Character traits of a dog heart ball. “Heart of a Dog” characterization of the heroes. Essays by topic
Mikhail Bulgakov's story “The Heart of a Dog,” written in 1925 in Moscow, is a filigree example of sharp satirical fiction of that time. In it, the author reflected his ideas and beliefs about whether a person needs to interfere with the laws of evolution and what this can lead to. The topic touched upon by Bulgakov remains relevant in modern real life and will never cease to disturb the minds of all progressive humanity.
After its publication, the story caused a lot of speculation and controversial judgments, because it was distinguished by the bright and memorable characters of the main characters, an extraordinary plot in which fantasy was closely intertwined with reality, as well as an undisguised, sharp criticism of Soviet power. This work was very popular among dissidents in the 60s, and after its reissue in the 90s it was generally recognized as prophetic. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the tragedy of the Russian people is clearly visible, which is divided into two warring camps (red and white) and only one must win in this confrontation. In his story, Bulgakov reveals to readers the essence of the new victors - proletarian revolutionaries, and shows that they cannot create anything good and worthy.
History of creation
This story is the final part of a previously written cycle of satirical stories by Mikhail Bulgakov of the 20s, such as “The Diaboliad” and “Fatal Eggs”. Bulgakov began writing the story “Heart of a Dog” in January 1925 and finished it in March of the same year; it was originally intended for publication in the Nedra magazine, but was not censored. And all of its contents were known to Moscow literature lovers, because Bulgakov read it in March 1925 at the Nikitsky Subbotnik (literary circle), later it was copied by hand (the so-called “samizdat”) and thus distributed to the masses. In the USSR, the story “Heart of a Dog” was first published in 1987 (6th issue of the Znamya magazine).
Analysis of the work
Story line
The basis for the development of the plot in the story is the story of the unsuccessful experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky, who decided to turn the homeless mongrel Sharik into a human. To do this, he transplants the pituitary gland of an alcoholic, parasite and rowdy Klim Chugunkin, the operation is successful and a completely “new man” is born - Poligraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, who, according to the author’s idea, is a collective image of the new Soviet proletarian. The “new man” is distinguished by a rude, arrogant and deceitful character, a boorish manner of behavior, a very unpleasant, repulsive appearance, and the intelligent and well-mannered professor often has conflicts with him. Sharikov, in order to register in the professor’s apartment (to which he believes he has every right), enlists the support of a like-minded and ideological teacher, the chairman of the Shvonder house committee, and even finds himself a job: he catches stray cats. Driven to the extreme by all the antics of the newly minted Polygraph Sharikov (the last straw was the denunciation of Preobrazhensky himself), the professor decides to return everything as it was and turns Sharikov back into a dog.
Main characters
The main characters of the story “Heart of a Dog” are typical representatives of Moscow society of that time (thirties of the twentieth century).
One of the main characters at the center of the story is Professor Preobrazhensky, a famous world-famous scientist, a respected person in society who adheres to democratic views. He deals with the issues of rejuvenating the human body through animal organ transplants, and strives to help people without causing them any harm. The professor is depicted as a respectable and self-confident person, having a certain weight in society and accustomed to living in luxury and prosperity (he has a large house with servants, among his clients are former nobles and representatives of the highest revolutionary leadership).
Being a cultured person and possessing an independent and critical mind, Preobrazhensky openly opposes Soviet power, calling the Bolsheviks who came to power “idlers” and “idlers”; he is firmly convinced that it is necessary to fight devastation not with terror and violence, but with culture, and believes that the only way to communicate with living beings is through affection.
Having conducted an experiment on the stray dog Sharik and turned him into a human, and even tried to instill in him basic cultural and moral skills, Professor Preobrazhensky undergoes a complete fiasco. He admits that his “new man” turned out to be completely useless, does not lend himself to education and learns only bad things (Sharikov’s main conclusion after studying Soviet propaganda literature is that everything needs to be divided, and doing this by the method of robbery and violence). The scientist understands that one cannot interfere with the laws of nature, because such experiments do not lead to anything good.
The professor's young assistant, Dr. Bormental, is a very decent and devoted person to his teacher (the professor at one time took part in the fate of a poor and hungry student, and he responded with devotion and gratitude). When Sharikov reached the limit, having written a denunciation of the professor and having stolen a pistol, he wanted to use it, it was Bormental who showed fortitude and toughness of character, deciding to turn him back into a dog, while the professor was still hesitating.
Describing these two doctors, old and young, from the positive side, emphasizing their nobility and self-esteem, Bulgakov sees in their descriptions himself and his relatives, doctors, who in many situations would have acted in exactly the same way.
The absolute opposites of these two positive heroes are people of modern times: the former dog Sharik himself, who became Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, the chairman of the house committee Shvonder and other “tenants”.
Shvonder is a typical example of a member of the new society who fully and completely supports Soviet power. Hating the professor as a class enemy of the revolution and planning to get part of the professor’s living space, he uses Sharikov for this, telling him about the rights to the apartment, giving him documents and pushing him to write a denunciation against Preobrazhensky. Himself, being a narrow-minded and uneducated person, Shvonder gives in and hesitates in conversations with the professor, and this makes him hate him even more and makes every effort to annoy him as much as possible.
Sharikov, whose donor was a bright average representative of the Soviet thirties of the last century, an alcoholic without a specific job, three times convicted lumpen-proletariat Klim Chugunkin, twenty-five years old, is distinguished by his absurd and arrogant character. Like all ordinary people, he wants to become one of the people, but he doesn’t want to learn anything or put any effort into it. He likes to be an ignorant slob, fight, swear, spit on the floor and constantly run into scandals. However, without learning anything good, he absorbs the bad like a sponge: he quickly learns to write denunciations, finds a job he “likes” - killing cats, the eternal enemies of the canine race. Moreover, by showing how mercilessly he deals with stray cats, the author makes it clear that Sharikov will do the same with any person who comes between him and his goal.
The gradually increasing aggression, impudence and impunity of Sharikov are specially shown by the author so that the reader understands how terrible and dangerous this “Sharikovism”, emerging in the 20s of the last century, as a new social phenomenon of the post-revolutionary time, is. Such Sharikovs, found all over the place in Soviet society, especially those in power, pose a real threat to society, especially to intelligent, smart and cultured people, whom they hate fiercely and are trying to destroy them in every possible way. Which, by the way, happened later, when during the Stalinist repressions the color of the Russian intelligentsia and military elite was destroyed, as Bulgakov predicted.
Features of compositional construction
The story “The Heart of a Dog” combines several literary genres; in accordance with the plot of the storyline, it can be classified as a fantastic adventure in the image and likeness of “The Island of Dr. Moreau” by H.G. Wells, which also describes an experiment on breeding a human-animal hybrid. From this side, the story can be attributed to the science fiction genre that was actively developing at that time, the prominent representatives of which were Alexei Tolstoy and Alexander Belyaev. However, under the surface layer of science-adventure fiction, in fact, there turns out to be a sharp satirical parody, allegorically showing the monstrosity and failure of that large-scale experiment called “socialism”, which was carried out by the Soviet government on the territory of Russia, trying to use terror and violence to create a “new man”, born from revolutionary explosion and propagation of Marxist ideology. Bulgakov very clearly demonstrated what will come of this in his story.
The composition of the story consists of such traditional parts as the beginning - the professor sees a stray dog and decides to bring him home, the climax (several points can be highlighted here) - the operation, the visit of the house committee members to the professor, Sharikov writing a denunciation against Preobrazhensky, his threats with the use of weapons, the professor's decision to turn Sharikov back into a dog, the denouement - the reverse operation, Shvonder's visit to the professor with the police, the final part - the establishment of peace and tranquility in the professor's apartment: the scientist goes about his business, the dog Sharik is quite happy with his dog's life.
Despite all the fantastic and incredible nature of the events described in the story, the author’s use of various techniques of grotesque and allegory, this work, thanks to the use of descriptions of specific signs of that time (city landscapes, various locales, life and appearance of the characters), is distinguished by its unique verisimilitude.
The events taking place in the story are described on the eve of Christmas and it is not for nothing that the professor is called Preobrazhensky, and his experiment is a real “anti-Christmas”, a kind of “anti-creation”. In a story based on allegory and fantastic fiction, the author wanted to show not only the importance of the scientist’s responsibility for his experiment, but also the inability to see the consequences of his actions, the huge difference between the natural development of evolution and revolutionary intervention in the course of life. The story shows the author's clear vision of the changes that took place in Russia after the revolution and the beginning of the construction of a new socialist system; all these changes for Bulgakov were nothing more than an experiment on people, large-scale, dangerous and having catastrophic consequences.
Let's consider Sharikov's speech characteristics. Sharikov clearly and simply expresses his thoughts in simple sentences - this demonstrates his ethics. Most often expressed in short remarks: “What’s the matter! It’s a simple matter,” “What am I, a convict?”, “I don’t want to be a deserter,” “Du... gu-gu!”, “I’m not a gentleman, the gentlemen are all in Paris.”
Sharikov has no consistency in the construction of judgments; neighboring concepts are connected in his speech by a probable, causeless connection, which testifies to his ethics (as opposed to logic). Presence of introductory words in speech: “Of course, how...we understand, sir! What kind of comrades we are to you! Where else! We didn’t study at universities, we didn’t live in fifteen-room apartments! Only now, maybe it’s time to leave it. Nowadays, everyone has their own right...” His assessments and judgments are subjective. There are comparative turnovers: “You have everything like on parade, a napkin here, a tie here, yes, “excuse me,” yes, “please, merci,” but in a way that’s real, that’s not the case. You are torturing yourself, just like during the tsarist regime.”
Sharikov talks about how a person should live, what rights he has. Persistently defends its interests: “For mercy, how can we do without a document? I'm really sorry. You know, a person without a document is strictly prohibited from existing.” Sharikov’s emotions are strong and colorful, he does not hold back expressing his emotions - he is irrational: “Yesterday cats were strangled, strangled...” Sharik is a pronounced sensory person, because he is a dog and perceives everything through his senses: eyes, ears, nose, tongue: “There is absolutely no need to learn to read when meat already smells a mile away,” “... the woman’s skirt smelled like lily of the valley.”
Author's characteristics
In order to fully determine the type to which Sharikov belongs, we will also analyze some of the author’s characteristics. For Sharikov, the best way to understand the world is through the senses, which confirms his sensory ability: “He contemplated his shoes, and this gave him great pleasure,” “Sharikov poured the contents of the glass into his throat, wrinkled his face, brought a piece of bread to his nose, sniffed it, and then swallowed it, and his eyes filled with tears.”
Sharikov is quite secretive, keeping his feelings deep within himself, which only an attentive interlocutor can guess: “Sharikov took these words extremely carefully and keenly, which was visible in his eyes.”
Sharikov is attracted to situations of new, unusual beginnings, cannot sit still, is always ready for activity: “Taking advantage of Bormenthal’s short absence, he took possession of his razor and ripped open his cheekbones so that Philip Philipovich and Dr. Bormental put stitches on the cut, causing Sharikov to howl for a long time, bursting into tears.”
Analysis of these characteristics showed that Sharikov is the complete opposite of Professor Preobrazhensky in all mental functions.
Description of personality type
Sharik and Sharikov are one hero. They are distinguished by the fact that Sharik is a dog, and Sharikov is the person that Sharik turned into after the operation. The dynamics from Sharik to Sharikov are such that Sharik is rational, and Sharikov is irrational, and at the same time they are both sensory-ethical introverts. Having summarized the results obtained, we compose the following table.
Consider the image of Sharikov from the story “Heart of a Dog”. In this work, Bulgakov does not just talk about the unnatural experiment he conducted. Mikhail Afanasyevich describes a new type of person who appeared not in the laboratory of a scientist, but in Soviet reality in the post-revolutionary years. An allegory of this type is the image of Sharikov in the story “The Heart of a Dog.” The plot of the work is based on the relationship between a major scientist and Sharikov, a man artificially created from a dog.
Assessment of life by the dog Sharik
The first part of this story is based largely on the internal monologue of a stray half-starved dog. He evaluates street life in his own way, gives a description of the characters, morals, and life of Moscow during the NEP era with many teahouses, shops, taverns on Myasnitskaya with clerks who hated dogs. Sharik is able to appreciate affection and kindness, and sympathize. He, oddly enough, understands the social structure of the new country well. Sharik condemns the new masters of life, but knows about Preobrazhensky, an old intellectual from Moscow, that he will not “kick” a hungry dog.
Implementation of Preobrazhensky's experiment
In the life of this dog, a happy accident occurs, in her opinion - a professor takes her to his luxurious apartment. It has everything, even a few “extra rooms”. However, the professor does not need the dog for fun. He wants to carry out a fantastic experiment: after transplanting a certain part, a dog will have to turn into a human. If Preobrazhensky becomes Faust, creating a man in a test tube, then his second father, who gave Sharik his pituitary gland, is Klim Petrovich Chugunkin. Bulgakov very briefly characterizes this man. His profession is playing around taverns on the balalaika. He is poorly built, the liver is dilated as a result of drinking alcohol. Chunugkin died in a pub from a stab in the heart. The creature that emerged after the operation inherited the essence of its second father. Sharikov is aggressive, swaggering, insolent.
Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov
Mikhail Afanasyevich created a vivid image of Sharikov in the story “Heart of a Dog”. This hero is devoid of ideas about culture, about how to behave with other people. After some time, a conflict brews between the creation and the creator, Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, who calls himself a “homunculus,” and Preobrazhensky. The tragedy is that a “man” who has barely learned to walk finds reliable allies in his life. They provide a revolutionary theoretical basis for all his actions. One of them is Shvonder. Sharikov learns from this hero about what privileges he, a proletarian, has in comparison with Preobrazhensky, a professor. In addition, he begins to understand that the scientist who gave him a second life is a class enemy.
Sharikov's behavior
Let’s add a few more touches to the image of Sharikov in Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog.” This hero clearly understands the main credo of the new masters of life: steal, plunder, steal what others have created, and most importantly, strive for equalization. And the dog, once grateful to Preobrazhensky, no longer wants to put up with the fact that the professor settled “alone in seven rooms.” Sharikov brings a paper according to which he should be allocated an area of 16 square meters in the apartment. m. Morality, shame, and conscience are alien to the polygraph. He lacks everything else except anger, hatred, meanness. He's getting looser and looser every day. Polygraph Poligrafovich commits outrages, steals, drinks, and molests women. This is the image of Sharikov in the story “Heart of a Dog”.
The finest hour of Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov
The new job becomes for Sharikov his finest hour. A former stray dog makes a dizzying leap. She turns into the head of the department for cleaning Moscow from stray animals. This choice of profession by Sharikov is not surprising: people like them always want to destroy their own. However, Polygraph does not stop there. New details complement the image of Sharikov in the story “Heart of a Dog.” A brief description of his further actions is as follows.
The story of the typist, the reverse transformation
Sharikov appears some time later in Preobrazhensky’s apartment with a young girl and says that he is signing with her. This is a typist from his department. Sharikov declares that Bormental will need to be evicted. In the end it turns out that he deceived this girl and made up many stories about himself. The last thing Sharikov does is inform on Preobrazhensky. The sorcerer-professor from the story that interests us manages to turn a man back into a dog. It’s good that Preobrazhensky realized that nature does not tolerate violence against itself.
Sharikovs in real life
In real life, alas, Sharikovs are much more durable. Arrogant, self-confident, with no doubt that everything is permitted to them, these semi-literate lumpen people have brought our country to a deep crisis. This is not surprising: violence over the course of historical events and disregard for the laws of social development could only give birth to the Sharikovs. The polygraph in the story turned back into a dog. But in life he managed to go a long and, as it seemed to him and suggested to others, a glorious path. He poisoned people in the 30-50s, just like once stray animals were once in his line of work. He carried suspicion and dog anger throughout his entire life, replacing with them dog loyalty, which had become unnecessary. This hero, having entered rational life, remained at the level of instincts. And he wanted to change the country, the world, the universe in order to make it easier to satisfy these animal instincts. All these ideas are conveyed by the creator of the image of Sharikov in the story “Heart of a Dog.”
Human or animal: what distinguishes ballers from other people?
Sharikov is proud of his low origins and his lack of education. In general, he is proud of everything low that is in him, since only this raises him high above those who stand out in mind and spirit. People like Preobrazhensky need to be trampled into the dirt so that Sharikov can rise above them. The Sharikovs outwardly do not differ in any way from other people, but their non-human essence is waiting for the right moment. When it comes, such creatures turn into monsters, waiting for the first opportunity to seize their prey. This is their true face. The Sharikovs are ready to betray their own. For them, everything holy and lofty turns into its opposite when they touch it. The worst thing is that such people managed to achieve considerable power. Having come to her, the non-human strives to dehumanize everyone around him so that it becomes easier to manage the herd. All human feelings are repressed from them
Sharikovs today
One cannot help but turn to modern times when analyzing the image of Sharikov in the story “Heart of a Dog.” A short essay on the work should contain in the final part a few words about today's ballgames. The fact is that after the revolution in our country, all conditions were created for a large number of similar people to arise. The totalitarian system greatly contributes to this. They have penetrated into all areas of public life, and they still live among us. The Sharikovs are able to exist, no matter what. The main threat to humanity today is the heart of a dog along with the human mind. Therefore, the story, written at the beginning of the last century, remains relevant today. It is a warning to future generations. It sometimes seems that Russia has become different during this time. But the way of thinking, the stereotypes, will not change in 10 or 20 years. It will take more than one generation before the Sharikovs disappear from our lives, and people become different, devoid of animal instincts.
So, we looked at the image of Sharikov in the story “Heart of a Dog”. A brief summary of the work will help you get to know this hero better. And after reading the original story, you will discover some details of this image that we have omitted. The image of Sharikov in the story by M.A. Bulgakov's "Heart of a Dog" is a great artistic achievement of Mikhail Afanasyevich, like the entire work as a whole.
Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov is the central figure of M. A. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog,” the result of a bold experiment by Professor Preobrazhensky, who transplanted the pituitary gland of the alcoholic Klim Chugunkin, who was killed with a knife in a pub, to the yard dog Sharik. This operation had truly catastrophic consequences, turning an intelligent and, in its way, tactful dog into a vile boor, living next to him turned out to be completely impossible.
M.A. Bulgakov embodied in the image of Sharikov all the most disgusting features of the so-called “new” man, whom the Soviet government extolled. Even the choice of an intricate name - Poligraf Poligrafovich, in combination with a “hereditary” surname, which was a characteristic feature of that time, evoked a sarcastic smile from the author. Sharikov inherited from Klim Chugunkin all the worst that was in this man, from his appearance to his character, habits and worldview.
The appearance of the “new man” was also repulsive. Short, with a very low forehead, barely noticeable between bushy eyebrows and a brush of coarse hair on his head, dressed tastelessly and sloppily, but with pretension, Poligraf Poligrafovich, nevertheless, was very pleased with himself. Who he was dissatisfied with was his creator, Professor Preobrazhensky, who tried to teach him to behave decently in society, constantly pulled him back, told Sharikov that he was a fool and limited him with various prohibitions.
However, Poligraf Poligrafovich very quickly found himself an ally in the fight against the “tyranny” of the professor. It turned out to be the manager of the housing association Shvonder, who had long dreamed of “squeezing out” Professor Preobrazhensky and taking away his “extra” living space. For this Sharikov could not have come at a more opportune time. Shvonder began to educate him in the spirit of demagoguery of Soviet propaganda, and this “education” quickly bore fruit. Considering conscience, morality, shame, and compassion to be “relics,” the new masters of life instead demonstrate anger, hatred, meanness, and the desire to take away and divide everything that was not created by them.
Every day Sharikov’s behavior became uglier. He drinks, is rude, riots, steals, molests women, depriving all the inhabitants of the apartment of peace and peace of mind.
The pinnacle of Sharikov’s “human” career is his appointment as head of the department for clearing the capital of stray animals. This is the very case when work brings true pleasure: “We strangled these cats, strangled them!”
The last straw that broke Professor Preobrazhensky’s patience was Sharikov’s statement that he wanted to sign with the typist and live with her in the professor’s apartment. To get rid of Preobrazhensky, he writes a denunciation against the professor, after which he turns him back into a dog.
Unfortunately, in real life getting rid of “balloons” is not so easy. How many of us are there - spitting on the floor, swearing, not burdened by education and moral standards, considering their behavior to be the only possible and correct one. I wish they could all have the pituitary glands of smart, well-mannered dogs transplanted!
Essay about Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov
Mikhail Bulgakov's story “The Heart of a Dog” is the story of an experiment to transform a dog into a human.
A successful professor, Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky, with his assistant Doctor Bormental, in a luxurious Soviet apartment, performs a complex operation to transplant part of a human brain into a dog.
This is how the story of a new man begins.
The key figure in Bulgakov's story is Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov.
At first he is an unhappy, hungry and tortured street dog. He's just looking for somewhere to get food and a quiet place to lick his wounds. Like any living creature, he wants warmth and affection. And here's a happy accident! “The Magician and Magician from a Dog’s Fairy Tale” appears - this is exactly what the professor looks like in the eyes of the mongrel. He picks up a good-natured dog, but not to give him a home and care. Sharik is destined to become the object of the professor's experiment.
After performing a pituitary gland transplant operation, Preobrazhensky and Bormenthal observe changes in the dog’s physiology, the gradual transformation of the dog into a human being.
Throughout the entire story, Sharikov’s formation as a citizen occurs. Gradually he transforms from an ordinary stray dog into a personality. And now he is no longer an ordinary mongrel Sharikov, but a new citizen Sharikov.
This is a new person, although he is a “laboratory creature.” And like anyone else, he wants to have his own name, rights and freedoms. Wants to be a citizen in the Soviet state. He does not make a respectable citizen, but he tries to develop: he demands documents and even gets a job catching stray animals.
Sharikov displays the character traits of Chugunkin, whose pituitary gland was transplanted into the dog. Chugunkin is a very immoral type - a thief and a repeat offender. These traits make Bulgakov’s character not the most pleasant person. Sharikov behaves outrageously, uses foul language, pesters women, and drinks. The professor does not lose hope of re-educating his ward, but Polygraph's behavior only gets worse. Preobrazhensky realizes that the experiment was unsuccessful when Sharikov writes a denunciation against him and threatens to kill him.
Philip Philipovich had no idea that the experiment would turn out this way. Sharikov becomes a problem for the professor. Preobrazhensky performs another operation and reverses the transformation of Polygraph Sharikov into a good-natured dog.
Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov is a rather ambiguous figure. He is no longer a kind street dog, but he is no longer Klim Chugunkin. He is an incredible symbiosis of dog and man, a failed experiment.
After all, an ordinary stray dog did not want to become a human. “I may not have given my permission for the operation,” says Sharikov.
Did Professor Preobrazhensky have the right to control the destinies of living beings? An experiment for the benefit of science that crossed the boundaries of moral principles. That is why the story “The Heart of a Dog” remains relevant today.
Sharik in Bulgakov's story Heart of a Dog
In M. A. Bulgakov’s story “Heart of a Dog” it is not just about the professor’s experiment. Bulgakov draws attention to the first type of person who appeared in the scientists’ laboratory. The whole essence of the story is based on the relationship between one scientist and Sharik, an unnaturally appearing man and a dog. At first the story is about speech inside a hungry yard dog. He draws conclusions about life on the street, its way of life, the nature of Moscow morals, its restaurants and shops. He values kindness and affection, he is a very sympathetic dog.
At what moment a complete revolution appears in Sharik’s life; he lives with a professor, where there are a huge number of rooms. But the professor needs the dog for his experiment. Preobrazhensky transplants the brain of a man into the dog, who in the past was Chugunkin, played the balalaika, led a riotous lifestyle, for which he was killed. As a result of the experiment, everything worked out for the professor, Sharik became a man, but he took the genes of his ancestor, he was arrogant, boorish, ill-mannered, inadequate, not knowing anything at all, and not understanding about human relationships.
Disagreements began between the professor and Sharikov. The whole essence of the problem lies in the fact that a barely successful person finds support in society in order to resist his creator. And they convince Sharikov that the Professor is his number one worst enemy. It got to the point that Sharikov brought him a paper stating that he has a share in his apartment.
He personally understands the main worldview of the new masters of life: do what you want, steal, destroy everything that others have done, but the main thing is to be like others. And yet, the ungrateful former dog brought the professor a paper stating that he was entitled to some share in his apartment. Such qualities as moral principles, shamefulness, or conscience are alien to Sharikov.
The further he went, the worse he behaved, he drank, had fun, brought anyone to the professor's house, rowded there as he wanted. But the point was that he found himself a job as the head of cleaning the city from stray animals. But this is not surprising, he always tried to set up his own people. At one point he brought a girl into the apartment and said that he wanted to marry her. The professor told Sharikov’s past, the girl, sobbing, naturally did not know anything, he deceived her by inventing various legends about himself. In the story, Preobrazhensky managed to return everything to normal; he turned the dog Sharik from the man Sharikov. And life went on as usual.
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In the story “Heart of a Dog” by M.A. Bulgakov does not just describe the unnatural experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky. The writer shows a new type of person who arose not in the laboratory of a talented scientist, but in the new, Soviet reality of the first post-revolutionary years. The basis of the plot of the story is the relationship between a major Russian scientist and Sharik, Sharikov, a dog and an artificially created man. The first part of the story is based mainly on the internal monologue of a half-starved street dog. He evaluates in his own way the life of the street, life, customs, characters of Moscow during the NEP, with its numerous shops, teahouses, taverns on Myasnitskaya “with sawdust on the floor, evil clerks who hate dogs.” Sharik knows how to sympathize, appreciate kindness and affection and, oddly enough, perfectly understands the social structure of the new Russia: he condemns the new masters of life (“I am now the chairman, and no matter how much I steal, it’s all on a woman’s body, on cancerous necks, on Abrau-Durso”), and about the old Moscow intellectual Preobrazhensky he knows that “this one will not kick.”
In Sharik’s life, in his opinion, a happy accident happens - he finds himself in a luxurious professor’s apartment, which, despite the widespread devastation, has everything and even “extra rooms.” But the professor doesn’t need the dog for fun. A fantastic experiment is planned on him: by transplanting part of the human brain, the dog should turn into a human.
But if Professor Preobrazhensky becomes the Faust who creates man in a test tube, then the second father - the man who gives the dog his pituitary gland - is Klim Petrovich Chugunkin, whose description is given extremely briefly: “Profession - playing the balalaika in taverns. Small in stature, poorly built. The liver is dilated (alcohol). The cause of death was a stab in the heart in a pub.”
And the creature that emerged as a result of the operation completely inherited the proletarian essence of its ancestor. He is arrogant, swaggering, aggressive.
He is completely devoid of ideas about human culture, about the rules of relationships with other people, he is absolutely immoral. Gradually, an inevitable conflict is brewing between the creator and the creation, Preobrazhensky and Sharik, or rather, Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov, as the “homunculus” calls himself. And the tragedy is that a “man” who has barely learned to walk finds reliable allies in life who provide a revolutionary theoretical basis for all his actions. From Shvonder, Sharikov learns about the privileges he, a proletarian, has compared to a professor, and, moreover, begins to realize that the scientist who gave him human life is a class enemy. Sharikov clearly understands the main credo of the new masters of life: rob, steal, take away everything that was created by other people, and most importantly, strive for universal equalization. And the dog, once grateful to the professor, can no longer come to terms with the fact that he “settled alone in seven rooms,” and brings a paper according to which he is entitled to an area of 16 meters in the apartment. doesn't stop on what has been achieved. After some time, he appears in an apartment on Prechistenka with a young girl and declares: “I’m signing with her, this is our typist. Bormental will have to be evicted...” Of course, it turns out that Sharikov deceived the girl and made up many stories about himself. And the last chord of Sharikov’s activity is the denunciation of Professor Preobrazhensky. In the story, the sorcerer-professor manages to reverse the transformation monster man into an animal, into a dog. It’s good that the professor understood that nature does not tolerate violence against itself. But, alas, in real life the Sharikovs turned out to be much more tenacious. Self-confident, arrogant, no doubters in their sacred rights to everything, the semi-literate lumpen brought our country to the deepest crisis, for violence over the course of history, disregard for the laws of its development, could only give birth to the Sharikovs. In the story, Sharikov again turned into a dog, but in life he walked a long and, as it seemed to him, and it was suggested to others, a glorious path, and in the thirties and fifties he poisoned people, as he once did in the line of duty to stray cats and dogs.
He is proud of his low origins. He is proud of his low education. In general, he is proud of everything low, because only this raises him high above those who are high in spirit and mind. People like Preobrazhensky must be trampled into the dirt so that Sharikov can rise above them. Outwardly, the Sharikovs are no different from people, but their non-human essence is just waiting for the moment to manifest itself. And then they turn into monsters, who, at the first opportunity to grab a tasty morsel, throw off the mask and show their true essence. They are ready to betray their own.
