Topic: The meaning of the opposition between Ostap and Andriy in the story “Taras Bulba. How the national character is manifested in Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” The similarity of the heroes of the Cossacks with the epic heroes

Detailed solution Page 141-193pp. on literature for 8th grade students, authors: Mushinskaya T.F., Perevoznaya E.V., Karatay S.N. 2011

From whose perspective is the story told and how does this affect the perception of the story? Which character is your favorite and why?

How did you perceive the outcome of the relationship between Asya and N.N.?

The story of Mr. N.N. is a memoir of days long gone. Anonymity makes it possible to assume that this hero will have a lot of personality from Turgenev himself. The absence of a first and last name may have forced Turgenev to convey to the reader the idea that the hero is very close to him, that the writer himself may be the prototype of his hero.

This helps the reader feel the emotions and experiences of the narrator as closely as possible.

Of the heroes, Gigin and Asya evoke sympathy. He is a sincere, open, kind person.

The end of the relationship caused sadness that the hero missed his happiness.

I. Review the content of the story chapter by chapter, noting the main events, episodes, pay attention to its construction and think:

1. What creates the poetic atmosphere of this story, why “does it emanate spiritual youth” (N. A. Nekrasov)?

The poetic atmosphere of the story is created by:

The story is very musical, close in tone to a prose poem.

Excellent descriptions of nature and portraits of heroes, which help to better understand the state of the heroes.

2.How and under the influence of what conditions do the relationships between three young people develop?

Young people meet while on vacation in Germany. Having heard Russian speech, the author of the story meets Gigin and his companion Asya, whom he introduces as his sister. They quickly become close, since Gigin arouses sympathy from the narrator - he is not like other Russians on vacation, and they spend time together, walk, explore the beauty of the German Rhine.

3. How does Asya stand out from the environment? How do her brother and N.N. perceive her “oddities”?

At the beginning of the story, the heroine is a mystery for the narrator and readers. But gradually we see the reasons for her inner restlessness and desire to “show off.” Mr. N. watches Asya’s pranks with curiosity. He found that she spoke French and German quite well. He concludes that “since childhood she was not in the hands of women and received a strange, unusual upbringing that had nothing in common with Gagin’s upbringing.”

Asya's character is deeply national, truly Russian. The lyricism and tenderness of Asya reveals the episode near the vineyard. Here, not only Asya’s “semi-wild charm” is revealed to us, but also her soul. The girl merges with the blue sky, striving upward with her whole being.

Asya deeply experiences the feeling that gripped her. Inner struggle and confusion are reflected in her rapid mood swings and contradictory words. She reveals to Mr. N. her innermost thoughts, her heart: “You always believe in advance what I tell you, only you be frank with me,” “I will always tell you the truth.” But with bitterness the heroine realizes that her wings have grown and there is nowhere to fly.

At first glance, the narrator saw something special in the features of this girl: “There was something unique, special in the fairy tale of her dark, round face with a small thin nose, almost childish cheeks and black light eyes.” At the beginning of the story, her image is created using romantic colors. Asya presents us with a riddle, a secret, a contradiction. She appears either brave, invulnerable, direct, or suddenly becomes modest, shy, “a completely Russian girl, almost a maid.”

At first, it seems that the heroine is weird: she is able to “laugh for no reason” and immediately run away. Meanwhile, all her unexpected actions are easily explained. This is how a girl’s deep first feeling manifests itself outwardly. She is confused, fearful and hopeful at the same time.

Gagin treats his sister very carefully, caringly, tolerates her oddities and forgives her all her quirks. Gagin is gentle, good-natured and sweet. According to N.N., this is “the Russian soul, truthful, honest, simple, but, unfortunately, a little sluggish, without tenacity and inner heat”: Mental amorphism dooms G. to the role of an eternal amateur in art. The same quality predetermines his attitude towards Asya’s hobby; in essence, Gagin chooses the path of least resistance and thereby contributes to an unhappy outcome.

4. How does Asya’s feeling for N.N. arise and manifest itself? How could he attract this unusual girl? Was Gagin’s opinion justified: “She never has a half-hearted feeling”?

Telling the story of the awakening in the soul of this girl of a strong and deep feeling of love, Turgenev, with the great skill of an artist-psychologist, reveals Asya’s original nature. “Asa needs a hero, an extraordinary person,” Ganin says about her. She naively admits that “I would like to be Tatyana,” whose image attracts her with its moral strength and integrity; she does not want her life to be boring and colorless: she is attracted by the thought of some “difficult feat”, of a bold and free flight to unknown heights. “If you and I were birds, how we would soar, how we would fly”... - Asya says to the man she fell in love with. She falls in love with N.N. at first sight. Asya herself is faced with such a feeling for the first time and therefore N.N. seems to her to be an extraordinary person. Anna thought that she had met the love of her life and was ready to dedicate her destiny to him. But N.N. turns out to be an indecisive person and cannot respond to the girl’s feelings, thereby leaving disappointment in love in her soul.

Her brother’s opinion about the girl was justified - Asya fell in love passionately and devotedly, for the first time she embraced such a feeling as love. She completely surrenders to this feeling. Love inspires her, and there are no barriers to flight. Asya does not know how to hide her feelings or pretend, and therefore she is the first, like Pushkin’s Tatyana, to confess her love to N.N. But this news frightens him and he does not dare to connect his life with such an extraordinary girl: “I was annoyed at Gagin’s frankness, I I was annoyed with Asya, her love both pleased and embarrassed me. I couldn’t understand what made her tell her brother everything; the inevitability of a quick, almost instantaneous decision tormented me... “To marry a seventeen-year-old girl with her character, how is that possible!”

5. What is the reason for such an unexpected end to the relationship between Asya and

N.N.? Who do you think is to blame for failed love?

Asya's impulsive and sincere love is broken by N.N.'s timid sympathy, his indecision and fear of confronting public opinion. Love gave the hero a chance to gain wings, but he showed cowardice, deceived the heroine’s best hopes, and was afraid of the future. In the climactic scene of the explanation, Asya’s emotional experiences are subtly described, her “eyes that begged, trusted, questioned.” She gave up her destiny, was ready to devote her life to her beloved: “Yours,” she whispered barely audibly.”

Realizing the hero’s weakness, his selfishness, Asya immediately broke all ties with him and disappeared from his life. By losing her, the hero deprived himself of happiness, the true meaning of life. The fate of the heroine is unknown to us, but her gentle appearance and strong, persistent character leave a deep mark on the soul of the hero and the reader: “I knew other women, but the feeling that Asya aroused in me, that burning, tender, deep feeling, was not repeated. Condemned to the loneliness of a familyless little boy..., I keep, like a shrine, her notes and a dried geranium flower, the same flower that she once threw to me from the window.”

6. Why does N.N., who “didn’t feel sad for too long” for Asya, as he himself admits, still carefully keeps her notes and a dried flower 20 years later? What does the phrase: “Happiness has no tomorrow” explain in his behavior and fate?

N.N. remembered the wonderful feeling that Asya gave him - that someone loves you: “neither eyes alone have replaced those eyes that were once fixed on me with love, nor anyone’s heart that fell to my chest, My heart did not respond with such joyful and sweet fading!

“Happiness has no tomorrow” - you had to fight for your love here and now, because this feeling can be ruined by the wrong word or deed. The hero himself is guilty of missing his true love; he realized it too late. He was supposed to enter Gagin's house that evening and explain himself to Asya, but he did not.

II. Attention to the text!

1. Explain the role of some artistic details found in it: a statue of a sad Madonna under a lonely ash tree; waltz sounds; geranium branch; wings - on wings - winged.

A dried geranium flower is a symbol of “faded” love, which could have brought happiness to the hero of the story, but this love did not materialize, although he did not forget about it.

The sounds of a waltz symbolize the emerging feeling of love.

A statue of a sad Madonna under a lonely ash tree - Turgenev opens and ends with the symbol of a Catholic Madonna “with an almost childlike face and a red heart on her chest, pierced with swords.” the whole love story, and he is one of the key ones for him. In her facial expressions, the Madonna is similar to Asya (which gives the image of the heroine a timeless dimension). A red heart, forever pierced by arrows, is a sign that love is inseparable from suffering. The face of the Madonna always “looks out sadly” “from the branches” or “from the dark green of an old ash tree.” Thus, this image can be understood as one of the faces of nature. In Gothic churches, on the portals and capitals, the faces and figures of saints were surrounded by floral ornaments - leaves and flowers carved from stone. The image of the Madonna emphasizes Asya’s unpredictability; she often acts inconsistently with her own feelings and desires: “Sometimes I want to cry, but I laugh. You shouldn't judge me... according to what I do" ; “Sometimes I don’t know what’s in my head.<...>Sometimes I’m afraid of myself, by God.”

Wings - on wings - winged - a symbol of love.

2. What associations do the episodes evoke in N.N.: the maid Gankhen and her groom (chapters XV and XXI)?

The second time he saw the girl near the shore, she was sitting next to a young man with a pale face, but not sad. Perhaps she has already found another guy to replace the one who left. “And on the other side of the Rhine, my little Madonna still looked sadly out of the dark green of the old ash tree...”

3. What feature of Asya’s nature is revealed in her confession at the sight of pilgrims: “To go somewhere far away, to pray, to perform a difficult feat,” she continued. “And then the days go by, life goes away, and what have we done?”

Asya's life took a tragic turn: she is the daughter of a landowner and a serf. Therefore, she is shy and does not know how to behave in secular society. She lost her mother early, and a few years later also her father. All this made her think early about the meaning of life and become disillusioned with some things, but this did not make her stop loving life; moreover, she wanted to leave her mark on history. “The days are passing, life is passing, and what have we done?” - she says. Asya strives for something special, for an active life, for accomplishing a feat. She is a subtle, romantic nature, to whom everything ordinary and vain is alien. It’s not for nothing that she wants to fly like a bird: “Yes, good!” she answered just as quietly, not looking at me. “If you and I were birds, how we would soar, how we would fly... We would drown in this blue... But we are not birds.” She likes romantic stories and legends. And she considers Tatyana, the heroine of the novel “Eugene Onegin,” to be her idol.

4. What reasons does Gagin have for thinking that “Asa needs a hero, an extraordinary person - or a picturesque shepherd in a mountain gorge”? Is it by chance that towards the end of the story (Chapter XIV) he says to N.N.: “You are a very nice person, but why did she love you so much - I confess, I don’t understand this”?

Perhaps because she herself is an extraordinary, romantic girl, with a difficult character and way of thinking that requires something romantic in her life.

5. Reveal the subtext of the following phrases: Gagin says several times to N.N.: “After all, you won’t marry Asa.” And in his farewell letter: “There are prejudices that I respect; I understand that you cannot marry Asa”; Asya says to N.N.: “My wings have grown, but there’s nowhere to fly.”

“You won’t marry Asa.” And in his farewell letter: “There are prejudices that I respect; I understand that you cannot marry Asa”; - Gagin is a gentle, good-natured and friendly person, a kind of real Russian soul. He is also characterized by straightforwardness and honesty. However, Gagin lacks tenacity and willpower in his character. His sketches are mediocre and he himself understands it. Thus, he dooms himself to eternal amateurism in art. He often does not finish his work. And even in relation to Asya’s hobby, he chooses the path of least resistance, which leads to an unhappy outcome.

Asya says to N.N.: “My wings have grown, but there’s nowhere to fly.”

Asya understands that she is in love, but feels that her feeling is not truly mutual.

6.Re-read Gagin’s thoughts about painting, about art. Think about how they can be connected with the spiritual crisis of I. S. Turgenev himself.

Gagin, “owning a decent fortune,” went abroad with his sister to take up painting seriously. His clothing shows a desire to imitate poor and independent European artists. When he went to paint, he “put on a round hat a la Van Duck, a blouse...”. An interesting psychological touch: the passionate artist most of all “asked to make sure that the soup was not too thin” for his return. Having chosen an “old hollow oak tree” for the painting, Gagin and his new friend “reasoned quite intelligently and subtly about how exactly it should work, what should be avoided, and what the actual importance of an artist is in our century.” This ended the creative morning: “Having talked to our heart’s content and filled with a feeling of satisfaction, as if we had accomplished something, we returned home.” After such an episode, the reader is not surprised that although “in his (Gagin’s) sketches there was a lot of life and truth, which is free and broad; but not one of them was finished.” Gagin himself, in a moment of enlightenment, bitterly complains about “damned licentiousness.” He realizes that he can become a real artist “if he has enough patience.” The history of Gagin’s artistic attempts and reflections on the reasons for their collapse are close to Raisky’s misadventures in “The Precipice.” “There are no artists without bitter, constant work... no! You won’t work, you won’t be able to shrink,” N. came to this conviction on the very first day of his acquaintance with Gagin.

Perhaps Turgenev was also experiencing his own mental crisis, when he could not completely devote himself to creativity, really work, and not talk about it. That's why he took a trip for new impressions.

*** Additional questions ***

Recreate in your imagination the entire life story of Asya, starting from childhood. Explain the psychology of her behavior during a date with N.N.

In the story, she appears as an open, proud, noble, spontaneous girl with an unusual appearance. Asya was raised in the family of a peasant serf. This explains her shyness and inability to behave in society.

Well, what does Asya want to say? The reader is impatient, what brought her to such a secluded place, what “terrible” secret does she want to believe to the young man? Now she’s almost ready to say... but she can’t make up her mind... the words freeze on her lips... she can’t utter the fatal words.

N.N. sternly addresses her by name and patronymic. He is determined to fulfill his promise to Gagin, but Asya’s whole appearance conquers him, love flares up in him with renewed vigor, his heart melts, and he is no longer able to withstand the official tone of his conversation. He again calls the girl by name.

“A tremulous sound was heard, like a ragged sigh, and I felt the touch of a weak, leaf-like trembling hand on my hair. I raised my head and saw her face. How it suddenly changed! The expression of fear disappeared from him - his gaze went somewhere far away and carried me along with it, his lips parted slightly, his forehead turned pale like marble, and his curls moved back as if the wind had thrown them back. I forgot everything, I pulled her towards me - her hand obediently obeyed, her whole body was drawn after her hand, the shawl rolled from her shoulders, and her head quietly lay on my chest, lay under my burning lips...

Yours... - she whispered barely audibly. My hands were already sliding around her figure... But suddenly the memory of Gagina, like lightning, illuminated me.

What are we doing!.. - I exclaimed and frantically moved back - Your brother... because he knows everything... He knows that I am seeing you.

Asya sat down on a chair.

Yes,” I continued, getting up and moving to the other corner of the room. - Your brother knows everything... I had to tell him.

Must? - she said indistinctly. She, apparently, could not yet come to her senses and did not understand me well.

Yes, yes,” I repeated with some bitterness, “and you alone are to blame for this, you alone.” Why did you give away your secret? Who forced you to tell your brother everything? He visited me today and relayed to me your conversation with him. “I tried not to look at Asya and walked with long steps around the room. “Now everything is gone, everything, everything.”

Asya, with tender, reverent love, entrusts herself into the hands of N.N. She believed him. She says “yours”, she is the first to cross the line of recognition as Tatiana Pushkinskaya. In this short moment, she believes that all her dreams have come true. And that made N.N.’s words cruel. He was struck by the memory of Gagina. At such a decisive moment, when his fate could have been decided, the ghost of Gagin appears. N.N. himself understands the falsity of his accusations and “tries not to look at Asya.” He is afraid to read the reproach, he is afraid that it will melt again.

N.N. believes that Asya’s secret, which she “gave up” to her brother, is that she loves. However, he is wrong. It was no secret to either his brother or him. Another question is that this was confirmed in Gagina’s confession. The secret lies elsewhere, and so far N.N. cannot understand this.

Asya was agitated by the threat to ruin their relationship that came from Gagin; it had never loomed so realistically over the Russian Romeo and Juliet. Asya doesn’t know, she’s not sure whether N.N. is ready to accept the whole truth and stay with her and whether he even loves her. That's why she made an appointment for a final explanation.

And N.N continues to blame the girl. And here Asya asks a simple question that reveals the falsity of the accusations expressed by N.N.: “But why did you tell your brother?” Really why? Of course, a false understanding of honesty forced him to do this, but by doing so he acted dishonestly towards Asya. Now it turned out that such an act was unpleasant to her, that she did not want her brother’s interference in their relationship. And she confessed to Gagin, because he took her by surprise, at a moment when she could not control her feelings.

Asya thought that she had met an “extraordinary man,” a “hero,” and she was ready to subordinate his fate to her own. But she was wrong. The one she thought was a hero was not one. And this meant that her searches and expectations were in vain, that the combination of feat and personal happiness was impossible, that for her a feat was conceivable only as following some rules accepted for oneself, as self-denial.

Describe the peculiarity of the composition of the story, its role in revealing the author’s intention.

The author chose the ring composition because 25-year-old N.N. I couldn’t fully comprehend what had happened. All assessments in the story are given by 45-year-old N.N. Love for Asa is a wonderful memory. This never happened again in his life.. There is no denouement in the work. That is, the plot of the story ended with a climax. Why? (Chapter XX. “Happiness has no tomorrow; it does not have yesterday either; it does not remember the past, does not think about the future; it has the present - and that is not a day - but an instant.”

Explain how the actions of the characters in the story are motivated, the change in their mood (psychologism).

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev had the ability to clearly see and deeply analyze the contradictions of that psychology and that system of views that was close to him, namely the liberal one. These qualities of Turgenev - an artist and a psychologist - appeared in the story Asya, which was published in the first issue of Sovremennik in 1858.

Turgenev said that he wrote this piece passionately, almost with tears.

Asya is a story about love. The hero fell in love with a very original and courageous girl, with a pure soul, without a shadow of the artificial affectation of society young ladies. His love did not go unanswered. But at the moment when Asya was waiting for a decisive word from him, he became shy, got scared of something, and retreated.

At the time of the creation of the story “Asya” (1859), I.S. Turgenev was already considered an author with a significant influence on public life in Russia. The social significance of Turgenev's work is explained by the fact that the author had the gift of seeing pressing social and moral problems in ordinary events. Such problems are touched upon by the writer in the story “Asya”. The story "Asya" took about five months to write.

The plot of "Asia" is extremely simple. A certain gentleman meets a girl, falls in love with her, dreams of happiness, but immediately does not dare to offer her his hand, and, having decided, finds out that the girl has left, disappearing from his life forever.

The story of failed love described in "Ace" begins in Germany. N.N. - a young man of about twenty-five, a nobleman, attractive and rich, travels around Europe “without any goal, without a plan,” and in one of the German cities he accidentally hears Russian speech at a holiday. He meets a nice young couple - Gagin and his sister Asya, a sweet girl, about seventeen years old. Asya captivates the narrator with her childish spontaneity and emotionality.

Later he becomes a frequent guest of the Gagins. Brother Asya evokes his sympathy: “It was a straight Russian soul, truthful, honest, simple, but, unfortunately, a little sluggish.” He tries to paint, but none of his sketches are finished (although there is “a lot of life and truth” in them) - Gagin explains this by the lack of discipline, “damned Slavic licentiousness.” But, the author suggests, perhaps the reason is different - in the inability to complete what has been started, in some laziness, in the tendency to replace business with talk.

Asya doesn't look like Gagin. Unlike her brother, who, as the narrator notes, lacked “tenacity and inner heat,” she did not have a single feeling “halfway.” The girl's character is largely explained by her fate. Asya is the bastard daughter of Gagin Sr. from a maid. After the death of her mother, the girl lived with her father, and when he died, she went into the care of her brother. Asya is painfully aware of her false position. She is very nervous and vulnerable, especially in things that might hurt her pride.

If Asya is different in character from her brother, then in the narrator, on the contrary, there are similarities with Gagin. In love N.N. Asa, with his hesitations, doubts, fear of responsibility, as in Gagin’s unfinished sketches, shows some recognizable signs of “Slavic” internal chaos. At first, the hero, fascinated by Asya, is tormented by the suspicion that she is not Gagina’s sister. Then, when he learns Asya’s story, her image illuminates for him with a “captivating light.” However, he is embarrassed and confused by Asya’s brother’s direct question: “But, you won’t marry her?” The hero is frightened by the “inevitability of the decision,” and besides, he is not sure that he is ready to connect his life with this girl.

The climax of the story is the scene of N.N.’s date. with Asya. Common sense does not allow Mr. N.N. say the words that a girl in love expects from him. Having learned the next morning that his brother and sister left the city of Z., the hero feels deceived.

Asya's upbringing is rooted in Russian traditions. She dreams of going “somewhere far away, to prayer, to a difficult feat.” The image of Asya is very poetic. After reading “Asia”, Nekrasov wrote to Turgenev: “... she is so beautiful. She exudes spiritual youth, all of her is pure gold of poetry. Without a stretch, this beautiful setting fits the poetic plot, and something unprecedented in our beauty and cleanliness."

"Asya" could be called a story about first love. This love ended sadly for Asya.

Turgenev was fascinated by the topic of how important it is not to pass by your happiness. Turgenev shows how beautiful love arises in a seventeen-year-old girl, proud, sincere and passionate. Shows how everything ended in an instant. Asya doubts why anyone can love her, whether she is worthy of such a beautiful young man. Asya strives to suppress the feeling that has arisen in herself. She worries that she loves her dear brother less, less than a man whom she only saw once. Turgenev explains the reason for the failed happiness of the nobleman, who gives up in love at the decisive moment.

Think about what brings Turgenev’s work closer to L. N. Tolstoy’s story “After the Ball.”

The form of narration brings people closer together - an elderly person shares his memories of his youth. He describes an event that influenced his later life.

What moral principles of I. S. Turgenev were embodied in the story “Asya”?

At the decisive moment of his life, the hero turned out to be incapable of moral effort and discovered his human inadequacy. In the story, the author does not directly talk about the decline of the Russian nobility, its inability to take responsibility for the future of the country, but the writer’s contemporaries felt the resonance of this theme in the story.

S. Turgenev's story "Asya" touches on love and psychological issues that concern readers. The work will also allow you to learn about such important moral values ​​as honesty, decency, responsibility for your actions, the purpose and meaning of life, the choice of a life path, the formation of personality, and the relationship between man and nature.

“Heroes of Chekhov’s works” - The project promotes the development of interest. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Plays. Writer. Anton Chekhov. Chekhov and the heroes of his works. Artist of life. Writer of world fame. Children's reading circle. Man in a case. Material. Compiling the test. Drive. Intruder. Project participants. Born on January 17, 1860 in Taganrog. Captain's daughter. Chekhov at school. Chekhov in the year of graduation from high school. Drawing up an illustration.

“Folk holidays in works” - Crosses on the wings shine. Eugene Onegin. National holidays in the works of Russian writers and poets. Last resort. Summer of the Lord. Palm Sunday. Snow Maiden. Svetlana. Semik. Songs and screams. The willow has passed. Holiday time. Ivan Kupala. Baptism. Folk signs. A lot of water has passed under the bridge since that distant time. The evening before Ivan Kupala. Christmas time. Holy Saturday. National holidays. Trinity.

“The work “Yushka”” - Read the episode “Yushka and the Children.” How old is the main character? Continue the sentence. Read the passage. Where did Yushka work? Heroics of disrepair. Platonov about himself. Reading and analysis of the story “Yushka”. The purpose of the lesson. Working with the lesson epigraph. Read the beginning of the story. Andrey Platonovich Platonov. Expressive reading of a poem by A. Yashin. The beginning of the way. How adults treated the hero of the story. Get to know the hero. How do you understand the hero’s words?

“Genres of journalistic style of speech” - Find the odd one out. Official business style of speech. Artistic style of speech. Submitted materials. Hero of Russia. Syntactic construction. Sphere of communication. Journalistic style. The leading goal of communication. Speech styles. Journalistic style of speech. Bread. Message. Collocations. Scientific style of speech. The name of the speech style. Driver. Agronomist. Conversational style of speech.

““Literature” 7th grade” - Introductory lesson of literature 7th grade. Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov. Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov. Determine the type and genre (type) of a literary work. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Epic. Maksim Gorky. How do you understand the words? Literary gender. Travel without distances. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Literary studies. Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin. Space and time in literature. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet.

“Poems of Russian poets of the 19th century about nature” - A.K. Tolstoy. One life is not enough. V. A. Zhukovsky. Black velvet bumblebee. I. A. Bunin. The arrival of spring. Analysis of the poem "Blagovest". Sinkwine. Lark. Analysis of the poem. Blagovest. Poems by Russian poets of the 19th century about nature and the Motherland. Autumn.

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The folk character of the story is manifested in the fact that Gogol showed the people's perception of time and history. This was very important when Gogol lived.
Having depicted the heroic past of the Russian people, their attitude towards the Fatherland, towards freedom, the author made it clear that “there is still gunpowder in the flask”, the source of heroism has not yet dried up.
That is why many Cossacks resemble epic heroes.
Firstly, the Cossacks do not hesitate to defend their Motherland; this is the meaning of their life.
Secondly, their strength is exaggerated (“where the Nezamainovites passed, there is a street, where they turned, there is an alley”).
Thirdly, Gogol includes in the text of the story lyrical digressions about birds flocking to prey, about widows who will mourn their husbands.
Quotation plan for a speech on partnership (Chapter IX).
1. “You heard from your fathers and grandfathers how honored everyone was with our land.”
2. “The Busurmans took everything.”
3. “This is what time we served<...>hand to brotherhood."
4. “There is no bond holier than fellowship.”
5. “...Only one person can become related by soul.”
6. “...There were no such comrades as in the Russian land.”
7. “No, brothers, to love like a Russian soul... no, no one can love like that.”
8. “...A vile thing has now begun on our land.”
9. “...It [the Russian feeling] will wake up someday.”
10. “Let them know what partnership means in the Russian land!”

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Answer left by: Guest

Grinev was accused of treason and violating the oath. But, if you have read the work, you know that the charge against Grinev was brought in connection with the denunciation and slander of Shvabrin, who decided to destroy his lucky rival at any cost.

As a lawyer, you must prove that Grinev did not betray his oath and remained faithful to the empress to the end. And you need to look for the material in the text of “The Captain’s Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin. Re-read the chapters in which Grinev meets Pugachev - both before the uprising and during the uprising. Pay attention to the dialogues that Pugachev and Grinev conduct, to the reasons for Grinev’s appearance in the enemy camp.

You need to know about when and how Grinev first met Pugachev, how Pyotr Andreevich behaved after the capture of the fortress by the Pugachevites, why Pugachev did not execute him.

In addition, you should pay attention to why Grinev refused to serve Pugachev, what qualities of character he showed, directly telling the leader of the rebels that he considered him a robber, and in connection with what events he nevertheless turned to Pugachev for help.

Since the lesson will take the form of a trial, you need to prepare questions for the witnesses and the defendant.

Witnesses for the prosecution are Zurin, Shvabrin, Andrei Karlovich, and witnesses for the defense are Marya Ivanovna Mironova, serf Arkhip Savelyev, priest Akulina Pamfilovna, Emelyan Pugachev.

By asking questions to the prosecution witnesses, you must show that some of them (Shvabrin) are deliberately lying, while others are mistaken. Witnesses for the defense, answering your questions, must emphasize the honesty, decency of Pyotr Andreevich, his loyalty to the oath, show the efforts that Grinev made to save the daughter of Captain Mironov, executed by Pugachev, and his wife, Vasilisa Egorovna, killed by the Pugachevites.

The most important condition for your successful performance in class is excellent knowledge of the “criminal case,” that is, the content of “The Captain’s Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin.

P The story “Taras Bulba” is not the first work of Gogol, where the author touched upon the depiction of history and national color. But, unlike other creations, in “Taras Bulba” the emphasis is placed precisely on the human factor, on folk character traits.

Within the framework of realism, Gogol resorted to retelling history by talking about the fate of the people. It is people who act here, in a way, as the engine of history.

On the pages of the story “Taras Bulba” we are met by folk heroes who selflessly fight for their history, for their rights and independence.

The story, for the first time in the history of Russian literature, contains such truthful and vivid descriptions of the folk life of ordinary people. Each of the heroes of the story is not a separate unit, but a part of the entire people. Thus, the main idea of ​​the author of the work is revealed - to depict a harmonious tandem of personal interests and popular interests.

Nikolai Vasilyevich’s description of the Zaporozhye Sich reaches incredible proportions. The spirit of the Sich, its powerful image harmoniously helps to depict all the authenticity of the people, their character, pride and strength.

Describing the social structure of the Zaporozhye Sich, Gogol finds such literary expressions that with incredible accuracy and vividness reflect his sympathy and at the same time sympathy. The author successfully conveys the atmosphere of a social organization, all the severity of discipline that reigns here, self-will and democracy. The everyday specifics of the Sich and its moral structure help to educate youth through experience, while developing in them the best human qualities.

Cossacks and Koshevs in their relations are guided by the principles of justice and humanity, first of all. The high position of the Koshevoy does not imply blind submission to him. Koshevoy in this way of life acts not as the master of society, but as a servant, and his goal is to lead the people in war, but to serve them in peacetime. Here, any Cossack, any Cossack, can receive the title of Koshevoy as easily as they can lose it.

The Zaporozhye Sich, as Gogol portrayed it on the pages of the story “Taras Bulba,” is depicted for the reader as a place where equality, freedom and generosity reign.

The living conditions and specifics of the inhabitants of the Sich qualitatively and plausibly describe the courageous, freedom-loving, honest and correct character of the people. Here, every person is raised in such a way that the interests of the homeland, fellow countrymen, independence, justice become above all.

Naturally, such a wayward structure of the Sich is not without its weaknesses. Along with the high moral qualities of the Cossacks, Nikolai Vasilyevich realistically reflects the relatively poor cultural level of the inhabitants of the Sich, their commitment to everyday habits and routines that penetrate into all spheres of people’s lives. Gogol does not try to idealize the structure and life of the Sich, he shows it to the reader as it historically developed and existed.

Praising the strong exploits of the Cossack people, Nikolai Vasilyevich does not seek to embellish or idealize them. He does not keep silent about the fact that the courage, strength, and daring of the Cossacks in reality were intertwined with carelessness and a riotous way of life, and heroic deeds went hand in hand with mercilessness.

Particularly noteworthy is the main figure of the work, the person around whom the entire plot plays out - Taras Bulba. The writer created him as the personification of the best features of the national character of that time. This warrior united the most striking characteristics of the Cossacks. Taras Bulba is a brave Cossack, fighter, hero. Fearless gaze, courageous face, characteristic pipe and Cossack mustache - this is how he comes to us from the pages of the book. Taras completely devotes himself to the Cossack life, as he is a devoted defender of his land. The main thing for him always remains loyalty to his homeland.

When creating the image of Bulba, Nikolai Vasilyevich does not think of portraying the ideal. It contains tenderness and rudeness, big and small. Gogol always admired heroic character traits. This is exactly how Taras is depicted.

This is how Gogol describes that time and that national character. For the author and reader, the Zaporozhye Cossacks become an example of the structure of human society, which is based on the principles of humanity, brotherhood and justice.

It is not for nothing that Gogol’s story is incredibly popular among readers to this day.

How is its folk character manifested in the story "Taras Bulba"?

Answer:

How is his folk character manifested in the story "Taras Bulba"?

Taras Bulba is a national hero: he fights and fights for the independence of the people, believes in the strength of the people, who are connected with him by one desire, one dream: “Let the Russian land bloom!” A man of enormous will and remarkable natural intelligence, touchingly tender to his comrades and merciless to the enemy, he punishes Polish magnates and tenants and protects the humiliated and insulted. This is a powerful image, covered in poetic legend, in Gogol’s words, “like an extraordinary phenomenon of Russian strength.” He was distinguished, writes Gogol, by “the ability to move an army and a strong hatred of enemies.” And at the same time, Taras is not in the slightest degree opposed to the environment around him. He “loved the simple life of the Cossacks” and did not stand out from them in any way.

What are the similarities between the Cossack heroes and the epic heroes?

The Cossack heroes are related to the epic heroes by the struggle for freedom and independence of the Motherland; Of course, Gogol’s heroes are perceived as epic heroes: “Can there really be such fires, torments and such strength in the world that would overpower Russian strength?”

Write quotes from Taras Bulba.

The Fatherland is what our soul seeks, what is dearer to it than anything else. My homeland is you. - Father! where are you! do you hear all this? (Ostap) - I hear you! (Taras Bulba) - What, son, did your Poles help you? - I gave birth to you, I will kill you! - Turn around, son! How funny you are! - Is there still gunpowder in the flasks?! - There is no bond more sacred than partnership! - Be patient, Cossack, - you will be an ataman! - Good, son, good! - Damn you, steppes, how good you are!