Consultation on the topic: Verbal and non-verbal means of communication

A person is a unit of society, and not only personal well-being, but also life in general depends on his interaction with others like him. Information can be exchanged both verbally and non-verbally. Which of these communication methods is more effective? What is the role of nonverbal and verbal means of human communication? We'll talk about this below.

Which method of communication is more important?

It is impossible to answer this question unambiguously, since in business communication the verbal method certainly prevails, and in interpersonal communication, rather, the non-verbal one.

Let's imagine a situation where a person reading a report, instead of the expected and necessary dry facts, begins to gesticulate, click his lips, wink, jump, and so on. will amuse the dormant audience, but may be perceived ambiguously. Business involves maximally articulating the information that needs to be conveyed to the interlocutor. But even in a dry report there are many non-verbal components.

In a conversation with people with whom you have a close emotional connection, pronouncing some points may look more ridiculous than replacing them with more understandable gestures. For example, when we call a person to come with us, it is enough to nod our head towards the exit; A sharp nod up and down with wide eyes will indicate a questioning look, which can be answered with a nod (which means "yes"), a shake of the head left and right (which means "no"), or a shrug, which means "I don't." I know".

Verbal

Speaking, listening, writing and reading are all verbal means of communication. In oral or written conversation, knowledge is exchanged only through encoded information (in the form of sounds or symbols).

Verbal communication has certainly brought great benefits to humanity due to its unique function of high-speed duplication of the world. Saying the phrase “the cup is on the table” is much easier than trying to represent it with gestures.

By duplicating, a language encodes information into a very compact format. This unit of information is so convenient to pass on from mouth to mouth and from generation to generation that it is thanks to verbal communication that we can see pictures of the world that existed long before us.

Non-verbal

We receive most of the information about a person through nonverbal communication, which can be synchronized with verbal communication or be an independent method of communication.

The interaction of nonverbal and verbal means of communication often occurs at a subconscious level. The latter include facial expressions, gestures, pantomime, and changes in location during communication. But the appearance, style of clothing, hairstyle or headdress, accessories and aroma of a person also play a huge role in non-verbal communication.

A well-groomed, neat person with collected facial expressions and gestures can already tell a lot about himself to his interlocutor. At a minimum, you can read that a person respects himself, likes a certain style of clothing, prefers a certain brand of phone, works on his speech or is naturally talented, strives to earn good money, has a positive attitude towards life, had his nails done this week, etc. Appearance - This is the first piece of non-verbal information. That's why they say that you meet someone by their clothes.

Without facial expressions, gestures and pantomime, verbal communication would look boring and incomplete. In addition, it makes it possible to understand the true essence of words, because even the word “thank you,” pronounced with different intonation, can have a completely opposite meaning.

Intonation, pitch of voice, length of spoken sounds, facial expressions, gestures, posture, dynamics of body movements, angle between interlocutors, gaze... All this can say more than the words themselves. If a person is well brought up, then the discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal information appears more often.

For example, someone well-mannered is late for the train, and his interlocutor still cannot finish his story. Although this intelligent comrade will claim that he is listening attentively to his friend, his feet will most likely be directed towards the exit, with his eyes he will subconsciously look for alternative ways to leave the room, scratching or fiddling with his fingertips. Gestures and facial expressions can be either conscious or project our subconscious.

Effective use of verbal and non-verbal means of communication makes it possible to perceive information in the most comprehensive manner. That's why many messengers offer a whole arsenal of emoticons, cartoons and GIF animations.

Verbal means of communication

The characteristics of this communication method are based on the main functions, one of which is the transmission of encoded information. A code is a set of words of a specific language. For full communication it is necessary that the interlocutors speak at least one common language, otherwise the words may be misinterpreted or not understood at all.

Many people have been in a situation where you had to show or ask directions from a foreigner in a language you don’t speak, or understand their broken Russian. Meeting a blank look and assessing the complexity of what is happening, the entire arsenal of non-verbal means comes into play.

Therefore, an important characteristic of verbal means of communication is the clarity of the material presented. Unfortunately, misunderstandings in conversation are much more common than you might think. This also applies to cases where people speak the same language, but formulate their thoughts differently.

It turns out that the information seems to have been voiced, but is floating in the air, since the interlocutor is unable to accept it and sort it out, or the emphasis in it is so incorrect that it is not possible to understand it correctly. The sounds are made, but there is little meaning in them.

Types of speech activity

Speech communication can be either oral or written. Oral verbal communication includes speaking and listening, and written communication includes writing and reading.

During the day we use all four types of speech activity without even knowing it. Even on the most passive day off, we say hello to someone, answer someone, listen to someone, read an advertisement in the entrance, a new newspaper or news on the Internet, send a message in instant messenger...

Although scientists consider verbal means of communication to be a bad way of communication, not a single day can go by without them.

Speaking

Just as you can listen, but not hear, in the same way you can speak, but say nothing. Let's remember a boring lesson at school or a lecture at the institute, which was not seasoned with emotions or solid facts, there was no information that could leave an imprint on our memory. Or, for example, an ordinary conversation with a distant acquaintance about nature and weather, when silence looks ridiculous, but you don’t want to tell your secret.

Speaking, viewed through the prism of verbal language, is a competent, linear and, most importantly, clear presentation of information to everyone. But here’s the problem: if the speech is monotonous, devoid of the necessary intonation, pauses and precise gestures, then it is impossible to perceive it for a long time. Even the most interested listener will not be able to understand the essence of the text after 45 minutes. All the efforts of the teacher or speaker are no longer perceived by the audience.

In order for the information to reach the listener and, if possible, not immediately fly out of his head, this verbal method must be supplemented with non-verbal tricks. That is, make accents, which works like For example, after voicing very important key information, you should pause and then repeat the last sentence again. It’s even better if this pause is complemented by a raised index finger.

Hearing

Listening is the most active type of speech activity, nothing more than decoding the spoken information. Although this process is more passive, it still requires considerable intellectual expenditure. It is especially difficult for those listeners who do not speak the speaker’s language or certain professional terminology well, or the speaker does not express his thoughts linearly, jumping from topic to topic, forgetting what he said at the beginning. Then the listener’s brain works in an enhanced mode in order to form a more or less clear picture from this.

It is worth separating the process of listening from hearing. There may not be such a word, but there are many popular expressions: it flew past the ears, flew into one ear, flew out of the other, etc. What does this mean? The listener accepts information only when he is committed to accepting it. If internal issues or interests dominate external information, it is less likely to be accepted.

We hear only important or interesting information, and simply listen to the rest. For this we must thank our brain, because it knows how to divide all the surrounding noise into fractions and weed out the unnecessary ones, otherwise we would simply go crazy.

Letter

Writing is a type of verbal communication that appeared later than the previous two, but in our time its popularity has grown noticeably: school notebooks, personal diaries, business documents... A striking example of a verbal means of communication in writing is dialogues on a social network.

However, writing has one very important function - accumulative. This is the accumulation of information in large volumes, which would be impossible without its recording.

Reading

Reading, as a type of communicative activity, is an analytical-synthetic process. The reader must decode the symbols written on paper, define the words so that they sound in his head, and, of course, understand the meaning of what he read.

In the first grade, when reading syllables, it is very difficult for children to concentrate on the content of the text, since most of their attention is occupied by decoding what is written in the book.

When learning foreign languages, people again go through the same stages of adaptation to written text. This is especially true for languages ​​that use symbols that are unusual for us: Arabic, Georgian, Chinese, Berber and others.

When reading, we analyze and synthesize information, but if we are unable to generalize it, draw conclusions and make predictions, reading is not of much use. Remember when at school the teacher asked: “Did you read or remember the letters?”, and the dissatisfied student answered gloomily: “I read, but could not connect two words.”

Types of verbal communication

Depending on the number of people taking part in the communication process, dialogical and monologue communication are distinguished.

Everyone knows that dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. It can be of a business, interpersonal or conflict nature. Interview, conversation, discussion, interview and debate are classified as dialogical communication.

A monologue is a story told by one person. It can be directed both externally, to the public (lecture, theatrical monologue, report, etc.), and occur inside a person (internal monologue).

Zones of oral verbal communication

How many people have noticed how uncomfortable you feel when a person comes too close to you during interpersonal communication? And how surprising is it when another person, on the contrary, moves away, keeping a distance of two meters? Although this can be attributed specifically to non-verbal manifestations, during oral conversation it is worth knowing these rules of maintaining distance, so as not to be considered strange or not to force a person into an awkward position.

So, the intimate zone is a distance of up to 25 centimeters. It is often violated on public transport, but there are good reasons for this. If you get too close to someone you don't know, don't be surprised if they pull away. We allow only the most trusted people into this area, and the intrusion of strangers causes, at a minimum, discomfort.

Difficulties

Verbal means of communication (oral and written speech), according to some scientists, convey only 20 to 40 percent of information. This means that the nonverbal component greatly prevails.

Indeed, if a person’s facial expressions, gestures and pantomime disgust us, then it doesn’t matter what he says.

So, during verbal communication face to face, the most complete exchange of information occurs, since the interlocutors have the opportunity to observe each other’s facial expressions and gestures, catch intonations, and smell the aroma, which is also a very important component of nonverbal communication.

However, there are people (and in our time their number has increased noticeably) who, when talking face to face, cannot convey very important or sensitive information; it is much easier for them to do this using remote means of communication.

Total illiteracy of the population began to progress about 15 years ago, when mobile communications and the Internet became available to almost everyone. The era of SMS has given rise to painful brevity; frequent correspondence in various instant messengers and social networks has blurred the line between business and friendly communication.

Verbal and non-verbal means of communication

Communication is carried out through different means. Highlightverbal and non-verbal means of communication.

Verbal communication(sign) is carried out using words. Verbal means of communication include human speech. Communication specialists have calculated that a modern person pronounces approximately 30 thousand words per day, or more than 3 thousand words per hour.

So, language is a system of signs and methods of connecting them, which serves as a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings and expressions of people’s will and is the most important means of human communication.

In non-verbal communication, the means of transmitting information are non-verbal signs (postures, gestures, facial expressions, intonation, glances, spatial location, etc.).

To the main nonverbal means of communicationrelate:
Kinestics - considers the external manifestation of human feelings and emotions in the process of communication. These include:
- gesture;
- facial expressions;
- pantomime.

Gesture. Gestures are various movements of the hands and head. Sign language is the most ancient way of achieving mutual understanding. In different historical eras and different peoples there were their generally accepted methods of gestures. At present, attempts are even being made to create dictionaries of gestures. Quite a lot is known about the information that gestures convey. First of all, the amount of gestures is important. Different peoples have developed and incorporated into natural forms of expressing feelings different cultural norms for the strength and frequency of gestures. Research by M. Argyll, which studied the frequency and strength of gestures in different cultures, showed that within one hour, Finns gestured 1 time, the French - 20, Italians - 80, Mexicans - 180.

The intensity of gesticulation can increase with the increase in a person’s emotional arousal, as well as with the desire to achieve a more complete understanding between partners, especially if it is difficult.

Facial expressions . Facial expressions are movements of the facial muscles, the main indicator of feelings. Studies have shown that when the interlocutor's face is motionless or invisible, up to 10-15% of information is lost. The main characteristic of facial expressions is its integrity and dynamism. This means that in the facial expression of the six basic emotional states (anger, joy, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust), all movements of the facial muscles are coordinated. The main informative load in facial expressions is carried by eyebrows and lips.

Eye contact, is also an extremely important element of communication. Looking at the speaker not only shows interest, but also helps us focus on what we are being told. Communicating people usually look into each other's eyes for no more than 10 seconds. If we are looked at a little, we have reason to believe that we are treated poorly or what we say, and if we are looked at too much, it can be perceived as a challenge or a good attitude towards us. In addition, it has been observed that when a person lies or tries to hide information, his eyes meet his partner's eyes for less than 1/3 of the conversation.

Pantomime - this is gait, posture, posture, general motor skills of the whole body.

Gait is the style of movement of a person. Its components are: rhythm, step dynamics, amplitude of body transfer during movement, body weight. By a person’s gait one can judge a person’s well-being, his character, and age. In psychologists' studies, people recognized emotions such as anger, suffering, pride, and happiness by their gait. It turned out that a “heavy” gait is characteristic of people who are angry, while a “light” gait is characteristic of joyful ones. A proud person has the longest step length, and if a person suffers, his gait is sluggish, depressed, such a person rarely looks up or in the direction where he is going.

Pose - this is the position of the body. The human body is capable of taking about 1000 stable different positions. Posture shows how a given person perceives his status in relation to the status of other persons present. Individuals with higher status adopt a more relaxed posture. Otherwise, conflict situations may arise.

Psychologist A. Sheflen was one of the first to point out the role of human posture as a means of nonverbal communication. In further studies conducted by V. Schubz, it was revealed that the main semantic content of the pose consists in the individual’s placement of his body in relation to the interlocutor. This placement indicates either closedness or a willingness to communicate.

A pose in which a person crosses his arms and legs is called closed. Arms crossed on the chest are a modified version of the barrier that a person puts between himself and his interlocutor. A closed posture is perceived as a posture of distrust, disagreement, opposition, criticism. Moreover, approximately a third of the information perceived from such a position is not assimilated by the interlocutor. The easiest way to get out of this position is to offer to hold or look at something.

An open pose is considered to be one in which the arms and legs are not crossed, the body is directed towards the interlocutor, and the palms and feet are turned towards the communication partner. This is a posture of trust, agreement, goodwill, and psychological comfort.

The best way to achieve mutual understanding with your interlocutor is to copy his posture and gestures.

Takeshika - the role of touch in the process of nonverbal communication. Handshakes, kisses, stroking, pushing, etc. stand out here. Dynamic touch has been proven to be a biologically necessary form of stimulation. A person’s use of dynamic touches in communication is determined by many factors: the status of partners, their age, gender, and degree of acquaintance.

Proxemics - determines the zones of the most effective communication. E. Hall identifies four main areas of communication:
- Intimate zone (15-45 cm) - a person allows only people close to him to enter it. In this zone, a quiet, confidential conversation is conducted, and tactile contacts are made. Violation of this zone by outsiders causes physiological changes in the body: increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, rush of blood to the head, adrenaline rush, etc. The invasion of an “alien” into this zone is regarded as a threat.
- Personal (personal) zone (45 - 120 cm) - a zone of everyday communication with friends and colleagues. Only visual contact is allowed.
- Social zone (120 - 400 cm) - an area for holding official meetings and conducting negotiations, conferences, and administrative conversations.
- Public zone (more than 400 cm) - an area of ​​communication with large groups of people during lectures, rallies, public speaking, etc.

When communicating, it is also important to pay attention to vocal characteristics related to nonverbal communication. Prosody - this is the general name for such rhythmic and intonation aspects of speech as pitch, volume of the voice, and its timbre.

You need to be able not only to listen, but also to hear the intonation structure of speech, evaluate the strength and tone of voice, the speed of speech, which practically allow us to express our feelings and thoughts.

Although nature has endowed people with a unique voice, they themselves give it color. Those who tend to change the pitch of their voice sharply tend to be more cheerful. More sociable, more confident, more competent and much nicer than people who speak in a monotone.

Exercise “Postcard”

Target: getting to know the participants, creating a relaxed psychological atmosphere, developing imagination.

Instructions : Participants choose 1 postcard. A postcard can be either an association, a visual support, or a suitable example. Teachers take turns showing the chosen postcard and talking about themselves “On the postcard... as I……"

Exercise "Questionnaire"

Target: updating one’s own mood and that of teachers in general

Instructions: Each teacher is asked the question “In what mood are you starting this lesson? If you were asked to choose the weather to suit your mood, which one would you choose?

Exercise “Am I different from you?”

Target: relieving excessive emotional tension in the group, developing interpersonal communication skills.

Instructions: Invite teachers to split into pairs. And for 2 minutes carry on a conversation on the topic “How are we alike”; then 2 minutes - on the topic “How we differ.” At the end, a discussion is held, attention is drawn to what was easy and what was difficult to do, what discoveries were made. As a result, the conclusion is drawn that we are all, in essence, similar and at the same time different, but we have the right to these differences, and no one can force us to be different

Exercise “Mimic gymnastics”

Target : The exercise introduces teachers to facial expressions as one of the methods of non-verbal communication.

Instructions: Imagine that we are traveling and find ourselves abroad, in an unfamiliar country. We don’t know a foreign language, but somehow we need to understand foreigners.

Let's prepare for the meeting. Let's do facial gymnastics:

1. Wrinkle your forehead, raise your eyebrows (surprise). Relax.
2. Move your eyebrows, frown (angry). Relax.
3. Widen your eyes, open your mouth, hands clenched into fists (fear, horror). Relax.
4. Relax your eyelids, forehead, cheeks (laziness). Relax.
5. Expand your nostrils, wrinkle your nose (disgust). Relax.
6. Purse your lips, squint your eyes, wrinkle your nose (contempt). Relax.
7. Smile, wink (I’m having fun, that’s what I am!).

Now let’s break into pairs and show something with facial expressions; others must guess the mood shown.

Exercise “Convey in one word”

Target: emphasize the importance of intonation in the communication process.

Materials: cards with names of emotions.

Instructions : Participants are given cards on which the names of emotions are written, and without showing them to other participants, they must say the word “Hello” with an intonation corresponding to the emotion written on the card. The rest guess what emotion the participant was trying to portray.

List of emotions : Joy, surprise, disappointment, suspicion, sadness, anger, fatigue, confidence, admiration, fear. Annex 1

Issues for discussion:

1. Was it easy for you to do this exercise?
2. How easy was it to guess the emotion by intonation?
3. In real life, how often in a telephone conversation do you understand from the first words what mood your interlocutor is in?
4. What emotions do you experience most often in life?

Exercise "Gift"

All participants sit in a circle.

“Let each of you take turns giving a gift to your neighbor on the left (clockwise). The gift must be given (“handed”) silently (non-verbally), but in such a way that your neighbor understands what you are giving him. The one who receives a gift should try to understand what is being given to him.

Teacher-psychologist: Barkova L.I.

Communication - in a broad sense - is the exchange of information between individuals through a common system of symbols. Communication can be carried out by verbal and non-verbal means. There are mechanistic and activity approaches to communication.

Communication - in the mechanistic approach - is a unidirectional process of encoding and transmitting information from the source and receiving information by the recipient of the message.

Communication - in the activity approach - is the joint activity of communication participants (communicants), during which a common (to a certain limit) view of things and actions with them is developed.

Verbal communication is the main one: what is meant is not the genesis of communication and not the percentage of use, but the universality of this method for humans, the universal translatability of any other communication means into verbal language. Verbal means include oral and written varieties of language.

Nonverbal means are divided into two groups:

primary languages ​​(system of gestures, but not sign languages ​​of the deaf and dumb, pantomime, facial expressions);

secondary languages ​​(Morse code, musical notation, programming languages).

Verbal means are studied by linguistics, non-verbal means by paralinguistics and certain branches of semiotics. The most developed research apparatus for studying verbal language (mainly in structural linguistics). This apparatus is borrowed by many other social sciences to describe their areas of interest.

In structural linguistics, signs themselves and their constituent figures are distinguished, for example, phonemes as constituent elements of verbal signs. These are the terms of the Danish structuralist linguist L. Hjelmslev (1899–1965). In his opinion, language is organized in such a way that with the help of a handful of figures and thanks to their ever newer and newer arrangements, a legion of signs can be constructed. Signs of one level of language are components of signs of a higher level: phonemes distinguish the sound shells of morphemes, morphemes – words, etc.

Nonverbal signals (facial expressions) very often inform the recipient without the particular desire of the sender of the message. An outside listener may also be an involuntary recipient of an oral speech message. For example, during a conversation, a person folds his arms on his chest, directs a stream of smoke from a cigarette downwards, fiddles with the lapels of his jacket sleeves, twists a ring on his finger, constantly fidgets in his chair - all these are non-verbal signals that carry information about the interlocutor. The listed signals indicate that a person is worried and unsure of his position. In addition, hands folded on the chest mean that a person is closed at the moment, closed from the rest of the world.

In any activity, including PR, it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the verbal and non-verbal means used. After all, an incorrectly chosen line of behavior or words that have the opposite meaning can lead to a decrease in the productivity of a particular subject. For example, some companies choose a name without thinking about the meaning of the word or phrase. One of the hairdressers was named "Lincha". Lynching is a brutal execution without trial or investigation. Agree, it’s not a very tempting offer to go to Lynch’s hairdresser for a haircut.

10.Verbal form of communication. Groups of episodes of linguistic communication and their characteristics. Inner speech.

Types of verbal communication: oral, written, listening. Oral speech: dialogue as one of the forms of verbal communication. Types of dialogue: informational, phatic, manipulative, polemical. Communication barriers of misunderstanding and ways to overcome them.

Verbal means of communication include written and oral speech, listening and reading. Oral and written speech are involved in the production of text (the process of transmitting information), and listening and reading are involved in the perception of the text and the information contained in it.

One of the main means of transmitting information is speech. Language is realized in speech and through it through utterances it performs its communicative function. To the main language functions in the communication process include: communicative (function of information exchange); constructive (formulation of thoughts); appellative (impact on the addressee); emotive (immediate emotional reaction to the situation); phatic (exchange of ritual (etiquette) formulas); metalinguistic (interpretation function. Used when necessary to check whether interlocutors use the same code).

The function that language performs in the process of communication is determined by the type of utterance and the selection of words. Depending on the goals pursued by the participants in communication, the following types of statements are distinguished: message, opinion, judgment, recommendation, advice, critical remark, compliment, proposal, conclusion, summary, question, answer.

Speech is divided into external and internal. Inner speech is understood as a person’s communication with himself. But such communication is not communication, since there is no exchange of information. External speech includes dialogue, monologue, oral and written speech. The problem of dialogue is fundamental to the study of the communication process. Dialogue is a type of speech characterized by dependence on the situation of the conversation, conditionality of previous statements. The following types of dialogue are distinguished: informative(process of information transfer); manipulative(hidden control of the interlocutor). Speech means of manipulation are: emotional impact, the use of social norms and ideas, linguistic substitution of information; polemical;phatic(maintain contact).

Communication barriers may arise during the communication process:

Logical barrier– occurs in partners with different types of thinking. Depending on what types and forms of thinking predominate in the intellect of each partner, they communicate at the level of understanding or misunderstanding.

Stylistic barrier– discrepancy between the form of information presentation and its content. Occurs when the message is organized incorrectly.

The message must be constructed: from attention to interest; from interest to the main provisions; from main provisions to objections and questions, answers, conclusions, summaries. Semantic (meaning) barrier

– occurs when the linguistic dictionary does not correspond to semantic information, as well as due to differences in the speech behavior of representatives of different cultures. Phonetic barrier

– obstacles created by the characteristics of the speaker’s speech (diction, intonation, logical stress, etc.). You must speak clearly, intelligibly, and loudly enough.

Types of speech: monologue and dialogue (polylogue).

Monologue and dialogue are two main types of speech, differing in the number of participants in the act of communication. is a conversation between two or more persons. The basic unit of dialogue is dialogical unity - the thematic unification of several remarks, which is an exchange of opinions, each subsequent of which depends on the previous one. The nature of the remarks is influenced by the so-called code of relationships between communicants. There are three main types of interaction between dialogue participants: dependence, cooperation and equality.

Any dialogue has its own structure: beginning - main part - ending. The size of the dialogue is theoretically unlimited, since its lower boundary can be open. In practice, any dialogue has its own ending.

Dialogue is considered as the primary form of speech communication, therefore it is most widespread in the sphere of colloquial speech, but dialogue is presented in scientific, journalistic, and official business speech.

Being the primary form of communication, dialogue is an unprepared, spontaneous type of speech. Even in scientific, journalistic and official business speech, with the possible preparation of remarks, the unfolding of the dialogue will be spontaneous, since usually the remarks - the interlocutor's reactions - are unknown or unpredictable.

For the existence of a dialogue, on the one hand, a common information base of its participants is necessary, and on the other, an initial minimum gap in the knowledge of the participants in the dialogue. Lack of information can negatively affect the productivity of dialogic speech.

In accordance with the goals and objectives of the dialogue, the communication situation, and the role of the interlocutors, the following main types of dialogues can be distinguished: everyday, business conversation, interview.

Monologue can be defined as an extended statement by one person. There are two main types of monologue. Firstly, monologue speech is a process of purposeful communication, conscious appeal to the listener and is characteristic of the oral form of book speech: oral scientific speech, judicial speech, oral public speech. The monologue received its most complete development in artistic speech.

Secondly, a monologue is speech alone with oneself. The monologue is not directed to the immediate listener and, accordingly, is not designed for the interlocutor’s response.

A monologue can be either unprepared or pre-thought out.

According to the purpose of the utterance, monologue speech is divided into three main types: informational, persuasive and motivating.

Information speech serves to convey knowledge. In this case, the speaker must take into account the intellectual abilities of perceiving information and the cognitive capabilities of listeners. Types of informational speech - lectures, reports, messages, reports.

Persuasive speech is addressed to the emotions of the listeners, in this case the speaker must take into account his receptivity. Types of persuasive speech: congratulatory, solemn, parting.

Encouraging speech is aimed at inducing listeners to various kinds of actions. Here there are political speech, speech-call to action, speech-protest.

Monologue speech is distinguished by the degree of preparedness and formality. An oratorical speech is always a pre-prepared monologue delivered in a formal setting. However, to a certain extent, a monologue is an artificial form of speech, always striving for dialogue. In this regard, any monologue can have means of dialogizing it.

Inner speech.

A special type of speech, along with oral and written, is inner speech, or speech to oneself. It is precisely this that is the material shell of thought in those cases when we think without expressing our thoughts out loud. Inner speech is characterized by hidden articulation of speech sounds. I.M. Sechenov describes this phenomenon as follows: “My thought is very often accompanied by a silent conversation with my mouth closed and motionless, that is, by movements of the tongue muscles in the oral cavity. In all cases, when I want to fix some thought primarily before others, I certainly whisper it." The muscles of the speech organs, although in these cases do not produce audible sounds, send kinesthetic stimuli to the cerebral cortex, performing the same signal a function that is also carried out during speech aloud.

The presence of hidden articulation when thinking to oneself is demonstrated by recording currents from the muscles of the speech apparatus.

Electrodes are attached to the subject's lower lip or tongue. The task is given - to count in order “one, two, three”, or to perform a simple arithmetic calculation in the mind, to remember some poem, etc. Once these problems must be solved out loud, another time - silently. The rhythm of action currents in both cases, as studies have shown, is the same (Jacobson's experiments). In both cases, there are, therefore, movements of the speech apparatus.

The following experiments give similar results: with the help of a sensitive device, the smallest movements of the tongue are recorded, performed when solving short arithmetic problems silently or when reading a text. When solving more complex problems, tongue movements are more intense than when solving simple problems. When reading a text, they are observed not only when the tongue is in a free position in the mouth, but also when it is clamped between the teeth (experiments of A. Sokolov).

In other experiments, it was proposed to perform some kind of mental operation (for example, solving a simple arithmetic problem in the mind) and at the same time articulation became difficult. This was achieved either by holding the tongue between the teeth or pressing the lips tightly together, or by pronouncing out loud individual syllables ("ba-ba", "la-la") or individual words of a well-known poem. Experiments showed that under these conditions the solution of simple arithmetic problems was possible, but proceeded more slowly than with free articulation. If we take the time for solving problems with free articulation to be 100, then when it was difficult by clamping the tongue this time was 114, when pronouncing syllables - 120, words - 142, poems - 172. These data show that the difficulty of solving problems increased as the material became more complex spoken aloud (experiments by A. Sokolov).

With hidden articulation, the brain receives weak kinesthetic stimuli, but sufficient for the normal process of thinking. In patients with damage to the speech areas of the brain, these irritations do not provide thinking. Such a patient is able to correctly and well solve problems of memorizing and understanding text, perform counting operations, etc. with the tongue in a free position and when pronouncing the problem out loud or in a whisper, but it is enough to ask him to hold his tongue between his teeth, as the normal course of thought processes immediately becomes impossible for him. The patient cannot solve with a clamped tongue the problems that he solved when he could speak out loud or whisper (Luria's experiments). Weak kinesthetic stimuli coming to the cortex from hidden articulation require more complex analysis and synthesis than stimuli coming from the muscles during loud or whispered speech. For a patient with damage to the speech areas of the brain, such complex and subtle analysis and synthesis is impossible.

The weakness of kinesthetic stimuli is not the only difference between internal and external speech. Loud, as well as whispered speech, as a rule, is characterized by much more detailed and articulate utterances than internal speech, which is typically characterized by speaking to oneself only fragments of what is said out loud in external speech. In inner speech, a thought can be expressed in one word or a short phrase spoken to oneself. This is explained by the strong associative connection of a given word or phrase with detailed verbal statements. Thanks to this connection, one word or phrase can replace and signal a number of expanded statements (and, consequently, the thoughts contained in them).

The following is also important for the relationship between external and internal speech: every person knows that when he speaks out loud, his thought is not necessarily occupied only with what he is saying at that moment; he may think about what he still has to say, about the impression that his speech makes on his listeners, he may “flash” a thought that is not even related to his statements. In all these cases, internal speech is closely intertwined with his external speech. The mechanism of this “interweaving” is still unclear, but it can be assumed that the muscles of the speech apparatus are capable of performing double work. During the articulation necessary to produce loud speech, hidden articulation may take place by other muscle groups. The kinesthetic irritations coming from it serve as the basis for that additional internal speech that a person is capable of performing when he speaks out loud. Strong kinesthetic irritations entering the cortex from muscle movements that ensure loud speech inhibit, however, these additional irritations, as a result of which inner speech is especially fragmentary in these cases.

11. Non-verbal form of communication. The main channels of nonverbal communication: proxemics, kinesics, vocals, physical characteristics, haptics, chronomics, artifacts, olfactics, aesthetics.

Non-verbal communication- This communication interaction between individuals without using words(transfer of information or influence on each other through images, intonation, gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, change mise-en-scène communication), that is, without speech and linguistic means presented in direct or any symbolic form. The instrument of such “communication” becomes the human body having a wide range of means and methods of transmitting or exchanging information, which includes all forms self-expression person. A common working name that is used among people is non-verbal or “ language of the body" Psychologists believe that correct interpretation of nonverbal signals is the most important condition for effective communication.

Knowledge of body language and body movements allows you not only to better understand your interlocutor, but also (more importantly) to foresee what impression what you hear will make on him even before he speaks out on the matter. In other words, such wordless language can warn you whether you should change your behavior or do something different to achieve the desired result.

Psychologists have found that in the process of interaction between people, from 60 to 90% of communications are carried out using non-verbal means of expression (gestures, facial expressions, postures, clothes, hairstyles, jewelry, sounds of voice, organization of space and time, favorite foods, etc.).

The combination of these means is designed to perform the following functions: addition, replacement or refutation of speech, representation of the emotional states of partners in the communicative process.

Features of nonverbal communication:

situationality (message from directly interacting people within a specific situation);

syntheticity (impossibility of decomposing into separate units);

spontaneity, unconsciousness, involuntariness.

What information do people receive in the process of nonverbal communication? Firstly, this is information about the personality of the communicator. It includes information:

about human temperament;

his emotional state in this situation;

his “I” image and self-esteem;

his personal properties and qualities;

his communicative competence (how he enters into interpersonal contact, maintains it and leaves it);

his social status;

his membership in a particular group or subculture.

Secondly, this is information about the attitude of communication participants towards each other. It includes information:

about the desired level of communication (social and emotional closeness or distance);

the nature, or type, of relationships (dominance–dependence, disposition–dislike);

relationship dynamics (the desire to maintain communication, stop it, “sort things out,” etc.).

Thirdly, this is information about the attitude of the participants in communication to the situation itself, allowing them to regulate interaction. It includes information about involvement in a given situation (comfort, calm, interest) or the desire to get out of it (nervousness, impatience, etc.).

Nonverbal and verbal communications, accompanying each other, are in complex interaction.

The main channels of nonverbal communication. nine non-verbal languages. This:

Kinesics(body movements).

Vocals(paralinguistics, acoustic features of the voice).

Physical characteristics(body shape, size, hair color).

Haptics(takeshika, touch).

Proxemics(spatial location).

Chronicle(time).

Artifacts(clothing, jewelry, cosmetics).

Olfactics(smells).

Aesthetics(music, color).

1. Kinesics. This is a branch of communicology that studies nonverbal communications carried out through bodily movements, where each of them has a specific meaning. Kinesics, like any other language, is a scientific field, type and technology of non-verbal communication.

Let's highlight basic principles of kinesics:

All body movements can carry meaning that is manifested in a specific communication situation. The same movements have different meanings.

The behavior of the body can be subjected to systemic analysis because it has a systemic organization. The body is both a biological and a social system.

People are influenced by the visible dynamics and activity of the body.

Specific functions of body movements can be examined.

The meanings of individual movements are revealed in the study of real behavior using certain research methods.

The activity of the body has a certain style (individual characteristics) and common features with others.

There are similarities between verbal language and body movements. Several gestures can form kinematic subsystems such as morphemes. The gesture may be arbitrary and have no meaning; it can be an iconic addition to the text, for example, a hand drawing; the gesture may be an innate response to pain, for example.

There is also semantics(meaning of signs), syntactics(organization in a system with other signs) and pragmatics(influence on behavior).

Connecting words with non-verbal signs creates unlimited possibilities for combining them.

The following stand out: types of gestures:

Emblems - non-verbal acts that have an exact translation into verbal language. For example, two fingers in a V shape is a sign of victory.

Illustrators - gestures that are closely related to speech and complement it in different forms. These include:

Accenting (hand gesture from top to bottom).

Image of the direction of thought (“Forward to victory!”).

Direction (the lecturer points to a graph or diagram with a pointer).

An image of the outline of an object (“The fruit is of this shape”).

Rhythmic movements (to the beat of spoken words).

Depiction of physical actions (“I’m going to hit him!”).

Drawing a picture in the air (for example, a human figure).

Illustration of verbal positions (emblematics).

Adapters - these are facial expressions, movements of arms, legs, etc., they reflect the emotional state (boredom, tension, etc.). Adapters are divided into:

Self-adapters- gestures that are associated with the body (scratching, patting, stretching, shrugging).

Alteradaptors- movements towards the interlocutor’s body (patting on the back).

Adapter object- movements associated with other things (folding a sheet of paper).

Regulators - these are nonverbal actions that control the intensification or weakening of a conversation between people (eye contact with the speaker, head nods, etc.). The eyes and face play a critical role in nonverbal communication. The following pattern is known: the pupils of the eyes dilate and contract when looking at pleasant and unpleasant objects.

Affect portrayals are facial expressions that reflect a variety of emotions (joy, sadness, anger, etc.).

2. Vocalics (paralinguistics). Voice effects accompany the words. Tone, speed, strength, type of voice (tenor, soprano, etc.), pauses, intensity of sounds - each of them has its own meaning. These paralinguistics are often thought of as vocal cues.

They talk about people's emotions. For example, when a person is very angry, he pronounces words slowly and separately, pausing between words to produce a special effect.

Paralinguistics also characterizes personality. For example, the manner of speech can indicate an authoritarian, tough or soft personality.

Research has revealed connections between vocals and persuasiveness of speech. Speedier, intonation, louder speech convinces people more strongly.

3. Physical properties (physics). General attractiveness, a beautiful body, and normal weight are positive signs in communication. Prejudices against unattractive people and people with physical disabilities are deeply ingrained in society, and they impair communication capabilities.

4. Haptics (takesika). People touch each other on different occasions, in different ways and in different places. Professional, ritual, friendly, hostile, and loving touches are distinguished.

5. Proxemics is related to how social and personal space is perceived and used in communication (distance between communicators, organization of space during conversation, etc.). Each person seems to be surrounded by a spatial sphere, the dimensions of which depend on the cultural basis of the individual, on his condition, on the social environment.

There are three types of space:

Fixed space, it is limited by immovable things, such as the walls of a room.

A semi-fixed space, it changes, for example, when rearranging furniture.

Informal space is a personal and intimate territory surrounding a person.

In European culture, there are the following norms: 0-35 centimeters are the boundaries of intimate space; 0.3-1.3 meters - the boundaries of personal space; 1.3-3.7 meters - social, and 3.7 meters - the border of public, public space.

6. Timeline studies the structuring of time in communication. IN Western cultures Punctuality is highly valued. Punctuality is one of the conditions for a successful career. People who are late or do not complete tasks on time are criticized. In Eastern cultures, the attitude towards time is less rigid. Similarly, men and women have different ideas about punctuality, for example, during personal meetings.

7. Artifacts (artifacts). Artifacts include, for example, clothing and jewelry. Clothing is the most powerful factor. It must correspond to the environment (business, home), physical parameters of the body (fit the figure), social status, style.

In all these and other areas of nonverbal communication, specialists need to receive certain training.

8. Olfactics is studying smell. Smell is perhaps more powerful than any other sense. We form an opinion about our interlocutor by smell.

Smells are important factors in communication. The following features can be highlighted:

Smell blindness is the inability to smell, which can make it difficult to communicate with other people.

Adaptation to smell- this is getting used to certain smells.

Memory of smell- Some smells can evoke pleasant or unpleasant memories.

Immoderate smell- this is exceeding the norm when using perfumes, deodorants, seasonings, etc.

Difference of smells- this is the ability of the sense of smell to determine the similarities and differences between some odors and others.

A person can detect up to ten thousand odors.

9. Aesthetics necessary when conveying a message or mood through color or music. Music regulates behavior, stimulates or weakens certain actions. The painting of walls, furniture, and technical equipment should evoke a favorable feeling. For example, green coloring is not recommended in hospitals because it causes nausea in some patients, and white color is cold. The influence of color and music on a person is used in different rooms and situations: from supermarkets to cars and squares. In each location, they must correspond to the purpose of the specific room or situation.

The advantage of certain spatial forms of organizing communication has been experimentally proven both for two partners in the communication process and in mass audiences.

intimate zone (from direct physical contact to 40–45 cm). Only very close people are allowed into it, and any attempt to violate this space causes a negative reaction. Delicacy and the ability to keep a distance are an indispensable condition for successful communication;

personal (personal) zone (50–120 cm). This is a communication zone for partners who know each other well and are interested in each other;

social zone (120–260 cm). Area of ​​communication with most people. The strength of individual psychological impact in this zone is much weaker;

public (public) zone (more than 260 cm, when it no longer matters who is in front of us). This is the area where the speaker communicates with the audience.

At a distance of more than 8 meters, the effectiveness of communication decreases sharply. Each of these zones is characteristic of special communication situations. Such studies are of great practical importance, primarily in analyzing the success of various discussion groups. For example, a number of experiments have shown what the optimal placement of members of two discussion groups should be from the point of view of the “convenience” of the discussion. In each case, the members of the “team” are to the right of the leader. The literature describes the most effective options for placing an audience (“single team”, “block method”, “triangle”, “round table”, etc.).

The optimal organization of the communication space plays a certain role only “all other things being equal” conditions.

Interpretation of nonverbal behavior. When interpreting nonverbal messages, the following points must be taken into account:

uniqueness of non-verbal language;

the inevitability of contradictions between nonverbal expression and its psychological content;

variability of methods of nonverbal expression;

the dependence of nonverbal messages on coding skills, on a person’s ability to adequately express their experiences.

Interpretation of nonverbal behavior requires observation and communicative competence. Thus, the quantity and quality of non-verbal signals depends on a person’s age (in children they are easier to read), gender, nationality (compare, for example, the gestures of Italians and Swedes), type of temperament, social status, level of professionalism (the higher the socio-economic status and professionalism a person, the less developed his gestures are and the poorer his body movements) and other indicators.

In order not to make mistakes in interpreting non-verbal signals, you need to be guided by the following rules:

One should judge not by individual gestures (they can have several meanings), but by their totality.

Gestures cannot be interpreted in isolation from the context of their manifestation. The same gesture (for example, arms crossed on the chest) during negotiations can mean stiffness, reluctance to participate in the discussion of the problem, perhaps mistrust, and a person standing with crossed arms at a bus stop in winter is probably simply cold.

National and regional characteristics of nonverbal communication should be taken into account. The same gesture can have completely different meanings among different peoples.

When interpreting gestures, try not to attribute your experience or your condition to another.

Remember “second nature,” that is, the role that a person plays at the moment and over a long period of time (sometimes throughout his entire life). This role can be chosen to disguise and compensate for negative qualities. A person playing the role of an arrogant, courageous person also uses gestures appropriate to the role, hiding his insecurity or cowardice.

Other factors influencing the interpretation of gestures. It could be a health condition. For example, nearsighted people have dilated pupils, while farsighted people have constricted pupils. A patient with polyarthritis prefers to avoid shaking hands for fear of joint pain. The width of the pupil is also influenced by the brightness of the light, and the desire to avoid shaking hands is influenced by profession. This applies to artists, musicians, surgeons and people in other professions that require sensitive fingers.

Thus, an analysis of all nonverbal communication systems shows that they undoubtedly play a large auxiliary (and sometimes independent) role in the communication process. Having the ability not only to strengthen or weaken the verbal impact, all non-verbal communication systems help to take into account such an essential parameter of the communicative process as the intentions of its participants (the “subtext” of communication), the emotional background, the state of health of the partner, his profession (compare the handshake of a blacksmith and a musician), status, age, etc.

The relationship between people occurs through communication, which in turn can have verbal and non-verbal forms. At the same time, it is worth considering that the verbal form is, in one way or another, accompanied by a non-verbal one, while the latter can manifest itself on its own.

To clearly understand how this happens, it should be said that verbal communication is, first of all, oral and written speech, which has a certain clear structure, expressed in linguistic and stylistic rules. A striking example of verbal communication is an oral dialogue or written correspondence between two people.

Non-verbal communication- this is a system of signs that manifests itself subconsciously and is also subconsciously perceived by the opponent. It largely refers to the manifestation of human instincts and reflexes.

So, for example, a simple smile, depending on the shape of the mouth and facial expressions of the entire face as a whole, can be interpreted without words as a manifestation of sympathy, a positive emotional state, or, on the contrary, ridicule. Moreover, in most cases, the true nature of an emotion is determined quite accurately by the human brain.

Verbal means of communication

The main verbal means of communication are speech (oral and written), reading and listening. Speech itself is a means for the production of textual information, which determines the rules and knowledge accepted by society in a form understandable to the majority of representatives of society. In turn, reading text information, as well as listening, is a means of perceiving knowledge.

Speech can be internal and external. The latter is the manifestation of speech in the familiar form of dialogue or monologue. In turn, inner speech is actually a conversation with oneself, or, more simply, a thought process dressed in speech form. So, for example, when thinking about any situations, a person mentally builds a logical text chain, while figurative thinking is secondary. Inner speech is not communication unless it is subsequently expressed orally or in writing.

External speech, and therefore verbal communication, can be classified as informative and manipulative. The first is aimed at transmitting information, the second - at inciting action. External speech, due to its focus on the exchange of information, is, one way or another, accompanied by a nonverbal form of communication. This is especially evident in manipulative communication, which uses emotional images and nonverbal means and methods of communication to achieve a goal.

Nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication does not have specific patterns and rules, since it is manifested and perceived on an instinctive level, based on a person’s personal experience and worldview. At the same time, it can be classified into three main groups:

The main problem of verbal and non-verbal is the placement of significance. Thus, in traditional communication, nonverbal factors carry a secondary load, acting as a supplement to verbal communication to emphasize the most important information, thoughts, ideas, etc.

On the other hand, when considering through creative manifestation, often the verbal component is secondary, bringing to the fore facial expressions and gestures addressed to the emotional side of a person.

So, for example, poetry performed by a theater artist is, first of all, a visual manipulation of images, where the text part often does not even have a logical structure.