Summary of direct educational activities in the preparatory group “Painting towels with Bashkir ornaments. “Bashkir ornament in a circle” presentation for a drawing lesson (middle group) on the topic Traditional objects of the Bashkir people

The very special place of ornament in the culture of traditional society can be judged by the activity of its use. It was used to decorate clothes (everyday, festive, ritual), women's jewelry, various items (household utensils and religious objects), housing, its decoration, weapons and armor, and horse harnesses.

Bashkir ornament is characterized by both geometric and curvilinear floral patterns. The form depends on the technique of execution. Geometric motifs are made using the technique of counted embroidery and weaving. Curvilinear-vegetal - using the technique of appliqué, embossing, silver notching, and the technique of free embroidery (tambour, or “oblique mesh”). Usually patterns were applied to wood, leather, metal, and linen. There are a variety of ornamentation techniques: wood carving and painting, embossing and leather carving, metal processing, applique, braided and embedded weaving, knitting, embroidery.

Literature:
Essays on the culture of the peoples of Bashkortostan. Comp. Benin V.L. Ufa, publishing house: Kitap, 1994.

Bashkir ornaments and patterns are an important component of material culture and at the same time one of the forms of spiritual creativity of the people of Bashkortostan. In this sense, folk art is the result of centuries of development: in ornamentation, in individual patterns, in colors, in their combination, folk craftsmen figuratively reflected the life of people and their understanding of the surrounding reality at different stages of history.

Ornament as a relationship between cultures

Major events in the history of the Bashkirs, certain turns in their fate have always or almost always found artistic reflection in art, including decorative art: in ornamentation, in execution techniques, in the development of new or extinction of existing types of creativity.

Bashkir ornament, technical techniques of ornamentation, colors, terminology of patterns are a concentrated reflection of the interweaving of the ethnic history of the Bashkir people. This concerns its origin, ethnic processes during the Middle Ages, ancient and modern cultural and historical interactions with neighboring peoples. Fine art, for a number of reasons, primarily due to the great stability of the ornament, more fully and vividly than many other types of material culture, bears traces of different eras and the interaction of different ethnic groups.

National ornaments and patterns can be found on almost all types of products made by the caring hands of folk craftsmen:

Carpet weaving

The ornament is especially clearly visible in carpet weaving. Patterned carpets were an obligatory part of a girl's dowry. Palas with striped patterns were distributed throughout southern Bashkiria and among the Bashkir population of the Kurgan region. In southwestern, western and partly central Bashkiria, in the basins and Ik, as well as in the middle and lower reaches of the Belaya River, mainly carpets with geometric patterns were woven.

Since the mid-20th century, in the south-west of the republic, plant motifs in the form of curls and branches with flowers, leaves, berries, apples, etc. have become widespread in the ornament of carpets. In fact, this is a new, modern stage in the evolution of ornaments and patterns on the territory of Bashkiria .

Striped carpets

Carpets with a striped pattern are woven in panels 20-22 cm wide. The longitudinally striped pattern is created with a base of dyed threads of sheep or goat wool. The pattern of the carpet is simple - it is longitudinal, jagged or smooth multi-color stripes. The very simple striped Bashkir pattern suggests that this is the most ancient type of carpet.

Carpets with geometric and floral patterns

They are sewn from two, sometimes three woven panels 40-60 cm wide and enclosed in a narrow border. The border is usually woven as a separate panel and with a pattern slightly different from the pattern of the central field. Sometimes such a carpet has no border at all.

The Bashkir carpet ornament is predominantly rectilinear, with clear figures. Its main elements are stepped multi-colored rhombuses, squares, eight-pointed stars and other figures that fill the ornamented field of the carpet in regular rows. They, in turn, are designed internally with the same, but smaller figures. Elements of ornament, if considered separately, are found in the ornamentation of many other peoples. However, in combination, in the overall composition, especially with well-chosen colors, they form that unique colorful pattern that gives the ornament a unique Bashkir national flavor.

In the case of a plant interpretation of a geometric pattern, the branches of a traditional rhombus take the shape of branches with leaves, and the eight-pointed star is interpreted as an eight-petaled flower.

Color spectrum

The Bashkir national ornament is varied in terms of color. The colors of the stripes are red, yellow, green, blue, light blue, violet and others in the deepest tones with the absolute predominance of madder color. In an effort not to repeat each other, weavers achieve significant variety in color. With the simplest composition and skillful selection and combination of colors, they achieve a very colorful ornament.

Patterned fabrics

Bashkir ornaments and patterns are still found on ceremonial national clothing. Fabrics made from plant fibers among the Bashkirs are distinguished by rich and rich patterns and a variety of decoration techniques. For sewing everyday clothes and everyday items, the so-called motley was made - colored canvas in a checkered or striped pattern. Festive and ritual clothing, objects decorating the home, were decorated with patterns of embedded or scoured textiles (woven fabric).

Women's shirts, aprons, women's and men's trousers were made from colorful fabric. Tablecloths, towels, napkins, curtains, various bags, etc. were also made from it. The checkered motley pattern is formed by the intersection of colored stripes. In the southern regions of Bashkiria and in the Trans-Urals, the motley is woven in large cells. The colors predominate in red, white and black. The national pattern of variegated fabrics in the northern regions is distinguished by small pattern cells and more variegated colors. Often checkered motley, intended for aprons, tablecloths and curtains, was and is decorated with brass patterns like medallion rosettes.

Types of ornament

Only decorative items for the home were decorated with embedded textile patterns: curtains, towels and tablecloths. The embedding technique was not used in clothing ornamentation. The simplest elements of the ornament made with bookmarks are massive stepped lines - this is a typical Bashkir ornament. The pattern of these lines becomes more complex; they, connecting with each other, form X-shaped, 3-shaped, diamond-shaped, 8-shaped figures and other more complex patterns. An eight-pointed star, a cross, a swastika, a rhombus with extended sides or with paired curls at the corners, and horn-shaped figures are very characteristic.

Embroidery

Traditionally, in Bashkiria, embroidery was even more important than patterned fabrics. This is explained by a simpler work technique, while more creative efforts can be made. Weaving required raw materials, and with the spread of ready-made fabrics, making your own became an anachronism. But embroidery is still in demand today. Bashkir patterns and ornaments are very diverse. The designs depend on the embroidery technique and the method of applying the rough image to the embroidered surface.

The main elements of the ornament are figures in the form of paired ram horns, S-shaped lines, which in various combinations give patterns in the form of the letter X, swastikas, or form highly stylized plant motifs. The Bashkir ornament is performed by embroidery on cloth, velvet, and less often on cotton fabric using silk, wool or cotton threads. Patterns on saddle cloths are usually embroidered on a red or green background, and on pouches and decorative ribbons there is also a black background, which gives the pattern greater brightness and ensures a clear sound of each color in the pattern. For the patterns themselves, colors are usually chosen in warm tones, but, as a rule, contrasting with the background. Red, yellow, green and very rarely blue and light blue are used most often. The favorite color red is often found on patterns with a red background.

Wood carving

Carving, ornaments on dishes and painting on wood were not as widespread among the Bashkirs as, for example, embroidery or weaving. The exception is architectural carving, which appeared everywhere in Bashkiria from the second half of the 19th century. Artistic wood carving became most widespread in the mountainous part of south-eastern Bashkiria, where the vast taiga forests of the Southern Urals are concentrated, providing a variety of raw materials for “wood production”.

The needs of subsistence farming and the presence of forests have long made it necessary and possible to manufacture various utensils and household items from wood. At the same time, among the Bashkirs, practicality and expediency were connected and closely intertwined with aesthetic tastes. By making household items, the Bashkirs sought to make them not only durable and easy to use, but also beautiful. It is no coincidence that the most striking and interesting ornament was on dishes and objects that were constantly used in everyday life. At the same time, in the manufacture of ladles for kumys, in the ornamentation of utensils, in the painting of wooden stands for chests, along with the national flavor developed over centuries, elements of patterns characteristic of ancient tribes that once participated in the ethnic formation of the Bashkir people are preserved.

Conclusion

The ornament of the Bashkir people is the same folklore. It is a product of the collective creativity of successive generations. Each pattern is the result of collective creativity, at the same time it is a product of the artistic imagination of an individual. Many masters not only make changes to the patterns they know, but also create new ones. In turn, the newly created patterns do not remain unchanged. Other artists polish them or, based on traditional patterns, create their own. Hence the variety and richness of forms that we observe in the folk ornamentation of Bashkiria.

2.2. The meaning of the symbols of the Bashkir ornament

Kuskar – a symbol of curled ram horns and a symbol of herbs. The improvisation of this symbol through additional spiral curls led to the formation of various ornamental patterns and many other variations.

One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is the solar sign - circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette.

E The heart-shaped element denotes hospitality.

The origin of the ornament and its ancient meaning are associated with the religious worldview of people who sought to appease evil spirits by decorating clothes and household items, protect themselves from them, or give themselves strength. Many of these elements are found among other peoples.

When decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, about their family, about the surrounding life, nature, so we can give another definition to ornament - it is the symbolic-graphic language of the people, expressing their feelings and concepts.

The ornament is characterized by geometric and floral elements, as well as curvilinear elements, patterns in the form of curls, spirals, and heart-shaped figures.

M It is possible to catch certain patterns in pattern creation and identify series of ornaments. The basis of the ornamental series is usually a composition of two, three, four curls. The root figure is placed on the “horizon line”, less often on the central vertical; it stands out in color. From it, the ornament is built up and to the sides, less often down. A pair of curls produced several traditional connections.

First of all, these are the options. horn-shaped motifs. Derived from one point, slightly spread to the sides, with curls facing downwards, the horns could be flat or steep. The horns with a wavy upper contour looked elegant. The horn-like image was overgrown with hooks and supplemented with leaves, finger-like projections, and petals.

«
Close to the described series patterns in which the horns touched with convex backs; the “legs” of the couscars spread to the sides gave balance to the figure.

The outlines of the peak definitely appeared in the “cuskar” compositions, the basis of which was lyre-like motifs - curls turned towards each other and lowered down from a point on the original line. The development of the pattern went upward - from a sharp protrusion and sloping side walls.

Integral figure, which S.I. Rudenko especially singled out medieval nomadic pastoralists for their pattern-making; it was divided into two parts and, essentially, consisted of two curls. Individual integrals and sockets were often placed on the frame covering of the saddle cloth.

Patterns were common, in the center of which was placed a shape similar to a capital letter "x". In some embroideries, intersecting integrals were visible in its outlines, while the background surface gave an image of opposing peaks.

A separate group includes vertically elongated rod-shaped figures with double-sided curls (elongated x). Overgrown with hooks, brackets, leaves, or bifurcating, the rod expanded, forming a rhombus in the middle. “Cuscar” ornaments, enriched with leaves and fan petals, approached plant ones. The drawing showed slender trees or lush bushes, garlands, and curved shoots.” 3

Common ornamental subjects were the sun, stars, and solar signs. Images of birds and animals in traditional patterns were rare. However, the names of many motifs were associated with a “zoological” theme: doe (camel neck), bure tabany (wolf footprint), karlugas kanata (swallow’s wings), kubelek (butterfly), teke mogozo (ram horns), kikrek (cockscomb) and other. The Bashkirs' belonging to the Muslim world is also reflected in the ornament. The embroidered pattern could be supplemented with texts of sayings and prayers in Arabic graphics. Sometimes a star and a crescent were embroidered on prayer rugs (namazlik), and on a tablecloth (kumgan), which was used during readings of the Koran at ceremonies, funerals, etc. Images of the mosque were found on the ends of woven towels.

Art.

Topic: “Bashkir ornament in a circle.”

Objectives: 1) to instill a love for the history of the past of the people; 2) improve skills in drawing Bashkir ornaments; 3) cultivate perseverance and accuracy.

Equipment: visualization of Bashkir costumes, samples of plant, animal, geometric elements, coat of arms of the Republic of Bashkortostan, concept: “ornament”, items for the silent game, illustration of different peoples, product made from plant elements, visualization of a Bashkir girl and boy, illustration of types of ornaments, visualization of structure of the ornament, illustration of symbols, clarity of the “Bashkir ornament in a circle”, diagram of the sequence of the image of the ornament, template, clarity with the name of the topic.

Download:

Preview:

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

"Bashkir ornament in a circle."

Goal: to introduce the decorative and applied arts of the Bashkir people.

Objectives of the lesson: 1) to instill a love for the history of the past people; 2) improve skills in drawing Bashkir ornaments; 3) cultivate perseverance and accuracy.

Equipment: Visualization of Bashkir costumes, samples of plant, animal, geometric elements, coat of arms of the Republic of Bashkortostan, concept: “ornament”, items for the “silent game”, illustration of different peoples, product made from plant elements, visibility of a Bashkir girl and boy, illustration of types of ornaments, clarity of the structure of the ornament, illustration of symbols, clarity of the “Bashkir ornament in a circle”, diagram of the sequence of the image of the ornament, template, clarity with the name of the topic.

Lesson type: decorative drawing.

Lesson structure: Organizational part Main part Practical part Final part

Organizational part Carrying out the “game of silence”

Main part The concept of “Ornament” is one of the elements of decorative and applied art, which is the decoration of household items, clothing, jewelry, and home decoration.

The folk decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs absorbed the cultural features of different eras and brought to us their best traditions, into which the people invested their understanding of beauty and the desire to create beauty.

The decorative and applied arts of the Bashkir people are diverse. The Bashkirs decorated household and household items, clothes, and shoes with patterns. While decorating their products, people talked about themselves, their family, the life around them, and nature.

Types of Bashkir ornaments: 1) plant-animal ornament; 2) geometric shapes; 3) zaomorphic.

Structure of the ornament: 1) ornament in the carpet; 2) ornament in a circle; 3) ornament in a rectangle and in a square.

The location of the ornament in the circle: 1) along the edge; 2) from the center with a gradual increase; 3) in the center along the edge.

Colors used for the ornament: RED YELLOW BLACK GREEN

Symbols: KUSKAR SNAKE CLAW-SHAPED ELEMENT DROPLET X-SHAPED HEART ELEMENT

Sequence of the image of the ornament in a circle.

The practical part is aimed at improving the skill of drawing Bashkir ornaments, developing perseverance and accuracy.

Final part Exhibition of children's works with analysis of drawings. - What did you do today? - What new did you learn? - What did you like about this job? - Where can these drawings be used?

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Summary of an integrated lesson with middle group children. Theme: "Acquaintance with the life of the Bashkir people." Application "Bashkir Palace".

Program content: - expand children's understanding of the life of the Bashkir people; - learn to decorate rugs with elements of Bashkir ornament; - strengthen the skill of gluing, master working with scissors...

Getting to know the Bashkir national ornament

To acquaint children with the Bashkir national costume, elements of ornament, traditions of the Bashkir people, to give children an idea that the Republic of Bashkortostan is located on...

Beauty is inherent in human nature itself. With it, a person strives to fill the world around him, to provide tools and objects accompanying him in everyday life. This area of ​​material culture is called decorative and applied arts.

The fine art of the Bashkirs was very diverse both in technique and in motives. For him, one of the most characteristic techniques was the appliqué technique and the motifs associated with it.

Bashkir ornament is being successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, shirts, blouses, napkins, and wooden utensils.

The ornament sewn with threads was of three types: chain stitch, satin stitch, with an oblique inclined stitch, and less often looped.

The origins of Bashkir decorative and applied art are lost in the depths of centuries. The needs of nomads for weapons and equipment, and farmers for tools, contributed to the widespread development of various folk crafts. This opened a wide path to the emergence of decorative and applied arts, which was embodied in weaving, embroidery, artistic and decorative processing of wood and metal, in the design of national costume and home decorations. Through all this, the Bashkirs expressed their attitude towards nature and the life of society.

In ancient times, all decorations of decorative and applied art played the role of talismans and amulets, protecting a person from the evil eye, from the influence of evil forces and spirits. Over time, people's ideas about the world have changed, and the purpose of jewelry has also changed. They gradually lost their original magical function and became simply objects of decoration.

Pre-revolutionary decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs was most often limited to the needs of the family. An important event in the life of the family was marriage. A large number of woven and embroidered items were prepared for the wedding:

• patterned sharshau (large curtains to divide the house into male and female halves);
• wedding suit for the girl and groom, towels, napkins, tablecloths, scarves.

During the preparation for the wedding, the girl’s creative abilities and her skills as an embroiderer and weaver were most fully revealed.

One of the varieties of decorative and applied art among the Bashkirs is knitting down shawls. This fishery was developed very well in the Abzelilovsky, Baymaksky, Beloretsky, Zianchurinsky, Kugarchinsky, Khaibullinsky districts, as well as in the Orenburg region. Thanks to the natural and climatic conditions in these areas, a special breed of goats was bred that produced fluff, thin and at the same time strong, fibrous-elastic, with high spinning properties: yarn was made from it for woven and knitted shawls. Bashkir woven shawls are a unique type of weaving. These shawls were not knitted but woven on looms. They also made openwork patterned shawls, knitted by hand on two long knitting needles.

Craftswomen distinguish between a center and a border in a scarf, and the edges end with cloves. Geometric pattern. The art of knitting down shawls is preserved and continues to develop in the republic - it is mainly a family down knitting craft. (Product display.)

One of the most important conditions for the further and successful development of modern decorative and applied arts is a deep and comprehensive study of folk art. That is why applied art is studied so diligently today, its origins and history of development are revealed. The best works of folk artists are identified, collected and published in the form of albums. And modern artists and folk craftsmen rely on this experience in their creativity.

Bashkir ornament is successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, clothing decoration elements, wooden utensils, gift souvenirs and other products. (Product display.)

One of the most popular types of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs is folk ornament.

Translated from Latin, “ornament” means “decoration, pattern.” The Bashkirs have long decorated horse harnesses, household utensils, clothes, shoes, and homes with varied, bright and colorful patterns. The bride's dowry included pillowcases, tablecloths and other household items embroidered with lush patterned ornaments. If the groom's family had elderly family members, the daughter-in-law would embroider a prayer rug for them on a dark blue or dark green linen. At the same time, patterns of ornaments were created, stored and passed on from generation to generation in the family.

Bashkir ornament is always symmetrical, the patterns are arranged either in borders, or in separate rosettes, or in a continuous mesh, or all of these examples are used simultaneously.

Ornament is the product of a long historical development. It preserves layers of different periods of cultural development, traces of complex interactions and mutual influences between tribes and peoples. The semantic ancient meaning of the ornament is mostly forgotten and is perceived by modern people as decoration, a pattern.

In folk art, ornament is the main type of art, representing a unique and important layer of the artistic memory of the people.

In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is bright, multi-colored, based on contrasting, strong and pure colors, which predominates:

red – the color of warmth and fire
yellow – color of abundance and wealth
black – the color of earth and fertility
green – the color of eternal green,
white - purity of thoughts, peacefulness
blue - the color of love of freedom,
brown – the color of old age and fading.

The field is made up of elements arranged in two, three, and sometimes four rows, and the outline is made up of a rhythmically repeating ribbon pattern. The canvas of the towel is decorated with three rows, the central field is brightly and colorfully decorated with larger elements, and the upper and lower stripes are smaller and mirror each other.

In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is polychrome, i.e. bright, multi-colored. The coloristic image (i.e. color scheme) is based on contrasts of strong and pure colors: red, yellow, black, green predominate, less often blue, cyan, orange, lilac, scarlet. The background of the products is most often red, black, less often yellow and white. The Bashkirs identified these colors with the fertility of the earth, the luminary, the dawn and everything beautiful in nature.

Some symbols and elements of the ornament have their own semantic meaning: kuskar is a symbol of curled ram horns and a symbol of herbs.

The improvisation of this symbol through additional spiral curls led to the formation of various ornamental patterns and many other variations.

One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is the solar sign - a circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette.

The heart-shaped element denotes hospitality.

The origin of the ornament and its ancient meaning are associated with the religious worldview of people who sought to appease evil spirits by decorating clothes and household items, protect themselves from them, or give themselves strength. Many of these elements are found among other peoples.

When decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, about their family, about the surrounding life, nature, so we can give another definition to ornament - it is the symbolic-graphic language of the people, expressing their feelings and concepts.

Bashkir folk arts and crafts are rich in a variety of types: weaving, embroidery, appliqué.

The ornament is characterized by geometric and floral elements, as well as curvilinear elements, patterns in the form of curls, spirals, and heart-shaped figures.

See all crafts and ornaments here.