The general concept of worldview and its main types. Worldview. Concept and classification
Novosibirsk College of Electronics
For the course “Social Studies”
Human worldview
Completed
student 122 groups
Prudnikov S.G.
I checked
Cherepanova E.V.
Novosibirsk 2003
Introduction........................................................ .............3
1.What is a worldview? .......................................4
2.What is the worldview? ................................4
3. Three main types of worldview...................................5
3.1 Everyday worldview……………………….5
3.2 Religious worldview……………………...6
3.3 Scientific worldview...................................................7
4. Consciously formed worldview......8
5.Society and the formation of a worldview......8
5.2 Totalitarian society...................................................8
5.1 Democratic society...................................9
6. Worldview of our era...................................................9
7.Conclusion……………………………………………………………..10
8. List of references used...................................13
Introduction.
There are no two people in the world with the same patterns on their skin.
fingers, no two people have the same fate. Each person is individual and unique. Not even two people
with the same spiritual world. But does this mean that
does nothing unite him with the other?
Of course no. People have a lot in common: their homeland,
place of residence, position in society, language, age.
But what unites also separates: people can
be a different place of residence, a different place in life
society, another language, age. In the spiritual world there is also
uniting and separating people: spiritual inte –
resources, life positions, value orientations, level
knowledge. Analysis of monuments of spiritual culture of all stages
development of humanity, as well as the analysis of the spiritual world
of our contemporaries, shows that one of the most important -
The most important element is worldview.
1.What is a worldview?
In the simplest, most common understanding
worldview is the totality of a person’s views on
the world that surrounds him. There are other words that are close to the worldview: worldview, worldview. All of them
suggest, on the one hand, the world that surrounds
person, and on the other hand, what is associated with the activity
man: his sensations, contemplation, understanding, his cart -
vision, view of the world.
Worldview differs from other elements of spirituality
of the human world in that it, firstly, represents co-
a person's views are not on any particular side
the world, namely the world as a whole. Secondly, worldview
represents a person’s attitude towards the world around him: is he afraid, is the person afraid of this world, or is he
lives in harmony, in harmony with him?
Thus, the worldview is a complex phenomenon of spirits -
of the new human world.
2.What is the worldview?
First of all, we note that a person’s worldview is not
historical character: every era of human history -
torii has his own level of knowledge, his own problems,
facing people, their approaches to solving them,
their spiritual values.
We can say: how many people, so many worldviews.
However, this will be incorrect. After all, we have already noted that lu -
action not only separates something, but also unites a community
homeland, language, culture, history of its people, property -
military status. People are united by school, character
education, general level of knowledge, common values. Poe –
it is not surprising that people can have similar, about -
leading positions in considering the world, in its awareness and evaluation -
The classification of worldview types can be once -
personal. Thus, in the history of philosophy, several approaches to the development of worldviews can be traced. Some of them give priority to God (theocentrism) or nature (nature-centrism), others - to man (anthropocentrism), or to society (sociocentrism), or to knowledge, science (knowledge-centrism, science-centrism). Sometimes worldviews are divided into progressive and reactionary.
3. Three types of worldview
The following types of world carriers are widely distinguished:
point of view: everyday, religious, scientific.
3.1 Ordinary worldview
The everyday worldview arises in a person’s life in
the process of his personal practical activity, which is why it is sometimes called the everyday worldview. Views
human rights in this case are not justified by religious arguments or scientific data. It is formed spontaneously,
especially if the person was not interested in worldview -
questions in an educational institution, I did not study on my own -
specifically philosophy, was not familiar with the content of religion -
oznyh teachings. Of course, one cannot completely exclude the possibility that
knowledge of religions or achievements of science, for man is constant -
but communicates with different people; impact is noticeable
public media. But the preob -
The everyday, everyday basis works. The everyday world carrier –
vision is based on direct life experience
human - and this is its strength, but it makes little use of experience
other people, the experience of science and culture, the experience of religious
consciousness as an element of world culture - this is its strength -
The everyday worldview is very widespread,
since the efforts of educational institutions and church pastors
often they only touch the very surface of the spirit sphere –
a person’s life and do not always leave a noticeable
3.2 Religious worldview
Religious worldview is a worldview, the main one of which is the religious teachings contained in
such monuments of world spiritual culture as the Bible,
The Koran, the holy books of Buddhists, the Talmud and a number of others.
Let us recall that religion also contains a certain picture
world, the doctrine of human destiny, commandments, for example -
involved in the formation of his certain way of life,
to save the soul. Religious worldview also has
advantages and disadvantages. Its strengths can be
include a close connection with world cultural heritage,
orientation towards solving problems related to spiritual
human needs, the desire to give a person faith in
opportunity to achieve set goals.
The weaknesses of the religious worldview are -
there is intransigence towards other positions in life, not -
sufficient attention to the achievements of science, and sometimes their
ignoring. True, recently many gods
words express the idea that theology faces
the task of developing a new way of thinking,
“about proportionality
God to the changes brought about by science and technology.” But on -
while theologians cannot definitely say “which
it is precisely the type of consent that can be established between laboratories -
a stool and a church bench.”
3.3 Scientific worldview
Is the rightful heir to that direction of the world
Philosophical thought, which in its development is constantly
It was based on the achievements of science. It includes a scientific picture of the world, generalized results of the achievement of human knowledge, principles of relationships
people with natural and artificial habitats.
The scientific worldview also has advantages and disadvantages -
statistics. The advantages include its solid foundation -
the achievements of science, the reality contained in it
goals and ideals, organic connection with production and
social practical activities of people. But you can't
turn a blind eye to the fact that a person has not yet taken over in him -
having a place. Man, humanity, humanity -
this is truly a global problem of the present and future.
The development of this triad is an inexhaustible task, but inexhaustible -
the ability of the task to be taken does not require detachment from it, but us -
steadfastness in its decision. This is the dominant feature of owls -
belt science, designed to enrich the worldview.
Turn to man, humanity, humanity, if he
will become comprehensive and may become decisive
an ennobling factor for all types of worldviews -
nia; then their main common feature will be humanistic
direction.
This worldview is most promising for activists -
of people striving to achieve the development of society along the path of scientific, technical, social and environmental
who has made progress, but humanity is still at its very best -
began the path to broad mastery of its fundamentals.
Consciously formed worldview
In society, there has long been a conscious desire -
the ability to develop a holistic and well-founded worldview,
within the framework of which the entire history of man would be comprehended
quality, its cognitive and transformative activity -
ity, culture and value orientations. Mi development –
views usually follow a certain tradition,
based on one direction or another in philosophy. Conscious -
strong desire to develop a holistic worldview
manifested by different social groups of people, politics -
political parties that see in it the basis not only of their
spiritual unity, but also programs of specific actions
to transform society.
A worldview of this type can be built on the most
different philosophical foundations.
It can be both religious and non-religious, with -
than in the first case its development is carried out with software -
The types of worldviews are very diverse, because pluralism now dominates in society, that is, “how many people, so many opinions.” You don't have to be a philosopher to find yourself in life. The need for self-determination is necessary for any thinking individual, but it can be realized in different ways: on the basis of emotions, thoughts, upbringing or traditions. It is these factors that determine the types of worldviews. So what is it?
View of the world
The concept and types of worldview are a deep philosophical topic. First of all, we need to understand what we are dealing with. In general terms, worldview is a search for the basis of vital human self-affirmation. The individual realizes reality, his uniqueness, difference and unity with the rest of the world. Worldview, its types and forms - this determines a person’s idea of himself and his environment, it is a set of concepts about his relationship with the world, his place in this world and his purpose. This is not just a set of knowledge, but an integral psychological, spiritual and intellectual education, since a person not only receives knowledge about certain world laws, but also evaluates them and “passes” them through himself. This is a synthesis of a number of intellectual and spiritual formations: knowledge, desires, intuition, faith, values, views, beliefs, principles, ideals, life standards, stereotypes, hopes, motivation, goals and more.
Typology
The types and types of worldviews are not just possible varieties. For classification it is necessary to identify typical features. On the basis of this, different worldviews are already being developed. A person’s worldview is a complex structure, and its typology, in comparison with the usual list, is much more capacious and logically justified as a way of familiarization for the purpose of further, more detailed study.
Types of classifications
First of all, there is a classification by structure. The types of worldviews in this typology are as follows: fragmentary, contradictory, holistic, internally consistent and inconsistent. There is also a division according to the degree of adequacy of the interpretation of reality: realistic, fantastic, distorted and adequate to reality. There is an interesting classification in relation to higher entities (their denial or recognition) - skeptical, agnostic, atheistic, religious (theistic). Types of worldview are also classified according to social characteristics, cultural and historical regions, and so on. In fact, any person who is interested in philosophical issues can make his own individual adjustments to the classifications and even derive new types.
Functions
Worldview, its types and forms play a very important role in the life of any person. Functionally, this is a form of spiritual knowledge that integrates a person into this world and gives life guidelines. Often, a worldview is formed spontaneously: a person is born, acquires certain ideas and beliefs through his parents, environment, social connections, etc. It is the development of one’s vision that allows a person to become himself, to know his “I” - this is the main function.
Varieties
Worldview is a universal human phenomenon, since it is characteristic of every person in a normal state. Roughly speaking, it may be absent in mentally ill people, people with serious mental illnesses, and newborns. It is the character common to all people that predetermines the enormous variety of different views, since individuals see themselves and the world as a whole differently. A type of worldview is a certain category that combines a set of similar parameters and features. It also has a historical character and takes on sociocultural forms. The main types of worldviews: mythological, everyday, scientific, philosophical, artistic and religious. They are arranged in this order not because there are some bad and good, higher or lower. The order was chosen completely randomly. As you can see, there are different types of worldviews, a table with brief characteristics of which is presented below.
Ordinary
This type of worldview is a reflection of the circumstances of everyday life, awareness of the own characteristics of the existence of each individual individually and the uniqueness of people in general. These are lessons about society and life itself, which is why they are so compelling and clear. Other types of human worldview are not so based on everyday experience. The social nature of the individual is expressed here most clearly, and carries within itself the experience of generations and the traditions of the people. It is at this level that traditional medicine, rituals and customs, and folklore exist, which speaks of many values expressed and enshrined in the national characteristics of a particular ethnic group. The concept and types of worldview are largely based on the peculiarity of the everyday subtype - common sense. It is this that is reflected and generalized in folk sayings and proverbs, but one must distinguish between prejudices and wisdom.
Mythological
The types of worldviews of people affect not only the social aspect of life, but also the individual and spiritual one. The word "myth" is of Greek origin and means "tradition". The mythological worldview is one of the earliest forms of world description, which developed from tribal primitive society. All civilizations had their own mythology - the Babylonians, Greeks, Egyptians, Slavs, Germans, Celts, Hindus and so on. All main types of worldview, speaking in general terms, “grew” from these religious and mystical ideas of our ancestors. All mythologies can be characterized by common features:
- they reflect the dependence of people's lives and their activities on the forces of nature and sacred objects;
- people personified natural phenomena, that is, they endowed them with the properties of the human psyche (the ability to be upset and rejoice, sympathize and be angry, help, harm, forgive and take revenge), thus mastering these forces, understanding them better;
- the personification of the forces of nature and phenomena culminated in polytheism (polytheism) - all mythologies included pagan beliefs as an important component.
What is reflected in this type of worldview? Mythology is a source of information about ancient peoples; it contains important scientific problems. It is she who is the source and arsenal of rich means for creativity. This is the richest and most powerful layer of universal human culture.
Religious
Types of worldview would be incomplete without religious notes. Scientific atheism considered this term as a set of beliefs in the presence of supernatural beings, primitive cults of primitive peoples, world religions (Muslim, Christianity and Buddhism), and pagan beliefs. This definition was very convenient for criticism. In theology, a distinction is made between real (true) and imaginary (false) religion. For example, pagan mythological beliefs are imaginary. Theological terminology is vulnerable from the point of view of simple logic, but there are also correct thoughts. The term “religion” itself comes from a Latin word that means “conscientiousness.” That is why the religious worldview is based not on belief in the supernatural, but on spiritual and moral values (pagan beliefs were deprived of them). For example, in Christianity, among the “beatitudes” (the main spiritual qualities for any believer), one can distinguish conscience - “purity of heart.” Similar points can be found in other religions. In monotheism, God is presented as the single creator of the whole world, as well as the bearer of all spiritual, moral, moral and ethical values and perfections.
Scientific
Such types of worldviews as scientific and atheistic were developed back in the nineteenth century by Engels. He predicted that in the near future, breathtaking advances in knowledge of the laws of nature will allow the scientific view to do without natural philosophy, develop its own picture of the world, and then supplement and clarify it. This is exactly how it all happened: revolutions in chemistry, biology, physics, the emergence of “smart technology” - cybernetics, space exploration, the ideas of Einstein, Tsiolkovsky, Sakharov, Vavilov, Vernadsky, Feynman and others significantly increased the potential of science in the ideological context. Now there is a purely scientific picture of the world - how it arose, how it developed, how it is structured at different levels (mega, micro and macro), what are the basic laws of its being and existence. Naturally, there are still many questions, and theories are often multivariate and hypothetical, but a large number of objective patterns already exist. The main value of the scientific worldview is the laws of nature, society, physics, and chemistry. Such a person strives to understand everything and bring it to a logical basis - both his own view and other types of worldview. A table with mathematical data, a formula, a graph - all this is a kind of sacred symbol for this kind of people.
Artistic
There are such types of artistic worldview: the artist’s own vision of the surrounding reality, the implementation of the credo of a creative personality in works of art, the experiences and impressions of the perceiving people. One feature of art - the ability to express human individuality - was once exploited by existentialism. Creativity does not simply copy individual characteristics, it expresses them as a truly existing manifestation of what is aesthetically beautiful and meaningful. It is thanks to art that a person is spiritually enriched, absorbs the idea and feeling of beauty. Beautiful is not always “physically beautiful”. It is the artistic worldview that considers life as the ideal of the beautiful and the most valuable thing that any person has. The life goals of a person with similar views are far from ideological, commercial, political, advertising, educational, educational. However, it turns out that art can greatly influence a person’s emotions, and elements of creativity are often used in the above areas of life.
Philosophy is the science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and human thinking. This is a doctrine about the world as a whole and about man’s place in it.
Subject of philosophy– examines the most important connections in the “world-person” system.
The question of defining the subject of philosophy presents great difficulties. This problem, having arisen at the dawn of the existence of philosophy, still causes controversy today. Some authors viewed philosophy as the love of wisdom, as the science of wisdom, while others viewed it as “the desire to comprehend many things” (Heraclitus). Historically, the subject of philosophy has changed, which was determined by social transformations, spiritual life, and the level of scientific, including philosophical knowledge.
Purpose of philosophy- the search for man’s destiny, ensuring his existence in a bizarre world, and ultimately in the rise of man, in ensuring his improvement. The general structure of philosophical knowledge consists of four main sections: ontology (the doctrine of being), epistemology (the doctrine of knowledge), man, society.
Throughout its history, philosophy considers and resolves the following Problems:
the problem of the object and subject of philosophy. The object of philosophy is the world as a whole, which gives a general view of the world. The subject of philosophy is the laws, properties and forms of being that operate in all areas of the material and spiritual world.
2. The problem of the fundamental principle of the world. This is a problem of the material or spiritual, ideal fundamental principle of the world. 3. The problem of world development. This problem is the formation of methods of understanding the world, which have different approaches to the issue of its development. 4. Problems of the cognizability of the world. This is the definition of the object and subject of knowledge and the disclosure of their complex dialectical nature. 5. The problem of man and his place in the world. This is the study of man as the universe as a whole. The development of human culture in this case appears as a single, holistic process associated with the formation, functioning, storage, transition of cultural and historical values from one era to another, with the critical overcoming of outdated forms of cultural development and the formation of new forms. Philosophy, therefore, acts as the self-awareness of the culture of a particular historical era.
2. Prerequisites for the emergence of philosophy: With the achievement of a certain time stage, the need for a theoretical understanding of reality comes, which is facilitated by the separation of mental labor from physical labor (division of labor; the inherent creativity of the spirit (Edmknd Hussel believed that the reason for the emergence of philosophy is “a person’s passion for knowledge and contemplation of the world, free from any practical interest"); the economic development of society. Philosophy arose during the period of the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the formation of class society. Its prerequisites were mythology and religion. religious ideas about the world and about man, formed on the basis of imagination, were not enough to understand the essence of the world, the essence of man. There was a need to form ideological guidelines based on the study of reality, with the help of which a person could determine his attitude to the surrounding reality and to. to yourself. This need was also due to the fact that rational consciousness, expressed in a logical conceptual form, was associated with a person’s penetration into the knowledge of the essence of objects and phenomena, which made it possible to move from knowledge of phenomena to knowledge of the essence.
4. Worldview- this is a person’s system of views on the world and on his place in this world.
The concept of “worldview” is wider in scope than the concept of “philosophy”, since it is only the core, the typical basis of a worldview. Worldview is formed not only thanks to philosophy, but also through knowledge of ancient sciences and everyday practice. Any person’s worldview is formed in a complex way. First, a person accumulates knowledge about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. Knowledge is the initial link - the “cell” of a worldview. Then the acquired knowledge is tested in real life, in practice, and if it is true, it turns into a person’s conviction. Beliefs denote a person’s firm belief in the truth of his knowledge. Next, a person is guided by established beliefs in his actions and activities.
Types of worldview:
5 1. Mythological (it is based on fantasy, fiction) 2. Religious (the main feature is belief in supernatural power) 3. Scientific (this is primarily a conceptual worldview that strives for a deep and accurate knowledge of the world) 4. Everyday (formed on based on the simplest knowledge and human ideas about the world around us).
. Philosophy as a type of worldview
6 Philosophy refers to a reflexive type of worldview, i.e. one that contains reflections on one’s own ideas about the world and man’s place in this world. Looking at your thinking, your consciousness from the outside is one of the features of philosophical consciousness. By its nature, philosophy requires reflection, doubt, allows for criticism of ideas, rejection of faith in those dogmas and postulates that are affirmed by the mass practice of believers. Philosophy questions the ultimate foundations of existence, including the very existence of the world, including the question - how is peace possible? Philosophy was formed in the struggle against religious and mythological consciousness; it rationally explained the world. The original types of worldview are preserved throughout history. “Pure” types of worldview are practically never found; in any case, they are rare and in real life they form complex and contradictory combinations.
. The following types of worldview are distinguished: myth, religion, philosophy. Historically, the first was the mythological view of the world.
The myth is:
1.social consciousness, the way of self-expression of ancient society.
3. a single, syncretic form of consciousness, expressing the worldview and worldview of the then era.
The mythological worldview is characterized by the following features:
1.emotionally figurative form,
2.humanization of nature,
3.lack of reflection,
4.utilitarian orientation.
The humanization of nature in myths was manifested in the transfer of human traits to the surrounding world, in the personification and animation of the cosmos and natural forces. Mythology is characterized by non-rigid distinctions between the natural and human worlds, thoughts and emotions, artistic images and scientific knowledge. In mythology, a system of values accepted in a given society was practically created, a search was carried out for common foundations of nature and man, nature and society.
Religion- (from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is a form of worldview, the foundation of which is the belief in the presence of certain supernatural forces that play a leading role in the world around a person and specifically in the fate of each of us. Myth and religion are interconnected. Religion is based on a figurative-emotional, sensory-visual form of perception. A believer is a subject of religious consciousness. Such a person experiences in real emotions his vision of God, various pictures associated with the characteristics of a particular religious movement. The most important attributes of religion are faith and cult. Religion is not a reflective type of worldview.
Faith- this is a way of understanding the world with religious consciousness, special states of the religious consciousness of the subject.
Within the framework of religious systems and religious consciousness, ethical ideas, norms, and ideals acquire great importance. In religious consciousness, feelings of love of man for man, tolerance, compassion, conscience, and mercy are cultivated. Religion shapes the spiritual world of a person. Despite the closeness of religion and philosophy, they are different - philosophical idealism is the theoretical basis of religion.
Philosophy refers to the reflexive type of worldview i.e. one that contains reflections on one’s own ideas about the world and man’s place in this world. Looking at your thinking, your consciousness from the outside is one of the features of philosophical consciousness. By its nature, philosophy requires reflection, doubt, allows for criticism of ideas, rejection of faith in those dogmas and postulates that are affirmed by the mass practice of believers. Philosophy questions the ultimate foundations of existence, including the very existence of the world, including the question - how is peace possible? Philosophy was formed in the struggle against religious and mythological consciousness; it rationally explained the world.
7. Materialism - one of the two main philosophical directions, which solves the main question of philosophy in favor of the primacy of matter, nature, being, physical, objective and considers consciousness, thinking as a property of matter, as opposed to idealism, which takes spirit, idea, consciousness, thinking, mental, subjective as the original . Recognition of the primacy of matter means that it was not created by anyone, but exists forever, that space and time are objectively existing forms of existence of matter, that thinking is inseparable from matter, which thinks, that the unity of the world lies in its materiality. A materialistic solution to the second side of the main question of philosophy - about the knowability of the world - means a conviction in the adequacy of the reflection of reality in human consciousness, in the knowability of the world and its laws. Idealism- a general designation for philosophical teachings that assert that spirit, consciousness, thinking, and the mental are primary, and matter, nature, and the physical are secondary. The main forms of idealism are objective and subjective. The first asserts the existence of a spiritual principle independently of human consciousness, the second either denies the existence of any reality outside the consciousness of the subject, or considers it as something completely determined by his activity.
Historical forms of materialism: atomistic, mechanistic, anthropological, dialectical.
Atomistic materialism. The atomic theory of Leucippus - Democritus was a natural result of the development of previous philosophical thought. In the atomistic system of Democritus one can find parts of the basic materialistic systems of ancient Greece and the ancient East. Even the most important principles - the principle of preservation of being, the principle of attraction of like to like, the very understanding of the physical world as arising from a combination of principles, the beginnings of ethical teaching - all this was already laid down in the philosophical systems that preceded atomism. Mechanistic materialism. Mechanistic materialism is one of the stages and forms of development of materialist philosophy. Mechanistic materialism tries to explain all natural phenomena using the laws of mechanics and reduce all qualitatively diverse processes and natural phenomena (chemical, biological, mental, etc.) to mechanical. Anthropological materialism. Anthropological materialism - materialism: - seeing in man the main ideological category; and - asserting that only on its basis can a system of ideas about nature, society and thinking be developed. Dialectical materialism. Dialectical materialism is a direction in philosophy in which the main attention is paid to the relationship between being and thinking and the most general laws of development of being and thinking. According to the main provisions of Marxist-Leninist philosophy, dialectical materialism asserts the ontological primacy of matter relative to consciousness and the constant development of matter over time.
Historical forms of idealism: objective, subjective.
Objective idealism.
Objective idealism is a collective definition of philosophical schools that imply the existence of a reality of immaterial modality independent of the will and mind of the subject. Objective idealism denies the existence of the world in the form of a set of results of cognitive activity of the senses and judgments. At the same time, it recognizes their existence, but also adds to them the objectively determined element of human existence. In objective idealism, the universal super-individual spiritual principle (“idea”, “world mind”, etc.) is usually considered as the fundamental basis of the world. As a rule, objective idealism underlies many religious teachings (Abrahamic religions, Buddhism)
Subjective idealism
Subjective idealism is a group of trends in philosophy, whose representatives deny the existence of a reality independent of the will and consciousness of the subject. Philosophers of these directions either believe that the world in which a subject lives and acts is a collection of sensations, experiences, moods, and actions of this subject, or, at a minimum, believe that this collection is an integral part of the world. A radical form of subjective idealism is solipsism, in which only the thinking subject is recognized as real, and everything else is declared to exist only in his consciousness.
8. Cumulative problems of ancient philosophy can be thematically defined as follows:
cosmology (natural philosophers) - in its context, the totality of the real was seen as “physis” (nature) and as cosmos (order), the main question being: “How did the cosmos arise?”;
morality (sophists) was the defining theme in the knowledge of man and his specific abilities;
metaphysics (Plato) declares the existence of intelligible reality, claims that reality and existence are heterogeneous, and the world of ideas is higher than the sensory;
methodology (Plato, Aristotle) develops the problems of the genesis and nature of knowledge, while the method of rational search is understood as an expression of the rules of adequate thinking;
aesthetics is being developed as a sphere of solving the problem of art and beauty in itself; the problematics of proto-Aristotelian philosophy can be grouped as a hierarchy of generalizing problems: physics (ontology-theology-physics-cosmology), logic (epistemology), ethics;
and at the end of the era of ancient philosophy, mystical-religious problems are formed; they are characteristic of the Christian period of Greek philosophy.
9. Ontological function is associated with the consideration of the basic issues of existence, the creation in the human mind of a general picture of the world as a universal unity. The epistemological function deals with questions of the knowability of the world and the objectivity of knowledge.
Praxeological function is associated with material, sensory-objective, goal-setting human activity, which has as its content the development and transformation of nature and society.
10. Worldview functionphilosophy is considered one of the most important. It reveals the ability of philosophy to act as the basis of a worldview, which is an integral, stable system of views about the world and the laws of its existence, about the phenomena and processes of nature and society that are important for maintaining the life of society and man. The worldview of an individual appears in the form of a set of feelings, knowledge and beliefs.
Axiological function philosophy is to evaluate things, phenomena of the surrounding world from the point of view of various values - moral, ethical, social, ideological, etc. The purpose of the axiological function is to be a “sieve” through which to pass everything necessary, valuable and useful and to discard what is inhibitory and outdated .
11. Epistemological- one of the fundamental functions of philosophy - has the goal of correct and reliable knowledge of the surrounding reality (that is, the mechanism of knowledge).
12 . Methodological function lies in the fact that philosophy develops the basic methods of understanding the surrounding reality.
Explanatory function aimed at identifying cause-and-effect relationships and dependencies.
13. Medieval philosophy- a historical stage in the development of Western philosophy, covering the period from the 5th to the 14th centuries. Characterized by theocentric views and commitment to the ideas of creationism.
The Middle Ages is the dominance of a religious worldview, reflected in theology. Philosophy becomes the handmaiden of theology. Its main function is the interpretation of Holy Scripture, the formulation of the dogmas of the Church and the proof of the existence of God. Along the way, logic was developed, the concept of personality was developed (a dispute about the difference between hypostasis and essence) and a dispute about the priority of the individual or the general (realists and nominalists).
Features of the style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages:
1. If the ancient worldview was cosmocentric, then the medieval one was theocentric. For Christianity, the reality that determines everything in the world is not nature, the cosmos, but God. God is a person who exists above this world.
2. The originality of the philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages lay in its close connection with religion. Church dogma was the starting point and basis of philosophical thinking. The content of philosophical thought acquired a religious form.
3. The idea of the real existence of a supernatural principle (God) forces us to look at the world, the meaning of history, human goals and values from a special angle. The medieval worldview is based on the idea of creation (the doctrine of the creation of the world by God out of nothing - creationism).
4. The philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was retrospective, looking to the past. For the medieval consciousness, “the more ancient, the more authentic, the more authentic, the truer.”
5. The style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was distinguished by traditionalism. For the medieval philosopher, any form of innovation was considered a sign of pride, therefore, excluding subjectivity as much as possible from the creative process, he had to adhere to the established pattern, canon, tradition. What was valued was not creativity and originality of thought, but erudition and adherence to tradition.
6. The philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was authoritarian and relied on authorities. The most authoritative source is the Bible. The medieval philosopher turns to biblical authority for confirmation of his opinion.
7. The style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages is distinguished by the desire for impersonality. Many works of this era have reached us anonymously. The medieval philosopher does not speak on his own behalf, he argues on behalf of “Christian philosophy.”
10. Philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was characterized by didacticism (teaching, edification). Almost all the famous thinkers of that time were either preachers or teachers of theological schools. Hence, as a rule, the “teacher”, edifying character of philosophical systems.
medieval philosophy main problems
1. The problem of the existence of God and knowledge of his essence. The roots of the philosophy of the Middle Ages lie in the religion of monotheism (monotheism). Such religions include Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and it is with them that the development of both European and Arab philosophy of the Middle Ages is associated. Medieval thinking is theocentric: God is reality, determining all things. 2. The problem of the relationship between knowledge and faith. The first Christian philosophers believed that to know God and the world he created, truths obtained on the basis of faith were quite sufficient. Scientific research and rational evidence, in their opinion, became unnecessary when the Bible and other sacred texts appeared: you only need to believe in their truths. Reason can only lead to doubt, delusion and mortal sin.
3. The relationship between the individual and the general in the debate between realism and nominalism. One of the important philosophical questions of the Middle Ages was the question of the relationship between the general and the individual. The dispute about this is known as the dispute about universals, i.e. about the nature of general genders and concepts. There were two main solutions to this issue. Realism. According to him, general genera (universals) exist in reality, independently of man. It is not individual things that have true reality, but only general concepts - universals that exist outside consciousness, independently of it and the material world.
The opposite direction was associated with emphasizing the priority of will over reason and was called nominalism. According to nominalists, general concepts are only names; they do not have any independent existence and are formed by our mind by abstracting certain features common to a number of things. Thus, according to the teaching of nominalists, universals exist not before things, but after things. Some nominalists even argued that general concepts are nothing more than the sounds of the human voice.
14. Humanism is a worldview centered on the idea of man as the highest value.
The growth of city-republics led to an increase in the influence of classes that did not participate in feudal relations: artisans and craftsmen, merchants, bankers. The hierarchical system of values created by the medieval, largely ecclesiastical culture and its ascetic, humble spirit were alien to all of them. This led to the emergence of humanism - a socio-philosophical movement that considered a person, his personality, his freedom, his active, creative activity as the highest value and criterion for evaluating public institutions.
Pantheism- a philosophical doctrine that identifies God and the world.
Has 4 main forms:
1. theomonistic - endows only God with existence, depriving the world of independent existence.
2. physiomonistic - there is only the world, nature, which supporters of this direction call God, thereby depriving God of independent existence.
3. transcendental (mystical)
4. immanent - transcendental - according to which God is realized in things.
15 . The prerequisites for the formation of modern philosophy are associated with
the transfer of the interest of thinkers from the problems of scholasticism and theology to the problems
natural philosophy. In the 17th century, the interest of philosophers was directed towards questions
knowledge - F. Bacon developed the doctrine of induction, R. Descartes - the concept of method in
philosophy.
The problems of epistemology come first. Two main directions:
empiricism- a direction in the theory of knowledge that recognizes sensory experience
as the only source of knowledge; and rationalism, which pushes to
the first plan is the logical basis of science, recognizes reason as the source of knowledge
and the criterion of its truth.
16 . European philosophy of modern times of the 17th-19th centuries is usually called classical. At this time, original philosophical teachings were created, distinguished by the novelty of the proposed solutions, rational clarity of argumentation, and the desire to acquire scientific status.
The experimental study of nature and the mathematical understanding of its results, which originated in the previous era, became in modern times a powerful spiritual force that had a decisive influence on advanced philosophical thought.
Another factor that determined the direction of the philosophical teachings of this period was the process of intensification of social life in European countries, caused by the intensifying struggle against the estate-feudal statehood and the church. This process was accompanied by the secularization of public life, and advanced philosophy, interested in the independence of scientific creativity from religious and church pressure and control, developed its own attitude towards religion. The philosophy of the New Age, which expressed the essential features of this era, changed not only value orientations, but also the way of philosophizing.
17. German classical philosophy
A certain period in the development of German philosophical thought - from the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, represented by the teachings of Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Schelling. At the same time N.K.F. - this is a special line, the highest, final link in the development of new European philosophical rationalism. With all the diversity of ideas and concepts, N.K.F. represents a successive series of systems of philosophical idealism, organically connected with each other: each of the thinkers of this direction, starting to develop his own concept, relied entirely on the ideas of his predecessor. Moreover, the commitment of N.K.F. throughout the entire stage of its own development, a number of essential principles allow us to speak of it as a relatively holistic, unified spiritual formation. N.K.F. is also a critical philosophy, clearly aware of the range of cognitive powers and subjecting everything and everyone to the judgment of reason.
Novosibirsk College of Electronics
For the course “Social Studies”
Human worldview
Completed
student 122 groups
Prudnikov S.G.
I checked
Cherepanova E.V.
Novosibirsk 2003
Introduction........................................................ .............3
1.What is a worldview? .......................................4
2.What is the worldview? ................................4
3. Three main types of worldview...................................5
3.1 Everyday worldview……………………….5
3.2 Religious worldview……………………...6
3.3 Scientific worldview...................................................7
4. Consciously formed worldview......8
5.Society and the formation of a worldview......8
5.2 Totalitarian society...................................................8
5.1 Democratic society...................................9
6. Worldview of our era...................................................9
7.Conclusion……………………………………………………………..10
8. List of references used...................................13
Introduction.
There are no two people in the world with the same patterns on their skin.
fingers, no two people have the same fate. Each person is individual and unique. Not even two people
with the same spiritual world. But does this mean that
does nothing unite him with the other?
Of course no. People have a lot in common: their homeland,
place of residence, position in society, language, age.
But what unites also separates: people can
be a different place of residence, a different place in life
society, another language, age. In the spiritual world there is also
uniting and separating people: spiritual inte –
resources, life positions, value orientations, level
knowledge. Analysis of monuments of spiritual culture of all stages
development of humanity, as well as the analysis of the spiritual world
of our contemporaries, shows that one of the most important -
The most important element is worldview.
1.What is a worldview?
In the simplest, most common understanding
worldview is the totality of a person’s views on
the world that surrounds him. There are other words that are close to the worldview: worldview, worldview. All of them
suggest, on the one hand, the world that surrounds
person, and on the other hand, what is associated with the activity
man: his sensations, contemplation, understanding, his cart -
vision, view of the world.
Worldview differs from other elements of spirituality
of the human world in that it, firstly, represents co-
a person's views are not on any particular side
the world, namely the world as a whole. Secondly, worldview
represents a person’s attitude towards the world around him: is he afraid, is the person afraid of this world, or is he
lives in harmony, in harmony with him?
Thus, the worldview is a complex phenomenon of spirits -
of the new human world.
2.What is the worldview?
First of all, we note that a person’s worldview is not
historical character: every era of human history -
torii has his own level of knowledge, his own problems,
facing people, their approaches to solving them,
their spiritual values.
We can say: how many people, so many worldviews.
However, this will be incorrect. After all, we have already noted that lu -
action not only separates something, but also unites a community
homeland, language, culture, history of its people, property -
military status. People are united by school, character
education, general level of knowledge, common values. Poe –
it is not surprising that people can have similar, about -
leading positions in considering the world, in its awareness and evaluation -
The classification of worldview types can be once -
personal. Thus, in the history of philosophy, several approaches to the development of worldviews can be traced. Some of them give priority to God (theocentrism) or nature (nature-centrism), others - to man (anthropocentrism), or to society (sociocentrism), or to knowledge, science (knowledge-centrism, science-centrism). Sometimes worldviews are divided into progressive and reactionary.
3. Three types of worldview
The following types of world carriers are widely distinguished:
point of view: everyday, religious, scientific.
3.1 Ordinary worldview
The everyday worldview arises in a person’s life in
the process of his personal practical activity, which is why it is sometimes called the everyday worldview. Views
human rights in this case are not justified by religious arguments or scientific data. It is formed spontaneously,
especially if the person was not interested in worldview -
questions in an educational institution, I did not study on my own -
specifically philosophy, was not familiar with the content of religion -
oznyh teachings. Of course, one cannot completely exclude the possibility that
knowledge of religions or achievements of science, for man is constant -
but communicates with different people; impact is noticeable
public media. But the preob -
The everyday, everyday basis works. The everyday world carrier –
vision is based on direct life experience
human - and this is its strength, but it makes little use of experience
other people, the experience of science and culture, the experience of religious
consciousness as an element of world culture - this is its strength -
The everyday worldview is very widespread,
since the efforts of educational institutions and church pastors
often they only touch the very surface of the spirit sphere –
a person’s life and do not always leave a noticeable
3.2 Religious worldview
Religious worldview is a worldview, the main one of which is the religious teachings contained in
such monuments of world spiritual culture as the Bible,
The Koran, the holy books of Buddhists, the Talmud and a number of others.
Let us recall that religion also contains a certain picture
world, the doctrine of human destiny, commandments, for example -
involved in the formation of his certain way of life,
to save the soul. Religious worldview also has
advantages and disadvantages. Its strengths can be
include a close connection with world cultural heritage,
orientation towards solving problems related to spiritual
human needs, the desire to give a person faith in
opportunity to achieve set goals.
The weaknesses of the religious worldview are -
there is intransigence towards other positions in life, not -
sufficient attention to the achievements of science, and sometimes their
ignoring. True, recently many gods
words express the idea that theology faces
the task of developing a new way of thinking,
“about proportionality
God to the changes brought about by science and technology.” But on -
while theologians cannot definitely say “which
it is precisely the type of consent that can be established between laboratories -
a stool and a church bench.”
3.3 Scientific worldview
Is the rightful heir to that direction of the world
Philosophical thought, which in its development is constantly
It was based on the achievements of science. It includes a scientific picture of the world, generalized results of the achievement of human knowledge, principles of relationships
people with natural and artificial habitats.
The scientific worldview also has advantages and disadvantages -
statistics. The advantages include its solid foundation -
the achievements of science, the reality contained in it
goals and ideals, organic connection with production and
social practical activities of people. But you can't
turn a blind eye to the fact that a person has not yet taken over in him -
having a place. Man, humanity, humanity -
this is truly a global problem of the present and future.
The development of this triad is an inexhaustible task, but inexhaustible -
the ability of the task to be taken does not require detachment from it, but us -
steadfastness in its decision. This is the dominant feature of owls -
belt science, designed to enrich the worldview.
Turn to man, humanity, humanity, if he
will become comprehensive and may become decisive
an ennobling factor for all types of worldviews -
nia; then their main common feature will be humanistic
direction.
This worldview is most promising for activists -
of people striving to achieve the development of society along the path of scientific, technical, social and environmental
who has made progress, but humanity is still at its very best -
began the path to broad mastery of its fundamentals.
Consciously formed worldview
In society, there has long been a conscious desire -
the ability to develop a holistic and well-founded worldview,
within the framework of which the entire history of man would be comprehended
quality, its cognitive and transformative activity -
ity, culture and value orientations. Mi development –
views usually follow a certain tradition,
based on one direction or another in philosophy. Conscious -
strong desire to develop a holistic worldview
manifested by different social groups of people, politics -
political parties that see in it the basis not only of their
spiritual unity, but also programs of specific actions
to transform society.
A worldview of this type can be built on the most
different philosophical foundations.
It can be both religious and non-religious, with -
than in the first case its development is carried out with software -
swarm on theology. For example, they are radically different
existentialist and positivist philosophy from each other
sophia, religious and atheistic philosophical concepts –
Society and the formation of worldview
Today all sensible people admit that everyone
a person should be free to choose his own transport -
vision. However, he cannot be free from society -
relations, and therefore his choice depends not only on
himself, but also from the society in which he lives.
Totalitarian society
In totalitarian social structures, a single world -
view lays the foundation for the entire educational system -
themes, culture, media. And to the person
under these conditions it is very difficult to really
free choice.
Democratic society
In a democratic society, the choice of worldview is -
is a personal matter of every citizen without any
restrictions.
The same applies to worldview
based on program documents of public bodies -
The state only makes sure that they do not contain -
there were calls for violence, for the violent overthrow
existing system. At the same time, the state itself takes
assumes the responsibility to provide everyone with conditions for
mastering fundamental knowledge about nature, social
you, man, necessary for free and conscious
choosing a system of values and ideological positions.
Worldview of our era (XX century)
The scale of scientific and technological progress and development
education in our time is simply incommensurate with what
happened in the XVIII – XIX. We can say that the social world in which we live was created on the basis of science. Industry, agriculture, transport,
communications, information support, healthcare –
knowledge, culture, education, our way of life are simply unthinkable
without the use of scientific knowledge. Today science is in everything
over 5 million people are engaged in the world, whereas by the beginning of the 19th century. there were only about a thousand scientists.
The scale of development of education in our time is unprecedented.
Even in the last century, the vast majority of people did not know how to read and write. And by the end of the 20th century it was already over
80 percent of the world's population has become literate. Today at
developed countries have legislated universal
secondary education and about half of graduates –
from these schools continue their studies at higher educational institutions.
Continuing education is actively implemented, accompanied by
giving a person his whole life.
Modern ideas about the world have developed entirely on
The basis of the achievements of science in the 20th century.
The theory of relativity radically changed our pony -
mania of space-time relations, and quantum -
vaya mechanics – cause-and-effect relationships.
Modern cosmology has drawn an amazing story -
The evolution of the Metagalaxy, which took place over 20 billion years, revealed the unity and integrity of the cosmos,
manifested primarily in the relationship between fundamental and
tal physical interactions.
Biology has revealed the molecular basis of life processes -
activity, penetrated into the secrets of the transmission of hereditary
information, skillfully combined the ideas of evolution and genetics
into a synthetic theory, on the basis of which it was possible to understand
mechanisms of formation and change in species of living organs -
Synergetics has proven that self-organization processes can occur not only in the living world, but also in the nonliving world.
Mathematics, chemistry, computer science, linguistics, psychology
and other sciences have also made significant contributions to modern
scientific picture of the world.
We have every reason to say that in none of the past -
for centuries, man's understanding of the world has not undergone
such significant changes as a result of the development of science,
just like in our 20th century.
No matter how diverse the worldviews are today
orientation of people, there is still something very important in
modern culture, which all sane people agree with
inhabitants of the planet.
It is precisely our time that is characterized by universal recognition -
education of the values of democracy and human rights, its economy -
moral and political freedom, freedom of conscience and choice
ideological orientations.
The most important concern of every country today is the creation of
giving an efficient economy, sensitive to scientifically -
technical progress, quickly responding to WHO -
low needs.
Now, it seems, many already understand that this task is
Any country can only decide on the path of creating a market,
which should become an organic part of the world system -
night economy.
Now everyone is aware of the enormous importance of science not only for the practical activities of society, but also for its
spiritual life, for the formation of the modern world -
views.
Education is of particular value in our time. The prospects for the development of society are associated with it, it is all in
taken into account to a greater extent when developing
various kinds of strategic social programs.
The most important characteristic of the spiritual culture of our
time is the awareness of the integrity of modern mi -
ra, fundamentally impossible for any country once -
hover in isolation.
An integral part of the picture of the world these days are
global problems expressing deep-seated contradictions
speech of the modern stage of a single historical process.
Today the vast majority of people have
allergy to any manifestations of dogmatism, reduced trust
to politicians.
A high appreciation of science is intricately combined with a broad
the spread of superstitions and modern myths, often
dressed in scientific clothes. eleven
As F. Tyutchev wrote, “no matter what life teaches us, the heart believes in miracles.”
Our contemporaries are concerned about the growth of spiritual
apathy and moral nihilism. No matter how funny it is -
greasy, but in our dynamic, interconnected, us -
In an information-rich world, people often feel
lonely.
And finally, most people on the planet embrace three -
Vogue for the future. This feeling is evoked primarily by the heads -
new problems of our time:
How to reduce social injustice
in relations between people and nations?
Will their solution be found soon?
How can humanity survive?
Apparently, these problems will persist for a long time
Bibliography:
1. I.P.Farman. “Theory of knowledge and philosophy of culture”. M., “Science”, 1986.
2. N.K.Vakhromin. “Immanuel's Theory of Scientific Knowledge
Kant." M., “Science”, 1986
3. S.V.Arutyunov, N.G.Bagdasaryam “Man and Society”
We already live in the 21st century and see how the dynamics of social life have increased, surprising us with global changes in all structures of politics, culture, and economics. People have lost faith in a better life: the elimination of poverty, hunger, crime. Every year crime increases, there are more and more beggars. The goal of turning our Earth into a universal home for all mankind, where everyone will be given a worthy place, has passed into unreality, into the category of utopias and fantasies. Uncertainty forced a person to make a choice, forcing him to look around and think about what was happening in the world to people. In this situation, the problems of worldview are revealed.
At any stage, a person (society) has a very specific worldview, i.e. a system of knowledge, ideas about the world and man’s place in it, about man’s relationship to the surrounding reality and to himself. In addition, the worldview includes the basic life positions of people, their beliefs and ideals. By worldview we should understand not all of a person’s knowledge about the world, but only fundamental knowledge - extremely general.
How does the world work?
What is man's place in the world?
What is consciousness?
What is truth?
What is philosophy?
What is a person's happiness?
These are ideological questions and basic problems.
Worldview - this is part of a person’s consciousness, an idea of the world and a person’s place in it. Worldview is a more or less holistic system of people’s assessments and views on: the world around them; purpose and meaning of life; means of achieving life goals; the essence of human relationships.
There are three forms of Worldview:
1. Attitude: - emotional and psychological side, at the level of moods and feelings.
2. Worldview: - formation of cognitive images of the world using visual representations.
3. Worldview: - the cognitive and intellectual side of the worldview.
There are two levels of worldview: everyday and theoretical. The first develops spontaneously, in the process of everyday life, while the second arises when a person approaches the world from the standpoint of reason and logic.
There are three historical types of worldview - mythological, religious, ordinary, philosophical, but we will talk about this in more detail in the next chapter.
Historical types of worldview
Everyday worldview
The worldview of people has always existed, and this is manifested in mythology, religion, philosophy, and science. The ordinary worldview is the simplest type of worldview. It is formed through observation of nature, work activity, participation in the life of groups and society, under the influence of living conditions, forms of leisure, existing material and spiritual culture. Everyone has their own everyday worldview, which differs in varying degrees of depth and completeness from the influence of other types of worldview. For this reason, the everyday worldviews of different people may even be opposite in content and therefore incompatible. On this basis, people can be divided into believers and non-believers, egoists and altruists, people of good will and people of evil will. The ordinary worldview has many shortcomings. The most important of them are the incompleteness, lack of system, and untestedness of much knowledge that is part of the everyday worldview. The everyday worldview is the basis for the formation of more complex types of worldview.
The integrity of the everyday worldview is achieved through the predominance of associativity in thinking and the establishment of an arbitrary connection of knowledge about different spheres of existence; through random (disordered) mixing of the results of the worldview and the results of the worldview into a single whole. The main feature of the everyday worldview is its fragmentation, eclecticism and unsystematic nature.
Based on the everyday worldview, myth is historically the first to be spontaneously born - i.e. creative reflection of the world by consciousness, the main distinctive feature of which is logical generalizations that violate the logical law of sufficient reason. There are logical premises for the mythologized perception of reality; they lie at the basis of human practical experience, but conclusions about the structure and laws of existence of reality in myth, which, as a rule, are quite consistent with the observed facts from the life of nature, society and man, correspond to these facts only in an arbitrary manner. a selectable number of relationships.
Mythologicalworldview
Mythology is historically considered the first form of worldview.
Mythology - (from Greek - tradition, legend, word, teaching), is a way of understanding the world, characteristic of the early stages of social development, in the form of social consciousness.
Myths are ancient tales of different peoples about fantastic creatures, about the deeds of gods and heroes.
A mythological worldview - regardless of whether it relates to the distant past or today, we will call a worldview that is not based on theoretical arguments and reasoning, or on the artistic and emotional experience of the world, or on social illusions born of inadequate perception by large groups of people ( classes, nations) social processes and their role in them. One of the features of myth, which unmistakably distinguishes it from science, is that myth explains “everything”, since for it there is no unknown and unknown. It is the earliest, and for modern consciousness - archaic, form of worldview.
It appeared at the earliest stage of social development. When humanity, in the form of myths, legends, legends, tried to answer such global questions as how the world as a whole came to be and is structured, to explain various natural and social phenomena in those distant times, when people were just beginning to look at the world around them, and were just beginning to study it .
Main themes of myths:
· cosmic - an attempt to answer the question about the beginning of the structure of the world, the emergence of natural phenomena;
· about the origin of people - birth, death, trials;
· about the cultural achievements of people - making fire, invention of crafts, customs, rituals.
Thus, myths contained the beginnings of knowledge, religious beliefs, political views, and various types of arts.
The main functions of myth were considered to be that with their help the past was connected with the future and ensured the connection of generations; concepts of values were reinforced and certain forms of behavior were encouraged; ways were sought to resolve contradictions, ways to unite nature and society. During the period of dominance of mythological thinking, the need for acquiring special knowledge had not yet arisen.
Thus, myth is not the original form of knowledge, but a special type of worldview, a specific figurative syncretic idea of natural phenomena and collective life. Myth is considered to be the earliest form of human culture, which united the rudiments of knowledge, religious beliefs, moral, aesthetic and emotional assessment of the situation.
For primitive man it was both impossible to record his knowledge and to be convinced of his ignorance. For him, knowledge did not exist as something objective, independent of his inner world. In primitive consciousness, what is thought must coincide with what is experienced, what acts - with what acts. In mythology, man dissolves in nature, merges with it as its inseparable particle. The main principle for solving ideological issues in mythology was genetic.
Mythological culture, supplanted in a later period by philosophy, concrete sciences and works of art, retains its significance throughout world history to the present day. No philosophy or science or life at all has the power to destroy myths: they are invulnerable and immortal. They cannot be disputed, because they cannot be substantiated and perceived by the dry power of rational thought. And yet you need to know them - they constitute a significant fact of culture.
Religiousworldview
Religion- This is a form of worldview, the basis of which is the belief in the existence of supernatural forces. This is a specific form of reflection of reality and to this day it remains a significant organized and organizing force in the world.
The religious worldview is represented by the forms of three world religions:
1. Buddhism - 6-5 centuries. BC. First appeared in Ancient India, founder - Buddha. In the center is the doctrine of noble truths (Nirvana). In Buddhism there is no soul, there is no God as a creator and supreme being, there is no spirit and history;
2. Christianity - 1st century AD, first appeared in Palestine, the common sign is faith in Jesus Christ as the God-man, the savior of the world. The main source of doctrine is the Bible (Holy Scripture). Three branches of Christianity: Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism;
3. Islam - 7th century AD, formed in Arabia, founder - Muhammad, the main principles of Islam are set out in the Koran. The main dogma: worship of one god Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. The main branches of Islam are Sunnism and Shinnism.
Religion performs important historical functions: it forms the consciousness of the unity of the human race, develops universal human norms; acts as a bearer of cultural values, ordering and preserving morals, traditions and customs. Religious ideas are contained not only in philosophy, but also in poetry, painting, architectural art, politics, and everyday consciousness.
Worldview constructs, when included in a cult system, acquire the character of a creed. And this gives the worldview a special spiritual and practical character. Worldview constructs become the basis for formal regulation and regulation, streamlining and preservation of morals, customs, and traditions. With the help of ritual, religion cultivates human feelings of love, kindness, tolerance, compassion, mercy, duty, justice, etc., giving them special value, connecting their presence with the sacred, supernatural.
Mythological consciousness historically precedes religious consciousness. The religious worldview is more perfect than the mythological one in logical terms. Systematicity of religious consciousness presupposes its logical ordering, and continuity with mythological consciousness is ensured through the use of an image as the main lexical unit. The religious worldview “works” on two levels: on the theoretical-ideological level (in the form of theology, philosophy, ethics, social doctrine of the church), i.e. at the level of worldview, and socio-psychological, i.e. level of attitude. At both levels, religiosity is characterized by belief in the supernatural - belief in miracles. A miracle is against the law. The law is called immutability in change, the indispensable uniformity of the action of all homogeneous things. A miracle contradicts the very essence of the law: Christ walked on water, just like on dry land, and this is a miracle. Mythological ideas have no idea of a miracle: for them the most unnatural is natural. The religious worldview already distinguishes between the natural and the unnatural, and already has limitations. The religious picture of the world is much more contrasting than the mythological one, richer in colors.
It is much more critical than the mythological one, and less arrogant. However, everything revealed by the worldview that is incomprehensible, contrary to reason, the religious worldview explains by a universal force capable of disrupting the natural course of things and harmonizing any chaos.
Belief in this external superpower is the basis of religiosity. Religious philosophy, thus, like theology, proceeds from the thesis that there is a certain ideal superpower in the world, capable of manipulating both nature and the destinies of people at will. At the same time, both religious philosophy and theology substantiate and prove by theoretical means both the necessity of Faith and the presence of an ideal superpower - God.
Religious worldview and religious philosophy are a type of idealism, i.e. such a direction in the development of social consciousness in which the original substance, i.e. The basis of the world is the Spirit, the idea. Varieties of idealism are subjectivism, mysticism, etc. The opposite of a religious worldview is an atheistic worldview.
In our time, religion plays no small role, more religious educational institutions have begun to open, in pedagogical university and school practice the direction of culturological representation of religions is actively developing within the framework of a civilizational approach, at the same time atheistic educational stereotypes are preserved and religious-sectarian apologetics is found under the slogan of absolute equality of all religions. The Church and the State are currently on an equal footing, there is no hostility between them, they are loyal to each other and compromise. Religion gives meaning and knowledge, and therefore stability, to human existence and helps him overcome everyday difficulties.
The most important features of religion are sacrifice, belief in heaven, and cult of God.
German theologian G. Küng believes that religion has a future, because:
1) the modern world with its spontaneity is not in proper order, it arouses longing for the Other;
2) the difficulties of life raise ethical questions that develop into religious ones;
3) religion means the development of relationships to the absolute meaning of existence, and this applies to every person.
As a result of studying materials on this topic “Worldview and its historical types,” the following conclusions can be drawn:
Worldview- this is not only the content, but also a way of understanding reality, as well as the principles of life that determine the nature of activity. The nature of ideas about the world contributes to the setting of certain goals, from the generalization of which a general life plan is formed, ideals are formed that give the worldview effective force. The content of consciousness turns into a worldview when it acquires the character of convictions, a person’s complete and unshakable confidence in the correctness of his ideas. The worldview changes synchronously with the world around us, but the basic principles remain unchanged.
What is the relationship between philosophy and worldview?
Worldview is a broader concept than philosophy. Philosophy is an understanding of the world and man from the position of reason and knowledge.
Plato wrote: “Philosophy is the science of existence as such.” According to Plato, the desire to understand existence as a whole gave us philosophy, and “there has never been and never will be a greater gift to people like this gift of God” (G. Hegel).
The term "philosophy" comes from the Greek words "philia" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom). According to legend, this word was first introduced into use by the Greek philosopher Pythagoras, who lived in the 6th century BC.
This understanding of philosophy as the love of wisdom has a deep meaning. The ideal of a sage (as opposed to a scientist or intellectual) is the image of a morally perfect person who not only responsibly builds his own life, but also helps people around him solve their problems and overcome everyday adversity. But what helps a sage live with dignity and reason, sometimes despite the cruelty and madness of his historical time? What does he know, unlike other people?
This is where the philosophical sphere itself begins: the sage-philosopher knows about the eternal problems of human existence (significant for every person in all historical eras) and strives to find reasonable answers to them.
There are two areas of activity in philosophy:
· the sphere of materiality, objective reality, that is, objects and phenomena exist in reality, outside of human consciousness (matter);
· the sphere of the ideal, spiritual, subjective reality is a reflection of objective reality in the human mind (thinking, consciousness).
The main philosophical questions are
1. what comes first: matter or consciousness; matter determines consciousness or vice versa;
2. the question of the relationship of consciousness to matter, subjective to objective;
3. Is the world cognizable and, if so, to what extent?
Depending on the solution of the first two questions, two opposing directions have long been formed in philosophical teachings:
· Materialism - primary and determining is matter, secondary and determining is consciousness;
· Idealism - spirit is primary, matter is secondary, in turn subdivided:
1. Subjective idealism - the world is created by the subjective consciousness of each individual person (the world is only a complex of human sensations);
2. Objective idealism - The world “creates” a certain objective consciousness, a certain eternal “World Spirit”, absolute idea.
Consistent subjective idealism inevitably leads to its extreme manifestation - solipsism.
Solipsism is the denial of the objective existence of not only the surrounding inanimate objects, but also other people except oneself (only I exist, the rest of my sensation).
Thales was the first in Ancient Greece to rise to the understanding of the material unity of the world and expressed a progressive idea about the transformation of matter, unified in its essence, from one state to another. Thales had associates, students and continuers of his views. Unlike Thales, who considered water to be the material basis of all things, they found other material foundations: Anaximenes - air, Heraclitus - fire.
When answering the question whether the World is knowable or not, the following areas of philosophy can be distinguished:
1. knowable optimism, which in turn can be divided into:
· Materialism - the objective world is knowable and this knowledge is limitless;
· Idealism - the world is knowable, but a person does not know objective reality, but his own thoughts and experiences or “the absolute idea, the world spirit.”
2. cognizable pessimism, from which follow:
· agnosticism - the world is completely or partially unknowable;
· skepticism - the possibility of knowing objective reality is doubtful.
Philosophical thought is the thought of the eternal. Like any theoretical knowledge, philosophical knowledge develops and is enriched with more and more new content, new discoveries. At the same time, the continuity of what is known is preserved. However, the philosophical spirit, philosophical consciousness is not only a theory, especially an abstract, dispassionately speculative theory. Scientific theoretical knowledge constitutes only one side of the ideological content of philosophy. The other, undoubtedly dominant, leading side of it is formed by a completely different component of consciousness - the spiritual-practical one. It is he who expresses the meaning-of-life, value-oriented, that is, worldview, type of philosophical consciousness as a whole. There was a time when no science had ever existed, but philosophy was at the highest level of its creative development. Philosophy is the general methodology for all special sciences, natural and general, in other words, it is the queen (mother) of all sciences. Philosophy has a particularly great influence on the formation of worldviews.
Quote from Epicurus, from a letter to Menoeceus: “...Let no one in his youth put off studying philosophy...”
Man's relationship to the world is an eternal subject of philosophy. At the same time, the subject of philosophy is historically mobile, concrete, the “Human” dimension of the world changes with the change in the essential forces of man himself.
The secret goal of philosophy is to take a person out of the sphere of everyday life, captivate him with the highest ideals, give his life true meaning, and open the way to the most perfect values.
The main functions of philosophy are the development of general ideas of people about existence, the natural and social reality of man and his activities, about proving the possibility of knowing the world.
Despite its maximum criticality and scientific nature, philosophy is extremely close to the everyday, religious and even mythological worldview, for, like them, it chooses the direction of its activity very arbitrarily.
All types of worldview reveal some unity, covering a certain range of issues, for example, how spirit relates to matter, what a person is, and what is his place in the universal interconnection of world phenomena, how a person knows reality, what good and evil are, according to what laws human development society. Worldview has enormous practical life meaning. It influences norms of behavior, a person’s attitude towards work, towards other people, the nature of life’s aspirations, his way of life, tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything around us is perceived and experienced.
Test (choose the correct answer)
Philosophy as a theoretical form of worldview first appeared in...
B. Greece.
What is not characteristic of the mythological worldview?
B. Scientism
The French philosopher O. Comte identified three consistent forms of worldview:
B. Theological, metaphysical, positive (or scientific)
The “heart” phenomenon refers to...
B. Scientific worldview
What is not a characteristic of a philosophical worldview?
