How to identify the modifier and complement in a sentence. Secondary members of the sentence

Subject- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the bearer of a sign (action, state, characteristic), called the predicate. The subject can be expressed by the nominative case of the name, pronoun, or infinitive.

Answers the question who? What. Factory works. I I'm doing. Somebody sings. Seven 1st is not expected. Smoking harmful.

Predicate- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting a feature (action, state, property) attributed to the carrier, which is expressed by the subject. The predicate is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb, infinitive, noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, phrase. Answers the questions: what is he doing (did, will do)? Which. He is reading. Live - means to fight. Sister doctor. Son tall. Weather warm. She warmer. than yesterday. This book yours. This lesson third. Study Interesting. Studies plays a big role. Daughter becomes an adult And wants to be a doctor.

Definition- this is a minor member of the sentence, answering the questions what? whose? which? Definitions are divided into:

Agreed Definitions. They agree with the defined member in the form (case, number and gender in singular), expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers, pronouns: Large trees grow near paternal house. IN our no class lagging behind students. He decides this task second hour.

Inconsistent definitions. Does not agree with the defined member in the form. Expressed by nouns in indirect cases, comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, infinitive: The leaves rustled birch trees. He liked the evenings at grandma's house. Choose fabric more fun with a picture. They gave me eggs for breakfast soft-boiled. They were united by desire see you .

Application– this is a definition (usually agreed upon) expressed by a noun (one or with dependent words): city- hero. students- Uzbeks; We met Arkhip- blacksmith. She, darling. I almost died of fear. The doctor appeared small man. Applications expressed by nicknames, conventional names, placed in quotation marks or attached using words by name are not consistent in form with the word being defined. by last name. In the newspaper "TVNZ" interesting report. He reads about Richard Lion Heart. I went hunting with a husky nicknamed Red.

Addition– this is a minor member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases (whom? what? to whom? to what? what? by whom? what? about whom? about what?). Expressed by nouns, pronouns in indirect cases or noun phrases: Father developed he has an interest in sports. Mother sent brothers and sisters for bread.

Circumstance- this is a minor member of a sentence, expressing a characteristic of an action, state, property and answering the questions how? how? Where? Where? where? Why? For what? etc. Expressed by adverbs, nouns in indirect cases, participles, infinitives, phraseological units: It's loud in the distance the woodpecker knocked. The song sounds everything is quieter. She said smiling. He left from Moscow to Kyiv. Can't work carelessly.

Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are the main or minor members of the sentence, performing the same syntactic function (i.e. being the same members of the sentence: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances), answering the same question and pronounced with the intonation of enumeration: All the road neither he nor I didn't talk. We sang and danced. Cheerful, joyful, happy laughter filled the room. Tell about ambushes, about battles, about campaigns. She long, confused, but joyfully shook his hand. Homogeneous definitions must be distinguished from heterogeneous ones, which characterize an object from different sides: in this case, there is no intonation of enumeration and it is impossible to insert coordinating conjunctions: Buried in the ground round hewn oak column.

Introductory words and sentences- words and sentences equivalent to a word, occupying an independent position in a sentence, expressing different aspects of the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech: certainly, probably, apparently, of course, or rather, more precisely, roughly speaking, in one word, for example, by the way, imagine, I think, as they say, it would seem, if I’m not mistaken, you can imagine, etc.

Plug-in structures– words, phrases and sentences containing additional comments, clarifications, amendments and clarifications; Unlike introductory words and sentences, they do not contain an indication of the source of the message and the speaker’s attitude towards it. Sentences are usually highlighted with parentheses or dashes: On a hot summer morning (this was at the beginning of July) we went for berries. Soldiers – there were three of them - They ate without paying attention to me. I did not understand (now I understand). how cruel I was to her.

Applications are usually considered as a type of definition.

Secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis you can ask a question to a minor member, from this minor member to another, etc.

The frightened face of a young girl peeked out from behind the trees.(Turgenev).

Grammar basis - face peeked out. From the subject you can ask questions to two words: face(which?) scared; face(whose?) girls. From definition girls you can ask a question about one word girls(Which?) young. Predicate looked out associated with a noun with a preposition: looked out(where?) from behind the trees.

Thus, one sentence includes all the words that are somehow related to the grammatical basis. This is especially important when placing punctuation marks in a complex sentence. Commas (less often other symbols) separate parts of a complex sentence from each other. Therefore, to check punctuation marks, you need to clearly understand where these boundaries are.

In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.(Turgenev).

To correctly place punctuation marks in this sentence, you need to:
a) highlight grammatical basics;
b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

There are two grammatical bases in this sentence:

1 - I'm convinced; 2 - we expected.

This means the proposal is complex.

The words associated with the first grammatical stem are: convinced(How?) finally; convinced(in what?) in need; convinced(When?) In the evening; in need(what?) separation. Therefore, the first sentence will look like: In the evening I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

The words associated with the second grammatical basis are: expected(whom?) Asya; expected(How?) silently. Bye is a temporary conjunction in a subordinate clause. Therefore, the second sentence will look like: while we silently waited for Asya, and it is located inside the main clause.

So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be placed as follows:
In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

But for the correct placement of punctuation marks, it is necessary not only to identify all the minor members of the sentence, but also to determine their specific type (definition, addition, circumstance), since each of the minor members has its own rules of isolation. Consequently, incorrect parsing of minor terms can lead to errors in punctuation.

Each of the minor members has its own system of questions.

Definition answers which questions? whose?
Red dress; happy boy.
Addition answers questions about indirect cases.
I saw a friend.
Circumstances answer questions with adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? and etc.
They waited in silence.

Note!

Several different questions can sometimes be asked of the same minor member. This happens especially often if the secondary member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun. You can always ask them a morphological question of the indirect case. But not always a noun or pronoun will be an addition. The syntax issue may be different.

For example, in combination girl's face You can ask a morphological question to a noun in the genitive case: face(whom?) girls. But noun girls in a sentence will be a definition, not an addition, because the syntactic question will be different: face(whose?) girls.

Applications are usually considered as a type of definition.

Secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis you can ask a question to a minor member, from this minor member to another, etc.

The frightened face of a young girl peeked out from behind the trees.(Turgenev).

In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.(Turgenev).

To correctly place punctuation marks in this sentence, you need to:
a) highlight grammatical basics;
b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

There are two grammatical bases in this sentence:

1 - I'm convinced; 2 - we expected.

This means the proposal is complex.

So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be placed as follows:
In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

Each of the minor members has its own system of questions.

Definition answers which questions? whose?
Red dress; happy boy.
Addition answers questions about indirect cases.
I saw a friend.
Circumstances answer questions with adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? and etc.
They waited in silence.

Note!

It all depends on the question. If you can ask a NOT case question (for example, not “from what?”, but “how?”) - it means a circumstance.
“On the trees” - strictly speaking, the definition, yes: “what kind of leaves? - (which) are on the trees.”

The circumstance indicates the image, method or time of action, that is circumstances, under which it occurs. An addition denotes an object or means of action. An adverb is expressed by an adverb or parts of speech close in meaning to it. The object is most often expressed by a noun or pronoun. Questions of indirect cases can be raised with the object. Questions addressed to circumstances depend on the way the adverbial meaning is expressed. (From the reference book)

In the phrases “from the river” and “in the trees,” their nouns are the objects of the prepositions “from” and “on.” Nouns governed by prepositions are the objects of those prepositions.

The verb “to fly” is perfect; in meaning it can be with an object (to fly into...) and without an object (A lot of dust flew in from the street. A hurricane hit). For this reason, “from the river” is not the object of the verb “to fly.” This verb does not require it in its meaning.

Is “from the river” the object of the noun “wind”? No. Wind is not a verbal noun. Verbal nouns sometimes have/require an object: surrendered the city -> surrendered the city.

So the phrase “from the river” is a circumstance that does not compensate for any semantic insufficiency of any other words. Neither the word “wind” nor the word “flew” require this phrase in meaning. It simply expresses the spatial, temporal or thematic frame of the event designated in the sentence “the wind blew”, its cause, condition, purpose, etc.

What "in the trees" is - a definition, a circumstance or an addition - depends on the semantic load, IMHO.

If the speaker of this phrase can move (The leaves on the trees have turned yellow. The leaves have turned yellow on the trees.), while maintaining the meaning of what was said, then this is a circumstance. This means that the leaves turned yellow while they were still on the branch, and not after they flew off.

If “leaves on the trees” is the semantic equivalent of the phrase “the leaves of the trees have turned yellow,” then “on the trees” is the definition of the noun “leaves,” just as “trees” is the definition of the noun “leaves” in the phrase “leaves of the trees.”

“On the trees” and “trees” is a definition, because even without it the word “leaves” has a full dictionary meaning. We are only clarifying what kind of leaves we are talking about - leaves of trees, bushes, grass, etc. “Leaves” does not need an addition, because it is not a verbal noun.

Of course, if it’s for a child, then the article in the link is too laconic and “technical”. The main question you are asking is how to distinguish an adverbial from an adjunct.

If the child has already learned to distinguish the subject and predicate, then the explanation is as follows:

The addition is necessary to understand the verb (predicate); without it, the meaning of the verb is incomprehensible. The object completes the verb. It is part of its meaning.

The kite flew into the chicken. “on a chicken” completes the meaning of the verb to fly. It is the object of the verb/predicate swooped down. "The car hit a bollard." It is impossible to say “The kite swooped down.” "The car hit." Need an addition.

If children are already learning prepositions, then an addition is needed to complete the meaning of the prepositional phrase: from [river], on [tree]. Nobody says, “The wind blew up,” “The leaves turned yellow,” “The car hit.”, “The kite hit.”

So, an addition completes one word, one part of a sentence. And this word controls the complement.

The circumstance only explains the whole sentence, the subject together with the predicate. The circumstance can be removed or placed anywhere in a sentence - at the beginning, middle, end. Doesn't matter. This will not spoil the sentence, the meaning of the event will remain clear: the wind blew, the leaves turned yellow.

An addition completes one word and is required. Without it, it won't be Russian. It is controlled by a verb or preposition, and comes after the verb or preposition.

The circumstance is optional, stands anywhere and characterizes the entire sentence, subject together with the predicate, EVENT. By itself, the subject with the predicate feels great even without mentioning the circumstances. The meaning of the event will be clear even without clarifying circumstances. The wind came. The leaves have turned yellow.

So in your examples, the phrases “from the river” and “in the trees” are circumstances. They can be removed or placed anywhere in a sentence and everything will still be in Russian and quite understandable.

But within these prepositional phrases, the nouns “river” and “trees” are the objects of the prepositions “from” and “to.” Without them, the prepositional phrase is incomplete and does not have full meaning. Check: The wind blew. The leaves have turned yellow.

When children are given tests, they are on some part of grammar, some subtopic.

To call both of your examples tests of complements, you need children to have already learned prepositional complements.

Otherwise, these tests teach children to isolate a circumstance, move it within a phrase, remove it from the phrase altogether, and see that the meaning of the event remains unchanged and completely understandable.

Please tell me how to analyze this proposal according to your scheme.
The cat is lying on a log, putting his paw in the water
On a log, in the water - is this a circumstance or an addition?
If you follow your advice, you cannot say: The cat is lying on the
It seems like the meaning is lost and this means an addition.
But if you ask the question, can’t a cat just lie not exactly on a log, but just lie down and just put his paw into nowhere, and not into the water? The question lies where? On a log. Dropped it where? In water.
What parts of the sentence are these words?

Sergey, when you analyze sentences, look for members of the sentence, then distinguish between levels of analysis. The members of a sentence can be individual words, phrases, or even clauses within a sentence.

- On a log, in water- is this a circumstance or an addition?
- Circumstances in both cases, Sergei.

They can either be removed completely or moved within the sentence.

The cat is lying with his paw down. In this case, “lowered his paw” will be understandable only in the context of a log, of course, or some other previous sentence. This is because the head can be lowered just like that, but the paws are already the lowest, they are lowered from a position above, from some surface to a lower surface.

On a log the cat is lying, in water lowered his paw in water lowered. This movement of phrases within a sentence definitively proves that we are dealing with circumstances. The object cannot be torn away from the verb; it always follows it with its tail, never goes in front of the verb.

Phraseson a log And in water- circumstances. They characterize the action taking place in a sentence. They are signs of action.
Words log And water- additions to prepositions on And V inside prepositional phrases. log- complement of preposition on, water- complement of preposition V. This is an analysis of the syntax within the circumstance, the internal syntax of the circumstance. Another level of analysis. It is clearly depicted like this.

Today, I will tell you about such a concept as “Minor members in a sentence.” I'll start with the minor members called "Supplement".

Addition in Russian

The addition is a minor member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases, as well as denoting the object to which this or that action is directed or connected. Sometimes denotes the action or state of an object.

Additions that denote the object of action are used with verbs or from nouns formed by them.

Complements that name an object are used with adjectives or with nouns formed from them.

Direct objects are objects that depend on a transitive verb and are used in the meaning of a noun or pronoun (and any other parts of speech that are expressed by a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition.

For example:

Build (what?) a building

Fix (what?) computer

Kiss (who?) mom

The direct object can also be formed using the genitive case in two cases:

1.When there is a negative particle “not” before a transitive verb

A.Eat soup do not eat soup

B. To earn money is not to earn money

2. Or when the action does not pass to the entire object, but only to part of it

For example

A. Buy bread buy bread

B.Drink milk drink milk

B. Add rice add rice

A direct object denotes an object to which an action is directed, which can create, appear or disappear during the action.

Circumstance in Russian: 7 types

A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes how and under what circumstances an action occurs.

There are 7 types of circumstances:

1. Time circumstance (indicates the time and date of the action)

A.Work from morning to evening

B.Leave late

2. Circumstance of place (indicates the place or direction of what is happening)

A.Move left

B.Live in the forest

3. Circumstance of measure and degree (indicates the weight, measure and degree of what is happening)

A. Shoot twice

B. Three hundred thirty-two kilograms

3. Circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner of performing the action)

A. Answer clearly

B. Live in peace

4. Circumstance of reason (indicates the reason for the action)

A. Not coming due to illness

B. Oversleep because of a movie

5. Circumstance of the goal (indicates the goal)

A. Go on vacation

B. Come to study

6. Circumstance of condition (indicates the condition of the action)

A.Can't come due to snowfall

B. Don't swim because of the cold

7. Circumstance of assignment (indicates the condition contrary to which the action is performed)

A. Ride against your will

V. Despite there is nothing to run first

Definition: agreed and inconsistent

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?

There are 2 types of definitions, consistent and inconsistent:

1. Agreed definitions - consistent with the word being defined in number, case, singular - and gender; expressed by an adjective, pronoun-adjective, participle, ordinal number.