (from June 1605 to May 1606), Vasily visited the state throne Shuisky (from 1606 to 1610), False Dmitry II (from 1607 to 1610) and the Seven Boyars (from 1610 to 1611).

3. Spiritual crisis. The desire of the Catholic religion to impose its will ended in a split in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Internal turmoil marked the beginning of peasant wars and urban revolts.

Godunov's board

The difficult struggle for power between representatives of the highest nobility ended with the victory of Boris Godunov, the Tsar's brother-in-law. This was the first time in Russian history when the throne was acquired not by inheritance, but as a result of victory in elections in the Zemsky Sobor. In general, during the seven years of his reign, Godunov managed to resolve disputes and disagreements with Poland and Sweden, and also established cultural and economic relations with the countries of Western Europe.

His domestic policies also brought results in the form of Russia's advance into Siberia. However, the situation in the country soon worsened. This was caused by crop failures in the period from 1601 to 1603.

Godunov took all possible measures to alleviate such a difficult situation. He organized public works, gave permission to serfs to leave their masters, and organized the distribution of bread to the starving. Despite this, as a result of the repeal of the law on the temporary restoration of St. George's Day in 1603, a slave uprising broke out, which marked the beginning of the peasant war.

Aggravation of the internal situation

The most dangerous stage of the Peasant War was the uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov. The war spread to the southwest and south of Russia. The rebels defeated the troops of the new tsar - Vasily Shuisky - moving on to the siege of Moscow in October-December 1606. They were stopped by internal disagreements, as a result of which the rebels were forced to retreat to Kaluga.

The right moment for the attack on Moscow for the Polish princes was the Time of Troubles of the early 17th century. The reasons for the attempts at intervention lay in the impressive support provided to the princes False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II, who were subordinate to foreign accomplices in everything. The ruling circles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Catholic Church attempted to dismember Russia and eliminate its state independence.

The next stage in the split of the country was the formation of territories that recognized the power of False Dmitry II, and those that remained loyal to Vasily Shuisky.

According to some historians, the main reasons for such a phenomenon as the Troubles lay in lack of rights, imposture, internal division of the country and intervention. This time became the first civil war in Russian history. Before the Troubles appeared in Russia, its causes took many years to form. The preconditions were related to the oprichnina and the consequences of the Livonian War. By that time, the country's economy was already ruined, and tension was growing in social strata.

Final stage

Beginning in 1611, there was a rise in patriotic sentiment, accompanied by calls for an end to strife and strengthened unity. A people's militia was organized. However, only on the second attempt, under the leadership of K. Minin and K. Pozharsky, in the fall of 1611, Moscow was liberated. 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected the new tsar.

The Troubles brought enormous territorial losses in the 17th century. The reasons for it were mainly the weakening of the authority of the centralized government in the eyes of the people and the formation of an opposition. Despite this, having gone through years of losses and hardships, internal fragmentation and civil strife under the leadership of False Dmitry impostors and adventurers, the nobles, townspeople and peasants came to the conclusion that strength can only be in unity. The consequences of the Troubles influenced the country for a long time. Only a century later they were finally eliminated.