Novo-Peterhof School of the NKVD - Leningrad Border Svu - pu n81 - vocational lyceum n148. Post-war period General characteristics of the study
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Gulbinsky Yuri Valentinovich. Educational, pedagogical, organizational, economic and service-combat activities of the fourth school of the border guard and OGPU troops (Saratov Military School). 1932-1973 : dissertation... candidate of historical sciences: 07.00.02 / Gulbinsky Yuri Valentinovich; [Place of protection: Sarat. state University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky]. - Saratov, 2008. - 242 p. : ill. RSL OD, 61:08-7/178
Introduction
Chapter 1. ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOURTH SCHOOL OF BORDER GUARD AND OGPU TROOPS 25
1.1 The fourth border school in the structure of educational institutions of the OGPU 25
1.2. Formation of the Fourth Border School - Saratov Military School of the NKVD 33
1.3. Saratov Military School and mass repressions of 1937-1938 56
Chapter 2. SARATOV NKVD MILITARY SCHOOL DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR 73
2.1. Life and activities of the school during the war years 73
2.2. Graduates and teachers of the school on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War 91
2.3. Participation of the Saratov Military School in performing special tasks during the Great Patriotic War 108
Chapter 3. ACTIVITIES OF SARATOV MILITARY SCHOOL 1945-1973 139
3.1. Structural changes, restructuring of the educational process, improving the quality of officer training in the post-war years (1945-1953) 139
3.2. Participation in counter-insurgency, counter-guerrilla warfare and deportation of certain groups of the population 160
3.3. On the way to a higher military school (1953-1973) 183
CONCLUSION 205
LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES USED 211
APPLICATIONS 222
Introduction to the work
An integral attribute of the power of any state are armed formations designed to ensure internal security, maintain order in the country and protect its vital facilities. Moreover, in different countries they may have their own names, different forms of organization and differ in some functions. But the field of their activity will ultimately always be determined by the political regime that exists in the country, by the laws that regulate their tasks, rights, duties and responsibilities.
In modern Russia, such formations are called “internal troops” 1. As history has shown, with the development of the state, the structure, functions, name and even social composition of the employees of these troops changed in accordance with the changes in the political system of Russia. The only thing that remained unchanged was their belonging to the state military-security system 2 .
In the period under study (1932-1973), the internal troops were repeatedly reformed and subordinated to various departments. In accordance with this, their name also changed: OGPU troops - NKVD - MTB - MVD.
The history of the internal troops (internal troops) of Russia is replete with a huge number of facts and events. In it, as in the life of the entire country, there were heroic, dramatic, and tragic pages. Their activities have received very different, sometimes diametrically opposed, assessments from researchers. For the most part, this is due to social
1 The history of the internal troops begins in the first quarter of the 19th century. March 27, 1811
year on the initiative of the assistant to the St. Petersburg governor Evgraf Komarovsky,
Alexander I issued a decree on the formation of a separate corps of internal guards. This date
It is considered to be the day of formation of the internal troops of Russia. See: Baranov V.P. and etc.
Internal troops: Historical essay. M., 2007. P. 11.
2 The state military security system is understood as the totality
forces used by the authorities for the purpose of maintaining order, ensuring internal security
stability, protection of the rights and legitimate interests of its citizens. See: Historical sketch of the image
development and development of police institutions in Russia. (Annex 5 to the bill on
transformation of the police in the Empire). St. Petersburg, 1913, p. 3.
4 a historical, historical assessment of the activities of the departments that structurally included the internal troops. However, according to the author of this study, it is more reasonable to determine the nature of the actions of troops not only and not so much by departmental affiliation, but by the human factor. This means that a very important role in specific operations or official tasks carried out by units and divisions of the internal troops was played by their leading officers - commanders and superiors. From the thesis formulated above it follows that the training system for command personnel has been and remains the most important component of the service and combat activities of the internal troops.
Note that throughout the pre-revolutionary period such a system did not exist in Russia. The staffing of internal troops with officers was carried out by graduates of army military educational institutions. It did not exist in the first years of Soviet power either. Only in 1930, at an administrative meeting of the Council of Labor and Defense, a decision was made to grant the United State Political Administration (OGPU) the right to organize independent training of commanding officers 1 .
During the implementation of this decision, among other military educational institutions, the Fourth School of Border Guards and OGPU Troops was opened in the city of Saratov in 1932. In its development as an educational institution, it went through four stages of qualitative improvement: military school, military school, higher military school and military institute. For 75 years, this military educational institution has trained a huge number of military specialists: border guards, infantrymen, sappers, signalmen, commanders and political workers, doctors, police officers and other areas. Saratov residents - graduates of this military educational institution - wrote many bright pages in the history of border and internal troops, fighting on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. The history of the establishment includes
1 See: History of the construction of internal troops. Part 1 (1917-1945). M., 1995. P. 127.
5 participation in dozens of special operational combat missions, as well as the daily, continuous service of graduates in law enforcement within the framework of the laws and orders that were in force in the state. All this played a certain, albeit controversial role in the historical events of Russia in the 20th century.
However, the accumulated experience of organizational, economic, educational, pedagogical and service-combat activities of this military educational institution has not yet received proper comprehension.
It seems that the study of various aspects of the military pedagogical activities of the oldest university in the thirties - sixties will allow us to draw some conclusions and make recommendations useful for the modern process of officer training.
Studying the historical experience of the organization and functioning of the Fourth School (military school), both in normal and extreme conditions, helps to identify various aspects of the construction of internal troops. In particular - determining combat readiness, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of military-theoretical and pedagogical thought. In this regard, the service and combat activities of the university as a military formation are, of course, important. Participation in security and military operations and special missions reveals the essence of the tasks assigned to the internal troops and their national significance. A different assessment is appropriate here, taking into account not only the essence of special operations from a tactical (Chekist) point of view. The study of this problem makes it possible to show the moral and ethical side of the operations being carried out, the motives for the behavior of cadets when performing special tasks of deporting individual peoples or suppressing an insurgent (partisan) movement. It allows us to determine the dependence of the nature of actions on the political goals of the warring parties, and contributes to the understanding of social processes in a specific historical situation.
In general, studying the positive and negative aspects of the experience of training officers for internal troops reduces the likelihood of mistakes affecting the trends of modern military special education.
In connection with the above, object of study dissertation work is the Fourth School of Border Guards and OGPU Troops, subsequently renamed the Saratov Military School of the NKVD-MTB-MVD Troops, in the context of the general development of the officer training system for the internal troops in the 1930s - 1960s.
Since the object and subject of research as categories of the scientific process are related to each other as general and particular, subject This study selected the educational, pedagogical, organizational, economic, and service-combat activities of the above-mentioned military educational institution.
The study of the stated problem has not yet been of a scientific nature. On an all-Russian scale, it seemed insignificant and narrow. Neither local historians nor departmental researchers turned to it practically. It should also be taken into account that the main documents and materials related to the activities of the school remained classified as “secret” or “top secret” for a long time. Therefore, publications on the history of the school were published only on anniversaries; they were published, as a rule, as manuscripts and were of a purely departmental nature. Their content was overly pretentious, highly ideological, reality was varnished and adjusted to ideological dogmas. “Inconvenient” subjects were excluded.
The first attempt to study the history of the Saratov school (college) was made in 1948. The socio-economic cycle teacher, Captain I. Volkov, prepared and published in the newspaper “On the Path of Felix” the article “The Fifteenth Anniversary of the School. 1933-1948" 1 .
From that time on, every five to ten years, anniversary editions began to be published in typewritten form in a circulation of five to seven copies in the form of a short essay, historical information, historical essay, textbook, etc. 1
All these publications were conceived for propaganda and educational work with cadets. Nevertheless, the historical information entitled: “Saratov Military School - 30 years old”, published as a manuscript, with the stamp “Do not take it out of the unit”, deserves attention. Its author, then a candidate of historical sciences, Lieutenant Colonel D.P. Vanchinov, 3 on the basis of a historical form, in chronological order, described, in general, the thirty-year path of the school.
Structurally, the work consists of three sections. The first section is titled “The Formative Years.” It tells the story of when, how and why the Fourth School of Border Guards and OGPU Troops was created, and by what principles the permanent and variable composition was selected. Some social characteristics of the first sets of cadets are given, the first pre-war graduations are described in detail: how many young officers were released and with what results (in absolute numbers and percentage terms). Their party affiliation is given, and the reasons why some of the graduates did not receive the officer rank are substantiated.
In the first and subsequent sections, significant space is devoted to the work of party and Komsomol organizations, their role and importance in the training of future officers.
1 See: Vradiy P. T. Brief history of the school for 25 years. Saratov: SVU, 1957; Vanchinov D.P. Saratov Military School is 30 years old: Historical information. Saratov, 1962; Kaluga A. Ya. SVU im. F. E. Dzerzhinsky Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - 40 years. Saratov, 1972; Sopenko A. G. SVVKKU named after. F.E. Dzerzhinsky Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - 45 years (1932-1977). Saratov, 1977.
The stamp “Do not remove from the unit” meant that the material was intended for official use.
3 Dmitry Polikarpovich Vanchinov, after being transferred to the reserve, he worked at the Saratov State University named after. N.G. Chernyshevsky, defended his doctoral dissertation and received the academic title of professor, headed the department of history of the USSR during the Soviet period.
The second section of the certificate is devoted to the activities of the school during the Great Patriotic War. The author talks at length and at length about the treachery of the Nazis, about the patriotic upsurge among Soviet people in general and among cadets and officers in particular. Without reference to any sources, he talks about the participation of school personnel in the construction of defensive structures around the city of Saratov, about military training of the population, about assistance to agriculture, about raising funds for the defense fund, etc.
However, this section presents a much weaker historical background and statistics than the previous one. This is apparently explained by the fact that the life of the school during the war years was not reflected in the historical record. It is difficult to judge whether this was done due to the dishonesty of the relevant officials or for any other reason, but to this day this gap in the main historical document of the educational institution remains unfilled.
The third section of the book reveals the activities of the school in the post-war years. It analyzes changes in the staffing structure, in the specialization and profile of officer training, and describes the principles of staffing a military educational institution with teachers and cadets.
All other publications on the history of the Saratov School mentioned above have a similar structure, and to one degree or another duplicate the historical information. Their difference and advantage lies in the fact that the authors add facts and events of recent years to their publications. These publications describe in much more detail the exploits and distinctions of graduates on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the successes and achievements of the school’s graduates in everyday service in a peaceful environment.
Thus, the manual by A. Ya. Kaluga contains biographies of cadets and officers of the school who were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The feats for which these titles were awarded to Lieutenant Colonel A. I. Bankuzov, Captain A. F. Bogomolov, Lieutenant
A. M. Eroshin, captain I. S. Zenin and other officers 1. Brought to you by
exactly a long list of former cadets, commanders and teachers,
for whom studying or working at the Saratov school (college) has begun
howling platform for achieving high career heights. In particular the author
talks about the first teachers of the Fourth School V. T. Korepanov,
V. S. Dolgov, A. I. Makarov, who later became military chiefs
schools and colleges. The career path of officers A. N. Apollonov is described,
A. A. Kovalchuk, P. V. Burmak. P. E. Kosynkina, D. V. Kramarchuk,
S. I. Iovlev, who held high positions in the central apparatus
Ministry of Internal Affairs. The service-combat path and career growth of graduates is outlined:
P. N. Anoprikov - head of the department of the Main Directorate of Border Guards
troops, A.P. Kozlov - commander of the Separate Motorized Rifle Division especially
appointment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, V.F. Zlobanov - chief of the Pacific troops;;
sky border district and many others.
For the fortieth anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, Lieutenant Colonel A.I. Talyzin developed a textbook in three editions with a total volume of 60 typewritten pages. It was intended for officers and teachers as reference material in the system of political and educational work, as well as for cadets when preparing reports and communications during the educational process. The first edition of the manual briefly examines the issues of restructuring the work of the school in connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The second issue, based on materials from the school’s large-circulation newspaper “On the Path of Felix,” talks about the features of officer training “... in an organized rear area...”. The third issue is dedicated to teachers and graduates who showed courage, leadership talent and earned high awards on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.
1 See: Kaluga A. Ya. Decree. Op. P. 44.
2 See: Talyzin A.I. Saratov Military School during the Great Patriotic War
war of 1941-1945: Textbook. Saratov, 1984.
Among the anniversary publications, the book by V.N. Lubnin 1 is of greatest interest. This is the first printed work on the history of the school, dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the university. It uses materials from the above-mentioned manuscripts and publications of other authors, and collects memories of veterans and graduates of different years. The book is written in essay form. Its content tells about the participation of command and teaching staff, graduates and cadets in battles on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, about the protection of the state border of the USSR, important objects of the country, public order and the fight against crime. The book tells about the creative searches of the command, scientific and pedagogical staff, party and Komsomol organizations of the school at various stages of its development. According to the author, he “sought to attract new documentary and factual material, especially from the pre-war period, the first post-war and recent years” 2. However, the book does not contain links to archival or other documents.
The years of preparation for the 70th anniversary were the most abundant in terms of the number of printed publications reflecting the history and activities of the school.
At this time, G.I. Tsyplin’s book was prepared and published. This turned out to be an unusual work, belonging to the genre of war memoirs. It is devoted to a narrow topic - the history of the creation and improvement of the educational and material base for one, albeit core, subject - tactical and special training. However, as Professor V.N. Danilov rightly notes in the preface, “...the peculiarity of this work is that it is based not only on the author’s personal impressions, on the fact that he
1 See: Lubnin V.N. Saratov Higher Military Command Red Banner
School named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Saratov, 1992.
2 Ibid. P. 7.
See: Voronov M. S., Kiselev V. I., Shevchenko I. V. 70 years in a single formation. Saratov: SVKI VV Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2002; Ershov P. I., Kostyuchek N. S., Shevchenko I. V. Heroes - students of the military institute. Saratov, 2002; Filaretov L. A. History of the second battalion. Saratov, 2003; They forged victory: Autobiographical essays. Saratov, 2005. 4 See: Tsygashn G.I. How it was: Military memoirs. Saratov, 2002.
saw, did and took part in, but also on authentic archival documents. Therefore, this publication can rightfully be defined as a memoir - a study..." 1.
Without questioning the facts and events covered in anniversary and memoir publications, it should be noted that from the point of view of science, they should be treated with caution. In some cases, there are historical inaccuracies or there is no documentary evidence to support contradictory facts. Thus, in the book by V.N. Lubnin it is stated that “...On May 22, 1943, the 10th anniversary of the school was solemnly celebrated” 2. I. Volkov gives the title to his essay in the newspaper “On the Path of Felix”: “The fifteenth anniversary of the school 1933-1948.” A. Ya. Kaluga in a manuscript dedicated to the history of the school writes “... May 2, 1972 to the Saratov School named after. F. E. Dzerzhinsky turns 40 years old" 3. From the above examples it is clear that researchers have different interpretations of the date and even the year of establishment of an educational institution 4 .
In addition, the above studies only mention “special government assignments” and “special business trips” to which the school’s personnel were involved. And there were about ten such trips from 1937 to 1949. It is silent about the tasks that were carried out by the combined detachments of the school in the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Baltic states.
Widely covering the ideological, organizational, propaganda and intra-union work of party and Komsomol organizations, the authors of the studies did not say a single word about the role of these organizations in total control over the mentality of communists, Komsomol members and all personnel.
Citing a large amount of statistical data about exploits, distinctions, awards, incentives, etc., the researchers do not even hint at
1 See: Tsyplin G. And Decree op. S. 3.
2 See: Lubnin V.N. Decree. Op. P.62
12 misdemeanors, violations of military, labor or educational discipline, by the number of “seized”, arrested, convicted or brought to other types of responsibility. Without covering such facts, the history of the school looks incomplete and one-sided.
In addition to anniversary publications, some ideas about the history of the school can be gleaned from various collections promoting the feats of arms of soldiers of the internal troops and employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
A team of authors consisting of A.P. Pozdnyakov, E.A. Nechaev, I.N. Izotov and others published a collection about the heroic exploits of soldiers of the internal troops. It, along with others, briefly highlights the exploits of some graduates of the Saratov Military School 1. Researchers
B. Serdinsky, L. Smirnov, B. Dubrovin, E. Ovsyankin collected material about
military personnel permanently included in the lists of units. One of the first
pages of this collection are dedicated to Hero of the Soviet Union Nikolai Va
Silevich Mamonov, forever included in the lists of the 1st company of the 1st battalion
to schools. It also tells about the exploits of graduates
A. M. Nemchinova, D. I. Rakusa, I. N. Kuznetsova, A. V. Lopatina 2.
On the occasion of the eightieth anniversary of the Separate Order of Lenin and the October Revolution of the Red Banner Operational Division of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for a long time, bearing the name of F. E. Dzerzhinsky, a book was published telling about the combat path of the illustrious unit. From each graduating class of the Saratov school, ten to twenty young officers were sent to this division. Among them are P. E. Korzhenko, A. P. Kozlov,
S. A. Melikov, who rose to the rank of commander of this unit. On
pages of the anniversary edition tell, to one degree or another, about six
ten seven graduates - Saratov residents.
In memory of graduates of the pre-war years of the Saratov Military School of Border and Internal Security of the NKVD of the USSR, fighters and commanders
1 See: Worthy of the title of hero. M., 1986. P. 178.
2 See: Golden stars of internal troops. M., 1990. P. 166.
3 See: Order-bearing Dzerzhinsky. M.) 2004.
13th division named after. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, employees of internal affairs and state security agencies, border guard officers who fulfilled their military and official duties during the Great Patriotic War, is dedicated to Pavel Smirnov’s story “Bunchuk” 1
This work is based on real events related to the main character of the story, a graduate of the Saratov School V. T. Ogryzko. The story uses materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Military Archive, the Central Archive of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Central Museum of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, and memories of veterans of the Great Patriotic War.
In the book of candidate of historical sciences S. M. Shtutman “Internal troops. History in Persons 2" presents biographies of the leaders of the internal troops for the almost two-hundred-year history of these formations. Among others, the book talks about the commander - head of tactics of the chemical troops of the Saratov school of border guards and OPTU troops Arkady Nikolaevich Appolonov, who later, with the rank of colonel general, headed the internal troops and was deputy minister of internal affairs. The military biography of another teacher of the Fourth School, Pyotr Vasilyevich Burmak, who completed his career as head of the Main Directorate of Internal Troops, is presented similarly. The same book tells about a graduate of the Saratov Military School, who went through his career from a cadet to the commander of the internal troops, an honorary citizen of the city of Saratov, Colonel General, Hero of Russia Anatoly Aleksandrovich Romanov 3.
Some data and interesting stories on the history of the Saratov school (college) can be found in local history publications.
1 See: Smirnov P. Bunchuk. Saratov, 2007.
2 See: Shtutman S.M. Internal Troops: History in Persons. M., 2004.
By a joint decision of the leadership of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Saratov Region and the regional Council of Veterans of Internal Affairs Agencies and Internal Troops, a collection of 1 essays and memoirs of veterans of the Great Patriotic War - internal affairs agencies - was published. Among them are stories about servicemen of the Saratov Military School I. A. Anokhin, A. Ya. Ignatiev, S. P. Komkov, A. I. Zakharov and dozens of other officers and warrant officers.
The Volga Book Publishing House published a book by a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, retired colonel, former head of the tactics department of the Saratov Military School, N. N. Timonin. "It presents biographies of Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of Russia - natives of the Saratov land and those who studied and worked , lived or lives in the Saratov region. Together with other characters, the pages of the book reflect the biographies of 20 former cadets and officers of the Saratov Military School.
It is easy to notice that the overwhelming majority of publications about the Saratov military school (school) are devoted to describing the service and combat path of individuals who accomplished feats, showed courage or made a brilliant military career. The author of the study pays tribute to the heroes of these publications, self-control in extreme situations, has great respect for their diligence, zeal in everyday service and highly values the educational role of the published books. However, all this literature, although it covers some aspects of the history of the university, is more popular than scientific in nature. As a result, it is legitimate to conclude that the topic of the dissertation does not have its own scientific historiography, and the history of the Saratov border guard school and the OGPU troops (Saratov Military School) has not yet been thoroughly studied. The prerequisites and reasons for the opening of a military educational institution of this kind have not been identified, its place and special role in the general system of training have not been shown.
See: Glory and memory. Saratov, 1966.
See: Timonin N.N. Feats in the name of the Fatherland are immortal. Saratov, 2006.
15 training of officer personnel for the border guards and troops of the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD, the periodization of the history of the formation and functioning of the educational institution is not substantiated, the degree of participation of officers and cadets of the school in repressive measures against “enemies of the people” is not clarified. The actions of temporary formations of the school in the counter-insurgency and counter-guerrilla struggle in the Baltic republics and Ukraine were not covered. An objective assessment has not been given of the participation of the school’s combined detachments in the deportation of certain groups of the population in the Volga region and the North Caucasus, and the participation of the school’s personnel in the socio-political, economic, cultural and sports life of the Saratov region has not been documented.
Based on the scientific significance of the problem and the level of its development, the dissertation author set himself gel\ Based mainly on newly identified documents and facts, explore the history of the creation, development and functioning of the Fourth School of Border Guard and OPTU troops in the city of Saratov, its transformation into the Saratov Military School of the NKVD-MVD.
explore the structure of educational institutions of OPTU in the early 1930s. and the factors that determined the creation of the Fourth Border Guard School;
the process of formation of the Saratov Border Guard School and its transformation into a military school;
analyze the nature and content of the participation of school personnel in special operations of the NKVD in 1937-1938;
to highlight the life, military-pedagogical and service activities of the school in wartime conditions;
to study the participation of graduates, teachers and cadets of the school in repelling aggression on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and the fulfillment of special tasks by the school in the war and early post-war years;
Analyze structural changes, restructuring of the educational process and improvement of the quality of officer training in peacetime conditions of 1945-1973;
IN territorial framework The research included the location of the military educational institution - Saratov, the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, where graduates and teachers of the school fought, as well as regions where the school participated in special operations.
Chronological framework cover the period from the formation of the 4th school of border guards and OPTU troops (1932) to the transformation of the Saratov Military School of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a higher military educational institution. The chronological period under study includes the most significant stages of the functioning of the school (college): the pre-war years, the period of the Great Patriotic War, the post-war years, including the years of Khrushchev’s experiments with the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the relative stability of existence during the period associated with the reign of L. I. Brezhnev. Since it was impossible not to take into account the historical prerequisites and factors that laid the foundation for the emergence of an educational institution for the military-security system in the city of Saratov, the dissertation also touches on the years immediately preceding the creation of the Fourth Border School.
Scientific novelty research lies in the very formulation of the problem. Essentially, this dissertation is the first attempt to study the history of one of the oldest military educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the context of the general history of the internal troops of Russia. As part of the study, the social and service prerequisites for opening educational institutions in the OPTU system in general and the Saratov school in particular were identified. Such socio-political aspect as staffing an educational institution with permanent and variable staff is considered in detail. A thorough analysis of the organizational, economic, educational and methodological activities of the command and teaching staff in peacetime and wartime conditions was made. Based on various sources, for the first time
17 introduced into scientific circulation, the participation of cadets and officers in special operations is highlighted, the mechanisms of using military force in solving internal political problems are analyzed. Some events related to service and combat missions have been given reasonable assessments, sometimes not coinciding with the generally accepted opinion in departmental literature and historiography. Statistics are widely presented on various aspects of the school’s life, summarized in a number of tables compiled by the author. For the first time, the connection between the school and public and economic organizations of the city of Saratov and the region is widely shown.
Practical significance work is that it gives a fairly complete picture of the effectiveness of the functioning of a specialized educational institution, both in normal and in extreme conditions. Conclusions and generalizations can be used in developments on today's problems of reforming internal troops in general and their military educational institutions in particular. In addition, a still little-known remarkable page in the history of the city of Saratov and the region has been revealed. The educational aspect of the study is closely related to the scientific aspect and provides certain material for new searches on the history of the region and the internal troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. This study also has an educational function. It is especially relevant in connection with the 75th anniversary of the Fourth School of Border Guards and OGPU Troops, and now the Saratov Military Red Banner Institute of Internal Troops. The current generation of defenders of the Fatherland is trained and educated on the traditions, experience, courage and heroism of past graduates.
Methodological basis The prepared dissertation work included the principles and methods of scientific knowledge. The author relied on the fundamental principles of historical research - historicism, objectivity, systematicity.
All research methods used can be divided into three groups.
The first group includes general scientific research methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematization, classification, analogy, etc. They were used not on their own, but in combination, which, in the author’s opinion, made it possible to provide an integrated approach to the study of the history of the Saratov military schools, study within a given chronological framework the whole variety of phenomena and processes that took place, against the general background of development, identify the most significant moments, trace their interconnection and interdependence.
The second group combines special methods of historical research - frontal examination of archival and other sources, historical description, problem-chronological, retrospective, method of actualization, etc. Their use ensured the study of historical phenomena and facts in close connection with the specific historical situation in which they arose and existed, and in their qualitative changes at various stages of development.
The third group consists of the methods used by some other sciences: sociology (surveying participants and witnesses of events), statistics (statistical method), mathematics (calculation, interpolation, generalization and averaging of quantitative indicators of the functioning of the military educational institution under study).
These methods were used both individually and in combination. This depended on the specifics of the issue under consideration, the nature and content of the source and the task at hand.
Source base The research included published documents, materials from archival funds, periodicals, memoirs and interviews with participants in the events.
Of interest among the published documents are the regulatory legal acts of the functioning of the border, found in various collections.
19 private and internal troops, documents characterizing their practical activities.
Since 1968, widespread publication of documents and materials about the activities of border troops in the open press began 2. This work continued for over 10 years. A total of 5 collections of documents on the history of border troops were published, in which documents from 1918 to 1950 were published. Since 1972, the publication of documents and materials on the construction and activities of internal troops for the period 1917-1945 began.
The undoubted advantage of all collections is the presence of a good reference apparatus: each book has detailed prefaces and notes, and indexes. These books made a significant contribution to documentary coverage of the history of the creation and development of internal troops, as well as some issues of the work of military educational institutions. But the documents printed in these collections were pre-selected and published in abridged form. Negative facts from the history of the troops were not reflected in these publications.
The most important sources for preparing the dissertation work were unpublished documents and materials drawn from archives.
1 See: Internal troops of the Soviet Republic (1917-1922). Documents and ma
terials. M., 1972; Internal troops during the years of peaceful socialist construction
M., 1975; From the history of the Cheka troops and border guards. Documents and materials. 1917-
1921 M., 1958; From the history of Soviet border troops. 1935 - June 1941 Doku
ments and materials. M., 1973; Border troops of the USSR. 1928-1938. M., 1972; Pogranich
new troops of the USSR. 1939-1941. M., 1970; Border troops of the USSR. 1941-1945. M., 1968;
Border troops of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War 1941. Collection of documents and
materials. M., 1976.
2 In total, two series of collections were published - open and secret. Secret collection
nicknames were released from 1963 to 1975. in five books. The documents published in them, oh
covered the period from 1921 to 1945.
3 See: Border Troops of the USSR. 1918-1928. M., 1973; Border troops of the USSR.
1928-1938. M., 1972; Border troops of the USSR. 1939-1941. M, 1970; Border howl
ska USSR. 1941-1945. M., 1968; Border troops of the USSR. 1945-1950. M., 1975.
4 See: Internal troops of the Soviet Republic 1917-1922: Documents and materials
rials. M., 1972; Internal troops during the years of peaceful socialist construction
1922-1941 M., 1977; Internal troops in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.
M., 1975.
One of the significant difficulties in working with archival materials on the NKVD troops is the disunity of documents across a large number of archival institutions. This happened due to the peculiarities of the construction, organization and subordination of these troops.
Currently, the archival institution in Russia containing the largest number of documents on the history of the NKVD troops is the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA). In it you can find documents on military educational institutions of the NKVD that existed in the pre-war period and during the Great Patriotic War. Some of these materials are used in the dissertation.
Unfortunately, access to a number of funds in this archive is still limited. This is fund 40956, where the personal files of cadets of several schools of the NKVD troops, including Saratov, are stored. Fund 38265, where the documents of the Political Department of the Directorate of Educational Institutions of the NKVD Troops are concentrated, is also inaccessible. The dissertation uses separate documents from fund 40926 (Political Directorate of Border Troops of the NKVD of the USSR), funds 38650 and 38651 (Directorate of Operational Forces, which during the Great Patriotic War was transformed into the Main Directorate of Internal Troops of the NKVD). The nature of the documents used in the dissertation are orders and instructions to subordinate troops, including military educational institutions, some operational and statistical material related to the implementation of special operations by internal troops.
In the pre-war and war years, the NKVD had the position of Deputy People's Commissar (Minister) of Internal Affairs for the troops, under whose subordination were the operational (internal) troops, as well as military educational institutions. The archive has a special fund 38652, which contains documents from the secretariat of the Deputy Minister for Troops for the period 1940-1948. Directives, instructions, reports and other documentary materials reflecting the operational and service activities of the troops, the process of forming units and schools, and
21 also some documents on personnel records. Some of these documents were also used in preparing the dissertation.
The author studied some materials on the history of the NKVD troops and the training of personnel for these troops, stored in the Central Archive of the Federal Border Service of Russia (TsAFPS), as well as in the Central Museum of this department (TsMFPS), since until 1939 the border troops were part of the NKVD troops and many documents were common to them.
The most valuable sources on the topic of research were found in the Central Archive of Internal Troops (CAVV) in the fund 240 of the Saratov Military School. This is a large number of documents (the author analyzed 317 cases) related to the educational, pedagogical and service-combat activities of the Fourth Border Guard School and the OGPU troops (Saratov Military School). These are documents from the educational department, political department, logistics, medical and financial departments, as well as daily orders for the combat unit, starting from August 18, 1932. Unfortunately, a significant part of the documents of this fund have not yet been declassified, which makes it impossible to use them in the open press. Almost all documents from the 240 CABB fund used in this dissertation are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
During the war and the first post-war years, the personnel of the Saratov Military School were actively used in various special operations. When covering these issues, materials were used from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGAS-PI) (Foundation 644 - State Defense Committee of the USSR), the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) (Funds 9401, 9478 and 9479 - Secretariat of the NKVD, Directorate for Combating banditry, department of special resettlement). These materials made it possible to show the historical background of special operations related to the suppression of political banditry and the deportation of individual peoples.
The dissertation widely uses data from the Historical Form of the Saratov Military Red Banner Institute of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as materials from the political department of the Red Banner Military-Political School of MTB Troops named after K. E. Voroshilov, stored in the fund of the same name in the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Saratov Region (GANISO).
The picture of the history of the Saratov Military School is significantly supplemented by publications in periodicals. The most valuable sources in this regard are the school publications “On the Path of Felix” and “Dzerzhinets”. Some materials were drawn from the central press - the newspapers “Pravda”, “Izvestia”, “Krasnaya Zvezda”, and the magazine “Border Guard”.
An important source for the dissertation research was the memories and memoirs of employees and graduates of the Saratov Military School.
Individual pages of history are revealed in the memoirs of V. I. Zaitsev, V. P. Slavny, M. G. Pajev, G. I. Tsyplin.
The deputy head of the Saratov school, Lieutenant Colonel V.I. Zaitsev, appointed in December 1942 to the post of chief of staff of the newly formed 10th Infantry Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the city of Stalingrad, talks about the cadets and officers who were seconded with him to the Stalingrad division 1.
College graduate Mikhail Grigorievich Pajev was sent for further service to the 24th Border Detachment and with him went through the entire path of the Great Patriotic War. In the book “Through the Whole War” he describes the actions of the border guards, his military path and talks about his friends, graduates of the Saratov Military School.
See: Zaitsev V.I. Performing a soldier’s duty. M., 1987.
See: M. G. Pajev. Through the whole war. (Notes of a border guard). M., 1972.
A graduate of the Saratov Military School, V.P. Slavnov, in his military memoirs 1, excitedly recalls his fellow cadets, talks about dear fellow soldiers who selflessly loved their Motherland, religiously performed their military duty, were brave in battle and reliable in friendship. He entered the war in the Smolensk region as a platoon commander, and ended his combat career in Czechoslovakia, being the commander of the 123rd Infantry Regiment.
Another graduate of the school is Ivan Sergeevich Smikozub, a retired colonel who has gone through a long and difficult path from a soldier to a division commander. The second section of his book is devoted to the period of life that he spent at the Saratov Military School (1936-1939). It contains interesting reflections on the national and social origin of the cadets, on their service and life experiences.
For the 60th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, a collection of autobiographical essays by veterans of the Saratov Military Institute 3 was published. In addition to front-line episodes, it contains material about little-known facts about the participation of officers and cadets of the school in the fight against enemy paratroopers in the Saratov region, about repelling the bombing of the railway bridge across the Volga and other strategic objects, about how from the autumn of 1942 to In the spring of 1943, the school's anti-aircraft machine gun units, headed by officers V.P. Tuchin and N.F. Ugryumov, guarded the Saratov sky in the general air defense system of the city. The Saratov branch of the Central Museum of Internal Troops contains handwritten memories of students of the school K. I. Borodavkin, I. M. Bobkov, A. G. Volkov, V. S. Golovchansky, A. A. Zvonkin, A. P. Komov, P. P. Kormoshova, K. I. Matrosova, S. V. Matienko, M. I. Ovsyannikova, A. P. Schastlivenko and
1 See: Slavnov V.P. How much has been covered... M., 1984.
2 See: Smikozub I.S. Notes of an old soldier. Kyiv, 1999.
3 See: They forged Victory. Saratov, 2005.
4 See: Folder “I owe everything to the Saratov school...”: Memories in your letters
graduates of the Saratov Military School. Saratov branch of the Central Museum
internal troops. Stand No. 6.
These manuscripts give vivid ideas about the daily life of cadets, about the everyday, sometimes routine, work of commanders of cadet units. They tell about the methodological subtleties of the teaching activities of teachers, about the problems of logistics and material support for the life of the university.
The Ekaterinburg printing enterprise "Kontur" published a book of biographical memoirs of graduates of the Saratov Military Institute of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 1. It uses the archives of the newspaper “Son of the Motherland”, the press service of the Ural District of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the 12th and 23rd special forces detachments, as well as the personal archives of the book’s heroes. The memoirs tell about the military-pedagogical and service-combat activities of more than a hundred graduates of the post-war years who served in divisions, units and formations of the Ural District.
When working on the topic, interviews taken from participants in the Great Patriotic War became valuable source material. These are former commanders, political workers, teachers and cadets of the Saratov School, some other military educational institutions of the internal troops of the NKVD of the USSR, who worked or studied there during the period under study.
The varied nature of the sources required a comparison and a critical approach to assessing the information they contained.
In general, the considered source base seems to have made it possible to reveal the topic of the dissertation and implement the assigned tasks.
The main provisions of this dissertation were tested by the author
in 8 scientific articles and a historical essay (co-authored), in speeches at scientific conferences and seminars.
1 See: Bovda V.B. Lifelong service. Ekaterinburg, 2007.
2 See: Gulbinsky Yu. V. Personality-oriented learning // All-Russian
collection of scientific works of SGSEU. Saratov, 2005. P. 309-315; His own. Fourth school
border guards and OGPU troops as an element of the system for training command personnel // Military
but-historical research in the Volga region. Issue 7. Saratov: “Scientific Book”, 2006. P.
177-183; His own. Training of officers of the NKVD SVU in the pre-war years (1937-
The fourth border school in the structure of educational institutions of the OGPU
The history of the Fourth School of Border Guards and OGPU2 troops dates back to May 1932. Its opening was caused by a number of factors, primarily the increase in the volume of service and combat tasks assigned to the OGPU, and the growth in the number of its troops by the late 1920s - early 1930s gg.
The victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War led to the strengthening of their power, the formation of an authoritarian regime, within which, during a fierce political struggle, by the end of the 1920s. J.V. Stalin’s group won. In the course of the suppression of the internal party opposition, dissent was eradicated, repressions intensified both against political opponents within the party and against all segments of the population who expressed dissatisfaction with the policies of the CPSU (b). The main instrument for implementing the internal political line of the Stalinist leadership in the country was the OGPU, whose functions, as the political regime tightened, constantly increased. The quantitative increase in the personnel of this department required the organization of new military units and special forces.
The Soviet leadership's refusal of NEP and the transition at the end of the 1920s. to the “full-scale offensive of socialism along the entire front” (forced modernization of the country, including industrialization, collectivization and the “cultural revolution”) significantly aggravated the socio-political situation in the country. The complete forced collectivization of the main part of the country's population - the peasantry, accompanied by the violent breakdown of traditional ways of life and repression, caused serious discontent and resistance among the broad masses of the rural population of Russia, both in the central regions and on the national outskirts. In a number of regions of the country (in the Volga region, the North Caucasus, Siberia, etc.) powerful peasant uprisings broke out, often taking the form of armed uprisings and partisan actions. To suppress them, OPTU troops were widely used, and when they were not enough, then units of the Red Army.
The situation in Central Asia sharply worsened, “Basmachi” was revived on a large scale - a massive anti-Soviet insurgency of the local population: Turkmen, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, etc., carried out, as a rule, under Islamic slogans and took the form of political banditry. Units of the OGPU troops, together with units of the Red Army, had to wage a stubborn struggle against the Basmachi, who enjoyed the support of the indigenous local population and some political forces in neighboring states1. This required strengthening the southern borders of the USSR.
In the summer and autumn of 1929, the Soviet Far Eastern border was also under threat. An attempt by the Chinese authorities in Manchuria, supported by white emigration, to take advantage of the unsettled situation around the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), which belonged to the USSR, and to regain it by force, provoked the Sino-Soviet War of 1929.1
General destabilization of the socio-political situation in the country at the turn of the 1920s - 1930s. made various manifestations of sabotage possible. Departmental literature provides examples of arson of various economic facilities. The authors even claim that “saboteurs tried to blow up the Bolshoi Theater”2. The latter seems highly doubtful. However, the authorities were faced with the problem of special protection of industrial facilities, government institutions, the State Bank, the People's Commissariat of Finance, etc.
By a resolution of the Council of Labor and Defense of November 19, 1927, this task began to be carried out by the troops of the UGG. By March 1932, 466 enterprises and structures were transferred under the protection of troops. This was another step to increase the number of OGPU troops and form within its structure “troops for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises”4. The industrialization of the country and the rapid growth of industry led to an increase in the role and importance of the “blood arteries of the country” - railways. Being quite vulnerable from the point of view of possible sabotage, they also required special protection. Therefore, on December 4, 1931, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a Resolution on the establishment of troops in the OGPU to protect railway structures5. The new troops took control of 1,263 railway facilities, including 743 railway bridges, 107 tunnels, 231 water pumps, 44 power plants, 97 factories and depots, and 50 other facilities.
Life and activities of the school during the war years
The school celebrated the start of the Great Patriotic War on June 22, 1941, while at the Razboishchina summer camp. Immediately after V. M. Molotov’s radio speech, a rally was organized at the school. The variable and permanent staff were called upon to work hard and be vigilant. The school's facilities were placed under tight security. According to the mobilization plan, the highest level of combat readiness was introduced.
At 22:30 on June 22, a telegram was received from the head of the Political Propaganda Department of the NKVD troops of the USSR, divisional commissar Mironenko. It said: “...In connection with the predatory attack of fascist Germany on our Motherland, inform every serviceman of the demands of the Soviet Government. Namely, the greatest vigilance, discipline and organization. Demand from every person selfless work at his combat post... Direct all agitation and propaganda work towards the fulfillment by each serviceman of his duty to the Motherland in the Holy Patriotic War for the inviolability, honor and freedom of the socialist Fatherland”1.
The highest patriotic enthusiasm arose among the personnel. The command received numerous applications to be sent to the front.
On June 24, that is, on the third day of the war, on the basis of an order from the head of the operational forces of the NKVD, Lieutenant General S.K. Artemyev, the early graduation of second-year cadets took place. The graduation commission was headed by the head of the school, Colonel A.V. Vorobeykov. It included deputy heads of the school, lieutenant colonel
V. I. Zaitsev, brigade commissar V. V. Mochalov, as well as the acting head of the training department, Lieutenant Colonel A. V. Belyavsky. In addition to them, the commission included: A.P. Prokofiev, secretary of the school’s party commission, and S.P. Dyatlov, representative of the third department of the NKVD.
There were no final exams. The level of academic performance of graduates was determined based on the results of transfer tests from the first to the second year and grades in the completed disciplines for 10 months of the 1940-41 year of study.
On June 28, a commission of the same composition and for the same reasons carried out the early graduation of first-year cadets.
In total, in the first week of the war, 801 young officers left the Saratov Military School for the troops. Of those released, 31 were members of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 87 were candidates for party membership, 561 were Komsomol members, and only 22 were non-party lieutenants1.
The new intake of cadets involved completing the courses for junior lieutenants. Curricula were restructured to accommodate twelve teaching hours per day. Only tactics, fire training and political work in a combat situation were left for training. The first battalion of junior lieutenants was completed and began scheduled training on July 15, and the second on July 21, 1941. A total of 1,172 people were admitted to the courses, i.e. 371 more people than lieutenants released early2.
Sending to study was carried out from military units according to strict NKVD orders and in a very short time. This led to a decrease in the quality of the set. Suffice it to say that among the applicants who arrived for study, only every fourth had a secondary or secondary technical education. 93 people were not enrolled in the school and were sent to their units. Of this number, 60 people were imprisoned for health reasons, 12 as illiterate and 21 for other reasons1.
In order to ensure the constant readiness of the camp location of the school and to ensure normal studies in the face of possible enemy air raids, a thoroughly thought-out anti-aircraft and anti-chemical defense of the camp was organized. In particular, an air surveillance, warning and alarm post (VNOS) was installed on the water tower. Service at the post was carried out around the clock. The post was subordinate to the camp duty officer and had a direct telephone connection with the main air surveillance post of the city of Saratov3.
For anti-aircraft firing, three firing positions of heavy machine guns were prepared: on the roof of the water tower, on the embankment of the shooting range and on the roof of the club. The crews took up firing positions at the “Air raid warning” signal. This signal was activated only on the orders of the camp duty officer on the basis of a report from the observation post about the appearance of enemy aircraft.
Structural changes, restructuring of the educational process, improving the quality of officer training in the post-war years (1945-1953)
The period of the school’s history from 1945 to 1973 is perhaps the most difficult in terms of research.
At this time, the structure was reorganized more than ten times, staff changes were made, departments were opened and closed, and new specialties were introduced. The official name of the school was changed many times1. This phenomenon has its own explanation. It is connected with the general processes that took place in the power structures of the state, with their post-war restructuring.
By the end of the Great Patriotic War, the NKVD troops, which included the Saratov Military School, consisted of border troops, internal troops (operational units), escort troops, railway security troops, troops to protect especially important industrial enterprises and government HF communications troops . With the end of hostilities, the troops protecting the rear of the active army were divided into internal troops in Germany and troops protecting the rear of the Northern and Central groups of forces.
By the end of 1946, in accordance with the general plan for reducing the armed forces, the staffing level of operational units decreased by 20%, convoy troops by 18, railway security troops by 23, and troops protecting especially important industrial enterprises by 39%. The personnel of government HF communications troops and military educational institutions were not subject to reduction.
In March 1946, at the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the second convocation, the law “On the transformation of People's Commissariats into Ministries” was adopted. Based on this law, the functions of the NKVD were divided between two ministries: internal affairs (MVD) and state security (MTB).
The Ministry of State Security was entrusted with the tasks of combating armed gangs of nationalists and enemy agents, protecting enterprises and institutions, protecting the state border, and solving other problems related to ensuring the security of the country. To carry them out, the main forces of the internal troops were transferred from the NKVD to the MTB, with the exception of convoy units, as well as troops for the protection of especially important industrial facilities and railways, which remained subordinate to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs1.
The Saratov school was initially assigned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1946 it underwent some staff reorganization. The infantry training department and the medical department training department were combined into a common training department. The construction department was reorganized into the personnel department. The battalions were renamed into divisions. The combat support battalion became known as the training and economic support battalion. The school itself received the official name “Saratov Military School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs”2.
However, already in March 1947, on the basis of the Resolution of the Council of Ministries of the USSR, a joint order of two ministries was issued: the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the MTB. This order transferred the school to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of State Security.
F Edulov Pavel Ivanovich - company commander of the 177th Guards Chisinau Rifle Regiment of the 60th Guards Pavlograd Red Banner Rifle Division of the 5th Shock Army of the 1st Belorussian Front, guard captain.
Born on December 31, 1918 in the city of Kineshma, now Ivanovo region, in a working-class family. Russian. Graduated from 9th grade. He worked as an accountant at the Kinesha factory "Red Branch".
In 1939, he was called up for military service in the border troops of the NKVD of the USSR. He served at the border outpost on Sakhalin Island. He was sent to study at the Saratov Border School of the NKVD Troops, from which he graduated on June 28, 1941.
He was sent to the border with Afghanistan, to the Kerkinsky border detachment. From the first days I began writing reports asking to be sent to the front. At the end of 1941, he was enlisted as a platoon commander in the 278th Infantry Regiment of the NKVD troops, which was formed in the city of Ashgabat, the backbone of which was made up of border guard soldiers.
In April 1942, the regiment was transferred to Anapa, preparing to land on the Crimean Peninsula, but was soon urgently transferred to the city of Nalchik. Here the border guards fought against saboteurs who became more active in connection with the approach of the Nazis. In August 1942, as part of the regiment, he participated in the defense of Pyatigorsk and Mount Beshtau. He fought out of encirclement and took command of the company. In December 1942, he was seriously wounded - a shrapnel touched his heart, but miraculously survived.
He was treated in hospitals in the cities of Ordzhonikidze (now Vladikavkaz) and Baku. After recovery, he was sent to the “Shot” course.
He returned to the front at the end of 1943 and participated in the battles on the Dnieper as part of the 301st Rifle Division. Member of the CPSU(b)/CPSU since 1944. The company commander of the 177th Guards Rifle Regiment of the 60th Guards Rifle Division of the Guard, Captain Fedulov, particularly distinguished himself in the battles for the liberation of Poland, when breaking through enemy defenses in the area of the settlement of Buda Augustovsk (19 km southwest of the city of Magnushev).
On January 14, 1945, Captain Fedulov’s guard company, having overcome a minefield and two lines of enemy trenches, attacked height 147.6. He did not let his platoons and assigned assets out of sight; he energetically led the battle. Advancement was delayed by bunker fire. Captain Fedulov, at the head of one platoon, went around the height from the rear, overcame a deep swamp and destroyed an enemy firing point.
Eliminating pockets of resistance, the company reached the village of Male Bozhe (3 km west of the city of Buda Augustovsk). Having repelled four enemy counterattacks, the guards crossed the Pilica River on the move, captured and expanded the bridgehead.
U Kazom of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 27, 1945 for skillful leadership of the battle in breaking through the long-term and deeply echeloned enemy defense in difficult forested and swampy terrain with minor losses in manpower and equipment to the guard captain Fedulov Pavel Ivanovich awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (N 7256).
In the battles beyond the Oder, on German territory, Guard Captain Fedulov already commanded a battalion. In one of the battles he was wounded; an enemy shell hit the building where the battalion headquarters was located. I celebrated Victory Day in the hospital. After recovery, on May 18, 1945, he received high awards from the Motherland in the Kremlin.
At the same time, he was appointed to the position of teacher of tactics at the Gorky Suvorov Military School. In 1949 he graduated from the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze. He continued to serve as a teacher at the Leningrad Academy of Logistics and Transport. He taught combined arms tactics and defended his Ph.D. thesis. Since 1975, Colonel Fedulov has been in reserve.
Lived in the hero city of Leningrad (since 1991 - St. Petersburg). Died on September 29, 2009. He was buried at the Smolensk cemetery in St. Petersburg.
In 2011, gymnasium No. 271 of the Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg was named after the Hero.
He was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, two Orders of the Red Star, the Order “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR”, 3rd degree, and medals.
In the city of St. Petersburg, a school was named after the Hero, and a memorial plaque was installed on the school building. Immortalized on the Alley of Heroes in the city of Kineshma.
Novo-Peterhof Military-Political Border School
NKVD troops named after. K. E. Voroshilova (main building)
Peterhof, st. Yuty Bondarovskaya, 13, bldg. 1
1935-1939 - judging by the style (early Stalinist neoclassicism with elements of constructivism)
«
On February 25, 1929, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution “On the command and political composition of the Red Army,” which determined the main directions of personnel training for the OGPU. The first concrete step towards the practical implementation of this document was the publication on November 14, 1930 of the OGPU order No. 386/180 on the formation of the First School of Border Guards and OGPU Troops in the city of New Peterhof, Leningrad Region.
In March 1931, the first intake of cadets was made in the amount of 570 people with a training period of two years, and on April 1, classes began in the renovated barracks of the former Caspian Regiment of the Russian Imperial Army.<…>
In July 1934, the university received a new name - “The First School of Border and Internal Security of the NKVD named after K.E. Voroshilov.”<…>Soon the school becomes a military-political school.”
(from the article by Lera Savchik “We start from the first border school”, “Military-Industrial Courier”, No. 42(109), 09.11.2005)
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the school did not return to Peterhof; after numerous renamings and reorganizations, the Golitsyn Border Institute of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation is considered its successor.
(see, access date 02/17/2012)
Leningrad Border Suvorov Military School
In August 1943, the leadership of the NKVD approached the Soviet government with a proposal to open Suvorov military schools of their department. On September 4, 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted Resolution No. 946 on the creation of Suvorov military schools of the NKVD troops in the cities of Kutaisi and Tashkent. In 1946, by decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on May 4, the Kutaisi School was transferred to Petrodvorets and became known as the Leningrad Suvorov Border Military School. ( Wikipedia)
Among the graduates of the school is the last chief of the USSR border troops, Colonel General I.N. Kalinichenko, generals Guliev, Donskoy, Rear Admiral G.P. Barefoot and others. There are many scientists among the graduates - surgeon, Doctor of Medical Sciences V.I. Nemchenko, Doctor of Technical Sciences N.A. Malov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Colonel I.S. Guryev et al. (information from the SVU alumni website, 02/17/2012)
In 1960, during Khrushchev's army reduction, the school was closed. Only the names remind us of it: Suvorovsky town, Suvorovtsev lane.
Since 1961, the building has been occupied by various civic organizations. So, until 2006 there was Vocational school No. 81. In 2006 it was annexed to Professional trade and economic lyceum No. 148, who organized his second site here. (inf.
Lopatin Alexey Vasilyevich - head of the 13th border post (90th Vladimir-Volynsky border detachment, Ukrainian border district, NKVD Directorate of Border Troops), lieutenant. Born on February 2 (15), 1915 in the village of Dyukovo, now Zatkhlino, Shuisky district, Ivanovo region. Russian. He was left without a father early (he died in the First World War), and grew up in the village of Aristikha, now the Savinsky district of the same region. In the village of Kolobovo he graduated from a seven-year school, and in 1933 he graduated from a factory apprenticeship school in the city of Kovrov (now Vladimir region). He worked as a mechanic in the boiler shop at the Kovrov Excavator Plant. In October 1937, he was drafted into the Red Army and, at his own request, was sent to the border school. In 1940 he graduated from the Saratov NKVD Border School. He was appointed head of the 13th border outpost of the 90th Vladimir-Volynsky border detachment of the Ukrainian border district. The Great Patriotic War found Lopatin in the same position. His border guards entered into an unequal battle with the German fascists early in the morning of June 22, 1941. Using strong defensive structures and favorable terrain conditions, the soldiers stubbornly resisted the enemy. When everything around was destroyed by enemy artillery and mortars, the border guards moved into the basement of one of the outpost buildings and continued to hold back the advancing enemy. Lieutenant Lopatin personally led the battle, skillfully organized a perimeter defense, tactically competently used the forces and firepower at his disposal. When the ammunition was already running out, Lopatin ordered the seriously wounded border guards, as well as women and children who were at the outpost, to be removed from the encirclement, and he himself remained at the outpost with several soldiers. On June 30, only ten border guards remained alive at the outpost. On July 1, the enemy made a tunnel and blew up the building. All the defenders of the outpost were killed in the explosion. The defense of the outpost lasted 11 days. At the same time, over 100 enemy soldiers were destroyed. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded posthumously to Aleksey Vasilyevich Lopatin on December 18, 1957. By order of the Minister of State Security of the USSR dated June 6, 1950, the name of the Hero was given to the 6th border outpost (from 1954 - 2nd border outpost outpost) of the 2nd border detachment of the Ukrainian (then South-Western) border district. Border guard officer Vyacheslav Lopatin, the eldest son of the border guard hero, served at this outpost for several years. Now the outpost has been relocated tens of kilometers to the Volyn region and has become known as Pavlovichi, and the surviving exhibits of the destroyed museum have been moved there. In the village of Skomorokhi, located near the border post, a monument to the Heroes of the Border Guards was erected (now virtually destroyed). Lieutenant Lopatin was forever included in the lists of the military unit. Since 1963, the border outpost in the Blagoevgrad district of the People's Republic of Bulgaria also bore the name of the Hero. In his homeland in the village of Dyukovo, on the house where Lopatin was born and lived, a memorial plaque was installed. In the cities of Lviv (now Sichinsky Street), Sokal, Kovrov, Chervonograd, in the village of Savino, Ivanovo region, streets bear his name. Also, his name was given to mine No. 1 in the city of Chervonograd, a collective farm in the village of Skomorokhi (liquidated), and an elementary school in the village of Zatkhlino, Ivanovo region. In Kovrov, in August 2009, a memorial stele was unveiled on the street named after him, and an obelisk was installed in the Alley of Heroes. At vocational school No. 2 in the city of Kovrov, named after A.V. Lopatin, there is a museum run by the Hero’s granddaughter. His name is immortalized on the memorial of Ivanovo Heroes of the Soviet Union in Ivanovo and on the memorial in the village of Savino.
