Description of the life of the mountaineers in the story Prisoner of the Caucasus. The story of the Caucasian prisoner. Life and traditions of Aul. How do the mountaineers live? Passive hero and active hero

The fate of the Bolkonsky family in the novel War and Peace is one of the key plot lines of the novel.

Throughout the story, characters evolve, develop, change their beliefs and change themselves, for better or worse.

Description and quotation characteristics of the Bolkonsky family

Let's imagine a description of each member of this family.

Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky

The head of the Bolkonsky family in the novel appears as a stingy, narrow-minded tyrant. He treats his daughter poorly and is not friendly with his son.

In relation to the peasants, Prince Nikolai is cruel and merciless; he does not delve into the needs of the people dependent on him, preferring benefits to human relations.

Above all virtues, the prince values ​​intelligence and activity, not paying attention to a person’s moral qualities.

However, the old prince is not an antagonist - he is an ardent patriot of Russia, serving his Fatherland faithfully.

Prince Andrei Bolkonsky

The character of Andrei Bolkonsky undergoes significant changes as the plot develops.

At an evening at Anna Scherer's, Andrei appears before us as an aristocrat, fed up with secular society, who is bored with everyone, first of all, his wife.

Quote: “Do you want to know if I’m happy? No. Is she happy? No. Why is this? I don’t know...” He is trying to escape from a life that has disgusted him by going to war, for which he does not feel mentally inclined. He considers marriage a big mistake, and has a bleak attitude towards future fatherhood.

Through the mouth of Pierre Bezukhov, Tolstoy gives Andrey the most flattering description:

• smart;
• well read;
• educated;
• has willpower;
• able to develop;
• physically beautiful.

From the beginning to the end of the novel, his character undergoes amazing changes - from an aristocrat, representing nothing, to a patriot and defender of the Russian people.

Princess Lisa Bolkonskaya

Princess Lisa, who got married a year before the events described in the novel, is expecting her first child.

Princess Lisa - a society woman, she speaks only French, highly values ​​her position in society, and is committed to social entertainment. She does not love her husband, he is a necessary attribute of a young woman, but she is not interested in Andrei as a person.

The princess does not want to leave for the village, she is afraid of childbirth and prefers to stay in the city. Her premonitions do not deceive her - having given birth to a baby, the princess dies.

Princess Marya Bolkonskaya

Princess Marya is physically ugly (the author describes the princess’s large, beautiful eyes, which leave an imprint on her entire appearance and hide her external unattractiveness), but she is noble and kind.

The princess is described as a deeply religious person prone to self-sacrifice.

She is trying to secure the marriage of Mademoiselle Bourrienne, replacing the deceased mother of her nephew.

Nikolenka Bolkonsky

Andrei's son, Nikolenka, is a child who did not know his mother. He was raised by his grandfather, after whom he was named, and then by his aunt, who instilled in him the ideas of serving the people and a sense of patriotism.

Nikolenka is described as outwardly similar to his mother, but with facial features reminiscent of his father, a handsome and lively teenager. He is well-read, educated, and his thirst for knowledge amazes the older generation.

His manner of behavior is reminiscent of Prince Andrei, but without the latter’s isolation.

Tolstoy sees the future of Russia in the image of Nikolenka. The prototype of the Decembrists, the youngest son of the Bolkonsky princes, despite his title, will devote his life to the struggle for the liberation of the oppressed Russian people. The story about Nikolenka’s dream confirms this thesis.

Mademoiselle Bourrienne

A companion who has lived in the Bolkonsky house for so long that she is considered a member of the family, Mademoiselle Bourien is pretty and has a cheerful, lively character.

She is frivolous, loves to laugh, her demeanor does not allow one to suspect her of being an orphan, a girl without a family, completely dependent on the favors of the Bolkonskys.

Mademoiselle is looking for an opportunity that will allow her to find her place in life and no longer benefit from the Bolkonskys’ generosity.

Subsequently, she joins the French and goes over to their side in the War of 1812.

Description of the Bolkonsky estate Bald Mountains

Bald Mountains are located near Smolensk. The main part of the estate, the house, is described as a large, gloomy building in which rigor and established order reign once and for all.

An important detail is the description of the clock striking in the manor house - all the clocks, both in the living room and in the rooms, work in unison, which is a characteristic of the punctuality and scrupulousness with which life in the house is organized. Dinners on the estate are festive, with an abundance of different dishes and a lot of servants.

The house suppresses its inhabitants– several times in the novel its large size, empty, echoing suites of rooms, art galleries with portraits of famous ancestors, their names and a list of deeds are emphasized.

Peculiarities of upbringing and relationships between children in the Bolkonsky family

Andrei and Marya were friends as children and maintained a friendly relationship into older age. Their father, the old prince, was an intolerant and harsh parent. His pedantry, bordering on rudeness, often made his daughter cry.

However, in his own way, the old man loved his children, and they felt this love. Princess Marya was happy and satisfied with her life in the family.

What is the family closeness of the Bolkonskys based on?

As in many noble houses in Russia, family members were united by common glorious ancestors, duty to the Fatherland, and the interests of the family and clan. Animal, unreasoning affection for each other is not for the Bolkonskys - they are rationalistic, guided not by their hearts, but by their minds.

Family interests

All members of the Bolkonsky family highly value the interests of the clan and family. Prince Andrei married at the right time because of the need to produce an heir so that the family would not fade away.

Princess Marya does not consider misalliance - marriage with a person lower than her in social status cannot satisfy a representative of an ancient family.

The old prince is a patriot not only of the Fatherland, but also of his family, raising his children, and then his grandson, in the spirit of loyalty to the ideals of the nobility.

Home decor, family life and traditions

Thanks to the difficult character of the old prince, the atmosphere in the family nest was tense and gloomy. Stiffness bordered on hypocrisy; fun and disregard for tradition were rejected.

Representatives of the younger generation preferred to spend most of their time outside the home.

The old prince was a zealous follower of traditions - everything in the house, from the morning greeting to the serving of dinner, was subject to a routine once and for all, calculated to the minute. Routines and traditions unite the family.

Relationships with others of the Bolkonsky family

The family is a closed, self-sufficient world. Naturally, as befits aristocrats, the Bolkonskys attend dinner parties, receptions, and salons.

However The behavior of the princes is cold, distant, withdrawn. The only exception is the secular princess Lisa, who became part of the family as a result of marriage.

Everything is mixed up in the Bolkonsky house

The quote is not correct, the real one is “Everything was mixed up in the Oblonskys’ house” from “Anna Karenina.” These surnames, which belong to the pen of the great Russian writer, should not be confused, because each of them hides its own story.

This is interesting: The 2007 film adaptation of the novel War and Peace was considered a failure by film critics due to a large number of historical inaccuracies. The characters' clothing, jewelry, and military regalia do not correspond to the time. That is why, in relation to the film, one can find the paraphrased expression “Everything was mixed up in the Oblonskys’ house,” which is often found in essays on the topic of Leo Tolstoy’s work.

Comparison of the Bolkonsky and Rostov families

Brief comparative analysis life two families reveals both similarities and differences in their way of life, habits, and lifestyle.

Conclusion

The Bolkonsky family is atypical for the time being described. A strict way of life, rationality, inflexibility, and high moral requirements characterize all its members.

The writer pins his hope for a better future for Russia on the successors of the Bolkonsky family and non-fictional people similar to them.

Korablina Irina, Lazarenkova Evgenia

The abstract provides a comparative analysis of the author's favorite families.

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Abstract on literature

on the topic of:

The Rostov family and the Bolkonsky family in the novel

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Completed by: Korablina Irina,

Lazarenkova Evgenia,

Students of class 10 "B"

Head: Limanskaya Irina Anatolyevna,

Literature teacher MBOU secondary school No. 7

G.Salsk

1. Leo Tolstoy’s views on the relationships of close people in the novel “War and Peace.”

1. The warmth of the Rostov family.

1. Spirituality of the Bolkonsky family.

1. Two different ideals.

In the novel “War and Peace,” L. N. Tolstoy showed Russian society during a period of military, political and moral trials. Family, friendship, and love relationships bind the heroes of the novel. For Leo Tolstoy, the family is the environment that gives a person everything in life and educates him. The Rostov, Bolkonsky, Kuragin, Bezukhov, and Drubetsky families are represented differently. They differ not only in the degree of nobility and birth, but also in completely different ways of life - that is, habits, customs, views. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy shows his views on the relationships of close people and on the family structure using the example of the Rostov and Bolkonsky families.

In the Rostov family one can notice an atmosphere of cordiality, love and goodwill, since “there is an air of love in the Rostov house.” The Count and Countess are kind and simple people, open to children with all their hearts and souls. They welcome everyone who comes to them. In the family, everyone is frank with each other: they sincerely have fun and cry, and experience life’s dramas together. All children feel parental tenderness and affection. Natasha is a sincere, selfless, charming girl, ready to love the whole world. The youngest son Petya is kind and honest. Sonya is a gentle and sensitive girl. Despite the fact that she is not the natural daughter in this house, she is comfortable here, because she is loved just as reverently as other children. All members of the Rostov family are unusually close to each other. Tolstoy shows us this family in the difficult moments of their lives, when their destinies are closely intertwined with the destinies of thousands of Russian noble families during the War of 1812.

The Rostov family embodied the best features of the Russian nobility: patriotism, spiritual and emotional generosity, responsiveness, sincerity, and willingness to help. The Rostov family is not characterized by hypocrisy and hypocrisy, so everyone here loves each other, children trust their parents, and they respect their wishes. The doors of Countess Rostova's Moscow house were always wide open for invited and uninvited guests.

In the large Rostov family, the head is Ilya Andreevich - a Moscow gentleman, the kindest man who idolizes his wife, adores his children, and is quite generous and trusting. Despite the fact that his material affairs are in a state of disarray, since he does not know how to manage a household at all, Ilya Andreevich could not limit himself and his entire family to the usual luxury. He paid the forty-three thousand lost by his son Nikolai, no matter how hard it was for him to do it, because he is very noble: his own honor and the honor of his children are above all else for him.

Natasha grew up in such a friendly and friendly family. She looks like her mother both in appearance and in character, just like her mother, she shows the same care and thriftiness. But she also has her father’s traits: kindness, generous nature, the desire to unite and make everyone happy. A very important quality of Natasha is naturalness. She is not capable of playing a predetermined role, does not depend on the opinions of strangers, and does not live according to the laws of the world. The heroine is endowed with love for people, a talent for communication, and an openness of soul. She can love and surrender to love completely, and this is precisely what Tolstoy saw as the main purpose of a woman, and he saw the origins of devotion and kindness, selflessness and sincerity in family upbringing. The favorite of the whole family, Natasha Rostova has a keen sense of goodness and truth, the beauty of the human soul, and Russian nature.

Another family member Nikolai Rostov. His soul is simple, honest and decent. Nikolai builds the complex world of military relationships using three main foundations for him: honor, dignity and loyalty to the oath. The maturation of character is taking place before our eyes. An impetuous, pure young man turns into a defender of the fatherland.

In the image of the Rostovs, Tolstoy embodied his ideal of the strength of the family, the inviolability of the family nest, home. The entire Rostov family is love incarnate. The troubles and grief that befell the Rostovs did not embitter them. Closeness to the people and spiritual decency are the essence of this family.

Another family is also described in the novel. In spirit, it is in many ways the opposite of Rostov, but is equally loved by the writer. In the Bolkonsky family there is an atmosphere of intense internal life, somewhat harsh.

The Bolkonsky family is described with undoubted sympathy. It shows three generations: the eldest prince Nikolai Andreevich, his children Andrei and Marya, his grandson Nikolushka. The Bolkonskys are active people. Each of the family members is constantly busy with something; there is not a drop of laziness and idleness in them, which are characteristic of families of high society.

Everyone in the family is special in their own way. The head of the family, Prince Nikolai Andreevich, was harsh with all the people around him, and therefore, without being cruel, he aroused fear and respect. Most of all, he values ​​intelligence and activity in people. Therefore, while raising his daughter, he tries to develop these qualities in her. The old prince was a Russian master, and sometimes he showed tyranny and despotism. The old prince inherited pride, independence, nobility and sharpness of mind to his son. Both son and father Bolkonsky are well-educated. The old Prince Bolkonsky was never idle: he either wrote memoirs, or worked at the machine or in the garden, or worked with his daughter, managed the farm very well and did not oppress the peasants. In Prince Andrei we also see this trait inherited from his father: he is engaged in social work with Speransky, makes life easier for the peasants on his estate and is constantly looking for his place in life.

Andrei is an arrogant person, confident in his superiority over others, knowing that he has a high purpose in this life.

Prince Andrei went through a difficult life path: from selfish aspirations for personal glory to an understanding of the need for universal love and forgiveness. During the war, he takes care of the soldiers and officers of his regiment. He was affectionate with them, in response to this the regiment called him “our prince.”

Princess Marya is smart, romantic, religious. She lives in constant unconscious expectation of family happiness and love. She humbly endures all her father’s mockery, puts up with everything, but does not stop loving him very much. Princess Marya was not distinguished by external beauty and grace, but she captivated people with the light of her “radiant eyes,” her spiritual beauty, and high morality. “The countess’s soul always strived for the infinite, eternal and perfect and therefore could never be at peace.”

The Bolkonskys are true patriots. The old prince, having learned about Napoleon's campaign against Moscow, wants to help the Motherland in some way, he becomes the commander-in-chief of the militia and devotes himself to this with all his soul.All Bolkonsky’s actions are guided by a sense of duty, which is very strongly developed in him. Prince Andrei leaves to fight, realizing that he must be where the Motherland needs him, whereas he could have remained with the person of the sovereign.

The third generation of Bolkonskys is Nikolushka, son of Andrei; We see him as a little boy in the epilogue of the novel, but even then he listens attentively to Pierre, some special, independent, complex and strong work of feeling and thought takes place in him. He loves his father and Pierre very much and, making sure that his father would approve of Bezukhov’s revolutionary views, says to himself: “Father! Yes, I will do something that would make even him happy...”

The foundations of a family, according to Tolstoy, are built on love, work, and beauty. When they collapse, the family becomes unhappy and falls apart. And yet, the main thing that Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy wanted to say about the inner life of the family is connected with warmth, comfort, where everyone is dear to you and you are dear to everyone, and where they are always waiting for you.

So, before us are two types of attitude towards the world, towards people, existing in the Bolkonsky and Rostov families. Tolstoy constantly confronts them on the pages of his novel. The contradiction between these two ways of life was expressed with particular force in the relationship between Prince Andrei and Natasha. These heroes, so different, are drawn to each other and through suffering and mistakes, learn to understand each other. But their love was not crowned with earthly happiness. Tolstoy rewards Princess Marya and Nikolai with family happiness.

Tolstoy interweaves the fates of the Rostovs and Bolkonskys, subjecting them to the tests of love, war, and the loss of loved ones. And his favorite heroes withstand these tests with dignity. One way or another, these two families are opposed to each other and at the same time united. This is a certain ideal of relationships depicted by Tolstoy.

List of used literature:

Great School Encyclopedia, ed. Besnosova E.L., Ivanova Yu.A., Kozmirchuk O.Yu., Shapoval S.A., volume 2,

M: Russian Encyclopedic Partnership, 2003. – 704 p.

Internet addresses:

All-Russian Student Essay Competition “Krugozor”

http://planet. tspu. ru/

“The image of a Caucasian prisoner in the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”

Work completed:

student of 5th "B" class

MBOU Lyceum No. 1

Vakhrusheva Sofia

Project Manager:

Komsomolsk-on-Amur

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..3

Chapter 1. History of the creation of the story……………………………………. 4

1.1 Features of human relationships in the story……………….8

Chapter 2. Genre of the work – story…………………………………….10

2.1. Story - definition of the term in literary criticism Composition - what is it?.................................................... .................................10

Chapter 3. Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin………..12

Chapter 4. Analysis of minor characters……………………………………. .13

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………13

……………………………………...14

Introduction

In the history of Russian culture there are many names of outstanding figures, scientists, thinkers, artists, writers who constitute the glory and pride of the nation. Among them, one of the most honorable places rightfully belongs to Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, the great creator who created immortal images and characters that remain relevant today. This is also the image of the “Caucasian captive” - a person of high morality.

In the 19th century, the Caucasus was an emblematic space of freedom, of unrestricted spiritual movement, as opposed to the conventional world of “civilization.”

In the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” Tolstoy wants to say the main thing - the truth about a person and about the place of this person in society, and in a society that is alien to him, completely alien. This topic does not lose its relevance for several centuries now.

Goal of the work consist in tracking and explaining the reasons for the formation and development of the characters of the characters in the story, their morality.

We are faced with the following tasks:

1. analyze the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”;

2. highlight the distinctive features of each of the heroes;

3. determine what the moral value of “Prisoner of the Caucasus” is.

Object The study focuses on the character of the hero as a bearer of morality and moral values.

Subject research directly becomes the literary text itself - “Prisoner of the Caucasus”.

Relevance My research is that the topic of the Caucasus has been and remains very relevant. And it depends on the attitude of us, the young, to this problem whether this problem will ever be solved, whether we can affirmatively answer the question posed in one of the works under study: “will beauty save the world”? And I decided to find out how the work interprets the image of a Caucasian captive and solves the problems of relationships between people of different nationalities.

Leo Tolstoy served in the Caucasus in almost the same places as... But they saw the warlike highlanders differently. Or rather, they saw the same thing, but perceived it in their own way. It should be noted that in prose the Caucasus began to become overgrown with details of everyday life, details of relationships, and trifles of everyday life. But an invariable component of the Caucasian theme is the description of nature.

“Prisoner of the Caucasus” is a true story, the material for which was events from the life of the writer and stories he heard in the service.

Zhilin is captured by the Gentiles on completely legal grounds. He is an enemy, a warrior, and according to the customs of the highlanders, he can be captured and ransomed for him. The main character is Zhilin, his character corresponds to his surname. Therefore, we conclude: he is strong, persistent, and sinewy. He has golden hands, in captivity he helped the mountaineers, repaired something, people even came to him for treatment. The author does not indicate his name, only that he is called Ivan, but this is what all Russian prisoners were called.

An analysis of the critical literature on this work allows us to conclude that by the time he began working on the story, he was finally convinced of the need to learn from the people their morality, their views on the world, simplicity and wisdom, the ability to “get accustomed” to any environment, to survive in any situations, without complaining and without shifting your troubles onto someone else's shoulders.

Chapter 1. The history of the creation of the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”

“Prisoner of the Caucasus” is the last work in the “Russian Reading Book”. In a letter to the writer, he called this story his best work, because, in his opinion, it was here that he was able to most naturally use the best artistic means of folk poetics.

Leo Tolstoy worked on it in 1872, persistently striving for simplicity and naturalness of the narrative; the work was written during the period of the writer’s acute thoughts about life, the search for its meaning. Here, as in his great epic, the separation and enmity of people, “war” is contrasted with what binds them together – “peace”. And here there is a “folk thought” - the assertion that ordinary people of different nationalities can find mutual understanding because universal moral values ​​are common - love of work, respect for people, friendship, honesty, mutual assistance. And on the contrary, evil, hostility, selfishness, self-interest are inherently anti-people and anti-human. Tolstoy is convinced that “the most beautiful thing in a person is love for people, which gives the opportunity to live a full life. Love is hampered by various kinds of social foundations, ossified national barriers, protected by the state and giving rise to false values: the desire for rank, wealth, career - everything that seems familiar and normal to people.”

Therefore, Tolstoy turns to children who have not yet been “spoiled” by social and national abnormal relations. He wants to tell them the truth, teach them to distinguish good from evil, help them follow goodness. He creates a work where the beautiful is clearly distinguished from the ugly, a work that is extremely simple and clear and at the same time deep and significant, like a parable. “Tolstoy is proud of this story. This is wonderful prose - calm, there are no decorations in it, and there is not even what is called psychological analysis. Human interests collide, and we sympathize with Zhilin - a good person, and what we know about him is enough for us, and he himself doesn’t want to know much about himself.”

The plot of the story is simple and clear. The Russian officer Zhilin, who served in the Caucasus, where the war was going on at that time, goes on vacation and on the way is captured by the Tatars. He escapes from captivity, but unsuccessfully. The secondary escape is successful. Zhilin, pursued by the Tatars, escapes and returns to the military unit. The content of the story consists of the hero's impressions and experiences. This makes the story emotional and exciting. The life of the Tatars and the nature of the Caucasus are revealed by the author realistically, through the perception of Zhilin. In Zhilin's view, the Tatars are divided into kind, warm-hearted and those who are offended by the Russians and take revenge on them for the murder of relatives and the ruin of villages (old Tatar man). Customs, life, and morals are depicted as the hero perceives them.

What does this story teach?

First of all, let’s compare the two heroes, let’s think about their surnames: Zhilin - because he managed to survive, “get accustomed”, “get used to” a life that was alien to him; Kostylin - as if on crutches, supports. But pay attention: in fact, Tolstoy has only one prisoner, as the title eloquently suggests, although there are two heroes in the story. Zhilin managed to escape from captivity, and Kostylin remained not only and not so much in Tatar captivity, but in

captivated by your weakness, your selfishness. Let us remember how helpless, how physically weak Kostylin turns out to be, how he hopes only for the ransom that his mother will send. Zhilin, on the contrary, does not count on his mother, does not want to shift his difficulties onto her shoulders. He gets involved in the life of the Tatars, the village, constantly does something, knows how to win over even his enemies - he is strong in spirit. It is this idea that the author, first of all, wants to convey to readers. Kostylin is in double captivity, as I mentioned above. The writer, drawing this image, says that without getting out of internal captivity, it is impossible to get out of external captivity. But - an artist and a person - he wanted Kostylin to evoke in us not anger and contempt, but pity and compassion. The author has similar feelings towards him, who sees every person as an individual, and the main way to change life is through self-improvement. Thus, in this story, Tolstoy’s favorite thoughts are affirmed, his knowledge of human psychology and the ability to depict the inner world and experience are manifested; the ability to clearly and simply draw a portrait of a hero, a landscape, the environment in which the heroes live.

But still, the hope strengthened in my soul that the world would not collapse because of war, but would be reborn thanks to beauty. And first of all, thanks to the beauty of human souls, their morality, kindness, responsiveness, mercy, responsibility for their actions, because everything starts with a person, his thoughts and actions from the point of view of morality, which are brought up in people, first of all, by literature, starting with childhood years.

The novelty of my research lies in the fact that I not only analyzed the content of the works under study, studied critical literature, but also tried to identify the author’s position on the problems raised in the works.

The research allowed me to answer a number of questions, but in the course of my work new questions arose regarding the structure of the world in general and school life in particular; can people live in peace and friendship, what separates them and what connects them, is it possible to overcome the eternal enmity of people with each other? Are there qualities in a person that make the unity of people possible? Which people have these qualities and which do not, and why? These questions will always confront people sooner or later. They are also relevant for us, schoolchildren, because in our lives relationships of friendship and camaraderie are beginning to occupy an increasing place; a code of moral values ​​plays an increasingly important role, the most important among which are partnership, equality, honesty, courage, the desire to have true friends, what qualities you have to have it to be a good friend.

1.1. Features of human relationships in the story

It must be said that Tolstoy’s detailed, “everyday” description of events does not obscure the ugliness of human relationships. There is no romantic tension in his story.

“Prisoner of the Caucasus” by Tolstoy is a true story. Zhilin is captured by the Gentiles on completely legal grounds. He is an enemy, a warrior, and according to the customs of the highlanders, he can be captured and ransomed for him. The character of the main character corresponds to his surname; he is strong, persistent, and wiry. He has golden hands, in captivity he helped the mountaineers, repaired something, people even came to him for treatment. The author does not indicate his name, only that he is called Ivan, but this is what all Russian prisoners were called. Kostylin - as if on crutches, supports. But pay attention: in fact, Tolstoy has only one prisoner, as the title eloquently suggests, although there are two heroes in the story. Zhilin managed to escape from captivity, but Kostylin remained not only and not so much in Tatar captivity, but in captivity of his weakness, his selfishness.

Let us remember how helpless, how physically weak Kostylin turns out to be, how he hopes only for the ransom that his mother will send.

Zhilin, on the contrary, does not count on his mother, does not want to shift his difficulties onto her shoulders. He gets involved in the life of the Tatars, the village, constantly does something, knows how to win over even his enemies - he is strong in spirit. It is this idea that the author primarily wants to convey to readers.

The main technique of the story is opposition; The prisoners Zhilin and Kostylin are shown in contrast. Even their appearance is depicted in contrast. Zhilin is outwardly energetic and active. “He was a master of all kinds of needlework,” “Even though he was short in stature, he was brave,” the author emphasizes. And in the appearance of Kostylin, L. Tolstoy brings to the fore unpleasant features: “the man is overweight, plump, sweating.” Not only Zhilin and Kostylin are shown in contrast, but also the life, customs, and people of the village. Residents are depicted as Zhilin sees them. In the appearance of the old Tatar man, cruelty, hatred, and malice are emphasized: “the nose is hooked, like a hawk, and the eyes are gray, angry and there are no teeth - only two fangs.”

Kostylin is in double captivity, as we discussed above. The writer, drawing this image, says that without getting out of internal captivity, it is impossible to get out of external captivity.

But - the artist and the person - he wanted Kostylin to evoke in the reader not anger and contempt, but pity and compassion. The author has similar feelings towards him, who sees every person as an individual, and the main way to change life is in self-improvement, and not in revolutions. Thus, in this story, his favorite thoughts are affirmed, his knowledge of human psychology and the ability to depict the inner world and experience are manifested; the ability to clearly and simply draw a portrait of a hero, a landscape, the environment in which the heroes live.

The image of the Tatar girl Dina evokes the warmest sympathy. In Dina, traits of sincerity and spontaneity are noted. She squatted down and began to turn out the stone: “Yes, my hands are thin, like twigs, there’s no strength. She threw a stone and cried.” This little girl, obviously deprived of affection, constantly left unattended, reached out to the kind Zhilin, who treated her in a fatherly way.

“Prisoner of the Caucasus” is a realistic work in which the life of the mountaineers is vividly and vividly described and the nature of the Caucasus is depicted. It is written in accessible language, close to fairy tales. The story is told from the point of view of the narrator.

By the time he wrote the story, Tolstoy was finally convinced of the need to learn from the people their morality, their views on the world, simplicity and wisdom, the ability to “get used to” in any environment, to survive in any situation, without complaining and without shifting their troubles onto the shoulders of others.

Chapter 2. The genre of the work is a story.Composition - what is it?

Story - definition of the term in literary criticism. We have heard the word “story” many times, but what is it? How to define this term? I looked for answers to this question in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and here are the results:

1. A story is a small form of epic prose, a narrative work of small size. (Dictionary)

2. A story is a short artistic narrative work in prose. (Dictionary)

3. The story is a small form of epic prose. Goes back to folklore genres (fairy tales, parables). How the genre became isolated in written literature. (Encyclopedic Dictionary)

4. A short piece of narrative fiction, usually in prose. (Dictionary)

Composition is an important component concerning the organization of artistic, literary, visual, and volumetric form. Composition gives the work integrity and unity, subordinates its elements to each other and correlates them with the general intention of the artist or author.

Chapter 3. Analysis of the characters of the main characters

In the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy introduces us to two Russian officers - Zhilin and Kostylin. The author builds his work on the opposition of these heroes. By showing us how they behave in the same situations, Tolstoy expresses his idea of ​​what a person should be. At the beginning of the story, the writer brings these characters together. We learn that Zhilin decides to take a dangerous act because he is in a hurry to see his mother, and Kostylin only because “he’s hungry and it’s hot.” The author describes Zilina as follows: “...even though he was short in stature, he was brave.” “And Kostylin is a heavy, fat man, all red, and the sweat just pours from him.” This difference in external description is further enhanced by the meaning of the characters' surnames. After all, the surname Zhilin echoes the word “vein,” and the hero can be called a wiry person, that is, strong, strong and resilient. And the surname Kostylin contains the word “crutch”: and indeed, he needs support and support, but he himself cannot do anything. The writer portrays Zilina as a decisive, but at the same time very prudent person: “We need to go to the mountain, have a look...”. He knows how to assess danger and calculate his strength. In contrast, Kostylin is very frivolous: “What to watch? Let's go forward." Frightened by the Tatars, he behaved like a coward. Even the characters treat the horse differently. Zhilin calls her “mother”, and Kostylin mercilessly “fries” her with a whip. But the difference in the characters’ characters manifests itself most clearly when they both find themselves in Tatar captivity. Having been captured, Zhilin immediately shows himself to be a brave, strong man, refusing to pay “three thousand coins”: “... being timid with them is worse.” Moreover, feeling sorry for his mother, he deliberately writes the address “wrong” so that the letter does not arrive. Kostylin, on the contrary, writes home several times and asks to send money for ransom. Zhilin set himself a goal: “I will leave.” He does not waste time, observing the life, everyday life and habits of the Tatars. The hero learned to “understand in their own way,” began to do needlework, make toys, and heal people. With this, he managed to win them over and even won the love of the owner. It is especially touching to read about Zhilin’s friendship with Dina, who saved him in the end. Using the example of this friendship, Tolstoy shows us his rejection of self-interest and enmity between peoples. And Kostylin “sits in the barn all day long and counts the days until the letter arrives, or sleeps.” Thanks to his intelligence and ingenuity, Zhilin was able to organize an escape and, as a friend, took Kostylin with him. We see that Zhilin bravely endures pain, and “Kostylin keeps falling behind and groaning.” But Zhilin does not abandon him, but carries him on himself. Finding himself captured for the second time, Zhilin still does not give up and runs. And Kostylin is passively waiting for money and is not looking for a way out at all. At the end of the story, both heroes were saved. But Kostylin’s actions, his cowardice, weakness, and betrayal towards Zhilin cause condemnation. Only Zhilin deserves respect, because he got out of captivity thanks to his human qualities. Tolstoy has a special sympathy for him, admires his perseverance, fearlessness and sense of humor: “So I went home and got married!”

We can say that the writer dedicated his story specifically to Zhilin, because he called it “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” and not “Prisoners of the Caucasus.”

Chapter 4. Analysis of the characters of minor characters

In the story "Caucasian Prisoner" Dina appears before us as a faithful, devoted friend, ready to always come to the rescue and sacrifice herself. This is a person who will not leave a friend in trouble, she does not think about herself, but thinks more about others. She is brave, sensitive, decisive, prudent.
All these character traits of Dina appear where Tolstoy describes the story of the friendship of the Tatar girl Dina and the Russian officer Zhilin. When a good man Zhilin is captured by the Tatars, he is in danger, Dina helps him escape from captivity. This brave girl saved Zhilin’s life, without thinking about herself, without fear of punishment.
Dina has a kind heart. She felt sorry for the captured officer and fed him secretly from everyone.
Dina is lonely because she is an orphan. She needs affection, care, understanding. This becomes clear from the episode where Dina rocks a doll in her arms.
The author describes Dina to us: “Eyes sparkle” “Like a goat jumps.”

I think that Dina is an example of loyalty and devotion. Dina and Zhilin are somewhat similar to each other. Zhilin is a selfless, kind, sympathetic officer, and Dina is small, shy, timid, modest, and a kind orphan. I wish there were more people like this on earth.

Conclusion

So, reading the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” captivates the reader. Everyone sympathizes with Zhilin, despises Kostylin, and admires Dina. Emotionality of perception, the ability to empathize, even to the point of identifying oneself with one’s favorite characters, belief in the reality of what is happening in the story - these are the features of the perception of a literary work, but the reader must also develop, enrich his perception, learn to penetrate the thoughts of the writer, and experience aesthetic pleasure from reading. The moral issues of the story attract attention in order to understand Tolstoy’s ideal of a beautiful person.

In the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” L. Tolstoy solves the following problem: can people live in peace and friendship, what separates them and what connects them, is it possible to overcome the eternal enmity of people with each other? This leads to the second problem: are there qualities in a person that make the unity of people possible? Which people have these qualities and which do not, and why?

Both of these problems are not only quite accessible to readers, but also deeply relevant, because relationships of friendship and camaraderie occupy an increasingly important place in life.

List of sources used

2. Tolstoy's diaries.

3. http://resoch. ru

4. http://books.

5. http://www. litra. ru

6. http://www. litrasoch. ru

7. https://ru. wikipedia. org

8. http://tolstoj. ru - letters, articles and diaries

(with comments by psychologist A. Shubnikov)

9. http://www. ollelukoe. ru

10. http://www.4egena100.info

11. http://dic. academic. ru

12. http://www. rvb. ru/tolstoy

13. http://lib. ru/LITRA/LERMONTOW

14. http://az. lib. ru/p/pushkin_a_s

15. http://bigreferat. ru

16. http://www. allsoch. ru

17. http://www. litra. ru

18. http://renavigator. ru

Questions:
1. What events prompted L.N. Tolstoy's idea for creating the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus"? Why is it called “Caucasian Prisoner” and not “Caucasian Prisoners”? What is the idea of ​​the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”?
2. How did Zhilin and Kostylin end up on a dangerous road?
3. How did the Tatar village appear to the hero? What did Zhilin see in the house? What customs of the Tatars did he observe? Tell us about it in detail, close to the text.
4. How did Zhilin and Kostylin meet? How did they behave in captivity? Why did Dina help Zhilin? What does the writer want to tell us by talking about this friendship? Why did the first escape fail? How did the Tatars treat Zhilin? What is the point of the story?
Help me please! Beg! Urgent need!

1. What did L.N. think? Tolstoy's main task in Yasnaya Polyana?
2. What events gave L.N. Tolstoy the idea of ​​creating the story Prisoner of the Caucasus? Why is it called Prisoner of the Caucasus and not Prisoners of the Caucasus? What is the idea of ​​the story Prisoner of the Caucasus?
3. How did Zhilin and Kostylin end up on a dangerous road? Thanks in advance!

a) in summer, b) in spring, c) in autumn.

2. Zhilin went home:

A) get married, b) get treatment, c) visit your old mother.

3. Zhilin went:

A) alone, b) with a convoy, c) together with Kostylin.

4. The officers found themselves alone because:

A) they went together, b) they killed everyone else, c) the convoy walked slowly, they did not want to wait.

5. At Zhilin:

A) there was a gun, b) there was no gun, c) he lost the gun.

7. Kostylin:

A) poor, b) rich, c) this is not mentioned in the story.

8. Kostylin was captured:

A) together with Zhilin, b) separately from him, c) he was not captured.

A) 10 years old b) 17 years old c) 13 years old

10. The prisoners were kept:

A) in a barn, b) in a house, c) in a mosque.

11. Zhilin sculpted dolls:

A) from bread, b) from clay, c) from plasticine.

12. Zhilin cured the Tatar:

A) because I was a doctor, b) I remembered the method of treatment, oh.. I read c) it happened by chance.

13. He ordered the prisoners to be killed:

A) red Tatar, b) old man, c) black Tatar.

14. The officers were captured:

A) a week, b) less than a month, c) more than a month.

15. Zhilin again decides to escape because

A) Kostylin felt better b) the stocks were removed from him c) he learned that they wanted to kill him

16. Kostylin could not escape from captivity because:

A) got scared, b) got sick, c) hoped and waited that he would be ransomed.

17. Zhilin was helped to escape:

A) Dina, b) Red Tatar c) Kostylin.

18. Zhilin:

A) ran away immediately, b) ran away twice, c) stayed with the Tatars until the ransom.

19. Zhilin returned to the fortress:

A) on horseback, b) in stocks on foot, c) the Tatars brought him.

20. Which proverb is applicable to the content of the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”:

A) Friendship is different from friendship, but at least leave the other.

B) It is famously remembered, but goodness will not be forgotten.

C) Two swords cannot live in one scabbard.

The story of L. N. Tolstoy “Prisoner of the Caucasus” is reliable. It is based on real facts, because the author himself served in the Caucasian army and was an eyewitness to military events; he was almost captured, but was rescued by his friend, the Chechen Sado. L.N. Tolstoy wrote his story for children. His observations of the customs, morals and life of the peoples of the Caucasus make the work educational.

In his story, Tolstoy shows that the life and culture of different peoples are different. It depends on the natural conditions in which people live. So Russians are accustomed to space; we have large villages and spacious houses. Everything is different in the mountains. The villages of the mountaineers are small auls, “ten houses and their church with a turret.” The houses are called saklya. They are low, “the walls are smoothly smeared with clay,” there is almost no furniture, instead there are carpets and pillows. Around the houses there are gardens with cherry and apricot trees, and stone fences.

In the Caucasus, customs are strictly respected: all people wear national clothes. You won’t find European costumes here, like in Russia. So men wear beshmets and sheepskin hats on their heads, and women wear pants under a long shirt. From the clothes that Tolstoy describes, one can understand that in the mountains, as in Russia, people with different incomes live. The richer men's clothes are beautifully decorated, and the women wear jewelry made from captured Russian coins. Rich people have two pairs of shoes, but poorer people only have boots.

It is felt that the mountaineers treat weapons with special respect: they are hung on the walls on the carpets in the house, and men have a dagger attached to their belts.

The mountaineers live amicably among themselves, sacredly observe the customs of faith, and profess Islam. Every Muslim must visit Mecca during his life. This is very honorable. Such a person is treated with great respect. “Whoever has been to Mecca is called a haji and wears a turban.”

L.N. Tolstoy describes in detail the Muslim burial rite. It also differs from Christian customs. “They wrapped the dead man in linen... They brought him to the pit. The hole was not just dug, but dug underground, like a basement. They took the dead man under the armpits and under the hood, and slipped him sitting under the ground...” The deceased is commemorated for three days.

L.N. Tolstoy makes it clear that among the mountaineers, like among people of any other nationalities, there are “good” and “bad.” Highlanders have different attitudes towards people of other faiths. Although children in the Caucasus are brought up from childhood in the spirit of hostility towards Russians, they immediately feel Zhilin’s kindness, and many adult residents of the village respect his skill. It is the custom of the mountaineers to listen to the opinions of their elders. This is how Tolstoy shows an old man who fiercely hates all Russians and demands their death.

Objectively describing the life and morals of the highlanders, L.N. Tolstoy with his story calls for respect for the traditions and culture of people of all nationalities. He claims that there are no “bad” and “good” peoples, there are “bad” and “good” people, regardless of what they look like or where they live. L.N. Tolstoy condemns the war. He shows that it is not faith that makes people enemies, but war, which does not allow peoples to live in friendship and harmony.