How to find a sentence with a separate agreed upon definition. Inconsistent definitions: examples. Agreed and non-agreed definition

I.V. KHAZANOVA,
Moscow

Separating agreed definitions

Materials for the online lesson

The editors promised to acquaint our readers with the life of the Internet, in particular, with Russian language lessons. Today we are publishing the first such lesson, prepared by I.V. Khazanova, an employee of NIIRO (Research Institute for Educational Development) and a teacher at Lyceum No. 525.
For now, we are providing a version of the online lesson. It is clear that it will be presented in a different form on the Internet, since this is an interactive lesson in which the next step is based on the answers to previous questions.

Definitions. Separate members of the proposal These are the secondary members that stand out in meaning and intonation. They contain an element of additional message, therefore they are logically emphasized and acquire some syntactic independence as part of a sentence. In writing, isolated members are separated by commas or dashes.

Agreed Definitions expressed by adjectives, participles and other agreeable words.

SEPARATION OF COMMON AGREED DEFINITIONS

The common consensus definition stands out in any position in relation to the word being defined, if it refers to personal pronoun .

She, supported by colleagues, spoke at the meeting.
Supported by colleaguesshe spoke at the meeting.

A common agreed upon definition referring to to noun, is isolated in position after defined word.

Painting, drawn by a famous artist, was in the museum.
Painted by a famous artistpainting was in the museum.

Consistent common and single definitions related to common and proper nouns are isolated if they are torn off from the word being defined, i.e. remotely located.

Right in front of the windows bright and persistent, threw rays to every passerby flashlight.
Narrow and transparent, appears in the sky month.

Test yourself

A. For the highlighted words, select common agreed definitions from the list; add commas where necessary.

1. Comments to the event... do not correspond to the truth. 2. He... I didn’t want to do anything myself. 3. ... boy asked for forgiveness from my parents. 4. Wall...looked strange. 5. Island... was now hiding in the fog. 6. Serves well for hunting gun... 7. ...he was always responsible for all the cool pranks. 8. ...she I hurried to tell my relatives everything.

Distributed in the press, delighted with the news, spoiled by the servants, red with shame, first on the list, painted with oil paint, located near the shore, tested over the years(gender, case, number can be changed).

B. Place punctuation marks. In what case is the definition not highlighted?

1. Tired of the windy light (1) he falls in love with a spontaneous, innocent girl with the love of his brother (P. Weil, A. Genis).
2. Finally, the procurator heard both the long-awaited steps and splashing on the stairs (2) leading to the upper platform of the garden (3) in front of the balcony (M. Bulgakov).
3. Between two marble lions, first a hooded head appeared, and then a completely wet man (4) in a cloak clinging to his body (5) (M. Bulgakov).
4. Shocked by all this (6), the accountant reached the secretarial room (7), which was the entrance to the office of the chairman of the commission, and here he was completely amazed (M. Bulgakov).

Answer: (4), (5), (6) .

SEPARATION OF NON-DISTRIBUTED AGREED DEFINITIONS

Single agreed definitions (one, two or more) are isolated in any position if they refer to a personal pronoun.
Two (or more) agreed upon definitions are separated if they come after a defined noun, which, as a rule, already has a definition.

1. After tedious roads, rocky, broken, dusty, everyone happily went to wash.
2. Excited, He scared us with his stories.
3. He, excited, scared us with his stories.
4. Bright, picturesquesunset it was already burning out.

Two (or more) agreed definitions are not separated if they appear before the noun being defined.

Test yourself

For the highlighted words, select definitions from the list; Place commas where necessary (gender, number, case can be changed).

1. His look eye... amazed everyone present. 2. ... it stood out among the green young trees. 3. Babushkin cup... caught our attention. 4. River...was captured in his landscape.

Deep, calm, majestic;.

tall, narrow, patterned; old, rotten, rotten; cheerful, mischievous, laughing

Agreed definitions placed before the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.

1. What additional meaning do these agreed upon definitions have?, Ivan almost threw up his hands at the woman’s swagger and silently pointed his finger at his pajamas made of a crimson flannelette (M. Bulgakov).
2. Cheerful and cheerful by nature, the boy never communicated with his peers, but only with his older comrades.
3. Tired of pessimistic observations and heat, the commissioner returned to the ship dejected.

1 – conditions, 2 – concessions, 3 – reasons.

Test yourself

Choose among the examples those that correspond to this rule and add commas.

1. She looks: forgotten in the hall / The billiard cue was resting (A. Pushkin).
2. The Swedish dynasty, founded by a glorious warrior, is one of the most glorious in the world.
3. I came two weeks later and was received by some girl with her eyes slanted towards her nose from constant lies. (M. Bulgakov).
4. Grinev, alien to the art of war, did not suspect that the fate of the campaign was being decided at that moment.
5. The guests, alarmed by these rumors, decided to leave immediately.
6. Exhausted by long idleness behind the mirrored doors of the entrance, the doorman put his whole soul into whistling... (M. Bulgakov).

Answer options:

1, 3, 4, 6;
1, 2, 5;
2, 4, 5, 6 .

This lesson examines cases of separating agreed definitions. They are found more often than others in students’ written work, and it makes sense to study this material first. Independent work on analyzing sentences and formulating conditions for isolation helps to better understand and assimilate the material. To consolidate the material, it is advisable to invite students to make sentences based on the given examples.
The theory of isolated members of a sentence was developed by A.M. Peshkovsky. He also introduced the term itself into scientific use.

The scientist and teacher Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky (1878–1933) throughout his scientific career reflected on the interaction between science and school.

Main book of A.M. Peshkovsky “Russian syntax in scientific coverage” was first published in 1914 with the subtitle “Popular essay.

A manual for self-education and school.” This essay by A.M. Peshkovsky wrote after eight years of work as a teacher in Moscow gymnasiums, trying to introduce his students to the real scientific grammar of their native language. The book went through eight editions, the last one being published quite recently.

For the school A.M. Peshkovsky wrote a book in three parts, “Our Language,” where he tries to teach children to observe language. For example, it provides text without spaces between words.

The cold winter has passed and the sun has grown longer, the sun is shining brightly and the sparrows are chirping cheerfully.

Questions and tasks are given for the text, for example: why is the story more difficult to read than others; will it be understandable reading; how many breaks need to be made in the story; what happens to the voice before the break, etc.
The author tries to lead the student to a conclusion about the role of intonation in speech.
In this way, Peshkovsky involved students in an active process of research and discovery.

Mastery Resources

1. His face had an expression quite pleasant, but roguish.
2. A young officer came in with a face dark and perfectly ugly.
3. I was sitting immersed in deep thought.
4. The moon hangs in the clear evening sky full, visible through the branches of the maple (M. Bulgakov).

At first glance, these examples contradict the rules. In such positions, definitions should be isolated, but if we put commas, the semantic relationships between words will be destroyed. What means the face had an expression or officer with a face? Word face in such a context, it necessarily requires a definition - without it the result is absurd, therefore, in such cases it is impossible to separate the definition from the word being defined.
In the 3rd and 4th examples, the definitions are closely related in meaning to both the subject and the predicate, so we do not highlight them. So any rule must be used meaningfully, and not mechanically.

Preparing for the Unified State Exam

What numbers should be replaced by commas?

Illuminated by the light (1) incorrectly (2) and quiveringly burning (3), they seemed like a wild host of gnomes (4) surrounded by heavy (5) underground steam (6) in the darkness of the night (N. Gogol).

Answer options:

1, 2, 5, 6;
1, 3, 4, 5, 6;
1, 3, 4, 6;
3, 4.

Indicate a sentence with a punctuation error

(1) At the beginning of the 20th century, electric trams appeared in Russian cities.
(2) It is interesting that in the trams of those years the sound alarm was not electric, but manual. (3) During departure, the conductor of the trailer car pulled the rope that stretched to the bell mounted on the ceiling of the rear platform of the motor car. (4) The conductor of the motor car, hearing this signal, pulled his shorter rope, and the bell rang on the front platform. (5) Having heard him, the tram driver, in turn, pressed the bell with his foot, placed to the right of his seat, and only after all these chimes did the tram move off. (6) On the way, the carriage driver almost continuously rang his leg bell, warning oncoming horse-drawn transport and passers-by.
(7) Passengers standing in the carriage held on to soft leather loops attached to special sticks on both sides of the carriage (Ya.Rivosh).

Answer: 5.

Lesson summary

So, agreed common and non-common definitions are always separated if the word being defined is a personal pronoun.
If the word being defined is a noun, then the common definition that comes after it is always isolated.
Before a noun, the definition is isolated under the condition of an additional adverbial meaning.
Two (or more) agreed upon definitions are separated if they come after a defined noun, which usually already has a definition.

Lesson vocabulary

Punctuation
Punctuation marks
Dividing punctuation mark
Distinctive punctuation marks
Agreed Definition
Separate members of the sentence

Punctuation is a collection of rules for using punctuation marks.

Punctuation marks– a space, a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark, an ellipsis, a comma, a semicolon, a colon, a dash, and parentheses.

Dividing punctuation mark– single, separates sentence members and parts of a complex sentence.

Distinctive punctuation marks– paired, they highlight sentence members that are given special syntactic significance.

Distinctive punctuation marks can be single if the sentence begins or ends with separate members. Agreed Definition

- this is a definition in the same case, gender and number as the word being defined. The agreed definition can be expressed by a full adjective, participle, ordinal number, or pronoun-adjective.– those that stand out in meaning and intonation. They contain an element of additional message and are thus logically emphasized and acquire some syntactic independence as part of a sentence. In writing, isolated members are separated by commas or dashes.

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Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

§ 92. Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

1. As a rule, agreed common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined, are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence separated by commas on both sides), for example: Poplars , covered with dew, filled the air with a delicate aroma(Chekhov); Pale light , similar to slightly diluted blue water, flooded the eastern part of the horizon(Paustovsky).

Note. Agreed common definitions are not distinguished:

a) standing before the defined noun (if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning, see below, paragraph 6), for example: The detachment that left early in the morning had already covered four miles.(L. Tolstoy);

b) standing after the defined noun, if the latter in itself in a given sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined, for example: He could have heard things that were quite unpleasant for himself if Grushnitsky had guessed the truth(Lermontov) (the combination could hear things does not express the desired concept); Chernyshevsky created a highly original and extremely remarkable work(Pisarev); It was an unusually kind smile, wide and soft, like that of an awakened child.(Chekhov); Division is the inverse action of multiplication; We often do not notice things that are more significant;

c) connected in meaning and grammatically with both the subject and the predicate, for example: The moon rose very purple and gloomy, as if sick(Chekhov); Even the birch and rowan trees stood sleepy in the sultry languor that surrounded them.(Mamin-Sibiryak); The foliage comes out from under your feet, densely packed, gray(Prishvin); The sea at his feet lay silent and white from the cloudy sky(Paustovsky). Typically, such constructions are formed with verbs of movement and state, acting as a significant connective, for example: I returned home tired; In the evening, Ekaterina Dmitrievna came running from the Law Club excited and joyful(A.N. Tolstoy). If a verb of this type itself serves as a predicate, then the definition is isolated, for example: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles from me and left, very pleased with his victory(Turgenev);

d) expressed in a complex form of the comparative or superlative degree of the adjective, since such forms do not form a revolution and act as an indivisible member of the sentence, for example: The guest watched with a wariness much more convincing than the cordiality shown by the host; The author suggested a shorter option; The most urgent messages are published. Wed. (if there is turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters(L. Tolstoy).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words that come after an indefinite pronoun are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun, for example: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be looking for something resembling hope in mine.(Lermontov). But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition that follows it is less close and a pause is made when reading after the pronoun, then isolation is possible, for example: And someone, sweating and out of breath, runs from store to store...(V. Panova) (two single definitions are isolated, see below, paragraph 4).

3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them, but are closely adjacent to it, for example: All factual data published in the book were verified by the author; In this corner forgotten by people I rested all summer; Your handwritten lines were difficult to read. Wed: Everything laughing, cheerful, marked with the stamp of humor was little accessible to him(Korolenko); Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head(A.N. Tolstoy).

But if the attributive pronoun is substantivized or if the participial phrase has the character of clarification or explanation (see § 96, paragraph 3), then the definition is isolated, for example: All railway related still filled with the poetry of travel for me(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself before this , dear to me, a person...(Bitter).

Note. Often sentences with agreed upon definitions allow for variations in punctuation. Wed: That middle one plays better than the others (That- definition for a substantivized word average). - Vaughn the one in the middle plays better than others(substantivized word That- subject, with it a separate definition average ).

A common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun, for example: No one admitted to the Olympiad solved the last problem; These dishes cannot be compared to anything served under that name in the vaunted taverns.(although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more consistent single definitions appearing after the noun being defined are isolated if the latter is preceded by another definition, for example:... Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev);... Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are separated or not, depending on the author's intonation and semantic load, as well as their location (definitions that stand between the subject and the predicate are separated). Wed:

1) …I especially liked the eyes , big and sad e(Turgenev); And the Cossacks , both on foot and on horseback, acted on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother , sad and anxious, sat on a thick knot and was silent...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat beat a passionate and noble heart(Lermontov); I walked along a clean, smooth path, but didn’t follow(Yesenin); A lean and gray-haired man played a bow on the violin of an old gypsy(Marshak).

5. The agreed single (non-extended) definition is isolated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and can be equated in meaning to a subordinate clause, for example: The caretaker, sleepy, appeared at his cry.(Turgenev);

2) if it has an additional circumstantial meaning, for example: To a young man , in love, It’s impossible not to spill the beans, but I confessed everything to Rudin(Turgenev) (cf.: "if he's in love"); Lyubochka's veil is clinging again , and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the defined noun, for example: The eyes closed and , half-closed, smiled too(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning, for example: And about five minutes later it was raining heavily , cover (Chekhov).

Note. An isolated definition may refer to a noun that is absent in a given sentence, but perceived from the context, for example: Look - there , dark, runs through the steppe (Gorky). Wed. § 93, paragraph 7.

6. Consistent common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are distinguished if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary), for example: Accompanied by an officer the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of a cargo fist, At first Bulanin staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to our own devices children will be in a difficult situation; Wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nezhdanov looked wild and strange(Turgenev); Knowing real village life well, Bunin literally flew into a rage at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of mother's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Confused Mironov bowed to his back(Bitter).

7. A consistent common or single definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is located before or after the word being defined), for example: And again , cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope...(Sholokhov); R spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and pants were drying...(V. Panova); Over the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid (Fedin) (several separate definitions, often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions relating to the personal pronoun are isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition, for example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left A I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paustovsky); From him, jealous, locked in the room, you remember me, lazy one, with a kind word(Simonov).

Note. Definitions for personal pronouns are not separated:

b) if the definition is semantically and grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate (cf. above, paragraph 1, note “c”), for example: We left happy with our evening(Lermontov); He comes out of the back rooms completely upset...(Goncharov); We reached the hut soaking wet(Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the accusative case (such a construction, with a hint of obsolescence, can be replaced by a modern construction with the instrumental case), for example: I found him ready to hit the road(Pushkin) (cf. “found ready...”); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); Also: And when she's drunk, the police hit her on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns (usually with a preposition), are usually isolated in artistic speech if the meaning they express is emphasized, for example: Officers , in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded through the streets and boulevards(L. Tolstoy); Some fat woman , with sleeves rolled up and apron raised, stood in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five , without frock coats, in only vests, were playing…(Goncharov). But compare: Best man in top hat and white gloves out of breath, throws off his coat in front(Chekhov); In another photo, a wild boar flaunted over the carcass of a dead man with a mustache and slicked hair (Bogomolov).

In a neutral style of speech, there is a steady tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions, for example: teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets, permanent inhabitants of underground passages.

Note. Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined, for example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from dinner, alone(Turgenev).

Typically, such inconsistent definitions are isolated (the isolation of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is affected by their location):

c) if they refer to a proper name, for example: Sasha Berezhnova , in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of his head and a shawl, sat on the sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna never left my memory , with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes(A. N. Tolstoy); Light brown , with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed beautiful and extraordinary(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun, for example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy);… Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(Bitter);

c) if separated from the defined word by any other members of the sentence, for example: After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, where , in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common noun); On his ruddy face , with a straight large nose, the bluish ones shone strictly eyes (Gorky);

d) if they form a series of homogeneous members with preceding or subsequent separate agreed upon definitions, for example: I saw a man , wet, in rags, with a long beard (Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a lump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of the water, he was a funny figure(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed in).

Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of relationship, profession, position, etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message, for example: Grandfather , in grandma's jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(Bitter); Headman , in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, Noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L. Tolstoy).

Isolating an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject, for example. Women , with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(Turgenev); Painter , drunk, drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter). Wed. Also:… It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the whole yard , with buildings, rose and walked silently to the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, combination with buildings would not play the role of definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a phrase with the comparative form of an adjective, are separated if the defined noun is usually preceded by an agreed definition, for example: Force , stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev); Short beard , slightly darker hair, slightly shaded lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room , almost twice as much, was called the hall...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, for example: But at other times there was no more active person than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, in front of which words can be placed without prejudice to the meaning "namely", For example:… I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful - to shine and die(Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides, for example:... Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for themselves, for their loved ones(Ketlinskaya). But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted, for example: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).