Artistic style of speech. expressive means of language. Fiction style

Artistic style is a special style of speech that has become widespread both in world fiction in general and in copywriting in particular. It is characterized by high emotionality, direct speech, a wealth of colors, epithets and metaphors, and is also designed to influence the reader’s imagination and act as a trigger for his fantasy. So, today we will detail and visually examples we are considering artistic style of texts and its application in copywriting.

Features of the artistic style

As mentioned above, the artistic style is most often used in fiction: novels, short stories, short stories, stories and other literary genres. This style is not characterized by value judgments, dryness and formality, which are also characteristic of styles. Instead, he is characterized by narration and the transfer of the smallest details in order to form in the reader’s imagination a filigree form of the conveyed thought.

In the context of copywriting, the artistic style has found a new embodiment in hypnotic texts, to which an entire section “” is dedicated on this blog. It is the elements of artistic style that allow texts to influence the limbic system of the reader’s brain and trigger the mechanisms necessary for the author, thanks to which sometimes a very interesting effect is achieved. For example, the reader cannot tear himself away from the novel or he experiences sexual attraction, as well as other reactions, which we will discuss in subsequent articles.

Elements of artistic style

Any literary text contains elements that are characteristic of its presentation style. The most characteristic artistic style is:

• Detailing
• Conveying the author's feelings and emotions
• Epithets
• Metaphors
• Comparisons
• Allegory
• Using elements from other styles
• Inversion

Let's look at all these elements in more detail and with examples.

1. Detail in literary text

The first thing that can be highlighted in all literary texts is the presence of details, and for almost everything.

Art Style Example #1

The lieutenant walked along the yellow construction sand, heated by the scorching afternoon sun. He was wet from the tips of his fingers to the tips of his hair, his whole body was covered with scratches from sharp barbed wire and ached from maddening pain, but he was alive and was heading towards the command headquarters, which was visible on the horizon about five hundred meters away.

2. Conveying the author’s feelings and emotions

Art Style Example #2

Varenka, such a sweet, good-natured and sympathetic girl, whose eyes always shone with kindness and warmth, with the calm look of a real demon, walked towards the Ugly Harry bar with a Thompson machine gun at the ready, ready to roll into the asphalt these vile, dirty, smelly and slippery types who dared stare at her charms and drool lustfully.

3. Epithets

Epithets are most typical for literary texts, since they are responsible for the richness of vocabulary. Epithets can be expressed by a noun, adjective, adverb or verb and are most often represented by groups of words, one or more of which complement the other.

Examples of epithets

Example of artistic style No. 3 (with epithets)

Yasha was just a small dirty trickster, who, nevertheless, had very great potential. Even in his pink childhood, he masterfully stole apples from Aunt Nyura, and not even twenty years had passed before, with the same dashing fuse, he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world, and managed to peel them so skillfully that neither the police nor There was no way Interpol could catch him red-handed.

4. Metaphors

Metaphors are words or expressions with a figurative meaning. Found widespread among the classics of Russian fiction.

Artistic Style Example #4 (Metaphors)

5. Comparisons

An artistic style would not be itself if it did not contain comparisons. This is one of those elements that add a special flavor to texts and form associative connections in the reader’s imagination.

Examples of comparisons

6. Allegory

Allegory is the representation of something abstract using a concrete image. It is used in many styles, but it is especially typical for artistic ones.

7. Using elements from other styles

Most often this aspect manifests itself in direct speech, when the author conveys the words of a particular character. In such cases, depending on the type, the character can use any of the speech styles, but the most popular in this case is conversational.

Art Style Example #5

The monk grabbed his staff and stood in the way of the intruder:

– Why did you come to our monastery? - he asked.
- What do you care, get out of the way! – the stranger snapped.
“Uuuu...” the monk drawled meaningfully. - Looks like you weren't taught any manners. Okay, I'm just in the mood today, let's teach you a few lessons.
- You got me, monk, hangard! – the uninvited guest hissed.
- My blood is starting to play! – the clergyman moaned with delight, “Please try not to disappoint me.”

With these words, both jumped out of their seats and grappled in a merciless fight.

8. Inversion

Inversion is the use of reverse word order to enhance certain fragments and give words a special stylistic coloring.

Inversion examples

conclusions

The artistic style of texts may contain all of the listed elements, or only some of them. Each performs a specific function, but they all serve the same purpose: to saturate the text and fill it with colors in order to maximally involve the reader in the conveyed atmosphere.

Masters of the artistic genre, whose masterpieces people read without stopping, use a number of hypnotic techniques, which will be discussed in more detail in subsequent articles. or email newsletter below, follow the blog on Twitter and you will never miss them.

Introduction

1. Literary and artistic style

2. Imagery as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness

3. Vocabulary with subject meaning as the basis for visualization

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the utterance, the situation and the goals of communication, several functional-style varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization of linguistic means in them.

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish between the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are contrasted with the style of informal speech - colloquial and everyday.

The literary and artistic style of speech stands apart in this classification, since the question of the legality of its isolation into a separate functional style has not yet been resolved, since it has rather blurred boundaries and can use the linguistic means of all other styles. The specificity of this style is also the presence in it of various visual and expressive means to convey a special property - imagery.

1. Literary and artistic style

As we noted above, the question of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is resolved ambiguously: some researchers (V.V. Vinogradov, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Kozhina, A. N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin) include a special artistic style in the system of functional styles, others (L.Yu. Maksimov, K.A. Panfilov, M.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, V.D. Bondaletov) believe that there is no reason for this. The following are given as arguments against distinguishing the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, open-ended, and does not have specific features that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.

It seems to us that the opinion of M.N. is very legitimate. Kozhina that “extending artistic speech beyond functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of language. If we remove artistic speech from the list of functional styles, but assume that literary language exists in many functions, and this cannot be denied, then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such when it enters a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language.”

The main goal of the literary and artistic style is to master the world according to the laws of beauty, satisfy the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, and have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

It is used in literary works of various kinds and genres: stories, tales, novels, poems, poems, tragedies, comedies, etc.

The language of fiction, despite its stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author’s individuality is clearly manifested in it, is still distinguished by a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by a broad metaphorical nature, imagery of linguistic units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, polysemy, and different stylistic layers of vocabulary is observed. The artistic style (compared to other functional styles) has its own laws of word perception. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author’s goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given literary work it can acquire artistic ambiguity not recorded in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is assessed by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic:

The use of linguistic means in fiction is ultimately subordinated to the author's intention, the content of the work, the creation of an image and the impact through it on the addressee. Writers in their works proceed, first of all, from accurately conveying thoughts and feelings, truthfully revealing the spiritual world of the hero, and realistically recreating language and image. Not only the normative facts of language, but also deviations from general literary norms are subject to the author’s intention and the desire for artistic truth.

The breadth of literary speech covering the means of the national language is so great that it allows us to affirm the idea of ​​the fundamental potential possibility of including all existing linguistic means (though connected in a certain way) into the style of fiction.

The listed facts indicate that the style of fiction has a number of features that allow it to take its own special place in the system of functional styles of the Russian language.

2. Imagery as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness

Fineness and expressiveness are integral properties of an artistic and literary style, therefore we can conclude from this that imagery is a necessary element of this style. However, this concept is still much broader; most often in linguistic science the issue of imagery of a word is considered as a unit of language and speech, or, in other words, lexical imagery.

In this regard, imagery is considered as one of the connotative characteristics of a word, as the ability of a word to contain and reproduce in verbal communication the concrete sensory appearance (image) of an object, recorded in the minds of native speakers - a kind of visual or auditory representation.

In the work of N.A. Lukyanova “On semantics and types of expressive lexical units” contains a number of judgments about lexical imagery, which we fully share. Here are some of them (in our formulation):

1. Imagery is a semantic component that actualizes sensory associations (ideas) associated with a certain word, and through it with a specific object, phenomenon, called a given word.

2. Imagery can be motivated or unmotivated.

3. The linguistic (semantic) basis of motivated figurative expressive words is:

a) figurative associations that arise when comparing two ideas about real objects, phenomena - metaphorical imagery (boil - “to be in a state of strong indignation, anger”; dry - “to worry greatly, to care about someone, something”);

b) sound associations – (burn, grunt);

c) imagery of the internal form as a result of word-formation motivation (play up, star, shrink).

4. The linguistic basis of unmotivated imagery is created due to a number of factors: obscurity of the internal form of the word, individual figurative ideas, etc.

Thus, we can say that imagery is one of the most important structural and semantic properties of a word, which affects its semantics, valence, and emotional-expressive status. The processes of formation of verbal imagery are most directly and organically associated with the processes of metaphorization, that is, they serve as figurative and expressive means.

Imagery is “figurativeness and expressiveness,” that is, the functions of a linguistic unit in speech with the peculiarities of its structural organization and a certain environment, which reflects precisely the plane of expression.

The category of imagery, being a mandatory structural characteristic of each linguistic unit, covers all levels of reflection of the surrounding world. It is precisely because of this constant ability to potentially generate figurative dominants that it has become possible to talk about such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness.

They, in turn, are characterized precisely by the ability to create (or actualize linguistic figurative dominants) sensory images, their special representation and saturation with associations in consciousness. The true function of imagery is revealed only when turning to a real objective action - speech. Consequently, the reason for such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness lies in the system of language and can be detected at any of its levels, and this reason is imagery - a special inseparable structural characteristic of a linguistic unit, while the objectivity of the reflection of the representation and the activity of its construction can be studied only at the level of the functional implementation of a language unit. In particular, this can be vocabulary with a specific subject meaning, as the main means of representation.

In school literature lessons, we all studied speech styles at one time or another. However, few people remember anything on this issue. We invite you to refresh this topic together and remember what literary and artistic style of speech is.

What are speech styles

Before talking in more detail about the literary and artistic style of speech, you need to understand what it actually is - a style of speech. Let's briefly touch on this definition.

Speech style must be understood as special speech means that we use in a certain situation. These means of speech always have a special function, and therefore they are called functional styles. Another common name is language genres. In other words, this is a set of speech formulas - or even clichés - that are used in different cases (both orally and in writing) and do not coincide. This is a speech manner of behavior: at an official reception with high-ranking officials, we speak and behave this way, but when we meet with a group of friends somewhere in a garage, cinema, club, it is completely different.

There are five in total. We will briefly describe them below before proceeding in detail to the issue that interests us.

What are the types of speech styles?

As mentioned above, there are five styles of speech, but some believe that there is also a sixth - religious. In Soviet times, when all speech styles were distinguished, this issue was not studied for obvious reasons. Be that as it may, there are officially five functional styles. Let's look at them below.

Scientific style

It is used, of course, in science. Its authors and recipients are scientists and specialists in a specific field. Writing of this style can be found in scientific journals. This language genre is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, and abstract vocabulary.

Journalistic style

As you might guess, he lives in the media and is called upon to influence people. It is the people, the population, that are the addressee of this style, which is characterized by emotionality, brevity, the presence of commonly used phrases, and often the presence of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

As its name suggests, it is a communication style. This is a predominantly oral language genre; we need it for simple conversation, expression of emotions, and exchange of opinions. He is sometimes even characterized by vocabulary, expressiveness, lively dialogue, and colorfulness. It is in colloquial speech that facial expressions and gestures often appear along with words.

Formal business style

It is mainly a style of written speech and is used in an official setting to draw up documents - in the field of legislation, for example, or office work. With the help of this language genre, various laws, orders, acts and other papers of a similar nature are drawn up. It is easy to recognize him by his dryness, information content, accuracy, the presence of speech cliches, and lack of emotionality.

Finally, the fifth, literary and artistic style (or simply artistic) is the subject of interest of this material. So we’ll talk about it in more detail later.

Characteristics of literary and artistic style of speech

So, what is this - an artistic language genre? Based on its name, one can assume - and not be mistaken - that it is used in literature, specifically in fiction. This is true, this style is the language of literary texts, the language of Tolstoy and Gorky, Dostoevsky and Remarque, Hemingway and Pushkin... The main role and purpose of the literary and artistic style of speech is to influence the minds and consciousness of readers in such a way that they begin to reflect, so that an aftertaste remains even after reading the book, so that you want to think about it and return to it again and again. This genre is intended to convey to the reader the thoughts and feelings of the author, to help see what is happening in the work through the eyes of its creator, to be imbued with it, to live their lives together with the characters on the pages of the book.

The text of a literary and artistic style is also emotional, like the speech of its colloquial “brother,” but these are two different emotionalities. In colloquial speech, we free our soul, our brain with the help of emotions. When reading a book, we, on the contrary, are imbued with its emotionality, which acts here as a kind of aesthetic means. We will talk in more detail about those signs of a literary and artistic style of speech by which it is not at all difficult to recognize it, but for now we will briefly dwell on the enumeration of those literary genres that are characterized by the use of the above-mentioned style of speech.

What genres is it typical for?

The artistic language genre can be found in fable and ballad, ode and elegy, in story and novel, fairy tale and short story, in essay and story, epic and hymn, in song and sonnet, poem and epigram, in comedy and tragedy. So both Mikhail Lomonosov and Ivan Krylov can all equally serve as examples of literary and artistic style of speech, regardless of how different their works were.

A little about the functions of the artistic language genre

And although we have already stated above what the main task is for this style of speech, we will still present all three of its functions.

1. Impactful (and a strong impact on the reader is achieved with the help of a well-thought-out and written “strong” image).
2. Aesthetic (the word is not only a “carrier” of information, but also constructs an artistic image).
3. Communicative (the author expresses his thoughts and feelings - the reader perceives them).

Style features

The main stylistic features of the literary and artistic style of speech are as follows:

1. Using a large number of styles and mixing them. This is a sign of the author's style. Any author is free to use in his work as many linguistic means of different styles as he likes - colloquial, scientific, official and business: any. All these speech means used by the author in his book form a single author’s style, by which one can subsequently easily guess a particular writer. This is how Gorky can be easily distinguished from Bunin, Zoshchenko from Pasternak, and Chekhov from Leskov.

2. Using words that are ambiguous. With the help of this technique, hidden meaning is inserted into the narrative.

3. The use of various stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, allegories and the like.

4. Special syntactic constructions: often the order of words in a sentence is structured in such a way that it is difficult to express oneself using this method in oral speech. You can also easily recognize the author of the text by this feature.

Literary and artistic style is the most flexible and borrowing. It literally absorbs everything! You can find in it neologisms (newly formed words), archaisms, historicisms, swear words, and various argots (jargons of professional speech). And this is the fifth feature, the fifth distinctive feature of the above-mentioned language genre.

What else you need to know about artistic style

1. One should not think that the artistic language genre lives exclusively in written form. This is not true at all. In oral speech, this style also functions quite well - for example, in plays that were first written and are now read aloud. And even listening to oral speech, you can clearly imagine everything that happens in the work - thus, we can say that the literary and artistic style does not tell, but shows the story.

2. The above-mentioned language genre is perhaps the most free from any restrictions. Other styles have their own prohibitions, but in this case there is no need to talk about prohibitions - what restrictions can there be if the authors are even allowed to weave scientific terms into the fabric of their narrative. However, it is still not worth abusing other stylistic means and presenting everything as your own author’s style - the reader should be able to understand and understand what is before his eyes. An abundance of terms or complex constructions will make him get bored and turn the page without finishing reading.

3. When writing a work of art, you need to be very careful in choosing vocabulary and take into account what situation you are describing. If we are talking about a meeting between two officials from the administration, you can introduce a couple of speech cliches or other representatives of the official business style. However, if the story is about a beautiful summer morning in the forest, such expressions will be clearly inappropriate.

4. In any text of literary and artistic style of speech, three types of speech are used approximately equally - description, reasoning and narration (the latter, of course, occupies the largest part). Also, types of speech are used in approximately the same proportions in the texts of the above-mentioned language genre - be it a monologue, dialogue or polylogue (communication of several people).

5. An artistic image is created using all means of speech available to the author. In the nineteenth century, for example, the technique of using “speaking surnames” was very widespread (remember Denis Fonvizin with his “Minor” - Skotinin, Prostakov and so on, or Alexander Ostrovsky in “The Thunderstorm” - Kabanikh). This method made it possible, from the very first appearance of the character in front of the readers, to indicate what this hero is like. Currently, the use of this technique has been somewhat abandoned.

6. Every literary text also contains the so-called image of the author. This is either the image of the narrator or the image of the hero, a conventional image that emphasizes the non-identity of the “real” author with him. This image of the author actively takes part in everything that happens to the characters, comments on events, communicates with readers, expresses his own attitude to situations, and so on.

This is a characteristic of the literary and artistic style of speech, knowing which one can evaluate works of fiction from a completely different angle.

Art style In general, it differs from other functional styles in that while those, as a rule, are characterized by one general stylistic coloring, then in the artistic style there is a diverse range of stylistic colors of the linguistic means used. Artistic speech refers to the use of not only strictly literary, but also extra-literary means of language - vernacular, jargon, dialects, etc. In artistic speech, there is a broad and deep metaphoricality, imagery of units of different linguistic levels, the rich possibilities of synonymy, polysemy, and various stylistic layers of vocabulary. All means, including neutral ones, are called upon here to serve the expression of the system of images, the poetic thought of the artist. In a work of art, with a special creative use of the means of the national language, the aesthetic function of the artistic style is expressed. The language of fiction also has a communicative function. The aesthetic and communicative function of an artistic style is associated with a special way of expressing thoughts, which significantly distinguishes this style from others

Noting that in artistic speech the language acts in an aesthetic function, we mean the use of the figurative capabilities of the language - the sound organization of speech, expressive and figurative means, the expressive and stylistic coloring of the word. The most expressive and emotionally charged linguistic units at all levels of the language system are widely used. Here there are not only means of verbal imagery and figurative use of grammatical forms, but also means with a stylistic connotation of solemnity or colloquialism, familiarity. Conversational means are widely used by writers to verbally characterize characters. At the same time, means are used to convey the diverse shades of intonation of live speech, in particular various types of expression of desire, motivation, command, request.

Particularly rich possibilities of expression lie in the use of various means of syntax. This is expressed in the use of all possible types of sentences, including one-part ones, distinguished by a variety of stylistic colors; in referring to inversions and other stylistic possibilities of word order, to the use of someone else's speech, especially improperly direct. Anaphora, epiphora, the use of periods and other means of poetic syntax - all this constitutes the active stylistic fund of artistic speech.

A feature of the artistic style is the “image of the author” (narrator) that appears in it - not as a direct reflection of the writer’s personality, but as its peculiar reincarnation. The selection of words, syntactic structures, and intonation pattern of a phrase serves to create a speech “image of the author” (or “image of the narrator”), which determines the entire tone of the narrative and the originality of the style of the work of art.

Artistic style is often contrasted with scientific style. This opposition is based on different types of thinking - scientific (using concepts) and artistic (using images). Different forms of knowledge and reflection of reality are expressed in the use of various linguistic means. Artistic speech is characterized by dynamism, which is manifested, in particular, in the high level of “verbalness” of speech. The frequency of verbs here is almost twice as high as in science (with a corresponding decrease in the number of nouns).

So, the features of the language of artistic style are:

Unity of communicative and aesthetic functions;

Multi-style;

Wide use of figurative and expressive means (tropes);

Manifestation of the author's creative individuality.

Tropic is a speech technique consisting in such a replacement of a utterance (word or phrase) by another, in which the replacing utterance, used in the meaning of the substituted one, denotes the latter and retains a semantic connection with it.

Expressions “a callous soul”, “peace is on the road, and not at the pier, not at an overnight stop, not at a temporary station or rest” contain trails.

Reading these expressions, we understand that "hard soul" means, firstly, a person with a soul, and not just a soul, and secondly, bread can be stale, therefore a stale soul is a soul that, like stale bread, has lost the ability to feel and empathize with other people.

The figurative meaning contains a connection between the word that is used and the word in place of or in the sense of which it is used, and this connection each time represents a specific intersection of the meanings of two or more words, which creates a special image an object of thought designated by a trope.

Tropes are often seen as decorations for speech that one could do without. A trope can be a means of artistic depiction and decoration of speech, as, for example, in F. Sollogub: “In metaphorical outfit speech poetic dressed.

But the trope is not only a means of artistic meaning. In prose speech, a trope is the most important tool for defining and expressing meaning.

A trope is related to a definition, but, unlike a definition, it is capable of expressing the shade of thought and creating the semantic capacity of speech.

Many words in the language that we are used to using without really thinking about their meaning have formed as tropes. We are speaking “electric current”, “the train has arrived”, “wet autumn”. In In all these expressions, words are used in a figurative sense, although we often do not imagine how we could replace them with words in their own meaning, because such words may not exist in the language.

The trails are divided into worn out general language (as "electric current", "railway") and speech (like “wet autumn”, “callous soul”), on the one hand, and copyright(How “the world is not at the pier”, “the line of understanding things”) - with another.

If we pay attention not only to the connection between the meanings of the replaced and the replacing words, but also to the way in which this connection is obtained, we will see the difference in the above expressions. Indeed, a closed and unfriendly person is like stale bread, line of understanding things like a line of thought.

Metaphor- a trope based on similarity, the sign of which characterizes the subject of thought: “And again the star dives in the light swell of the Neva waves” / F.I. Tyutchev/.

Metaphor is the most significant and commonly used trope, since the similarity relationship reveals a wide range of comparisons and images of objects that are not connected by obligatory relationships, therefore the area of ​​metaphorization is almost limitless and metaphors can be seen in almost any type of text, from poetry to documents.

Metonymy- a trope based on the contiguity relation. This is a word or expression that is used figuratively on the basis of an external or internal connection between two objects or phenomena. This connection could be:

Between content and containing: ...started drinking cup behind cup– a gray-haired mother in a chintz dress and her son(Dobychin); Drunk shop and ate diner Isaac(Genis); ...was on first-name terms with almost everything university (Kuprin);

Between an action and the instrument of that action: He doomed their villages and fields for a violent raid swords And fires (P.);

Between an object and the material from which the object is made: No. She silver- on gold ate(Gr.);

Between a populated area and the residents of that populated area: And all Moscow sleeps peacefully, / Forgetting the excitement of fear(P.); Nice sighs with relief after hard and sweet winter labors... And Nice dancing(Kuprin);

Between a place and the people in that place: All field gasped(P.); On every raid forest started shooting in the air(Simonov).

Synecdoche- a trope based on the relationship of genus and species, part and whole, singular and plural.

For example, a part-whole relation:

To inaccessible communities

I look at the whole clock, -

What dew and coolness

From there they pour noisily towards us!

Suddenly they brighten up like fire

Their immaculate snows:

According to them passes unnoticed

Heavenly angels leg...

F. I. Tyutchev.

Antonomasia- a trope based on the relationship between a name and a named quality or attribute: the use of a proper name in the sense of a quality or a collective image: “... a genius always remains for his people a living source of liberation, joy and love. It is the hearth on which, having broken through, the flame of the national spirit flared up. He is the leader who opens to his people direct access to freedom and divine contents - Prometheus, giving him heavenly fire, Atlant, carrying on his shoulders the spiritual sky of his people, Hercules, performing his exploits on his behalf” (I.A. Ilyin).

The names of the mythological characters Prometheus, Atlas, Hercules personify the spiritual content of a person’s personal feat.

Hyperbola- a trope consisting of a clearly implausible exaggeration of a quality or attribute. For example: “My Creator! deafened louder than any trumpet” (A.S. Griboyedov).

Litotes- a trope opposite to hyperbole and consisting in excessive understatement of a sign or quality. “Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no bigger than a thimble” (A.S. Griboyedov).

Metalepsis- a complex trope that is formed from another trope, that is, it consists of a double transfer of meaning. For example: “An unprecedented autumn built a high dome, There was an order for the clouds not to darken this dome. And people marveled: the September deadlines are passing, and where have the cold, humid days gone?” (A. A. Akhmatova).

Rhetorical figure- a reproducible method of verbal presentation of a thought, through which the rhetorician shows the audience his attitude to its content and significance.

There are two main types of rhetorical figures: selection shapes And figures of dialogism. Their difference is as follows: selection shapes– these are constructive schemes for presenting content, through which certain aspects of thought are compared or emphasized; figures of dialogism are an imitation of dialogical relationships in monologue speech, that is, the inclusion in the speaker’s speech of elements that are presented as an explicit or implied exchange of remarks between the rhetorician, the audience or a third party.

Selection shapes can be constructed by adding, significant omission, complete or partial repetition, modification, rearrangement or distribution of words, phrases or parts of a construction.

Additions and repetitions

An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and emphasizes some characteristic property or quality in them. The stylistic function of the epithet lies in its artistic expressiveness: Ships near the merry country(A. Blok).

An epithet can be obligatory or optional. An epithet is obligatory, which expresses an essential property or sign of an object and the elimination of which is impossible without losing the main meaning. An optional epithet is one that expresses an incidental quality or attribute and can be eliminated without losing the main content.

Pleonasm- excessive repeated use of a word or synonym, through which the shade of the meaning of the word or the author’s attitude to the designated object is clarified or emphasized. For example: “... we understand even our own face better when it is depicted consistently and successfully, at least in a good, skillful photograph, not to mention a beautiful watercolor or a talented canvas...” (K. N. Leontyev). The pleonasm “one’s own” enhances and emphasizes the meaning of the word being defined, and the pleonastic epithet “good, skillful photography” clarifies the meaning of the main epithet.

Synonymy- a figure consisting of expanding, clarifying and strengthening the meaning of a word by adding a number of its synonyms. For example: “It seems that a person met on Nevsky Prospect is less selfish than on Morskaya, Gorokhovaya, Liteinaya, Meshchanskaya and other streets, where greed, self-interest, and need are expressed in those walking and flying in carriages and droshky” (N. V. Gogol).

The words “greed”, “self-interest”, “need” are synonyms, each of which, however, has a special connotation and its own degree of intensity of meaning.

Accumulation (thickening)- a figure that consists of listing words denoting objects, actions, signs, properties, etc. in such a way that a single representation of the multiplicity or rapid succession of events is formed.

Let's go! Already the pillars of the outpost

Turn white; now on Tverskaya

The cart rushes over potholes.

The booths and women flash past,

Boys, benches, lanterns,

Palaces, gardens, monasteries,

Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,

Merchants, shacks, men,

Boulevards, towers, Cossacks,

Pharmacies, fashion stores,

Balconies, lions on the gates

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way for writers to express themselves, so it is typically used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays) texts written in advance are read. Historically, artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels).

An article about all speech styles -.

Have you assigned an essay or coursework on literature or other subjects? Now you don’t have to suffer yourself, but simply order the work. We recommend contacting >>here, they do it quickly and cheaply. Moreover, you can even bargain here
P.S.
By the way, they do homework there too 😉

The features of the artistic style are:

2. Language means are a way of conveying an artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonymies, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of linguistic means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subordinated to the implementation of the creative concept. These combinations gradually create what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are selected in such a way that with their help not only “to draw” images, but also to put hidden meaning into them.

6. The information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of artistic style is to convey the author’s emotions, to create a mood and emotional state in the reader.

Artistic style: case study

Let's look at the example of the features of the style being analyzed.

Excerpt from the article:

The war disfigured Borovoe. Interspersed with the surviving huts stood charred stoves, like monuments to the people's grief. Gate posts were sticking out. The barn gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away.

There were gardens, but now stumps are like rotten teeth. Only here and there were two or three teenage apple trees nestled.

The village was deserted.

When the one-armed Fedor returned home, his mother was alive. She grew old, grew thin, and had more gray hair. She sat me down at the table, but there was nothing to treat her with. Fyodor had his own, a soldier's. At the table, the mother said: everyone was robbed, damned skinners! We hid pigs and chickens wherever we wanted. Can you really save it? He makes noise and threatens, give him the chicken, even if it’s the last one. Out of fright, they gave away the last one. So I have nothing left. Oh, that was bad! The village was ruined by the damned fascist! You can see for yourself what’s left... more than half of the yards were burned down. The people fled where: some to the rear, some to join the partisans. How many girls were stolen! So our Frosya was taken away...

For a day or two, Fyodor looked around. Our people from Borovsk began to return. They hung a piece of plywood on an empty hut, and on it there were lopsided letters with soot on oil - there was no paint - “The board of the collective farm “Red Dawn” - and off and on! Down and Out trouble started.

The style of this text, as we have already said, is artistic.

His features in this passage:

1. Borrowing and applying vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( as monuments of people's grief, fascists, partisans, collective farm rule, the beginning of a daring misfortune).
2. The use of visual and expressive means ( hijacked, damned skinners, really), the semantic ambiguity of words is actively used ( the war disfigured Borovoe, the barn gaped with a huge hole).
3. They've robbed everyone, you damn skinners! We hid pigs and chickens wherever we wanted. Can you really save it? He makes noise and threatens, give him the chicken, even if it’s the last one. Oh, that was bad!).
4. There were gardens, but now stumps are like rotten teeth; She sat me down at the table, but there was nothing to treat her with; on oil - there was no paint).
5. The syntactic structures of a literary text reflect, first of all, the flow of the author’s impressions, figurative and emotional ( Interspersed with the surviving huts stood charred stoves, like monuments to the people's grief. The barn gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away; There were gardens, but now stumps are like rotten teeth).
6. The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian language ( stumps are like rotten teeth; charred stoves stood like monuments to the people's grief; two or three teenage apple trees nestled).
7. The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the imagery of the style being analyzed: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of a wide sphere of use ( grew old, emaciated, burned, in letters, girls).

Thus, the artistic style does not so much tell as it shows - it helps to feel the situation, to visit the places that the narrator is talking about. Of course, there is also a certain “imposition” of the author’s experiences, but it also creates a mood and conveys sensations.

The artistic style is one of the most “borrowing” and flexible: writers, firstly, actively use language of other styles, and secondly, they successfully combine artistic imagery, for example, with explanations of scientific facts, concepts or phenomena.

Scientific and artistic style: case study

Let's look at an example of the interaction of two styles - artistic and scientific.

Excerpt from the article:

The youth of our country loves forests and parks. And this love is fruitful, active. It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests. One day, at a meeting, even splinters of wood appeared on the presidium table. Some villain cut down an apple tree growing alone on the river bank. Like a beacon, she stood on the steep mountain. They got used to her, like the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born. They called it "Green Patrol". There was no mercy for the poachers, and they began to retreat.

N. Korotaev

Features of the scientific style:

1. Terminology ( presidium, laying forest belts, Krutoyar, poachers).
2. The presence in a series of nouns of words denoting the concept of a sign or state ( bookmark, security).
3. Quantitative predominance of nouns and adjectives in the text over verbs ( This love is fruitful, active; in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests).
4. Use of verbal phrases and words ( bookmark, protection, mercy, meeting).
5. Verbs in the present tense, which have a “timeless”, indicative meaning in the text, with weakened lexical and grammatical meanings of time, person, number ( loves, expresses);
6. A large volume of sentences, their impersonal nature in combination with passive constructions ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests).

Features of the artistic style:

1. Wide use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( presidium, laying forest belts, Krutoyar).
2. The use of various visual and expressive means ( this love is fruitful, in vigilant guard, evil), active use of the verbal polysemy of the word (the appearance of a house, “Green Patrol”).
3. Emotionality and expressiveness of the image ( They got used to her, like the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. On this day the group was born).
4. Manifestation of the author's creative individuality - author's style ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests. Here: a combination of features of several styles).
5. Paying special attention to particular and seemingly random circumstances and situations, behind which one can see the typical and general ( Some villain cut down an apple tree... And now it was gone. On this day the conservation group was born).
6. The syntactic structure and corresponding structures in this passage reflect the flow of the author’s figurative and emotional perception ( Like a beacon, she stood on the steep mountain. And then she was gone).
7. The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian literary language ( this fruitful, active love, like a beacon, it stood, there was no mercy, growing alone).
8. The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the imagery of the style being analyzed: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of the widest distribution ( youth, evil, fruitful, active, appearance).

In terms of the variety of linguistic means, literary techniques and methods, the artistic style is perhaps the richest. And, unlike other styles, it has a minimum of restrictions - with proper depiction of images and an emotional mood, you can even write a literary text in scientific terms. But, of course, you shouldn’t abuse this.