Non-Russian peoples in Russia. A lesson on the history of Russia on the topic "The peoples of Russia in the second half of the 16th century." (Grade 7) Prepare a report about one of the nations

TIBETANS, Pyoba (self-name), people, indigenous population of Tibet. They live mainly in China (4,750 thousand people, Tibet Autonomous Region, provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan), also in India (70 thousand people), Nepal, Bhutan, Switzerland. In addition to the general self-name, the regional names of Tibetans are widely used: amdova (Qinghai), Kamba, or Khampa, Xifan (Sichuan and neighboring regions of Tibet), etc. They speak dialects of the Tibetan language. Writing with its own alphabet was created on the basis of Sanskrit in the 7th century.

The territory of Tibet was inhabited already during the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. The ancestors of the Tibetans created their own statehood in the 6th century. Neighboring states, including China and India, sought ties with the Tibetan rulers. Subsequently, power took the form of a theocratic government headed by the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama.

By occupation, the economic and cultural types of mountain sedentary farmers are distinguished - more than half of all Tibetans (barley, wheat, rice; artificial irrigation is used), semi-sedentary farmers-pastoralists and nomadic pastoralists (yaks, horses, sheep, goats; the yak is also used as a beast of burden ). Crafts are developed - pottery, weaving, bronze and copper casting, wood and stone carving, etc. In China, the Tibetans developed an industry.

The traditional dwellings of sedentary Tibetans are a stone tower house with a flat roof (the lower floor is for livestock and equipment, the upper floor is for living), in the south and east - log houses; nomads live in woolen tents.

Men's clothing - jacket and trousers, on top - a spare robe right side, with long sleeves and a belt, summer - made of cloth or fabric, winter - made of sheepskin (forelock). Clothes have no pockets, so all items, including a personal wooden cup for food, are carried in the bosom. Women's clothing - short jacket, skirt, long sleeveless vest, striped colored apron; in winter the forelock of a man is similar. Women's headwear is varied, men's - a hat or fur cap. Women and often men wear braids and jewelry. Shoes - leather boots with curved toes, inside - woolen stockings.

The main traditional food is tsamba (roasted barley flour mixed with butter, sometimes with tea), milk tea, meat; Among pastoralists, meat and dairy foods predominate. Spoiled milk- honorary treat; Another national drink is barley beer.

Class stratification was more clearly expressed among farmers. The family is small, marriage is predominantly patrilocal. Until recently, farmers maintained polyandry (with patrilocality) and polygamy (with matrilocality).

The Tibetans have a solar-lunar calendar, there are 30 or 29 days in a month, and 354 days in a year. Therefore, every two and a half or three years, one month is added to 30 days. The cycle of 60 years begins with the year of the mouse and the tree. The biggest holiday - New Year, on the eve of which a mystery performance-pantomime of lamas with dances - tsam - is organized in the monasteries. On the 15th day, the Lantern Festival is celebrated, during which the entire settlement is decorated with lanterns and colored oil paintings are exhibited. The holidays in Lhasa and Shigatse are especially beautiful. Tibetans are northern Mahayana Buddhists, there are sects, the predominant Gelugpa sect is the yellow-capped one. The ancient shamanistic religion of Bon is preserved.

Rich and varied folk art. The epic is widespread. The Tsam holiday accompanied by musical instruments- bows, pipes, bells, accompanied by theatrical performances.

Peoples of Russia
in the second half of the 16th century.

Goals and objectives: introduce the history of the peoples of Russia in the second half of the 16th century, the stages of Russian development of new lands; characterize the process of spreading Christianity among the population of lands annexed to Russia in the 16th century.

Planned results: subject: define the conceptdiocese ; apply the conceptual apparatus of historical knowledge and methods of historical analysis to describe methods for introducing Orthodoxy; use knowledge about the territory and borders, the place and role of Russia in the world historical process; use information from a historical map as a source of information; express judgments about the process of turning Russia into a major Eurasian power; describe the essential features of the forms of state and military structure of the peoples of Russia; characterize the policy pursued by Ivan IV in the Volga region and Siberia; describe the taxes and duties paid by the population of lands annexed to Russia;meta-subject UUD - 1) communicative: organize educational cooperation and joint activities with the teacher and peers; working individually and in a group, find common decision and resolve conflicts based on coordination of positions and taking into account the interests of the parties; use consciously speech means in accordance with the task of communication to express your feelings, thoughts and needs; 2)regulatory: formulate goals educational activities, build an algorithm of actions; make the most choice effective ways solving assigned problems; apply initial research skills when solving search problems; present the results of your activities; 3)educational: master general decision making educational tasks; work with different sources of information, analyze and evaluate information, transform it from one form to another;personal UUD: to form and develop cognitive interest in studying the history of Russia; comprehend the social and moral experience of previous generations; evaluate historical events and the role of personality in history; respect the cultural and historical heritage through understanding the historical conditioning and motivation of the actions of people of previous eras.

Equipment: textbook, map “Russia in the 16th century,” a package with working material for working in groups.

Lesson type: lesson of general methodological orientation.

During the classes

Organizing time

Updating of reference knowledge

(Commented analysis of homework. Survey on basic concepts. The teacher asks the student to explain several terms. The next two or three students continue to give definitions of concepts. The remaining students can complement and correct their classmates.)

Motivational-target stage

In previous lessons we looked at political history Russia, social composition of the population. However, history is not only about economics, wars and campaigns. Can't imagine life Russian society, not knowing the traditions and customs of the peoples of Russia. Let's talk about this in our lesson.

Lesson topic: “The peoples of Russia in the second half of the 16th century.”

What do you think we will talk about?

What questions do we have to answer?

(Students express their guesses.)

Lesson Plan

Peoples Western Siberia and Volga region.

Formation of a new administration.

Russian development of annexed lands.

The problem of religion in the annexed lands.Problematic question

How did the process of Russia's transformation into the largest Eurasian power take place?

Introduction to new material

In the 16th century The territory of the Russian state expanded noticeably. It included new peoples. How was their relationship with the royal authorities? How were the new territories governed? We will discuss these and other questions with you in our lesson.

Work on the topic of the lesson

Peoples of Western Siberia and the Volga region

During the reign of Ivan IV To the Russian state The Volga region and Western Siberia were annexed.

Show the annexed territories on the map. Describe the peoples who inhabited them using the material on p. 76, 77 textbook and online resources.

(Checking the completion of the task. With the advice of the teacher, fill out the table.)

peoples

People

Territory

residence

Date of annexation of new lands

Finno-

Ugrians

Khanty and Mansi

East European Plain, Urals and Siberia

End XVI V.

Turks

Chuvash, Kazan Tatars, Bashkirs

Right and left banks of the Walsh

1551-1557

Finno-

Ugrians

Mari, Udmurts, Mordovians

Turks

Astrakhan Tatars, Nogai

Lower Volga region

1556

Finno-

Ugrians

Mordva

Turks

Nogai, Bashkirs, Argyns, Karluks, Kanglys, Kipchaks, Naimans

Ural, lower Ob

1557

Formation of a new administration

It was necessary to develop a model for managing the new territories and form a new administration.

Working in groups with the textbook material (pp. 77,78), guess what steps the Russian state should have taken to solve the problem of managing new lands.

Writing in a notebook

The Russian government confirmed the rights of the local nobility:

to own ancestral land;

collecting tribute from the population and managing it.

Service people:

were accepted into service for a salary, and also received estates for it;

received trade and craft benefits.

Questions for discussion

What are the merits of the model for forming a new administration?

What are the disadvantages of this model?

Development of annexed lands by Russians

The territory of Russia lay in a zone of sharply continental climate with a short agricultural summer. The country had no access to warm seas. In the absence of natural boundaries (sea or ocean coasts, large mountain ranges, etc.), the constant struggle against external aggression required the strain of all the country's resources. The lands of the west and south of the former Old Russian state were in the hands of Russia's opponents. Traditional trade and cultural ties were weakened and broken.

The Russians began to develop the fertile black soils of the Wild Field (south of the Oka River), the Volga region, and southern Siberia.

Complete task 2 for the text of the paragraph.

The problem of religion in the annexed lands

(After studying the material on pp. 78-80 of the textbook, students answer the questions.)

Who was responsible for the main task of introducing the peoples of the annexed lands to Orthodoxy?(On the created V 1555 G. Kazan diocese.)

Who and why took an active part in missionary activities?(Monasteries, which were granted land ownership for this.)

Working with the map, name the most big cities Russia XVI V.(Moscow, Tver, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk and etc.)

What document became the guide for missionary activity?(“Ordained memory.”)

What methods of spreading Orthodoxy were prescribed by this document?(Non-violent.)

What privileges did the peoples who adopted Orthodoxy receive? (Various benefits - exemption from paying yasak for three years; the nobility were equal in rights to the Russian service class.)

What were people called who voluntarily converted to Orthodoxy?(Newly baptized.)

What goals did the Russian government pursue in spreading Christianity among the newly annexed peoples?(Strengthening the central government in the newly annexed territories.)

What policies were pursued towards those who professed Islam?(Tolerance.)

Summing up the lesson

Let's check how well you have learned the new material.

Complete the tasks in the “Thinking, Comparing, Reflecting” section p. 81 textbooks.

(Checking the completion of the task.)

Homework

Prepare a report about one of the annexed peoples.

Trepavlov Vadim Vintserovich,
Doctor of Historical Sciences,
leading researcher at the Institute Russian history RAS.

One of the fundamental issues in Russian historiography is the interpretation of the annexation of peoples and territories to Russia, the building of relations between them and the central government.

In the works of historians written over the past decade and a half, there has been a departure from the previous apologetic approach, taking into account both voluntary and violent forms of accession.

During the Soviet period, historians often easily declared this or that people to have voluntarily entered into Russian citizenship - on the basis of the first agreement, an agreement between the local nobility and the government or with the provincial Russian authorities. Recurrences of this approach still occur today. Anniversaries of “voluntary entry” began to be celebrated again in Russian republics V beginning of XXI century. So, in 2007 there is a whole series of similar celebrations. The 450th anniversary of “voluntary entry into Russia” will be celebrated in Adygea, Bashkiria, Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, the 300th anniversary - in Khakassia; V next year the corresponding anniversary will be celebrated in Udmurtia (450 years), then in Kalmykia (400 years); in 2001 and 2002 celebrations died down in Chuvashia and Mari El... Established once, often in Soviet time(as a rule, on the initiative of the regional party leadership), artificial and opportunistic schemes are projected onto the interpretation of real historical processes.

In reality, the picture was much more complex. The Russian side and its partners often perceived the relationship of subordination and citizenship in completely different ways, and it is necessary to take into account the differences in views on joining Russia and on the status of being part of it among the Russian authorities and among the annexed peoples.

To illustrate, let us turn to some of the regions listed above - Bashkiria and the area of ​​settlement of the Circassians (according to modern ethnic nomenclature - Adygeans, Kabardians and Circassians).

The annexation of the territory of the modern Republic of Bashkortostan to the Russian state was not a simultaneous act. At the same time, the formal entry into citizenship of the Bashkirs occurred long before their actual inclusion in the administrative system of Russia.

By the middle of the 16th century. The region of settlement of the Bashkir tribes was divided between three states: the western part was part of the Kazan Khanate, the central and southern (i.e., the main part of present-day Bashkiria) was subordinate to the Nogai Horde, the northeastern tribes were tributaries of the Siberian khans.

After the conquest of Kazan in October 1552, the government of Tsar Ivan IV turned to the peoples of the Khanate, including the Bashkirs. They were encouraged to continue to pay taxes (yasak) to the Russian authorities - just like the Tatar khans; the population was guaranteed the inviolability of local customs and the Muslim religion; the tsar promised to preserve for the Bashkirs their ancestral lands as patrimonial (hereditary) possession. During 1554 - 1555 representatives of the western Bashkir tribes came to the royal governor in Kazan and confirmed their agreement with the specified conditions with an oath (shertya).

The chronology of these events is restored analytically, since information about them was not preserved in official documents. The information is contained only in Bashkir tribal genealogies (shezhere), where the dates are not indicated or are distorted.

In the mid-1550s, the Nogai Horde was engulfed in internecine turmoil and famine. Most of the Nogai migrated to the southern steppes, their nomadic camps were empty. The Bashkirs began to distribute them among their tribes and populate them. To secure their occupied nomads, protect them from Nogai invasions, and also to assert patrimonial rights to old ancestral domains (as in the case of Western tribes), the tribes of central and southern Bashkiria sent delegations to Kazan to the Tsar with a request to accept them under their protection and patronage. This happened in 1555 - 1557. These events are also reconstructed mainly based on shezher. However, they were also reflected in the official chronicle. The Nikon Chronicle quotes the report of the Kazan governor, Prince P. I. Shuisky, to Moscow that in May 1557, envoys from the Bashkirs confirmed in Kazan their submission to the tsar and brought the required tax (“the Bashkirs came, finishing off with their brows, and paid yasak”1 ).

It is believed that this chronicle record records the completion of the annexation of the main part of the Bashkir tribes to the Russian state. It was the message from the Nikon Chronicle of 1557 that served as the main basis for celebrating the 400th anniversary of Bashkiria’s entry into Russia in 1957. However, the process of the Bashkirs joining the Russian state began before this date and continued after it.

The foundation of the Russian fortress in Ufa and the quartering of the Streltsy garrison of the governor Mikhail Nagogo in 1586, the establishment of a special Ufa district already marked the actual expansion of jurisdiction Russian government to this region.

In the same 1586, the Trans-Ural Bashkirs, former subjects of the Siberian khans, accepted Russian citizenship.

In the context of the constant claims of the Nogais to the South Ural territories and the threat from the Kalmyks (and later the Kazakhs), the powerful rear in the form of Russian governors and fortress garrisons served as a significant incentive for the loyalty of the Bashkirs towards Russia in the future. Indigenous people Southern Urals Since then, it has never left Russian citizenship, but, on the contrary, has become more and more closely involved in the life of the state.

The way of life and intra-tribal relations among the Bashkirs initially remained intact. From previous times, the division of the region into five province-roads was preserved, and they, in turn, consisted of volosts. All government policies in the region were carried out through the volost biys (elders). For example, to solve important issues the Ufa governor was not always involved, but a volost assembly was assembled; All-Bashkir yiyns are also known.

In general, both sides—the Russian (represented by the administration) and the Bashkir—recognized the status Bashkir people as having voluntarily joined the Russian state and therefore received from Ivan IV the right to live in the most preferential administrative regime.

However, in the second half of the 17th century. this regime began to change. Russian villages appeared on Bashkir pastures and hunting grounds, and the authorities increased taxation rates. The most significant changes were noticeable in the 18th century: under Peter I, the obligation to serve government duties was extended to Bashkirs; in 1754, traditional yasak payments were replaced by a salt monopoly. Indignation was caused by the increasing frequency in the 18th century. allocations (in fact, seizures) of large areas for fortresses and factories.

These innovations did not undermine the economic foundations of the local population and in themselves were not very difficult, especially in comparison with the situation of the Russian serf peasantry. But the memory of voluntary accession and royal grants led the Bashkirs to the conviction that the government was unilaterally violating its long-standing obligations. The Bashkirs viewed their allegiance to the Tsar as their free choice, as a result of mutual agreement with Moscow. Therefore, they considered themselves entitled to defend by force the rights they had once received from the government, as well as to terminate previous agreements and, ultimately, change the overlord. The above reasons, together with the abuses of officials, caused massive indignation among the Bashkirs and a series of their uprisings in the 17th - 18th centuries.

Gradually, with the overcoming of contradictions and conflicts, the indigenous inhabitants of the Southern Urals adapted to new conditions of existence. As part of the Russian state, the Bashkirs, like other peoples, adapted to its political system and legislation, mastered communication through the dominant Russian language, mastered the achievements Russian science and culture, bringing their own contribution to them.

Active political ties between Russia and the principalities North Caucasus began in the mid-16th century. According to the diplomatic procedures adopted at that time, these relations were often formalized by sherts and were accompanied by assurances of citizenship (“servitude”). However, in those days, ideas about citizenship, patronage, and suzerainty sometimes turned out to be rather conditional. As not only Caucasian materials, but also Siberian, Kalmyk and others show, “nationality” declared on the basis of “shert” agreements should be accompanied by serious reservations. The two-hundred-year epic of the repeated “loss” of Kabardian, Dagestan, Georgian and other rulers to the Russian tsars confirms this feature of international relations of the late Middle Ages.

Most authors are by no means inclined to literally perceive the alliances concluded at that time as the transition of the Circassians to the Russian “White Tsar”. They are reasonably interpreted as a result of the coincidence of interests of the local ruling elite and the Russian authorities, as evidence of a political alliance directed against third forces - neighboring powers fighting for the Caucasus. Maneuvering between Persia, Turkey and Russia often formed the basis foreign policy local rulers. The result of such maneuvering was the “general servility” that periodically arose in the Caucasus - recognition of subordination to both the Russian Tsar and the Persian Shah or Ottoman Sultan.

In the middle of the 16th century, simultaneously with the conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates by Ivan IV and the access of the Moscow state to the Caspian Sea, friendly relations between Moscow and some Adyghe rulers were established. In 1552, 1555, 1557 Embassies from Kabarda and from the Western (Trans-Kuban) Circassians came to Ivan the Terrible with a request for their citizenship, for help against the expansion of the Crimean khans and in the fight against the Kazimukh (Dagestan) Shamkhap. In July 1557, representatives of the two Kabardian princes were received by the tsar, who responded favorably to the request “to commit [them] into servitude and help them perpetrate on their enemies.” Later, Ivan IV even married a Kabardian princess.

In the 17th century The territory of the country has increased significantly. And that's it large quantity various peoples was part of it. These peoples became participants in all-Russian socio-economic and cultural processes.

Inclusion of different peoples into Russia

On the one hand, this inclusion led to the development of national regions of the country that previously knew only a tribal system, on the other hand, innovations broke them traditional life and culture. The attack on their lands by boyars, landowners and the Church, and the arbitrariness of the governors caused discontent among non-Russian peoples.

It must be recalled that the Tatars lived in the Volga-Kama interfluve; in the area between the Volga and Oka rivers lived the Mordvinians, Mari and Chuvash; Komi inhabited the Pechora River basin; Udmurts - the Urals along the Kama River; Karelians occupied lands bordering Finland; Kalmyks settled in the lower reaches of the Volga and along the northern coast of the Caspian Sea; in the Urals, along the banks of the Belaya and Ufa rivers, as well as in the Middle Urals, the Bashkirs lived; Kabardians, dependent on Russia, lived in the North Caucasus.

The conquest by Russia in the mid-16th century was a turning point for the history of some peoples of the Volga and Urals regions. Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, annexation of the northeastern lands.

A characteristic feature is the increasingly multinational composition of these territories, the mixed residence of different peoples, and free migration. The colonization of the Volga and Urals regions by Russian peasants, who brought their economic farming experience to the forest and hunting regions, was becoming more and more widespread. This process was largely peaceful. With the appearance of Russian landowners and church feudal lords in the Tatar, Mordovian, Chuvash, and Mari lands, norms extended to privately owned lands Russian laws, serfdom. Between the Oka and Volga rivers, on fertile lands this process went faster; in the Urals, in the northeast, in distant forest areas - slower.

In the 17th century the bulk of the inhabitants of these regions were state peasants. They paid taxes to the treasury in furs and food products, carried out state duties - in the construction of roads, bridges and fortress walls, and performed yamskaya gonba (postal service).

The government demanded that the authorities respect the traditions and customs of non-Russian peoples, punished violence and abuse, and sought to enlist the support of the local elite. Tatar murzas, Kalmyk taishas, ​​tribal leaders and elders were granted the rights of nobles, they were allocated lands, and the collection of taxes was left to them. Over time, the local nobility began to faithfully serve Moscow.

In the forested northeastern regions where the Komi lived, there was little privately owned land; local residents were personally free. Russian fishermen flocked here. These lands were especially rich in furs, fish, and other gifts from forests and rivers. Salt deposits were discovered here, and salt production was constantly expanding. Many residents went to the salt mines. Trade routes from the White Sea to Siberia passed through the Komi region. All this tied the local lands and their population more closely to all-Russian processes.

The Christianization of these places became a strong lever for the development of the Volga and Urals regions and the establishment of Russian power here. The Tatar Murzas, who did not want to convert to Orthodoxy, had their lands taken away. Those who converted to Christianity were promised benefits on taxes and duties.

In the north-west of the country the fate of the Finno-Ugric peoples was difficult. Historically associated with Russian lands, after the Time of Troubles they fell under the subordination of Sweden, which established its own rules here and introduced Protestantism. Many Karelians fled to Eastern Karelia, which remained with Russia. The local residents traditionally engaged in hunting and fishing, and sown grain on poor rocky soils. New trends entered the life of the Karelian region: the development of ore deposits and iron processing began, the first manufactories appeared.

Became part of Russia in the middle of the 16th century. Kabarda remained a vassal of Russia. Gradually Russian influence it intensified here. In the 17th century The first Russian fortresses appeared on the banks of the Terek, the garrisons of which consisted of servicemen and Cossacks.

Peoples European Russia sometimes they shared the hardships of war with the Russian people. Thus, the Bashkir, Kalmyk and Kabardian cavalry took part in the wars with Poland and went on Crimean campaigns.

When the Russian authorities, merchants and entrepreneurs, Russian feudal lords allowed violence and arbitrariness against the local population, they defended their interests with arms in hand. At the end of the 17th century. Karelian peasants rebelled when they tried to assign them as workers to one of the local industrial enterprises. In the 1660-1680s. A major uprising broke out in Bashkiria in response to Russian land grabs and forced Christianization. The Volga and Ural peoples took an active part in the uprising of Stepan Razin.

Final annexation of Siberia

XVII century became a turning point in Russia's conquest of all of Siberia, right up to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Relying on fortresses in the upper and middle reaches of the Yenisei, on trading settlements and outposts at river mouths near the coast of the Arctic Ocean, Russian troops continued to move east.

What led them to Siberia? The conquest of new lands under the high hand of the Russian Tsar, the desire of service people and traders to make money in regions rich in fur and fish, indomitable curiosity and a desire to discover unknown lands and peoples.

Many different peoples lived in the vast expanses of Siberia. The number of each of them was small. Their main weapons were stone axes, bows and arrows. The Khanty and Mansi, who had already accepted Russian citizenship, lived on the Yenisei. Further to the east lived East Siberian peoples still unknown to Russian people: in the Baikal region, along the upper reaches of the Angara and Vitim - the Buryats; east of the Yenisei up to the Okhotsk coast - the Evenks (their old name is the Tungus); in the basin of the Lena, Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma rivers - the Yakuts; in Southern Transbaikalia and the Amur region - Daurs and Duchers; in the northeast of Siberia up to the Bering Strait - Koryaks, Chukchi, Yukaghirs; in Kamchatka - Itelmens.

The Yakuts and Daurs had a highly developed economy for that time. The latter had constant contacts with the Chinese.

Russian explorers moved to these regions starting in the 1630s. Siberian governors from Tobolsk, the Yenisei fort and Mangazeya (a trading village and port on the Taz River, not far from the Gulf of Ob) sent detachments “to visit Buryatka’s new lands and explain to the people there.”

In the early 1630s. The first detachments of service people appeared on the Lena. The fort built here was attacked local residents led by toyons (princes). But bows and arrows were not sufficient weapons against arquebuses and cannons. New detachments arrived on Lena and sent messages to the governors that the Yakut land was crowded and barren, that the Yakuts were warriors and did not want to give the sovereign tribute.

The Toyons led the fight against the Russians. One of them, You Nina, inflicted several defeats on the royal troops. In the course of further battles and negotiations, it was possible to persuade the Yakut leaders to enter the sovereign service. Some of the toyons received the title of ulus princes. The center of Russian influence became the Yakutsk fort - the future Yakutsk.

Following the service people, fishermen came here, and then peasants. It took three years to get from the center of Russia to Lena. From these lands came a stream of yasak - the skins of sables, ermines, foxes, and the highly prized walrus tusk.

The Yakut fort became a base from which expeditions of servicemen to the east were equipped. Some detachments headed to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Amur River, others crossed the Verkhoyansk Range and went to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka and to the middle reaches of the Kolyma, while others moved from the mouth of the Lena by sea.