Endings in English - rules of use. The ending -ed in English

The ending -ED deserves its own article, primarily because it opens up a new level of communication for students: the past tense. Having learned how to use the ending -ED, you acquire a new language means of expressing your thoughts and can already communicate with your interlocutor on new topics that were difficult to discuss using the present tense.

We first encounter the ending -ED at the elementary level, when we start learning English. Then we learn to divide verbs into correct And . The ending -ED is added only to regular verbs to form the second and third forms of the verb. The second form is used to form time. But it is not enough to simply remember that a verb ending in -ED is used in the past tense. It is also necessary to understand the peculiarities of using the ending, namely the pronunciation and writing of verbs with the ending -ED.

Pronunciation

The first nuance that is often overlooked by both teachers and students is the pronunciation of the ending. As soon as it is not pronounced, and most often incorrectly. When learning the pronunciation features of any endings, remember that the ending is added to the word, not the word to the ending, so the ending will adapt to the word, and not vice versa. The verb always retains its sound. If adding an ending changes the pronunciation of the verb, then you are pronouncing it incorrectly.

To understand how to pronounce the ending -ED with a particular verb, you must pay attention to the last sound of the verb.

After the sounds /t/ and /d/, the ending is pronounced as /ɪd/, since otherwise it will be very difficult for you to pronounce the word:

Count - counted
end - ended
invite - invited
land - landed
start - started
visit - visited
wait - waited

Remember that the ending -ED is never pronounced as /ed/, only /ɪd/, or simply /t/ or /d/.

If the verb ends in clunk: /p/, /h/, /s/, /k/, /f/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/, then the ending is pronounced dull: /t/:

Ask - asked
clap - clapped
dress - dressed
help - assisted
like - liked
touch - touched
wash - washed

If the verb ends in voiced or vowel, then the ending is pronounced loudly: /d/:

Answer - answered
call - called
cry - cried
love - loved
move - moved
phone - phoned
play - played

Unfortunately, many students openly neglect the pronunciation of the ending -ED and pronounce it the way they think is correct. Since in Russian we deafen the voiced endings of words without noticing it ourselves: we pronounce "slap"(bread), "boot"(boot), "snack"(snow) and so on, then in English we pronounce words according to the same principle, without thinking. In English, voiced sounds cannot be deafened. This leads not only to terrible pronunciation, but also to distorted words.

For example, if you stun the ending in the word played, then you get pleɪT. A plate is a plate. If you pronounce /lɪFt/ instead of /lɪVd/ in the word lived, then you get a completely different word - lift, which is translated “to raise”.

There are many such examples that can be given. You will never get rid of your accent or acquire good English pronunciation if you deafen endings, so don’t hesitate to practice, it’s better to pronounce the word slowly but clearly, without distorting the sounds.

Writing

We've sorted out the pronunciation, now let's look at the rules for writing the ending -ED with verbs.

Most often, the ending is simply added to the stem of the verb and no changes in spelling occur:

Open - opened
call - called
look - looked
listen - listened
talk - talked

There are a number of rules that come into play when the ending -ED is added to a verb.

If the verb already ends in -E, then only -D is added to it:

Smile - smiled
bake - baked
close - closed
live - lived
move - moved

The rule that is important to pay your attention to is adding an ending to a verb that ends in -Y. From previous experience adding endings (plural formation or Present Simple, since if you are already familiar with Past Simple, then by default Present has already been mastered by you) you remember that if a word ends in -Y, then something should happen to it when adding an ending. This gives rise to all sorts of interesting spelling options that are not always correct.

Play - played
enjoy - enjoyed
prey - preyed
stay - stayed
employ - employed

If the regular verb you want to use in Past Simple ends in I agree, followed by -Y, then with a clear conscience you can replace Y with I and add -ED:

Copy - copied
cry - cried
try - tried
spy - spied
tidy - tidied

If a verb ends in one consonant preceded by a stressed vowel ( closed stressed syllable), then before adding the ending -ED the last consonant is doubled:

Star - starred
stop - stopped
drop - dropped
rob - robbed
begged
refer - referred
prefer - preferred

If the verb ends in two consonants, then the ending is simply added and nothing changes:

Climb - climbed
comb - combined
start - started

When a verb consists of several syllables and the last syllable is unstressed, then the last consonant is not doubled:

Benefit - benefited
profit - profited

British English (BrE) has several exception verbs that have a doubled consonant before the ending -ED, despite being stressed:

Travel - travelled
quarrel - quarreled
label - labeled
signal - signaled

In American English, these words do not double the final consonant.

Usage

Now let's talk about using verbs ending -ED.

The main use of this form of verbs is Past Simple. By the way, verbs with endings can only be found in the affirmative form Past Simple, because in negative and interrogative sentences the auxiliary verb DID appears and the main verb remains in the first form, without endings.

Regular verbs have the same second and third forms, so in all tenses of the Perfect group we will also encounter verbs with the ending -ED in all types of utterances.

Interested - interested
motivated - motivated
prepared - prepared
isolated - isolated
recommended - recommended

It is important to remember that endings can only be added to regular verbs, and irregular ones can be easily learned. If you have a problem with this, use ours.

If you have just started learning English, then it is at this stage that it is important to master the features that we talked about in this article, because in the future more complex aspects of a foreign language await you. Thus, by remembering the simple features of using the ending -ED at the very beginning, you will make your task easier in the future.

I wish you success! Have fun learning English!

Ending -ed added to regular verbs to form and past participle.

1. Standard case of adding an ending –ed To .

Examples: to work – work ed
to open – open ed

2. If the infinitive ends in silent –e or –ee, then it is only added –d.

Examples: to translate e– translate d
to agr ee– agree d

3. If the infinitive ends in –y with the previous one consonant, y goes into i.

Examples: to stud y– stud ied
to tr y– tr ied

But if before -y costs vowel, That y is saved.

Examples: to pl ay– pla yed
to st ay-sta yed

4. If monosyllabic the infinitive ends in one consonant, in front of which stands one doubles.

Examples: to sto p-sto pped
to dro p– dro pped

5. If disyllabic/polysyllabic the infinitive ends in one consonant, in front of which stands one vowel, then final consonant doubles, only if the emphasis falls on last syllable.

Examples: to refer r– refe rred
to equi p– equi pped

6. If the infinitive ends in -x, then the letter x doesn't double, because it conveys two sounds.

Examples: to rela x– rela xed
to ta x-ta xed

7. According to UK spelling rules, if an infinitive ends in –l, That l doubles.

Examples: to travel l– travel lled
to fail l-cance lled

7.1. According to US spelling rules, if an infinitive ends in –l, That l doesn't double.

Examples: to travel l– travel led
to fail l-cance led

But -l doubles, only when the emphasis falls on last syllable.

Examples: to compe l– compe lled

Rules for pronunciation of verbs ending in –ed.
Rules for -ed pronunciation

1. If the word ends in deaf or sibilant consonant, then we pronounce [t].

Examples: to help – helped
to mix – mixed

2. If the word ends in voiced consonant or vowel, then we pronounce [d].

Examples: to fill – filled
to live – lived

3. If the word ends in -t or -d, then the ending -ed will be read as [ɪd].

Examples: to point – pointed [ˈpɔɪntɪd]
to want – wanted [ˈwɔntɪd]

Probably each of us remembers standing at the chalk board during a lesson in the beautiful and powerful Russian language and, for some unknown reason, drawing an arc, a tick, or a square over a word. This whole entertaining process was pathetically called parsing a word into morphemes, namely: prefix, root, suffix and, of course, ending. Today we will talk about the latter, but only in English. There might be something you don't know!

Speaking purely in grammatical terms, the concept of “ending” ( ending) or the buzzword “inflection” ( inflexion) from the Latin “to bend” - to bind, implies a variable part responsible for the process of forming different variations of the same word, to the basic form of which special elements are added. Through these manipulations, grammatical meanings are expressed, that is, the special role that a unit of speech plays in a sentence. The endings in English grammar include: possessive case (“ s); plural (- s / -es); present tense 3rd person + singular (- s); past tense (- d), (-ed) or (- t) and ending (- ing). Well, now in order.

Inflection ""s" in English

Possessive ( possessive case) we use when we need to say that something belongs to someone. This very case is formed by adding a special sign to the end of the word “ " "apostrophe and endings" - s" Below are a few examples for clarity.

Ending -s / -es / -ies in English

First, the simple present tense, known to everyone as the Present Simple. It is used when we talk about some facts or ordinary actions.
We form the present tense using the basic form of the infinitive (without the particle to). Golden Rule: third person singular ( he / she / it) just requires an ending - s / -es / -ies. For example:

Every morning Kelly eat s a sandwich with blueberry jam and peanut butter and drink s a mug of coffee for breakfast.
Every morning Kelly eats a sandwich with blueberry jam and peanut butter for breakfast and drinks a mug of coffee.

Secondly, when it is necessary to use a plural noun ( plural nouns), according to the rule for forming the plural, the ending is added to the singular form of a noun, depending on which letter is at the end - s / -es / -ies. For example:

Pumpkin, don't forget to buy 10 donut s, 5 orange s and 3 bananas s, please.
Pumpkin, please don't forget to buy 10 donuts, 5 oranges and 3 bananas.

Ending -ed / -ied / -d / -t in English

Firstly, the ending - ed inherent correct English verbs(regular verbs), which are used in Past Simple. As you know, the simple past tense is used to state a fact or describe a series of actions that immediately followed each other in the past. Education formula: verb(without to): bombinate ( buzz) + ed = bombed(buzzed). Example in context:

James got in the old clunker, started the engine and drove off.
James got into his wreck, started the engine and drove off.

Secondly, - ed also occurs in the past participle ( participle II). The participle is the golden mean, where the characteristics of a verb, adjective and adverb coexist comfortably, which answers the question “ what (c)did he?», « Which?" For example:

The quote, present ed in the article, caught my attention.
The quote presented in the article caught my attention.

The quote " which? or " what did she do?» — presented, i.e. the action seems to have already been completed - it has already been used in the article. The participle defines the subject in a sentence, supplementing it with new facts and characteristics.

The ending -ing in English

Firstly, the ing ending is used when constructing long English tenses Continuous = Progressive. For example:

Currently, my bearded mate is playing ing PS4.
My bearded buddy is currently playing on PS4.

Here Present Continuous: auxiliary linking verb to be in the required form + infinitive of the semantic verb without to, but with the ending - ing. However, tenses that emphasize an action or state in the process also include Perfect Continuous = Perfect Progressive. For example:

A bearded mate of mine has been play ing PS4 for six hours already.
My bearded buddy has been playing on PS4 for 6 hours now.

Present Perfect Continuous: linking auxiliary verb to have in the required form + been + infinitive of the semantic verb (without to), but with the ending - ing.

Secondly, - ing also occurs in the present participle ( participle I), which answers a number of the following questions: “ Which?», « what is he doing?», « what are you doing?. Example:

That woman, chill ing on the sofa, is my future wifey.
That woman relaxing on the couch is my future wife.

We observe that the participle is formed by adding the ending - ing To basic verb form and introduces new features that are characteristic of the subject.

PARTICIPLE I
verb base + -ing
finagle + -ing = finagle ing

PARTICIPLE II
verb base + -ed
finagle + -ed = finagle ed

Thirdly, this same inflection is also used with the gerund ( gerund), a special form of the verb that behaves in a sentence as subject(subject), an object(predicate) or predicate(definition/circumstance). The gerund to some extent resembles a verbal noun, for this reason it can be translated into Russian as an infinitive, subordinate clause or noun. A few examples to illustrate:

My buddy’s favorite occupation is hang ing out with friends.
My friend's favorite pastime is hanging out with friends.

Well, to be honest, I’m not engrossed in pastel draw ing.
Well, to be honest, I'm not into pastel painting.

Types of English endings

Today we have put together the most common endings that are used everywhere in the English language. We hope that from now on you will have a complete picture of what an ending is, what it can be, exactly when and where it should be used. If there are not enough endings, then catch English suffixes for dessert. Yummy!

Big and friendly EnglishDom family

Endings in English occupy an important place in grammar. Although there are only three types of endings, each of them has an important grammatical meaning. Endings are needed for formation, obtaining the verb of formation of the possessive case and temporary forms of the Continuous group, obtaining some forms and in many other grammatical cases, each of which is worth examining in more detail.

Ending s/es

One of the most common endings in the English language is the ending s/es. Adding this ending helps to make the noun plural, possessive, and 3rd person singular verb tense.

Verbs

The Present Simple tense uses the third person singular form of the verb with the ending -s/-es.

Mary makes a pizza– Mary is making pizza.
The Moon goes round the Earth— The moon revolves around the Earth.
Jim likes to lie- Jim likes to lie down.

Plural

Almost all nouns in English form their plural by adding the ending -s/es.

cat - cats(cat - cats)
ball - balls(ball - balls)
eagle - eagles(eagle - eagles)
pen - pens(handle - handles)

If a word ends in -sh, -ch, -z, -x, -o or -ss, the plural form is -es.

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witch - witches(witch - witches)
potato - potatoes(potato - potatoes)
fox - foxes(fox - foxes)
bush - bushes(bushes - bushes)
class - classes(class - classes)

Possessive

The endings of words in the possessive case are always written with an apostrophe. In the case where the noun already ends in -s or is plural, only an apostrophe is added instead of the ending.

it is John's pen- This is John's pen.
Alice's best friend- Alice's best friend.
the children's grandfather- children's grandfather.
kids' textbook- children's textbook.

Ending ed

English uses the ending -ed to form the second form of a regular verb in the Past Simple, to form the third form of a regular verb in the Perfect tense, and to create a past participle.

Yesterday she watched new movie- Yesterday she watched a new movie.
Bob has loved her since childhood- He loves her since childhood.
The snow had stopped when Kate left office- The snow stopped when Kate left the office.
Opened window- Open window.

Ending ing

Adding the ending -ing serves to form the fourth form of verbs of the tense groups Continuous and Perfect Continuous, as well as to create verbal adjectives. Our table will help you figure this out.

Continius

Gerund

Verbal adjectives (gerunds) are formed by adding the ending -ing.

Mary like swimming- Mary loves swimming.
She likes reading– She loves reading.
Thanks for coming- Thank you for coming.

Video about endings in English:

Friends, if you have been studying English for some time, then you must have noticed that endings play an important role in the formation of words, verb tenses, and various grammatical constructions.

Today we want to take a closer look at the ending -ed in English, what exactly it does with words and word forms, where it can be used and how to use it in grammar.

In English the ending -ed Helps form the simple past tense of regular verbs. You, of course, remember these rules: infinitive + ending -ed

• Yesterday I work ed in the garden. - YesterdayIhave workedVvegetable garden.
• Tom stay ed at home last evening. Tom was at home last evening.

The Present Perfect and Past Perfect tenses of regular verbs in English are also formed using the ending -ed:

• Jimhasjustvisit ed us. — Jim just visited us.
• Ann said that she had play ed tennis yesterday - Annasaid, WhatyesterdaysheplayedVtennis.

The same ending is used to form the Future Perfect and Future Perfect in the Past, again, for regular verbs:

• We will have here ed tomorrow in the morning. - TomorrowTomorningWealreadylet's vote.
• Alex said that he would have prepared ed the test by Friday. — Alexsaid, Whatwill cooktestToFriday.

We can conclude that in the formation of past tenses in regular verbs, without ending -ed there's simply no way around it.

Passive Voice and ending -ed

The passive voice of irregular verbs simply attracts this ending! With the help of ending -ed we form Passive Voice at any time. For example:

• The flowers are plant ed by me. - Flowersplantedme.
• The house was repaired ed by my parents. — The house was renovated by my parents.
• Tomwillbeinvite ed toourparty. — Tom will be invited to our party.

Also, pay attention to the infinitive form of the passive voice:

• Wearehappytobecall ed toyourparty. - We are happy that you invited us to your party ( or verbatim : We are happy to be invited to your party.

How to form parts of speech using the ending -ed

This ending also takes part in the formation of parts of speech, mainly adjectives and participles. Please pay attention to the following offers:

• Tom is depressed ed because ofhis marksTom feels depressed about his grades.
• They were disappointing ed to learn about it“They were disappointed when they found out about it.”
• Brown-ey ed — brown-eyed

Read and pronounce words with -ed correctly!

Reading words with this ending in English is a tricky thing. We bring to your attention reading rules that will help you cope with words with this ending:

• [ d] - after voiced consonants(except [d]) and vowels sounds [b,g,v,D,z,Z,G,m,n,N,l,j,w,r + vowels]:

inform report- informed reported; informed

borrow ["bOlou] lend— borrowed ["bOloud] lent; borrowed

• [ t] - after voiceless consonants(except [t]) sounds [p,k,f,T,s,S,h,C]:

ask ask— asked asked; asked

place put- placed placed; placed

• [ ID] - after the sounds [d] and [t]:

end end— ended ["endId] finished; finished

invite invite— invited invited; invited Let's read correctly!

Remember these rules and you will not make mistakes in reading.

Let's summarize, dear readers. The formation of past tenses of regular verbs is not possible without this ending; without this ending it is impossible to form the passive voice; ending - ed participates in the formation of certain parts of speech. Those who have been studying English for a long time are accustomed to it; we wish everyone else to quickly become friends with this ending.