Arguments for direction - honor and dishonor. materials for an essay on admission to the Unified State Exam. (based on the story by A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”). Honor and dishonor - arguments of the Unified State Examination Honor and dishonor in the story green lamp

Arguments for the essay

Problems 1. Moral qualities of a person 2. Honor and dignity as the highest values ​​of a person 3. Conflict between a person and society 4. Man and the social environment 5. Interpersonal relationships 6. Fear in human life Affirmative theses 1. A person must always remain a person. 2. A person can be killed, but his honor cannot be taken away. 3. You need to believe in yourself and remain yourself. 4. The character of a slave is determined by the social environment, and a strong personality itself influences the world around him. Quotes 1. To be born, live and die, you need a lot of courage (English writer). 2. If they give you lined paper, write across it (J. R. Jimenez, Spanish writer). 3. There is no fate that contempt cannot overcome (A. Camus, French writer and philosopher). 4. Go forward and never die (W. Tennyson, English poet). 5. If the main goal in life is not the number of years lived, but honor and dignity, then what difference does it make when you die (D. Orwell, English writer). 6. A person is created by his resistance to the environment (M. Gorky, Russian writer). Arguments Honor is dishonor. Loyalty is betrayal 1) The poet John Brown received the Enlightenment project from the Russian Empress Catherine, but could not come because he was ill. However, he had already received money from her, so, saving his honor, he committed suicide. 2) The renowned figure of the Great French Revolution, Jean-Paul Marat, who was called the “Friend of the People,” was distinguished from childhood by a heightened sense of self-esteem. One day, his home teacher hit him in the face with a pointer. Marat, who was 11 years old at the time, refused to accept food. The parents, angry at their son's stubbornness, locked him in his room. Then the boy broke the window and jumped out into the street, the adults gave up, but Marat’s face remained scarred for life from the glass cut. This scar has become a kind of sign of the struggle for human dignity, because the right to be oneself, the right to be free is not given to a person initially, but is won by him in confrontation with tyranny and obscurantism. 3) During the Second World War, the Germans persuaded a criminal to play the role of a famous Resistance hero for a large monetary reward. He was put in a cell with the arrested underground members so that he could learn from them all the necessary information. But the criminal, feeling the care of strangers, their respect and love, suddenly abandoned the pitiful role of an informer, did not reveal the information he had heard from the underground, and was shot. 4) During the Titanic disaster, Baron Guggenheim gave up his place in the boat to a woman with a child, and he himself carefully shaved and accepted death with dignity. 5) During the Crimean War, a certain brigade commander (minimum - colonel, maximum - general) promised to give half of what he “saves” from the amounts allocated to his brigade as a dowry for his daughter. Money-grubbing, theft, and betrayal in the army led to the fact that, despite the heroism of the soldiers, the country suffered a shameful defeat. 6) One of the prisoners of Stalin’s camps recounted such an incident in his memoirs. The guards, wanting to have fun, forced the prisoners to do squats. Confused by beatings and hunger, people began to obediently carry out this ridiculous order. But there was one person who, despite the threats, refused to obey. And this act reminded everyone that a person has honor that no one can take away. 7) Historians report that after Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne, some officers who swore allegiance to the sovereign committed suicide because they considered it dishonorable to serve someone else. 8) During the most difficult days of the defense of Sevastopol, the outstanding Russian naval commander Admiral Nakhimov received news of a high reward. Having learned about this, Nakhimov said irritably: “It would be better if they sent me cannonballs and gunpowder!” 9) The Swedes, who besieged Poltava, invited the townspeople to surrender. The position of the besieged was desperate: there was no gunpowder, no cannonballs, no bullets, no strength left to fight. But the people gathered in the square decided to stand until the end. Fortunately, the Russian army soon arrived and the Swedes had to lift the siege. 10) B. Zhitkov in one of his stories depicts a man who was very afraid of cemeteries. One day a little girl got lost and asked to be taken home. The road went past the cemetery. The man asked the girl: “Aren’t you afraid of the dead?” “I’m not afraid of anything with you!” - the girl answered, and these words forced the man to gather his courage and overcome the feeling of fear. 11) Many newspapers wrote about Major Dmitry Ostroverkhov. A defective military grenade almost exploded in the hands of a young soldier. Seeing that something irreparable would happen in a few seconds, Dmitry kicked the grenade out of the soldier’s hands and covered him with himself. Risky is not the right word. A grenade exploded very close. And the officer has a wife and a one-year-old daughter. 12) During the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander 11, a carriage was damaged by a bomb explosion. The coachman begged the sovereign not to leave it and to go to the palace as soon as possible. But the emperor could not abandon the bleeding guards, so he got out of the carriage. At this time, a second explosion occurred, and Alexander -2 was mortally wounded. 13) Betrayal has always been considered a vile act that dishonors a person’s honor. So, for example, a provocateur who betrayed members of Petrashevsky’s circle to the police (the great writer F. Dostoevsky was among those arrested) was promised a well-paid job as a reward. But, despite the zealous efforts of the police, all St. Petersburg mayors refused the services of the traitor. 14) The English athlete Crowhurst decided to take part in the round-the-world single yacht race. He had neither the experience nor the skill required for such a competition, but he urgently needed money to pay off his debts. The athlete decided to outwit everyone, he decided to wait out the main time of the race, and then appear on the track at the right moment in order to finish before the rest. When it seemed that the plan was a success, the yachtsman realized that he could not live, violating the laws of honor, and he committed suicide. 15) There is a species of birds in which the males have a short and hard beak, and the females have a long and curved beak. It turns out that these birds live in pairs and always help each other: the male breaks through the bark, and the female uses her beak to look for larvae. This example shows that even in the wild, many creatures form a harmonious unity. Moreover, people have such lofty concepts as fidelity, love, friendship - these are not just abstractions invented by naive romantics, but really existing feelings, conditioned by life itself. 16) One traveler said that the Eskimos gave him a large bunch of dried fish. Hurrying to the ship, he forgot her in the tent. Returning six months later, he found this bundle in the same place. The traveler learned that the tribe had experienced a difficult winter, people were very hungry, but no one dared to touch someone else’s property, fearing to incur the wrath of higher powers by a dishonest act. 17) When the Aleuts divide the spoils, they carefully ensure that everyone gets an equal share. But if one of the hunters shows greed and demands more for himself, then they do not argue with him, do not quarrel: everyone gives him their share and leaves silently. The debater gets everything, but, having received a lot of meat, he realizes that he has lost the respect of his fellow tribesmen. and hurries to beg their forgiveness. 18) The ancient Babylonians, wanting to punish a guilty person, whipped his clothes with a whip. But this did not make it any easier for the criminal: he saved his body, but his dishonored soul bled to death. 19) The English navigator, scientist and poet Walter Raleigh fought fiercely against Spain all his life. The enemies did not forget this. When the warring countries began long negotiations for peace, the Spaniards demanded that Raleigh be given to them. The English king decided to sacrifice the brave navigator, justifying his betrayal by concern for the good of the state. 20) During the Second World War, Parisians found a very effective way to fight the Nazis. When an enemy officer entered a tram or subway car, everyone got out together. The Germans, seeing such a silent protest, understood that they were opposed not by a pitiful handful of dissenters, but by an entire people, united by hatred of the invaders. 21) Czech hockey player M. Novy, as the best player on the team, was given a latest model Toyota. He asked to be paid the cost of the car and divided the money among all team members. 22) The famous revolutionary G. Kotovsky was sentenced to death by hanging for robbery. The fate of this extraordinary man worried the writer A. Fedorov, who began to work for pardon for the robber. He achieved the release of Kotovsky, and he solemnly promised the writer to repay him with kindness. A few years later, when Kotovsky became a red commander, this writer came to him and asked him to save his son, who was captured by the security officers. Kotovsky, risking his life, rescued the young man from captivity. The role of example. Human education 1) An important educational role is played by example in the life of animals. It turns out that not all cats catch mice, although this reaction is considered instinctive. Scientists have found that kittens need to see how adult cats do it before they start catching mice. Kittens raised with mice rarely become mouse killers. 2) The world-famous rich man Rockefeller already showed the qualities of an entrepreneur in childhood. He divided the candies bought by his mother into three parts and sold them at a premium to his little sisters with a sweet tooth. 3) Many people tend to blame unfavorable conditions for everything: family, friends, lifestyle, rulers. But it is precisely struggle, overcoming difficulties that is the most important condition for full-fledged spiritual formation. It is no coincidence that in folk tales the true biography of the hero begins only when he passes a test (fights a monster, saves a stolen bride, obtains a magic object). 4) I. Newton studied at school mediocrely. One day he was offended by a classmate who held the title of first student. And Newton decided to take revenge on him. He began to study in such a way that the title of the best went to him. The habit of achieving the set goal became the main feature of the great scientist. 5) Tsar Nicholas I hired the outstanding Russian poet V. Zhukovsky to educate his son Alexander II. When the future mentor of the prince presented a plan for education, his father ordered that Latin and Ancient Greek classes, which had tormented him as a child, be thrown out of this plan. He didn’t want his son to waste time on pointless cramming. 6) General Denikin recalled how, as a company commander, he tried to introduce relationships with soldiers based not on “blind” obedience to the commander, but on consciousness, understanding of orders, while trying to avoid harsh punishments. However, alas, the company soon found itself among the worst. Then, according to Denikin’s recollections, sergeant major Stepura intervened. He formed a company, raised his huge fist and, going around the formation, began to repeat: “This is not Captain Denikin!” 7) A blue shark bears more than fifty babies. But already in the mother’s womb, a ruthless struggle for survival begins between them, because there is not enough food for everyone. Only two are born into the world - these are the strongest, most merciless predators who wrested their right to existence in a bloody duel. A world in which there is no love, in which the strongest survive, is a world of ruthless predators, a world of silent, cold sharks. 8) The teacher who taught the future scientist Fleming often took her students to the river, where the children found something interesting and enthusiastically discussed the next discovery. When the inspector arrived to check how well the children were being taught, the students and teacher hurriedly climbed into the classroom through the window and pretended to be enthusiastically engaged in science. They always passed the exam well, and no one knew. that children learn not only from books, but also through live communication with nature. 9) The formation of the outstanding Russian commander Alexander Suvorov was greatly influenced by two examples: Alexander the Great and Alexander Nevsky. His mother told him about them, who said that the main strength of a person is not in his hands, but in his head. Striving to imitate these Alexanders, the fragile, sickly boy grew up to become a remarkable military leader. 10) Imagine that you are sailing on a ship that is overtaken by a terrible storm. Roaring waves rise to the very skies. The wind howls and tears off shreds of foam. Lightning cuts through the lead-black clouds and sinks into the abyss of the sea. The crew of the unfortunate ship is already tired of fighting the storm, in the pitch darkness the native shore is not visible, no one knows what to do, where to sail. But suddenly, through the impenetrable night, a bright beam of a lighthouse flashes, showing the way. Hope illuminates the eyes of the sailors with a joyful light; they believed in their salvation. Great figures became something like lighthouses for humanity: their names, like guiding stars, showed the way to people. Mikhail Lomonosov, Jeanne d'Arc, Alexander Suvorov, Nikolai Vavilov, Leo Tolstoy - they all became living examples of selfless devotion to their work and gave people faith in their own strength. 11) Childhood is like the soil into which seeds fall. They are tiny, they cannot be visible, but they are. Then they begin to sprout. The biography of the human soul, the human heart is the germination of seeds, their development into strong, large plants. Some become pure and bright flowers, some become ears of grain, some become evil thistles. that a young man came to Shakespeare and asked: “I want to become just like you.” “I wanted to become a god, but I only became Shakespeare.” ? - the great playwright answered him. 13) Science knows many cases when a child, abducted by wolves, bears or monkeys, was raised for several years away from people and then returned to human society. In all these cases, a person who grew up among animals became a beast and lost almost all human characteristics. Children could not learn human speech, walked on all fours, so that their ability to walk upright disappeared, they barely learned to stand on two legs, children lived about the same age as the average life of the animals that raised them. .. What does this example say? About the fact that a child needs to be raised daily, hourly, and his development needs to be purposefully managed. About the fact that outside of society, a human child turns into an animal. 14) Scientists have long been talking about the so-called<<пирамиде способностей». В раннем возрасте почти нет неталантливых детей, в школе их уже значительно меньше, еще меньше - в вузах, хотя туда проходят по конкурсу; во взрослом же возрасте остается совсем ничтожный процент по- настоящему талантливых людей. Подсчитано, в частности, что реально двигает науку вперед лишь три процента занятых научной работой. В со­циально-биологическом плане утрата талантливости с возрастом объясняется тем, что наибольшие способности нужны человеку в период освое­ния азов жизни и самоутверждения в ней, то есть в ранние годы; затем в мышлении и поведении начинают преобладать приобретенные навыки, стереотипы, усвоенные, прочно отложившиеся в мозгу знания и т. п. В этом плане гений - «взрослый, оставшийся ребенком», то есть человек, со­храняющий обостренное чувство новизны по отношению к вещам, к людям, вообще - к миру.

Rubric No. 7. “Remember your name!”

Arguments for the essay

Problems 1. Historical memory 2. Attitude to cultural heritage 3. The role of cultural traditions in the moral development of a person 4. Fathers and sons Affirmative theses 1. Without the past there is no future. 2. A people deprived of historical memory turns into dust carried by the wind of time. 3. Penny idols should not replace real heroes who sacrificed themselves for their people. Quotes 1. The past is not dead. It didn't even pass (Faulkner, American writer). 2. He who does not remember his past is doomed to relive it again (D. Santayana, American philosopher). 3. Remember those who were, without whom you would not be (V. Talnikov, Russian writer). 4. A people dies when it becomes a population. And it becomes a population when it forgets its history (F. Abramov, Russian writer). Arguments 1) Let's imagine people who start building a house in the morning, and the next day, without finishing what they started, they begin building a new house. Such a picture can cause nothing but bewilderment. But this is exactly what people do when they reject the experience of their ancestors and, as it were, begin to build their “home” anew. 2) A person who looks into the distance from a mountain can see more. Likewise, a person who relies on the experience of his predecessors sees much further, and his path to the truth becomes shorter. 3) When a people mocks their ancestors, their worldview, their philosophy, their customs, they are preparing themselves for the same fate. Descendants will grow up and they will laugh at their fathers. But progress does not lie in denying the old, but in creating the new. 4) The arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness. 5) Ch. Aitmatov in the novel “Stormy Stop” tells the legend about the Mankurts. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of memory. One of them kills his mother, who was trying to free her son from unconsciousness. And over the steppe her desperate cry sounds: “Remember your name!” 6) Bazarov, who disdains the “old men”, denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic ending shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the “soil”, from the traditions of their people. 7) One science fiction story tells about the fate of people who fly on a huge spaceship. They have been flying for many years, and the new generation does not know where the ship is flying, where the final destination of their centuries-long journey is. People are gripped by painful melancholy, their lives are devoid of song. This story is an alarming reminder to all of us of how dangerous the gap between generations is, how dangerous the loss of memory is. 8) The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory. 9) The ancient Persians forbade enslaved peoples to teach their children literacy and music. This was the most terrible punishment, because living threads with the past were severed and the national culture was destroyed. 10) At one time, the futurists put forward the slogan “Throw Pushkin off the ship of modernity.” But it is impossible to create in emptiness. It is no coincidence that in the work of the mature Mayakovsky there is a living connection with the traditions of Russian classical poetry. 11) During the Great Patriotic War, the film “Alexander Nevsky” was made so that the Soviet people would have spiritual sons and a sense of unity with the “heroes” of the past. 12) The outstanding physicist M. Curie refused to patent her discovery and declared that it belonged to all humanity. She said that she could not have discovered radioactivity without the great predecessors. 13) Tsar Peter 1 knew how to look far ahead, knowing that future generations would reap the fruits of his efforts. One day Peter was planting acorns. noticed. as one of the nobles present smiled skeptically. The angry king said: “I understand! Do you think that I will not live to see the mature oak trees. Is it true! But you are a fool; I leave an example for others to do the same, and over time their descendants build ships from them. I’m not working for myself, it’s for the benefit of the state in the future.” 14) When parents do not understand the aspirations of their children, do not understand their life goals, this often leads to an insoluble conflict. Anna Korvin-Krukovskaya, the sister of the famous mathematician S. Kovalevskaya, was successfully engaged in literary creativity in her youth. One day she received a favorable review from F. M. Dostoevsky, who offered her cooperation in his magazine. When Anna's father found out that his unmarried daughter was corresponding with a man, he was furious. “Today you sell your stories, and then you will start selling yourself!” - he attacked the girl. 15) The Great Patriotic War, like a bleeding wound, will forever trouble the heart of every person. The siege of Leningrad, in which hundreds of thousands of people died from hunger and cold, became one of the most dramatic pages of our history. An elderly resident of Germany, feeling the guilt of her people towards the dead, left a will to transfer her monetary inheritance to the needs of the Piskarevskoye Memorial Cemetery in St. Petersburg. 16) Very often children are ashamed of their parents, who seem ridiculous, out-of-date, and backward to them. One day, in front of a cheering crowd, a wandering jester began to ridicule the young ruler of a small Italian town because his mother was a simple laundress. And what did the angry lord do? He ordered his mother to be killed! Of course, such an act by a young monster will naturally cause indignation in every normal person. But let's look inside ourselves: how often have we felt awkward, annoyed and irritated when our parents allowed themselves to express their opinions in front of our peers? 17) It’s not for nothing that time is called the best judge. The Athenians, not understanding the greatness of the truths discovered by Socrates, condemned him to death. But very little time passed, and people realized that they had killed a man who stood above them in spiritual development. The judges who pronounced the death sentence were expelled from the city, and a bronze monument was erected to the philosopher. And now the name of Socrates has become the embodiment of man’s restless desire for truth and knowledge. 18) One of the newspapers wrote an article about a lonely woman who, desperate to find a decent job, began feeding her infant son special medicines. to cause epilepsy in him. Then she would be given a pension to care for a sick child. 19) One day, one sailor, annoying the entire crew with his playful antics, was washed away by a wave into the sea. He found himself surrounded by a school of sharks. The ship was quickly moving away, there was nowhere to wait for help. Then the sailor, a convinced atheist, remembered a picture from his childhood: his grandmother praying at the icon. He began to repeat her words, crying out to God. A miracle happened: the sharks did not touch him, and four hours later, noticing the sailor was missing, the ship returned for him. After the voyage, the sailor asked the old woman for forgiveness for making fun of her faith as a child. 20) The eldest son of Tsar Alexander II was bedridden and was already dying. The Empress visited the Grand Duke every day after the obligatory stroller walk. But one day Nikolai Alexandrovich felt worse and decided to rest during the hours of his mother’s usual visit to him. As a result, they did not see each other for several days, and Maria Alexandrovna shared with one of her ladies-in-waiting her annoyance at this circumstance. “Why don’t you go at another hour?” - she was surprised. "No. This is inconvenient for me,” answered the empress, unable to break the established order even when it came to the life of her beloved son. 21) When in 1712 Tsarevich Alexei returned from abroad, where he spent about three years, Father Peter 1 asked him if he had forgotten what he had studied, and immediately ordered him to bring the drawings. Alexey, fearing that his father would force him to make a drawing in his presence, decided to avoid the exam in the most cowardly way. He “intended to ruin his right hand” with a shot in the palm. He lacked the determination to seriously carry out his intention, and the matter was limited to a burn on his hand. The simulation nevertheless saved the prince from the exam. 22) A Persian legend tells of an arrogant sultan who, while hunting, was separated from his servants and, getting lost, came across a shepherd’s hut. Exhausted by thirst, he asked for a drink. The shepherd poured water into a jug and handed it to the bishop. But the Sultan, seeing the inconspicuous vessel, knocked it out of the hands of the shepherd and angrily exclaimed: “I have never drunk from such vile jugs.” The broken vessel said: “Ah, Sultan!” It’s in vain that you disdain me! I am your great-grandfather, and I was once, like you, a sultan. When I died, I was buried in a magnificent tomb, but time turned me into dust, which mixed with clay. The potter, having dug up that clay, made many pots and vessels from it. Therefore, lord, do not despise the simple earth from which you came and into which you will someday turn. 23) There is a tiny piece of land in the Pacific Ocean - Easter Island. On this island there are cyclopean stone sculptures that have long excited the minds of scientists around the world. Why did people build these huge statues? How did the islanders manage to lift multi-ton blocks of stone? But the local residents (and there are just over 2 thousand of them left) do not know the answers to these questions: the thread connecting generations has been broken, the experience of their ancestors is irretrievably lost, and only silent stone colossi remind of the great achievements of the past.

How will a person prove himself in war - the most difficult test that fate has in store for him? Will he remain true to honor and moral principles, or will he cross the line beyond which - betrayal, meanness, shame, dishonor?

Andrei Sokolov in M. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man” is a generalized image of the Soviet people who survived the war, survived it, in spite of everything and against everything. It is no coincidence that the author gives this title to the story - he writes about a person during the war, about those people who remained faithful to duty and did not tarnish their honor ("That's why you're a man, that's why you're a soldier, to endure everything, to endure everything, if need calls for it.")
Every day in war is already a feat, a struggle for life, expelling enemies from their native land. Wasn’t it a feat when Andrei went on the attack, when he survived German captivity, defeating even his enemies? (“I wanted to show them, the damned one, that even though I’m dying of hunger, I’m not going to choke on their handouts, that I have my own, Russian dignity and pride, and that they haven’t turned me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried.”)
Didn’t he accomplish a moral feat when, after the war, he remained a person who sympathized with others, who adopted the boy Vanyushka? Moral ideals and values, to which he was faithful to the end, helped Andrey remain a man of honor and not lose his human dignity .(“Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented force... Something awaits them ahead? And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will endure, and the one who will grow up near his father’s shoulder , having matured, he will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way, if his Motherland calls him to it."
Unfortunately, the war also revealed the meanness of the souls of some people who, in order to save their lives, became traitors. Survival at any cost was the main thing for them. What honor and conscience can we talk about if death is nearby? This is what they thought in those minutes, crossing the line of decency and humanity. Let us remember the soldier who was ready to hand over his officer to the Germans just to stay alive (the episode in the church when Andrei was captured and killed this traitor: “For the first time in my life I killed, and then it was my own... But what is he like? He’s worse than a stranger, a traitor.”)
In war, a person's character was tested. Honor or dishonor, betrayal or heroism - what a person chose depended on the moral principles and ideals that underlay his position in life. But we won the war because there were much fewer dishonest people. The people were united by the will to win, patriotism, and love for their homeland. The fate of a person and the fate of a country and people merged into one.

1. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

The epigraph of the novel immediately points to the problem raised by the author: who is the bearer of honor and who is the bearer of dishonor. Embodied honor, which does not allow one to be guided by material or other selfish interests, is manifested in the feat of Captain Mironov and his inner circle. Pyotr Grinev is ready to die for the given word of the oath, and does not even try to get out, deceive, or save lives. Shvabrin acts differently: in order to save his life, he is ready to serve the Cossacks, just to survive.

Masha Mironova is the embodiment of female honor. She is also ready to die, but does not enter into an agreement with the hated Shvabrin, who is seeking the girl’s love.

2. M.Yu. Lermontov “Song about ... merchant Kalashnikov”

Kiribeevich is a representative of the oprichnina, he does not refuse anything, he is accustomed to permissiveness. Desire and love lead him through life, he does not tell the whole truth (and therefore lies) to the king and receives permission to marry a married woman. Kalashnikov, following the laws of Domostroy, stands up to defend the honor of his disgraced wife. He is ready to die, but to punish his offender. Leaving to fight on the execution site, he invites his brothers, who should continue his work if he dies. Kiribeevich behaves cowardly, courage and daring immediately disappear from his face as soon as he learns the name of his opponent. And although Kalashnikov dies, he dies a winner.

3. N.A. Nekrasov “To whom in Rus'...”

Matryona Timofeevna sacredly preserves her honor and dignity as a mother and wife. She, pregnant, goes to the governor’s wife to save her husband from being recruited.

Ermila Girin, being an honest and noble person, enjoys authority among the villagers of the surrounding area. When the need arose to buy the mill, he had no money; the peasants at the market collected a thousand rubles in half an hour. And when I was able to return the money, I went around to everyone and personally returned what I had borrowed. He gave the remaining unclaimed ruble to everyone for drinks. He is an honest man and honor is more important to him than money.

4. N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk"

The main character, Katerina Izmailova, puts love above honor. It doesn’t matter to her who she kills, just to stay with her lover. The death of a father-in-law or husband becomes only a prelude. The main crime is the murder of the little heir. But after exposure, she remains abandoned by her beloved man, since his love was only an appearance, a desire to find his mistress as a wife. The death of Katerina Izmailova does not wash away the dirt from her crimes. Thus, dishonor during life remains the posthumous shame of a lustful, jaded merchant's wife.

5. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Sonya Marmeladova is the moral and ideological center of the novel. The girl, thrown onto the panel by her stepmother, retains the purity of her soul. She not only fervently believes in God, but also retains a moral principle that does not allow her to lie, steal, or betray. She carries her cross without shifting responsibility to anyone. She finds the right words to convince Raskolnikov to confess to the crime. And he follows him to hard labor, protects the honor of his ward, protects him in the most difficult moments of his life. In the end, he saves you with his love. So surprisingly, a girl working as a prostitute becomes in Dostoevsky’s novel a protector and bearer of true honor and dignity.

The direction of the final essay “Honor and dishonor”

Presentation on literature

teacher of Russian language and literature

Repina Ekaterina Kirillovna

What are the types of reasoning?

1 . Reasoning - proof:

thesis - arguments, evidence - conclusion.

2. Reasoning-explanation:

What is it? For example, “What is honor?”

3. Reasoning-reflection:

What should I do? What to do? Why is this happening?

Working on an essay

• 1.Learning to write introduction on the topic.
• 2.We work with the main part of the essay, we reveal the topic :
• compose first thesis
• .compose second thesis and select literary arguments.
• 3. We write conclusion on the topic of the essay.
• 4. We check the draft essay 3 times (spelling, punctuation, style). Editing the text essays.
• 5 Carefully, clearly and legibly copy the essay onto the answer sheet with a gel pen.

Learning to write abstracts for an essay

How to compose theses to reveal the topic of the essay?

1.Ask a question about the topic of the essay.

2. Give an answer to this question.

3. This answer will be the thesis for the main part of the essay.

4.Prove your thesis using literary arguments. At the same time

There is no need to retell the text. You need to write your own

reflections and reasoning using arguments from books.

Final essay “Honor and Dishonor.” Basic level.

1. Introduction.

Honor... What is it?

Honor is the moral qualities of a person, his principles, worthy

respect and pride, this is a high spiritual force that is capable of

keep a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice.

For most of us, the state of lost honor (dishonor) is

severe pain in the soul, since it is precisely this state that disrupts our

spiritual connection with other people, with society. Without honor you have no

a person of real life.

Main part of the essay

Classics of world fiction, including Russian,

created many works that tell about such heroes who

have different attitudes to the concept of honor and dignity.

Thus, in A. S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” the most serious attention is paid to the problem of honor. The author shows two Russians

officers - Grinev and Shvabrin. Pyotr Andreevich Grinev is a man of honor and

debt, but Shvabrin cannot be called such. Why is this happening?

Life often tests people and presents them with choices. How to be that

to do in specific situations? To act according to honor and conscience or

come to dishonor?

Main part of the essay

In his parents' home, Peter received a healthy start in life, his moral

qualities and life principles worthy of respect. Father seeing off

Peter to serve, gave him orders to serve honestly and remember that

For a person, honor is the most important thing. The young officer remembers his father's

commandment “Take care of honor from a young age.” Grinev is characterized by nobility and loyalty.

Honor and duty for a Russian officer are the meaning of life. He

refused to serve Pugachev, explained this by the fact that he took an oath to serve

to the Empress. Pyotr Andreevich behaves boldly, honestly,

worthy.

Pugachev rated Grinev as a man of honor.

And we see that the path of honor is very difficult, but correct in life.

We reveal the topic of the essay. Argument one.

And Shvabrin? He is also a Russian officer. But which one? At Shvabrin's

there is no sense of duty and human dignity. By violating

military oath, went over to Pugachev’s side, crawled at his feet

from the impostor, begged for forgiveness. He betrayed his homeland, his

colleague Grinev, brought so much suffering to Masha Mironova, who rejected his love.

And this is real dishonor.

Rereading the pages of the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter”, we begin to clearly understand that “honor does not come with the uniform. Honor-

this is a moral filling,” that dishonor leads to the collapse of human

personality.

Second argument in the essay

In the novel “Dubrovsky” A. S. Pushkin shows two landowners, old

friends - Kiril Petrovich Troekurov and Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky.

What does honor mean to each of them? For a long time the only person

to whom Troekurov treated with reverence and respect was his neighbor

from Kistenevka-Dubrovsky. Old friends quarreled. Both landowners had

hot temper, both proud.

Troekurov maintained this state in himself with the consciousness of wealth and power.

And Dubrovsky is aware of the antiquity of his family and noble honor.

The incident at the kennel shows Dubrovsky as a proud man who

has a sense of self-esteem. Troekurov with his

the actions taken drove his former friend to insanity and

death. Such actions destroy personality.

Main part of the essay

Rereading A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Dubrovsky”, we think about

because honor is the main core of a person, his moral backbone,

when conscience becomes the judge of human actions and actions,

which is also our best controller

About the conclusion to the essay

In conclusion, it is necessary to draw a conclusion based on the written argument.

It should resonate with the introduction.

This composition of an essay is called a ring composition.

This version of the composition (structure of the work) is considered one of the best.

Conclusion on the essay topic

So, discussing the problem of honor and dishonor, recalling the pages of two

novels by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, I come to the conclusion that

the concept of honor will never become outdated, since it is honor that helps a person

to live, to be on top, helps to make the right moral choice,

to carry out a spiritual connection with people, with society. And this

a lot in human life. And I really want to hope that in

our time among my contemporaries there will be as many people as possible for whom the concept of honor will never lose its

high significance.

Evaluating an essay based on five criteria

Criterion № 1 .Relevant to the theme.

Criterion No. 2.Argumentation.Involvement of literary material.

Criterion No. 3. Composition (construction of an essay) and logic of reasoning.

Criterion No. 4. Quality of writing .

Criterion No. 5.Literacy.

Grade-pass-fail

Sources used

1.A. S. Pushkin. "The Captain's Daughter"

2.A. S. Pushkin. "Dubrovsky".

3. Final essay in the graduating class. Preparation. Writing. Editing. Compiled by G. V. Tsvetkova. "Teacher". Volgograd.

4.O.I. Shcherbakova. Types of essays on literature. Grades 10-11. "Enlightenment: 2015".

5. Elena Starodubtseva. "The Captain's Daughter" in literature lessons (I'm going to a literature lesson).

Arguments for the final essay.

1. A. Pushkin“The Captain's Daughter” (As you know, A. S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet a “slave of honor.” The quarrel, the cause of which was the insulted honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death the greatest writer. However, Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people.

In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grinev with high moral qualities. Peter did not sully his honor even in those cases when he could have paid for it with his head. He was a highly moral person worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin’s slander against Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).

2. M. Sholokhov“The Fate of a Man” (In a short story, Sholokhov touched on the topic of honor. Andrei Sokolov was a simple Russian man, he had a family, a loving wife, children, his own home. Everything collapsed in an instant, and the war was to blame. But nothing could break a real Russian spirit. Sokolov managed to endure all the hardships of the war with his head held high. One of the main episodes that reveals the strength and persistent character of a person is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei by Muller. The weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in strength of spirit. unexpected for the Germans: “Why should I, a Russian soldier, drink to the victory of German weapons?” The fascists appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier, saying: “You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and I respect worthy opponents. Sokolov’s strength of character aroused the respect of the Germans and they decided.” that this person deserves life. Andrei Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. He is ready to give even his life for them.))

3. M. Lermonotov. The novel “A Hero of Our Time” (Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky’s intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonest act by offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon in a duel).

4. M. Lermonotov“Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”. (Lermontov talks about the permissiveness of people in power. This is Kiribeevich, who encroached on his married wife. Laws are not written for him, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a faithful husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeevich, he challenged him to a fist fight for the honor of his wife Alena. By killing the guardsman, Merchant Kalashnikov aroused the wrath of the tsar, who ordered him to be hanged. Of course, Stepan. Paramonovich could have yielded to the tsar and avoided his death, but for him the honor of his family turned out to be more valuable. Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed the true Russian character of a simple man of honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)

5. N. Gogol"Taras Bulba". (Ostap accepted his death with dignity).

6. V. Rasputin"French Lessons". (The boy Vova passes all tests with honor in order to get an education and become a man)

6. A. Pushkin"The Captain's Daughter" (Shvabrin is a vivid example of a person who has lost his dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, overstepping himself in favor of his momentary desires. Popular rumor says: “Take care dress again, but honor from a young age." Once your honor has been tarnished, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.)

7. F.M. Dostoevsky“Crime and Punishment” (Raskolnikov is a murderer, but the dishonest act was based on pure thoughts. What is it: honor or dishonor?)

8. F.M. Dostoevsky"Crime and Punishment". (Sonya Marmeladova sold herself, but did it for the sake of her family. What is this: honor or dishonor?)

9. F.M. Dostoevsky"Crime and Punishment". (Dunya was slandered. But her honor was restored. Honor is easy to lose.)

10. L.N. Tolstoy“War and Peace” (Having become the owner of a large inheritance, Bezukhov, with his honesty and faith in the kindness of people, falls into the net set by Prince Kuragin. His attempts to take possession of the inheritance failed, then he decided to get the money in another way. He married the young man to his daughter Helen , who had no feelings for her husband. In the good-natured and peace-loving Pierre, who learned about Helen’s betrayal with Dolokhov, anger began to boil and he challenged Fedor to battle. The duel showed Pierre’s courage. Thus, using the example of Pierre Bezukhov, Tolstoy showed the qualities that cause. respect. And the pathetic intrigues of Prince Kuragin, Helen and Dolokhov brought them only suffering. Lies, hypocrisy and sycophancy never bring real success, but they can tarnish a person’s honor and lose his dignity).