Speaking names in the works of A. N. Ostrovsky. Telling surnames in the works of Russian writers of the 19th century Telling surnames poverty is not a vice

Speaking names in the works of N.V. Gogol

N.V. was also a master at naming his heroes meaningful names. Gogol. In his dramas you can find nicknames: Derzhimorda, Scrambled eggs and Strawberry. Gogol masterfully plays with double surnames, which, by the way, belonged exclusively to noble people: Musins-Pushkins, Golenishchevs-Kutuzovs, Vorontsovs-Dashkovs, Muravyovs-Apostles.

The judge from the comedy “The Inspector General” also has a double surname - Lyapkin-Tyapkin, which hardly indicates the author’s respect for this hero.

As for the mayor’s double surname, it is described in the book “Modern Russian Surnames”: “Draft (according to Dahl) in the figurative meaning of “cunning rascal”, “experienced rogue”, in the literal meaning - “draft”, “through wind”. Dmukhati means “to blow” in Ukrainian. A double surname as an example of a high-born nobleman in this case turns out to be a double hint of fraudulent fraud.”

Continuing the formation of the names of literary characters with the help of foreign word-formation means, Gogol introduces Dr. Gibner into the comedy, in whose hospital, as is known, all the sick, “like flies, recover.”

The name of the imaginary auditor is also very rich in associations. There is something in it from the bitingness, the agility of the hero and from the phrase “whip over the edge,” since Ivan Aleksandrovich is a master of unbridled lies. Khlestakov, in addition, will not refuse to “pawn by the collar” - “lash.” He is not averse to trailing Anna Andreevna and Marya Antonovna - “whipping.”

Emphasizing the similarity of the two “urban landowners,” Gogol cunningly makes them full namesakes, and changes only one letter in their surnames (Bobchinsky, Dobchinsky). In Russian drama, this technique was first used in “The Inspector General”.

A lot of interesting things can also be found in Gogol’s play “The Players,” where the imaginary Krugel, Shvokhnev, Glov, Consoling and Psoy Stakhich Zamukhryshkin cheat the amateur swindler Ikharev. It's funny that Psoy Stakhich turns out to be Flor Semyonovich Murzafeikin, and Glov Sr. is actually Ivan Klimych Krynitsyn. However, who knows, maybe these names are also fictitious.

By the way, the surname Glov is very interesting because illegitimate children among the nobility were called in a similar way. This is how the surname of the hero of the novel by V. Nabokov arose Pnin (from Repnin), Myantsev and Umyantsev (from Rumyantsev), Betskoy (from Trubetskoy).

Summing up, we can state that in the works of N.V. Gogol’s speaking names received further development, became even more significant, and began to acquire a parodic sound.

Speaking names in the works of A.N. Ostrovsky

From the point of view of the phenomenon of speaking names that we are considering, a lot of new, wonderful material can be found in the plays of this great playwright. Let us touch only on the most interesting aspects of the use of this literary device in Ostrovsky’s most famous plays.

For example, in the play “The Thunderstorm” there are no random first and last names. A quiet, weak-willed drunkard and mama's boy, Tikhon Kabanov fully lives up to his name. The nickname of his “mama” - Kabanikha - has long been rethought by readers as a name. It is not for nothing that the creator of “The Thunderstorm” already introduces this heroine in the poster: “Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova (Kabanikha), a rich merchant’s wife, widow.” By the way, her old, almost ominous name paired with Savel Prokofievich Dikiy quite definitely speaks about their characters, their way of life, and their morals. It is interesting that in translation from Aramaic the name Martha is translated as “mistress.”

The name Dikoy also contains a lot of interesting things. The fact is that the ending -ой in the corresponding words is now read as -й(-й). For example, Pushkin’s “freedom sower of the desert” (in the current pronunciation - “desert”) means “lonely.” Thus, Dikoy is nothing more than a “wild man”, simply a “savage”.

Names and surnames also have a symbolic meaning in the play “Dowry”. Larisa - translated from Greek - seagull. The surname Knurov comes from the dialect word knur - hog, boar, boar. Paratov is etymologically related to the adjective poratiy - lively, strong, stalwart, diligent. Vozhevatov comes from the phrase “vozhevaty people”, meaning cheeky, shameless. Everything in the first name, patronymic and last name of Larisa’s mother, Kharita Ignatievna Ogudalova, turns out to be significant. Charits (from the Greek kharis - grace, charm, beauty) were called gypsies from the choir, and every gypsy in Moscow was called Ignati. Hence the comparison of Larisa’s house with a gypsy camp. The surname comes from the word ogudat - to deceive, seduce, deceive. Julius Kapitonovich Karandyshev, by the contrast of his first and patronymic with his last name, already contains in the grain the image of this person. Julius is the name of the noble Roman emperor Caesar, Capito is from the Latin capitos - head, Karandyshev is from the word pencil - a runt, a short man, a person with exorbitant and unfounded claims. Thus, psychologically polyphonic human characters emerge from the very first pages of the play.

The play “Warm Heart” is also surprisingly interesting from the point of view of studying the semantics of speaking names, in which there is a whole constellation of the most interesting surnames, names and patronymics of the characters. Here, by the way, is how V. Lakshin writes about this in the article “Ostrovsky’s Poetic Satire”: “Perhaps the brightest and most caustic figure of comedy in the political sense is Serapion Mardarich Gradoboev. Well, Ostrovsky invented a name for him! Serapion is easily changed into “scorpion”, as the rude Matryona calls him, Mardariy sounds next to the dissonant word “muzzle”, and Gradoboev is a surname filled to the brim with ironic semantics: not only crops damaged by hail, but also a battle forced on the city.” . By the way, Gradoboev is none other than the mayor of the city of Kalinov (remember “The Thunderstorm”, “Forest”), who is not very almond-shaped with the townsfolk.

In “A Warm Heart” there is also a merchant Kuroslepov, who, either from drunkenness or from a hangover, suffers from something like night blindness: he does not see what is happening under his nose. By the way, his clerk, Madame Kuroslepova’s favorite, has a characteristic name - Narkis.

If you look through the works of A.N. Ostrovsky, you can find many characters with meaningful names. This is Samson Silych Bolshov, a rich merchant, and Lazar Elizarich Podkhalyuzin, his clerk (the play “Our People - We Will Be Numbered”); Egor Dmitrievich Glumov from the drama “Simplicity is Enough for Every Wise Man,” who really mocks those around him; provincial theater actress Negina from “Talents and Admirers” and merchant Velikatov, who loves delicate treatment.

In the play “The Forest,” Ostrovsky persistently names the characters with names associated with the concepts of “happiness and unhappiness,” as well as “paradise, arcadia.” No wonder the name of the landowner Gurmyzhskaya is Raisa. And the root of Raisa Pavlovna’s surname suggests certain thoughts. A.V. Superanskaya and A.V. Suslova write about this: “The name of Raisa Gurmyzhskaya, a wealthy landowner, in Russian is consonant with the word “paradise.” The clue to her surname can be found in another play by Ostrovsky - “The Snow Maiden” - In the words of Mizgir, who talks about the wonderful island of Gurmyz in the middle of the warm sea, where there are a lot of pearls, where there is heavenly life.”

And about the stage names of provincial actors Schastlivtsev and Neschastlivtsev, the same authors write this: “Ostrovsky remains an unsurpassed master of names and surnames. So, in the play “Forest” he shows the provincial actors Schastlivtsev and Neschastlivtsev. Yes, not just Schastlivtseva, but Arcadia (cf. Arcadia is the legendary happy country inhabited by shepherdesses and shepherdesses). Gennady Neschastlivtsev (Gennady - Greek noble) is a noble tragic actor. And against the backdrop of these names, their common fate seems especially tragic.”

So, one of Ostrovsky’s methods of forming surnames is metaphorization (figurative meaning). Thus, the surname Berkutov (“Wolves and Sheep”) and Korshunov (“Poverty is not a vice”) are derived from the names of birds of prey: golden eagle - a strong mountain eagle, vigilant, bloodthirsty; The kite is a weaker predator, capable of capturing smaller prey. If the character with the surname Berkut is from the breed of “wolves” (which is emphasized by the title of the play) and “swallows” a whole large fortune, then Korshunov in the play dreams of stealing, like a chicken, from his father’s house a weak, fragile creature (Lyubov Gordeevna).

Many of Ostrovsky's surnames are derived from popular words (names of animals, birds, fish) with a pronounced negative meaning: they seem to characterize people by the properties that are inherent in animals. Baranchevsky and Pereyarkov are stupid as sheep; Lisavsky is as cunning as a fox; Kukushkina is selfish and heartless, like a cuckoo...

Ostrovsky’s surname may also indicate a person’s appearance: Puzatov, Wartkin, Pleshakov, Kurchaev, Belotelova; on behavior: Gnevyshev, Gromilov, Lyutov, Groznov; on lifestyle: Baklushin, Pogulyaev, Dosuzhaev; on social and financial status: Bolshov, Velikatov...And the surnames Goltsov, Mykin, Tugina, Kruchinina indicate the difficult life of their bearers, full of need and deprivation.

Almost a third of all surnames in the playwright’s works are of dialect origin: Velikatov (“Talents and Admirers”) from velikaty, that is, “stately, prominent, important, arrogant, proud, polite, able to treat people, inspiring respect”; Lynyaev (“Wolves and Sheep”) from lyat, that is, “to shirk, evade the matter” (V.I. Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary, volume 2), Khlynov (“Warm Heart”) from khlyn - “fraudster, thief, deceiver in purchase and sale", Zhadov ("Profitable place") from zadat - in the ancient meaning: "to experience a strong desire."

Ostrovsky’s plays are rich in funny names: Razlyulyaev (“Poverty is not a vice”), Malomalsky (“Don’t sit in your own sleigh”), Nedonoskov and Nedorostkov (“Jokers”)…

As a “building material” for the formation of characters’ surnames, Ostrovsky does not often use distorted foreign words: Paratov (“Dowry”) from the French “parade” (does everything for show, likes to show off, show off. In the theater A.N. Ostrovsky's speaking names are so precise and significant that it is time to talk about the playwright's virtuoso, phenomenal mastery of this technique.

Ostrovsky’s plays are rich in funny names: Razlyulyaev (“Poverty is not a vice”), Malomalsky (“Don’t sit in your own sleigh”), Nedonoskov and Nedorostkov (“Jokers”)…

As a “building material” for the formation of characters’ surnames, Ostrovsky does not often use distorted foreign words: Paratov (“Dowry”) from the French “parade” (does everything for show, likes to show off, let

dust in your eyes. At the A.N. Theater Ostrovsky's speaking names are so precise and significant that it is time to talk about the playwright's virtuoso, phenomenal mastery of this technique.

2.5 Parody names in the works of M.E. Saltykova - Shchedrin, Kozma Prutkova

It is well known that when some phenomenon or cultural phenomenon reaches a certain level, becomes universally known and popular, it begins to be parodied. So it is with speaking names. We have already partly touched on the fact that Gogol parodied some noble families. By the way, M.E. also has many such surnames. Saltykov-Shchedrin: Intercept-Zalikhvatsky from “The History of a City”, Serpukhovsky-Dogonay, Uryupinsky-Doezhay from “Abroad”, Peresvet-Zhaba from “Satire in Prose”. However, in this case we were dealing with a phenomenon that was more social, political, and only then literary.

In the full sense, parodic names and, accordingly, heroes appear in the works of Kozma Prutkov, created through the friendly efforts of A.K. Tolstoy and the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers. Is it any wonder that the heroes of the comedy “Fantasia” wear completely parody names? Thus, the hero, whom the authors present as a “decent man,” bears the surname Kutilo-Zavaldaisky; “a shy person” is naturally called Shameless. “The man selling soap” in this comedy turns out to be Prince Kasyan Rodionovich Batog-Batyev. In this double surname, both Batu and the batogs found a place for themselves. An obvious echo of the name of Manilov’s son is the name of Themistocles Miltiadovich Razorvaki. And in the drama “Love and Silin” Kozma Prutkov brings to the stage General’s wife Kislozvezdova, “a mute but voluptuous widow,” and Silva don Alonzo the Scoundrel,” “a visiting Spanish man.” AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

No less parodic and funny are the names of the comedy “Skullbreaker, that is, phrenologist.” Here is Shishkenholm, “a phrenologist, a cheerful old man, bald, with a knobby skull,” here is Vikhorin, “a civil official. Shaved face, bald, wearing a wig.” You know, that’s why he’s Vikhorin.

Parody always coexists in parallel with what it satirizes.

It can be assumed that among playwrights of later eras the speaking names of the characters had to change. The work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a clear confirmation of this.

2.6 Speaking names in the works of A.P. Chekhov

How the technique inherited from the classicists has changed can be seen in Chekhov’s amazing story “The Horse's Name.” The “frontal attack” with the endless and completely traditional Uzdechkin, Zherebtsov and Korenny, as we know, did not lead to anything. “Horse” the name of a specialist in charming toothache turns out to be precisely from an associative point of view. Ovsov is a problem with many unknowns. This is not a primitive type of Kobylin and Loshadevich, so we naturally cannot agree with lovers of paradoxes P. Weil and A. Genis, who in the article “Everything is in the Garden” about Chekhov’s work wrote: “In contrast to the long-preserved in Russian literature traditions of baptizing heroes with telling names, surnames in Chekhov's dramas are random, like a telephone book, but instead of the alphabet they are united by a typological unity, which the author put into the title of one of his collections - “Gloomy People”.

The surnames Chebutykin, Trigorin, Treplev were not given by Chekhov to his heroes by chance. Words like “merlikhlyundiya” and Chebutykin are from the same category. The same can be said about the heroes of “The Seagull” Konstantin Treplev and his mother, also, by the way, after Trepleva’s husband. It’s not for nothing that the son says about his mother: “Her name is constantly being talked about in the newspapers, and it tires me.” By the way, Irina Nikolaevna’s stage name is Arkadina. Well, how can one not recall the play “The Forest” by Ostrovsky.

The surname of the novelist Trigorin is literary through and through! And not only Trigorskoe, but also three griefs come to mind.

The name Lyubov Ranevskaya (nee Gaeva) also evokes a lot of associations. Here is a wound, and love, and a mountain (according to V.I. Dahl - oak forest, grove, black forest). In general, the play “The Cherry Orchard” is a real treasure trove of telling names. Here is Simeonov-Pishchik, and Trofimov’s name is Petya.

Of course, in Chekhov’s early stories the same Kuvaldins, Khryukins and Ochumelovs reign (synonyms: to become stupefied, to lose reason, the same detail is emphasized in his behavior, in the absence of his own opinion). And in dramas you can find names familiar to Ostrovsky’s times. For example, the character of “Three Sisters” Solyony is somewhat akin to Skalozubov - his jokes smack of bad taste, are very primitive, stupid - “salty”, and his last name is more like a nickname like Ushetelny.

However, such names in Chekhov's theater are the exception rather than the rule. And a different name reigns in his dramatic masterpieces, corresponding to a new hero, a new character of the conflict, a new theater - Chekhov's theater.

Conclusion

The purpose of this work was to consider the use of speaking surnames in the works of Russian writers of the 19th century. The expressive use of proper names is common to many writers. And if D.I. has telling names. Fonvizin is a legacy of classicism, a sharp division of heroes into positive and negative, then in the work of A.S. Griboyedov's speaking surnames are not only a tribute to classicism, but also a vivid characteristic of the character; the surname specifies a certain circle of associations, which does not simplify, but, on the contrary, complicates the understanding of the character, revealing a new facet in it. N.V. Gogol manages to masterfully play with double surnames (this technique was later used by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin), create surnames-nicknames, and form the names of literary heroes using foreign word-formation means.

Thus, speaking names in Russian literature, starting from Lukin and Sumarokov and ending with Chekhov, as it turned out, go through a number of stages in their formation and development. Naive, somewhat stilted, almost one-dimensional names like Obdiralov and Dobryakov are replaced by more psychologically complex and substantiated Molchalins and Famusovs. At some point, this technique reaches its peak, after which it becomes the object of parody. And finally, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, speaking names are transformed, become even more complex, are correlated with the characters of plays by complex associative connections, but do not disappear from Russian drama at all, since by their nature they are doomed to name directly or indirectly, that is, so or otherwise characterize the heroes of literary works.

References

1. Azarova N.M. Text. A manual on Russian literature of the 19th century, part 1. - M.: Prometheus, 1995.

2. Vvedenskaya L. A., Kolesnikov N. P. From proper names to common nouns. M.: Education, 1989.

3. Vinogradov V.V. Stylistics. Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. – M: Nauka, 1993.

Korshunov African Savich is a character in A. N. Ostrovsky’s comedy “Poverty is not a vice,” a wealthy manufacturer from Moscow, a friend of Gordey Karpych. The hero's surname speaks for itself. This is a businesslike merchant who, like a kite, is ready to capture not only his own prey, but also that of others. Once he ruined Lyubim Karpych, and now he was friends with his brother. Afrikan Savich is an old sensualist. He loves to drink in company with his English director, and now with Gordey Karpych. He loves being surrounded by young girls and tries in every possible way to gain their favor. He had already been married once, but he ruined his wife with jealousy and all sorts of nagging. All this is unknown to Gordey Karpych, who wants to marry his only daughter to this old fox.

The cunning manufacturer promised to keep Lyubov Gordeevna in silks and furs, and promised to bring Tortsov himself into the Moscow world. This is exactly what Gordey Karpych dreams of, who is tired of living in the provinces among the “ignoramuses.” Pelageya Egorovna is against this marriage. She begs her husband not to give their daughter to this old sensualist, but Gordey Karpych is adamant. Korshunov assures the frightened Lyubov Gordeevna that being married to an old man like him is quite profitable. After all, he doesn’t need much: he will shower her with money, and in return ask only for love. Fortunately, Tortsov’s brother, Lyubim Karpych, intervened in this situation. He opened his brother’s eyes to Korshunov’s personality and asked the old sly man to return the debt to him, and at the same time a huge ransom for his niece. Insulted, Korshunov left Tortsov’s house and refused to marry Lyubov Gordeevna. Thus, the girl avoided an unwanted marriage.

The work was carried out by Alina Korzheva, a student of grade 9b, with the aim of studying the technique of “speaking surnames” in Ostrovsky’s play “Poverty is not a vice.” Materials from 9b grade student Ilya Golubev were partially used for the work.

Heroes of the play by A. N. Ostrovsky “Poverty is not a vice”

• Gordey Karpych Tortsov

• Pelageya Egorovna Tortsova

• Lyubov Gordeevna

• We love Tortsov

• African Savich Korshunov

• Yasha Guslin

• Grisha Razlyulyaev

Gordey Karpych Tortsov.

• The meaning of the surname Tortsov:

“Butt” in Efremova’s dictionary

1) A wooden block, a log from the side of its cross-section.

2) Transverse - short - side, edge of something.

3) A short, usually hexagonal block of cross-cut logs for paving streets.

4) decomposition The pavement is made of such bars.

5) A cross section of a log, timber, as well as in general the transverse edge of a beam, board, table, book (side, top or bottom cut of its sheets).

6) Jarg. Face

Meaning of the name Gordey

Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary: Pride– inflated sense of self-esteem, self-respect, arrogance, excessively high opinion of oneself, awareness of one’s superiority over others.

Pelageya Egorovna Tortsova

• Pelageya Egorovna is the wife of Gordey Tortsov. Her name has long been common in Rus', and it is its main characteristic. Pelageya is a follower of old Russian traditions; she does not understand and does not accept her husband’s “quirks.”

Lyubov Gordeevna

• Her name is like a neon sign indicating her feelings for Mitya. However, the patronymic also plays an important role - whatever one may say, there is also a lot of father in it. Yes, yes, that same pride, but not elevated to the rank of pride, unlike her father.

Mitya

• Mitya. Just Mitya. It is noteworthy that the author does not give us either his name or patronymic. By this, he seems to emphasize the simplicity and modesty of this character. In comedy, no one calls him by his full name, everyone uses this diminutive.

We love Tortsov

• For this character, both his first and last names are spoken. We love him because everyone loves him, respects him, and sympathizes with him. Tortsov - because earlier he was very similar to his brother Gordey and led the same lifestyle. Thus, through the surname, the author emphasizes the similarity of the brothers.

African Savich Korshunov

• There is an obvious disharmony here between his name and patronymic. Savva is a native Russian name. The meaning of the name Savva

The name Savva is warm, soft, and its owner is also generous with the warmth that he gives to family, friends, and just strangers who need this warmth. Little Savva usually grows up strong; neither his health nor his behavior cause any problems for his parents: he is a cheerful, kind and calm child. Savva receives a good education, but cannot fully realize his abilities.

Savva is, first of all, an integral nature, a spiritually pure person. He is alien to pettiness, intrigue and squabbles. He is drawn to knowledge, early shows interest in literature, but not cheap detective stories, but the one that gives food to his mind. He maintains his integrity in marriage, without wasting time on fleeting affairs. The uncompromising nature of these men and their loyalty to principles often turn out to their detriment - their careers never move along the well-worn road. Where it would not hurt to bend down so that the thunderstorm passes by, Savva will stand at his full height. Savva has one more feature that sets him apart from others - a craving for loneliness. This is not a "choir" person.

Yasha Guslin

• Ostrovsky did not offend the minor characters with his attention. Yasha's last name tells us about his main hobby - music. His name emphasizes his simplicity and his own character.

Grisha Razlyulyaev

• Grisha has, perhaps, the most unflattering surname in the entire comedy. His last name suggests that he loves to chat, but his chatter is empty, there is nothing behind it - no meaning, no readiness for action.

Contemporary literature. I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov. Corypheas. SENTIMENTALISM. Russian classicism. V.G. Rasputin “Money for Maria.” D.I. Fonvizin. D.I. Fonvizin - “the brave ruler of satire”, “friend of freedom”. M.Yu. Lermontov. G.R. Derzhavin. Classic of the 20th century. V.A. Zhukovsky. V.P. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”. Muse of revenge and sadness. "Hero of our time." N.V.Gogol. A.V. Vampilov “The Eldest Son”. The purpose of the lesson: to develop interest in fiction.

“S.P. Sysoy” - “About love, fate and eternity, The theme of the Second World War in the works of S.P. Sysoy. The bird cherry blossoms. And again centuries will rush over the Universe. And the smell of blood, the smell of pain Mixed with the smells of roses.” My prayers and my love." S. Sysoy. Chapter I. Semyon Prokhorovich Sysoy (1938 - 1998). But no one was out of action, not a single one, Not one remained in the bushes. Chapter II. The Fatherland remembers by name. June forty-first.

“The Lyceum Life of Pushkin” - on December 14 I was on Senate Square. Y. Tynyanov “Pushkin”, 1983. Lyceum years. Close friend of Pushkin. Fate for eternal separation, Perhaps gave birth to us! Malinovsky Ivan Nickname Cossack. And Kunitsyn greeted us with a greeting among the royal guests. Delvig visited Mikhailovskoye in April 1825. Nicknames: Big Zhanot, Ivan the Great. Nickname - Kyukhlya. Minister. Friend of Pushkin.

“Griboyedov’s Literature Lesson” - Attitude to freedom of judgment. Exposition and the beginning of a social conflict. Act 2, phenomenon 2. Chatsky touched Sophia’s nerves by speaking badly about Molchalin. What types of literature do you know? What examples of the horrors of serfdom does Chatsky give? Why doesn’t Chatsky understand that Sophia loves Molchalin? Characters necessary for the connection of stage action. Military service. What is comedy? Repetilov - from the word “repeat”. And who in Moscow hasn’t had their mouths shut at lunches, dinners and dances? What is the topic of the monologue? Declaring Chatsky crazy.

“Tolstoy Youth” - What do you think is the meaning of Tolstoy’s call: “Believe yourself”? On Holy Wednesday, a gray-haired monk, a confessor, comes to the house. Carelessness in studying bears fruit: Nikolai fails the first exam. After confession, Nikolai feels like a clean and new person. The health of the 82-year-old writer could not withstand the journey. By origin he belonged to the oldest aristocratic families in Russia. Question: Moral problems of the story.

“V.A. Zhukovsky’s ballad Svetlana” - Exposition Commencement Development of action Climax Resolution. A.S. Pushkin. The symbolic nature of space and time. Unforeseen intervention of supernatural, fatal forces. V.A. Zhukovsky ballad “Svetlana”. Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. Characteristic features of the ballad genre. Intense dramatic, mysterious or fantastic plot. The presence of a plot basis.