Ivan Pastukhov became the first mayor of Izhevsk after the October coup. How the mayor of Izhevsk, Ivan Pastukhov, saved the factory treasury from the White Guards Name in history

Likhobabin Ivan Dmitrievich Born on January 27, 1916 in the village of Shiryaevo, Voronezh province. He graduated from 7 classes, graduated from the workers' faculty as an external student and entered the Soviet Trade College, while simultaneously studying at the flying club. In 1940 he graduated from flight school. At the Likhobabin front since November 1941.

Ivan Dmitrievich Yakushkin

Ivan Dmitrievich Yakushkin (1793-1857) natural scientist, philosopher Man is a weak animal being at his birth and by his nature, thereby forced into the need to get closer to his own kind, in combination with them he acquires enormous strength,

Monument to the hero of the revolution and civil war, chairman of the Izhevsk City Council of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies

I.D. Pastukhov.

Monument to Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov, Bolshevik, chairman of the executive committee of the Izhevsk Soviet, deputy of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets and member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, who died at the hands of the white lament in 1918.

Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov was born in 1887 into a large and friendly working-class family, almost all of whose members actively participated in the revolutionary movement inIzhevsk. At the age of 13, he became an apprentice to a tool workshop turner. Having become acquainted with the views of the Social Democrats through his older brother Alexander, young Ivan Pastukhov joined the party in 1905. He was arrested twice (in 1910 and 1911). Having lost the right to work at a state-owned plant, he was forced to leave Izhevsk. Pursued by the royal guards, Ivan Dmitrievich was unable to settle for long either in the Ural city of Nadezhdinsk or in distant Vladivostok.

In 1913 year he is already in St. Petersburg. He moves from one factory to another, participates in collecting funds for the party press, writes correspondence to the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda. July 11, 1914 - new arrest. Gloomy loner of the St. Petersburg prison "Crosses". From here, after three months of imprisonment, he was deported in stages to the village of Kolmogorovo, Yenisei province. In March 1917, Ivan Dmitrievich returned to his hometown, where he became one of the recognized leaders of the Izhevsk Bolsheviks, and from March 1918 - chairman of the executive committee of the Izhevsk Council. It was in this post that he died during the White Guard - Socialist Revolutionary rebellion; he managed to take about 13 million rubles from the factory treasury in gold, silver and banknotes and hide it all in the area of ​​​​the Vavozh forest. The victorious rebels could not force him to reveal the secret of the treasure and executed him, buried him half-dead in a vacant lot between the Trinity Cemetery and the village of Russkaya Karlutka. The fate of the treasure is still unclear.

At the opening of the monument, those present saw an unfamiliar elderly man on the podium next to well-known people in the city. This was the author of the monument, Moscow sculptor Ivan Semenovich Efimov.

A representative of the older generation of masters of Soviet fine art, a student of Valentin Serov, I. S. Efimov (1878 - 1959) was a talented sculptor and graphic artist. Fifteen of his best works are exhibited at the State Tretyakov Gallery and the Leningrad Russian Museum.

He received an order for the production of a design for a monument to I. D. Pastukhov in 1930. Having visited Izhevsk, he carefully studied documents about the life and work of his hero, talked with his associates and relatives, and peered closely at photographs.

Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov- worker of the Izhevsk arms factory, Bolshevik revolutionary, deputy of the Constituent Assembly, fighter for the establishment of Soviet power in the Urals, one of its leaders.

Biography

• On May 1, 1933, the grand opening of the monument to I. D. Pastukhov (sculptor I. S. Efimov) took place on the main square of Izhevsk (corner of Sovetskaya and Gorky streets). But in 1968 this monument was moved from the former central square to the intersection of the street. Krasnogeroiskaya and Kommunarov.
• In 1968, the remains of I. D. Pastukhov were transferred to Red Square to the mass grave of heroes of the Civil War.

Sources

• Barinova V. Ya. Some pages of the revolutionary activity of I. D. Pastukhov // Questions of history and culture of Udmurtia. Izhevsk, 1986
• Kulikov K. I. Ivan Pastukhov. Izhevsk, 1987.
• Sadakov M.A. Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov // They fought for the happiness of the people. Izhevsk, 1957.

Journalism

• Kulikov K.I. Ivan Pastukhov: documentary and artistic. story / K. I. Kulikov. - Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1987. - 252 p. : ill. - (Forever in people's memory).
• Sergeeva A.D. Family of a worker / A.D. Sergeeva. - Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1966. - 196 p. : photo
• Danilov V. Will the secret become apparent? / V. Danilov // Ferris wheel. - 2007. - December 12-18. (N 45). - P. 21: photo.
• Lambin E. Pastukhov's House: [about the Pastukhovs' house-museum] / E. G. Lambin // Udmurtskaya Pravda. - 2002. - July 16. - (Our history).
• Shumikhin V. Advice and blood / V. Shumikhin // Arguments and facts in Udmurtia. - 2007. - Nov. (N 48). - WITH.

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Excerpt characterizing Pastukhov, Ivan Dmitrievich

In Izhevsk, on Krasnogeroyskaya Street, not far from the third building of the Udmurt State University, there is a monument that attracts the attention of passers-by. A broad-shouldered man in a work blouse holds a rifle in his left hand, and his right is raised in an inviting gesture.

Previously, this monument stood in the city center, on the corner of Sovetskaya and Maxim Gorky streets, and every schoolchild knew the name of this hero. Unfortunately, now many townspeople, especially young people, know nothing about the person to whom this monument is dedicated.

How Izhevsk residents fought for an 8-hour working day

And this is our fellow countryman, hereditary Izhevsk gunsmith Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov.

He was born on November 24, 1887 in the family of Izhevsk worker Dmitry Danilovich Pastukhov. The Pastukhov family lived in a small house on the very shore of a pond.

Ivan graduated from primary school and a two-year college and at the age of 13 entered the Izhevsk Arms Plant, the same workshop where his father and older brother Alexander worked. Work at the factory was hard. The working day began at 4 am and lasted 12-14 hours. The workers had to endure the nagging of the masters; for any violation they were fined. Ivan Pastukhov began to think about the reasons for such harsh exploitation. He read a lot, trying to find answers to questions that worried him in books.

In 1905, Ivan learned that an organization of Social Democrats had appeared at the Izhevsk plant, which was fighting for the rights of workers. 17-year-old Ivan Pastukhov was one of the first to join the ranks of the RSDLP and took an active part in its activities.

But since 1906, the authorities began to brutally suppress the revolutionary sentiments of the workers, and the Social Democrats went underground. Working in such conditions required not only courage and conviction, but also constant adherence to secrecy measures.

Search in Pastukhov's house

The Pastukhovs' house became the center of underground work. Secret meetings of the RSDLP committee were held here. Hiding places were made in the basement and attic to store prohibited literature. The font for the underground printing house was stored in a well in the courtyard of the house. The police repeatedly searched the Pastukhovs' house, but could not find anything. In 1910, an secret police agent infiltrated the ranks of the Social Democrats and gave the police the location of the printing house.

On a cold October morning, the police arrived at the Pastukhovs’ house and immediately headed to the well. They quickly found a cache of typographical font. The police then began to search the house. They turned everything upside down, climbed into the attic and found newspapers hidden there. Ivan realized that someone had given away the hiding places in their house. This means that they could also find out about the cache in which the revolver was kept. And for possession of weapons there was a threat of exile to hard labor. It was urgent to pick up the revolver, but how to do it? All family members - father, mother, brothers and sisters - stood in the middle of the room and the police kept a watchful eye on them. Besides Ivan, sister Evgenia knew that there was a revolver hidden in the hiding place behind the washbasin. She stood unkempt, in hastily thrown on clothes. Ivan looked carefully at his sister and deliberately rudely said: “Why are you standing there so disheveled, go wash yourself and put things in order.” Evgenia understood what her brother was talking about. She went to the kitchen and began to wash herself. The police did not pay attention to this. Zhenya quickly put her hand behind the washbasin, took out a revolver and hid it in her bosom. The search lasted a long time; Zhenya was afraid that they would search her and find a revolver. But the police arrested the brothers Alexander and Ivan and left the house. So Evgenia managed to hide the revolver and save her brother from hard labor.

The “black list” led to Petrograd

Ivan Pastukhov and several other members of the RSDLP committee were sent to prison in Sarapul. The remaining comrades organized a fundraiser to hire experienced lawyers. A year later, a court hearing took place in the case of the Izhevsk Social Democrats. Almost all members of the organization were acquitted and released from prison.

But all the detainees were blacklisted, depriving them of the right to work in state-owned factories.

Therefore, Ivan Pastukhov had to leave Izhevsk. In search of work, he traveled through the Urals and Siberia, but he was constantly fired as “unreliable.” Then he left for Petrograd and entered the Putilov plant.

Finding himself at the center of the revolutionary movement, Ivan Pastukhov immediately became involved in the political struggle - he participated in strikes and rallies, and collected money for the striking workers of Baku. In July 1914, Ivan Pastukhov was arrested and spent three months in solitary confinement in the Kresty prison. There was no evidence against him, and he hoped for release.

But at this time the First World War began, and Ivan was sent into exile in Siberia for two years without trial. For more than three months, Ivan Pastukhov walked in shackles along the stage to the place of exile. In a letter to his sister Alexandra, he wrote: “Three months of stage life have frayed my nerves so much that in a normal life they would have lasted for ten years. How much deprivation, humiliation, trampling of your “I” into the dirt, and by whom!”

In January 1915, the grueling journey ended, and he arrived in the remote village of Kolmogorovo, Yenisei province. Despite the harsh living conditions, Ivan did not lose heart, read a lot, corresponded with his family.

Split in the ranks of the RSDLP

In February 1917, Ivan Dmitrievich, after six years of wandering, returned to Izhevsk and immediately found himself at the center of political struggle. In March 1917, the first legal meeting of Izhevsk Social Democrats took place, which included representatives of different factions. Ivan Pastukhov was elected a member of the Izhevsk Committee of the RSDLP. In two months, the number of the organization grew to 2,500 people. But soon a split arose in the party. The Mensheviks called for support for the Provisional Government and the continuation of the war. The Bolsheviks did not agree with this position.

On the initiative of Ivan Pastukhov, the Izhevsk Bolsheviks in May 1917 left the RSDLP and created an independent organization. Ivan Pastukhov enjoyed enormous authority among his comrades and became the leader of the Bolshevik committee. Thanks to the propaganda work carried out at the factories, the Bolsheviks managed to significantly increase the ranks of the party and strengthen their positions in the Soviet. 10 Bolsheviks were elected to the Council's executive committee of 22 people, one of whom was Ivan Pastukhov. The Bolshevik Vladimir Shumailov became the Chairman of the Council.

At the beginning of October, power in Izhevsk actually passed into the hands of the Soviet. By decision of the Izhevsk Council, the Red Guard was created. To equip it, the executive committee of the Council demanded that the head of the plant, Borisov, issue 500 rifles, 50 revolvers and 75,000 cartridges. Polovnik Borisov refused to hand over the weapon. Then, by decision of the executive committee of the Council, the head of the plant was arrested. With the help of the soldiers of the Izhevsk garrison, weapons were obtained from the warehouse and a detachment of the Red Guard was armed.

Ivan Pastukhov was sent as a delegate to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd. When filling out a questionnaire at the congress, the question “Is the Council’s high authority among the population?” he wrote: “The most authoritative power is only the Council. There is no government commissioner, and the chief of police is elected and replaced only by the Council.”

In Petrograd at this time the fate of the revolution was being decided. Ivan, along with other delegates, followed the progress of the struggle, greeted with jubilation the news of the removal of the Provisional Government and voted for the decision to transfer all power to the Soviets. Ivan Pastukhov listened with special attention to the speeches of V.I. Lenin.

After the end of the congress, Ivan Pastukhov hurried to Izhevsk to inform his comrades about the Bolshevik victory. But when he returned, he was surprised that everyone in Izhevsk knew about this, and power in the Council passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks peacefully.

A few days later a meeting of the Izhevsk Council took place. The hall was full, everyone wanted to listen to Pastukhov and find out the details of the events in Petrograd. Ivan spoke in detail about the decisions taken at the congress and about the impression Lenin made on him.

Then elections for the executive committee of the Council were held, and the deputies unanimously elected Ivan Pastukhov as chairman of the executive committee. Ivan was a little embarrassed. He was overwhelmed with joy that the Izhevsk workers trusted him to become the head of the new government. At the same time, he was worried whether he could live up to their expectations. Ivan Pastukhov thanked the deputies and assured that he would make every effort to organize the work of the Council. The Izhevsk Council managed to organize the uninterrupted operation of the Izhevsk factories.

But a deadly confrontation between different political forces began, leading to civil war. Izhevsk became a weapons arsenal for all participants in the hostilities. In December 1917, more than 5,000 rifles were sent from the Izhevsk plant to Red Guard units in many cities. And Ivan Pastukhov faced cruel trials and a tragic death. We'll talk about this next time.

Anna NIKITINA, relative of Ivan Pastukhov.

On May 1, 1933, a monument to Ivan Dmitrievich Pastukhov, the most famous of the Izhevsk revolutionaries, was solemnly unveiled in Izhevsk. His name is still well known among Izhevsk residents: in the city there is Pastukhov Street, a library named after him, and there is a family house-museum on the embankmentPastukhov - alas, now abandoned. The name is well known, but the details of Ivan Pastukhov’s life are now of interest only to historians. But the fate of this man is not only very fascinating, but also tragic.

The great-niece of Ivan Pastukhov told the Center newspaper about the story connected with his name. Tatyana Viktorovna Nikolaeva, who has been studying the life of her famous ancestor for many years.

It all started with a hiding place in a well

Brothers Alexander and Ivan Pastukhov were members of the committee of the Izhevsk organization of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party). In their house, meetings of Social Democrats were held, illegal literature and font for the printing press on which leaflets were printed were stored.

The caches were in the attic, under the porch of the house, in the well, says historian Rudolf Skobelkin. - The house was often searched. The police knew that the Pastukhov brothers were engaged in underground activities, but could not prove anything. In 1910, a provocateur from the secret police was introduced to the Izhevsk revolutionaries, who betrayed them all.

Pastukhov spent more than a year in prison in Sarapul, but was acquitted at trial.

After his release, Ivan was forced to leave Izhevsk. He returned home only in February 1917. A month later he was elected chairman of the Izhevsk Council of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies.

The sculptor Efimov captured Pastukhov at the moment when he calls on the Izhevsk Bolsheviks to go to the front - to defend Kazan with arms in hand. Photo from the collection of Sergei Zhilin.

Pastukhov entered the first Soviet government

On the night of October 25-26 (November 7-8), 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government in Petrograd. That same night, the meeting of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets opened - the same one at which Lenin proclaimed: “Peace to the peoples, land to the peasants, all power to the Soviets!”

Ivan Pastukhov attended this congress as a delegate from the Izhevsk Soviet and was elected one of the 100 members of the first Soviet government. Ivan returned to Izhevsk inspired. By this time, power here had already passed into the hands of the Council.

Under Pastukhov, Izhevsk received city status

In November 1918, Pastukhov was elected chairman of the Izhevsk executive committee, that is, he actually became the head of Izhevsk. He held this post until August 1918. Under him, in February 1918, by decision of the Council, Izhevsk was given city status.

While leading the Council, Pastukhov was involved in organizing the work of the plant, working to expand the production of weapons, forming a police force, and allocating funds for literacy training for children of poor families. At the same time, the position of Soviet power in Izhevsk was tense: there was not enough food, unemployment was growing, and wages were falling.

A memorial plaque on the facade of the building on Sovetskaya, 1, where Pastukhov once worked. The inscription on it reads: “Here on October 27 (November 9), 1917, the decision of the Council of Workers’ Deputies proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power in Izhevsk.”

Ordered the removal of the factory treasury from Izhevsk

In August 1918, the Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising began, organized by white officers and Socialist-Revolutionary maximalists,” says Tatyana Nikolaeva. - The country was at war, the Redsfought with the whites, while simultaneously fighting off foreign invaders. The White Czechs and White Guards were advancing on Kazan. The Izhevsk Bolsheviks went to help the defenders. Only a few dozen Bolsheviks remained in Izhevsk.

The rebels took advantage of this and, after the capture of Kazan by the Whites, decided to take power in Izhevsk.

The anti-Bolshevik uprising in Izhevsk began on the morning of August 8, 1918. At 9 o'clock in the morning, a crowd of rebels - and there were several thousand of them in the city - headed to the factory warehouse where the rifles were stored. Armed, they began to advance on the Dam and Long Bridge Council building. The Bolsheviks defended themselves, but the advantage was on the side of the rebels. The Reds had to retreat, and by evening Izhevsk was under the control of the Whites.

Shortly before the uprising, money was sent from the capital to pay workers' salaries. In total, the factory treasury contained about 30 million rubles - mostly in thousandth banknotes.

Realizing that the rebels were about to capture Izhevsk, Ivan Pastukhov decided to hide the treasury.

The Bolsheviks managed to take 12 million rubles in bags out of the city on two carts, the rest the money remained in the treasury and went to the rebels,” says Tatyana Viktorovna. - Ivan Pastukhov himself did not take out the money - he entrusted this to his party comrades. Therefore, he did not know where exactly they were hidden.

Hiding from the whites on Volozhka

Ivan Pastukhov covered the retreat of his comrades, and by morning he reached home, and his brother Alyosha took him by boat to Volozhka. They agreed that the brother would come the next day and talk about the situation in the city. But Alyosha was captured as soon as he returned home. He and his father were thrown into prison, beaten and demanded to say where he had taken Ivan. But Alyosha stood firm and insisted that I was fishing and doesn’t know anything.

A reward of 10 thousand rubles was placed on the head of Ivan Pastukhov - the whites posted leaflets around the city with signs of the former chairman of the executive committee.

Ivan, without waiting for Alyosha and having no information, three days later decided to sneak back to the city. The forester Melnikov, who was transporting Ivan to the other side, betrayed him, and Pastukhova arrested.

Died in agony, but never said anything

Pastukhov was thrown into prison, the whites tried by all means to find out where exactly the treasury was hidden.

Historian and writer Sergei Zhilin cites the memoirs of the Bolshevik Matvey Soshnikov, stored in the Central State Archives of Udmurtia: “He was imprisoned in the former house. Berezina and was subjected to complete violence and torture. First of all, he was deprived of normal nutrition, he was fed herring, and was deprived of drink. He was not allowed out of the cell anywhere.

Hardly Comrade. Pastukhov could ever sleep, because day and night they pestered him with obscenities, saying: “Give me the money, robber!” “Ivan answered: “I don’t know where the money is, but even if I knew, I still wouldn’t tell,” says Tatyana Viktorovna. - Then, at the trial, the rebels admitted: they decided to try the very last resort to loosen his tongue. They tied him up, put a bag over his head, brought him to the Trinity Cemetery (now in its place is the Zenit stadium) and began to bury him, waiting for confession. But he remained silent and ended up buried alive. The next night the whites returned and reburied the corpse to cover their tracks. Nothing was known about Pastukhov’s fate for more than 10 years, until in 1929 Matvey Soshnikov found an unregistered grave in the cemetery. Ivan was identified by his family.

Who hid the treasury from the whites and how?

In November, when the Red commander Vladimir Azin knocked out the rebels and Soviet power was re-established in Izhevsk, Ivan’s younger brother, Mikhail Pastukhov, returned to the city. He told where the missing treasury was hidden.

Mikhail was on one of the carts that left Izhevsk along the Vyatka tract. They hid the money in the forest near the village of Yakshur-Bodya. Moreover, for the first time, when the Bolsheviks had already buried the treasury, a peasant drove by on a cart, saw them and asked: “What are you guys doing there? Are you hiding money or something?” I had to hide it. At the same time, they allegedly forgot to dig out a can of silver coins, and later a rumor spread that some man at the wedding threw silver at the feet of the newlyweds. Maybe he found that same can.

After the liberation of Izhevsk in November 1918, Mikhail Pastukhov returned to the city the treasury is all 12 million. Documents about this are in the Central State Archives of the Uralsin the fund of the Military Revolutionary Committee of Izhevsk. This money went to pay salariesthe workers of the plant and the families of those who left with the Izhevsk division.

Dossier

From a worker to the head of Soviet Izhevsk

Born on November 24, 1887 in Izhevsk, in the family of a hereditary worker at an arms factory, Dmitry Danilovich Pastukhov. At the age of 13, he became an apprentice turner in a tool workshop at an arms factory. Through his older brother Alexander, he became acquainted with the ideology of the Social Democrats. At the age of 17 he joined the Izhevsk organization of the Social Democratic Labor Party.

He was arrested in 1910 and released a year later, prohibited from working at state-owned enterprises. In 1913 - again arrested and exiled to Siberia for 2 years. After the February Revolution of 1917 and the end of exile, he returned to Izhevsk and was elected chairman of the Izhevsk Council of Workers' Deputies, which took over control of the political and economic life of the plant and Izhevsk.

In November 1917, power in the city passed into the hands of the Council. 29-year-old Ivan Pastukhov was elected chairman of the executive committee of the Izhevsk Council - in fact, he became the head of Izhevsk. He died in September 1918 during the Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising.

What will happen to the Pastukhov family house?

Among all the objects in Izhevsk associated with the fate of the legendary Bolshevik, perhaps the saddest fate befell the Pastukhov House-Museum. In 1936, after the death of Ivan’s parents, a museum was opened in the house, where furniture, dishes and even curtains on the windows were preserved. In the 50s, the youngest of the Pastukhov brothers, Nikolai, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, gave excursions to the museum. In the 70s, during the reconstruction of the embankment, they wanted to demolish the house-museum, but then they managed to defend it. In the 90s, the museum was closed, the exhibits were taken to the funds of the National Museum of the Urals, and the house was rented out. In recent years it has been abandoned.

Now the republican authorities intend to move the Pastukhov family’s house to Ludorvai and open a museum there dedicated to the life of Izhevsk workers. The official reason for the transfer is “the lack of utilities in the area” and the proximity of groundwater.

In turn, activists concerned about the fate of Pastukhov’s house believe that it should stand in its historical place - on the embankment of Izhevsky Pond.

This is a piece of the history of Izhevsk,” emphasizes historian Pavel Dmitriev. - And it definitely needs to be preserved. This is the only monument of this kind, telling about the life of the arms factory workers, about how a typical Izhevsk family lived at the beginning of the last century. In addition, the house is officially recognized as a cultural heritage site.

What city objects were named after Pastukhov?

Pastukhova Street

The former Purengov Lane, named so even before the revolution after the name of the Izhevsk merchant Otto Pureng. Named in honor of Ivan Pastukhov by resolution of the Revolutionary Civil Council on December 13, 1918, less than six months after Pastukhov’s death.

Pastukhovskaya Square

The square paved with paving stones in front of the modern building of the Russian Drama Theater at the intersection of Gorky and Sovetskaya, where the monument stood until 1968, was previously called Pastukhovskaya and was considered central - rallies and ceremonial events were held here, May Day demonstrations started from here, and Izhevsk schoolchildren were accepted into pioneers.

Pastukhovsky district

It existed since 1934, when, by resolution of the Presidium of the Udmurt Regional Executive Committee in Izhevsk, three administrative districts were formed: Oktyabrsky, Nagovitsinsky and Pastukhovsky. Approximately corresponded to modern Pervomaisky. Abolished in 1960.

Library named after Pastukhov

In 1930, on Karlutskaya Square (now 50 Let Oktyabrya Square) in Izhevsk, on the 1st floor of one of the comfortable houses, a Red Corner was organized, at which there was a library of books collected by residents. On November 5, 1935, the Pastukhovsky District Council of Izhevsk decided to “close this club and set up a cultural library-reading room.” In 1937, the library was named after Pastukhov.