Please indicate your real name and pseudonym. Comic nicknames. Veniamin Kaverin real name is Zilber

We know some writers and poets under a fictitious name and surname. Many of them take pseudonyms so as not to be compared with namesakes or famous relatives, to simplify their complex name or to make it more euphonious and effective.

10. Anna Akhmatova (Anna Andreevna Gorenko)

Anna Gorenko's father was a hereditary nobleman Andrei Gorenko, who once worked as a naval mechanical engineer.

She wrote her first poems after a serious illness, when she was only 11 years old. The girl was delirious for several days, and her family no longer hoped for her recovery. But when she woke up and regained her strength, she was able to find her first rhymes.

She read the poems of French poets and tried to compose poems herself. But the father did not really like his daughter’s hobby. Not only was he not interested in her poems, but he also spoke disparagingly about them.

Realizing that Anna had decided to become a poetess, he forbade her to sign her real name, because... was sure that she would disgrace his name. Anna did not argue with him. She decided to choose a pseudonym for herself. Having learned that her maternal grandmother had a sonorous surname “Akhmatova,” she took it.

So the famous Russian poetess chose a Tatar surname for herself, which supposedly went to her ancestors, because they were from the family of the Tatar Khan Akhmat.

9. Ilya Ilf (Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg)

The famous author of “12 Chairs” took his pseudonym to make it easier to sign his works.

His daughter said that his real last name, Fainsilberg, was too long for a newspaper article. And to shorten it, he often signed himself “Ilya F” or “IF”, and gradually his pseudonym “Ilf” came into being.

But there is another version. At birth he was Yehiel-Leib Arievich Fainzilberg, born into a Jewish family. And his pseudonym is an abbreviation in accordance with the tradition of Jewish nominal abbreviations.

He sometimes signed other names. So, speaking as a literary critic, Ilya called himself Anton Krainy.

8. Evgeny Petrov (Evgeny Petrovich Kataev)

Evgeny Kataev's older brother was Valentin Kataev. He was a famous writer, founder and editor of the magazine "Youth".

Not wanting to take advantage of his brother’s fame and popularity, Evgeniy took a pseudonym. He became Petrov, slightly changing the name of his father, Pyotr Vasilyevich Kataev.

7. Arkady Gaidar (Golikov Arkady Petrovich)

The writer himself never told why he decided to become Gaidar. When asked about it, he usually joked, never explaining anything.

There were several versions of the origin of his name. The most popular version was the version of the writer B. Emelyanov. He was sure that the pseudonym came from the Mongolian word "gaidar", which meant a horseman galloping in front.

There is another version. School friend of the writer A.M. Goldin is sure that the pseudonym is an encrypted message. Since childhood, he was a great inventor; he loved to come up with his own codes. “Gaidar” is deciphered as follows: “G” is the first letter of his last name Golikov, “ai” is the first and last letters of the name Arkady, “d” is from the French “de”, which means “from”, and “ar” is the first letters of his hometown. It turns out “Golikov Arkady from Arzamas.”

6. Boris Akunin (Grigory Chkhartishvili)

The writer publishes critical and documentary works under his own name. He became Boris Akunin in 1998, after he began writing fiction.

At first, no one knew what the letter “B” in front of his new name meant. A little later, in an interview, he said that this is the first letter of his name - Boris.

There are several speculations as to why he took this pseudonym. "Akunin" can be translated from Japanese as "supporter of evil or villain." Some believe that this pseudonym is associated with the name of the famous anarchist Mikhail Bakunin.

The writer himself explains that his novels are not like his other activities. Akunin’s thought works differently from Chkhartishvili’s, who deals with articles. They are two completely different people, Akunin is an idealist, kind, and believes in God. Besides, you shouldn’t write detective stories with such an unpronounceable surname.

5. O. Henry (William Sydney Porter)

He was once accused of embezzlement and was imprisoned. He was trained as a pharmacist, so William was allowed to work in the infirmary as a night pharmacist.

At night, while on duty, he composed his stories. Some of them were released. But the writer did not want readers to know about his convict past. He was always ashamed of him and afraid of exposure. Therefore, he published only under a pseudonym.

It is believed that he became O. Henry by changing the surname of the pharmacist Etienne Océan Henri. He was the author of a reference book that was also used in the prison pharmacy.

William himself insisted that he chose the initial “O” only because it is the simplest letter and it stands for Oliver. And he took the last name “Henry” from a newspaper.

4. Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)

The writer was a famous English mathematician and graduated from Oxford with honors. In order to become a professor and give lectures, according to the charter, he had to take holy orders, which he did, becoming a deacon.

After that, it was dangerous for him to sign humorous stories with his own name, because... both the church and his colleagues could react painfully to his work. In addition, he did not like his own name; it seemed boring and dissonant to him.

Dodgson had a double name, in honor of his father and mother. He translated both parts into Latin, resulting in "Carolus Ludovicus". After that, I swapped them and translated them into English again. This is how his pseudonym Lewis Carroll came about. But he always signed his mathematical works with his real name.

3. Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)

Once upon a time, an aspiring writer worked as a sailor on the Mississippi River. The safe depth at which a steamer could pass was considered to be 2 phantoms or 3.6 m. In sailor slang, this depth was called “twins”. The boatmen measured it with a special stick, and if everything was in order, they shouted “by mark twain.” The writer liked this combination of words.

2. Daniil Kharms (Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev)

The writer came up with this pseudonym while still a schoolboy, signing his notebooks with this name. He later made it his official name.

It is still unknown why he chose this surname; there are many versions of its origin. But the most common one is that Kharms sounds almost like Holmes, and this was Kharms’ favorite character. He adopted his style of dressing from him and often posed with a pipe in photographs.

1. Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (Nikolai Vasilievich Korneychukov)

The writer was illegitimate. His father was Emmanuel Levenson, and his mother was the peasant woman Ekaterina Korneychuk, who was his servant. Therefore, the boy did not have a middle name.

After he became a writer, he used the pseudonym Korney Chukovsky, adding a fictitious patronymic to it. And after the revolution, the pseudonym became his name.

What is a pseudonym? The word is of Greek origin and literally means a false (fictitious) name. Most often, pseudonyms are used by famous personalities - artists, athletes, scientists, religious figures, etc.

One of the most famous pseudonyms of Russian writers is Maxim Gorky, under whom Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov worked. The practice of using a literary name other than the real one is quite widespread and dates back to time immemorial. Often we get so used to famous names that we don’t even suspect that underneath them lies a completely different person, and sometimes an entire creative team. For what reasons does this happen? Let's look at this in more detail.

In ancient times, and even today in some nations, a person’s name could change several times throughout his life. This occurred in connection with significant events, emerging character traits or external signs, career, place of residence or other changes in a person's life. At the same time, it was often difficult to distinguish a pseudonym from a nickname, that is, a name given by others. For example, given the fragmentary biographical data, mainly taken from legends, today it is difficult to say whether for the Indian religious poet Ratnakar the term Valmiki was a nickname or a classic pseudonym in the modern sense.

English literature

Pseudonyms are no less popular among writers and poets in English-speaking countries. Samuel Langhorne Clemens is known as one of the founders of American literature under the name Mark Twain. The pseudonym was taken from the terminology of Mississippi River pilots, with which the life and work of the great writer are closely connected - literally mark twain meant the minimum permissible depth for a vessel to pass, two fathoms. However, already being a famous writer, Clemens published one of his novels under the ornate name of Sir Louis de Comte.

O. Henry is one of the most famous names in American short fiction, but not everyone knows that it appeared during the three-year prison sentence served by bank employee William Sidney Porter, accused of embezzlement. Although he had written before, even published a literary magazine, it was at that moment that the story “Dick the Whistler's Christmas Gift” was published under the name O. Henry, under which William Porter will go down in history.

Another reason for Lewis Carroll's pseudonym. The son of a parish priest, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was very versatile, and if photography or chess were on a slightly different plane, then it seemed inappropriate to him to publish works in the field of mathematics and works of art under the same name. Therefore, the works of Charles Dodgson are known in the mathematical field, and we know Lewis Carroll as the author of the popular fairy tale “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” and many other works. The pseudonym is formed by swapping synonyms for the first and last names: Charles - Carl - Carroll and Lutwidge - Louis - Lewis.

Initially, many English writers published under pseudonyms or anonymously due to doubts about their talent, and only after success their real names were revealed. For almost his entire life, Walter Scott, who initially became famous for his poetic works, published novels incognito, signing himself “author of Weaverly” (his first published novel), and only a few years before his death did intrigued readers learn the real name of the writer. Charles Dickens's first attempts at writing were published under the playful nickname Boz, which came from childhood, and only after checking the success of his works did the writer begin to use his name. The famous prose writer and playwright John Galsworthy signed his first stories and novels as John Sinjon.

Hungary

The role of Sandor Petőfi in the development of Hungarian poetry can be compared with Pushkin for Russia or Shevchenko for Ukraine. In addition, he was an active participant in the Hungarian national liberation movement. But it turns out that ethnic Serb Alexander Petrovich worked under this pseudonym.

The tradition continued among Soviet writers. For example, the editor suggested a pseudonym for the writer Boris Kampov, translating his last name from Latin (campus - field). As a result, we know him under the name Boris Polevoy.

One of the most famous pseudonyms of children's writers and poets is Korney Chukovsky, under whom Nikolai Korneychukov worked. A little later, Ivanovich also acquired a literary name - Nikolai Korneychukov himself was illegitimate and did not have a middle name. After the revolution, the pseudonym became his official full name, and his children bore the middle name Korneevichi.

A similar situation happened to Arkady Golikov - his pseudonym Gaidar became the surname for him and his children.

Kirill Simonov had a problem with diction - he was unable to pronounce the sounds “r” and hard “l”, so he changed his name to Konstantin and with it he entered the history of Soviet literature. At the same time, his children bore their “real” middle name - Kirillovichi.

Researcher Igor Mozheiko believed that his literary work would interfere with his main professional activity, so he used his wife’s name, Kira, and his mother’s maiden name, becoming known as Kir Bulychev.

Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili, according to him, took a pseudonym because many editors and readers could not pronounce his last name. This is how the now famous detective author Boris Akunin appeared. He signed works that were not part of the “classical outline of Akunin” as Anatoly Brusnikin and Anna Borisova.

In the same area, Marina Alekseeva, known as Alexandra Marinina, is widely published.

If at the beginning of the twentieth century many bearers of foreign surnames sought to become Russian in literature, then by the end of the century the situation changed - in order to somehow separate themselves from the mass of one-day novels, some writers took foreign pseudonyms. One of the most famous examples is Dmitry Gromov and Oleg Ladyzhensky, who signed their joint works as Henry Lyon Oldie. Initially, the surname was taken from the first two letters of each name (OLeg and DIma) with initials corresponding to the surnames of G.L. “Deciphering” the initials was done later, at the request of one of the editors with whom the authors collaborated.

Conclusion

This article did not set out to reveal the origin or at least list all the pseudonyms used among prose writers and poets - for this purpose special reference and encyclopedic resources are being created. Therefore, you may not find many of your favorite and famous names. The main task is to explain the main reasons for this phenomenon and give the most typical examples.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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The work was completed by Anastasia Ostroukhova, a student of class 7 A of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1. Head Makhortova Irina Anatolyevna

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Why did writers take pseudonyms for themselves, what semantic meaning do they carry, what are the methods of their formation? study of the reasons for the appearance of pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets of the 19th century, their classification according to methods of education

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Pseudonyms allow you to more fully imagine the history of literature and become more familiar with the biography and work of writers.

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Identify the reasons for the appearance of pseudonyms. Explore ways to form pseudonyms. Classify pseudonyms into certain groups. Conduct a survey.

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famous Russian writers and poets of the 19th century, pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets whose work is studied in grades 5-7 according to the program V.Ya. Korovina

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A pseudonym is a false name, a fictitious name or a symbol with which the author signs his work.

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Trying the pen Censorship Class prejudices Namesakes The commonness of the surname Comic effect

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All pseudonyms are divided into certain groups, which are based on the principle of their formation. According to researchers, there are now over fifty different types of pseudonyms. Dmitriev V.G. in the book “Hidden Their Names” he identifies 57 classification groups of pseudonyms

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Method of formation Pseudonym Real surname Comment 1) cryptonyms - signatures in the form of initials and various abbreviations T.L. Tolstoy Lev A.S.G.A.S. Grinevsky A.F. Afanasy Fet In the first book of his poems, “Lyrical Pantheon,” 20-year-old Fet hid his first and last name, hiding under the initials A.F. He then tried to destroy this book. or K. Ivan Krylov This is how N.N. signed his first work, an epigram in the magazine “A Cure for Boredom and Worries.” Nikolay Nekrasov

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apokonyms - pseudonyms obtained by discarding the beginning or end of the name, surname Green A. S. Grinevsky Gave his surname a foreign connotation, sacrificing its second half. "Green!" - this is how the children called Grinevsky briefly at school. Growing up, he used the nickname as a pseudonym. -v M.Yu. Lermontov Censorship forbade the publication of “Song about the merchant Kalashnikov.....”, since the author was exiled to the Caucasus. But at the request of V.A. Zhukovsky they allowed it to be published without indicating the author’s name. The editors of "Russian Disabled Person" put -v under the work. atelonyms, - pseudonyms obtained by omitting part of the letters of the first and last name Alexander Nkshp, -P- Alexander Inksh A.S. Pushkin OOO N.V. Gogol These four “o”s were part of N.V.’s full surname. Gogol - Gogol – Yanovskoy

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2) paizonym - a comic pseudonym intended to produce a comic effect F.A. Belopyatkin, Feklist Bob, Ivan Wartkin, Churmen, Literary Exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin Nikolay Nekrasov Feofilakt Kosichkin A.S. Pushkin This is Pushkin’s favorite pseudonym, with which he signed two pamphlets in the Telescope. Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratov House, author of the cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of the old vegetable garden, gentleman of three livers and commander of Galimati Vasily Zhukovsky Vasily Zhukovsky signed his comic ballad "Elena Ivanovna Protasova, or Friendship, impatience and cabbage" Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov I.S. Turgenev So signed by I.S. Turgenev feuilleton “The Six-Year-Old Accuser” G. Baldastov; Makar Baldastov; My brother's brother; Doctor without patients; Nut No. 6; Nut No. 9; Rook; Don Antonio Cehonte; Nettle; Purselepetanov; A person without a spleen; Champagne; Young Elder; Akaki Tarantulov, Nekto, Schiller Shakespeareovich Goethe, Arkhip Indeikin; Vasily Spiridonov Svolachev; Zakharyeva; Petukhov A.P. Chekhov Chekhov has more than 50 pseudonyms.

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3) matronyms - pseudonyms formed from the first or last name of the author’s mother Shenshin A.A. Fet mother’s last name Turgenev-Lutovinov I.S. Turgenev mother's surname 4) frenonym - a pseudonym indicating the main character trait of the author or the main feature of his work. Maxim Gorky A. Peshkov Maxim Gorky associated himself and his work with the bitterness of life and the bitterness of truth. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. Saltykov The pseudonym was obtained by joining his real surname with the pseudonym Shchedrin, which he chose on the advice of his wife, as a derivative of the word “generous”, since in his writings he is extremely generous with all kinds of sarcasm 5) Palinonym (inverted anagram) - pseudonym, formed by reading the first and last name from right to left Navi Volyrk Ivan Krylov This method, despite its simplicity, was not widespread because the result, as a rule, was an ugly combination of sounds.

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6) geonym, or troponym - a pseudonym associated with geographical objects, most often with the place of birth or residence Antony Pogorelsky Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky took the pseudonym Antony Pogorelsky from the village of Pogoreltsa, inherited from his father. Krasnorogsky Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy first appeared in print, publishing a separate book, under the pseudonym “Krasnorogsky” (from the name of the Krasny Rog estate), the fantastic story “The Ghoul”. Gr. Diyarbekir M.Yu. Lermontov M.Yu. Lermontov signed the poems “Gospital” and “Ulansha” with one of his pseudonyms - “Gr. Diyarbekir." The poet borrowed this name of a city in Turkish Kurdistan from Stendhal’s novel “The Red and the Black.” 7) geronym - the surname of a literary character or mythological creature Ivan Petrovich Belkin A.S. Pushkin, adopted as a pseudonym real name. Pasichnik Rudy Panko, P. Glechik N.V. Gogol N.V. Gogol “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka” signed the Stories published by Pasichnik Rudy Panko. The chapter “Teacher” from the Little Russian story “The Scary Boar” was signed by P. Glechik. Gogol was hiding under this pseudonym.

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8) metonym, or paronym - a pseudonym formed by analogy, by the similarity of meaning with the real surname. Chekhov - Chekhonte A.P. Chekhov 9) title - signature indicating the title or position of the author Arz. and St.ar. Several of Pushkin's pseudonyms are associated with his lyceum past. This is Arz. and St.ar. - Arzamasets and Old Arzamasets, respectively (in 1815-1818 Pushkin was a member of the Arzamas literary circle). 10) koinonym - a common pseudonym adopted by several authors writing together Kozma Prutkov Alexey Tolstoy, brothers Alexey, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov Kozma Petrovich Prutkov - pseudonym under which the poets Alexey Tolstoy, brothers Alexey, performed in the 50-60s of the 19th century Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov. 11) literary mask - a signature that gives deliberately incorrect information about the author, characterizing the fictitious person to whom he attributes authorship Kozma Prutkov Alexey Tolstoy, brothers Alexey, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov Kozma Petrovich Prutkov - the pseudonym under which they performed in the 50-60s years of the 19th century, poets Alexey Tolstoy, brothers Alexey, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov.

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12) astronim - a signature consisting of one or more asterisks. *** I. Turgenev, N. Nekrasov, N. Gogol, A. Pushkin 13) tracing paper - a pseudonym formed by translating a real surname into another language. M. Lerma M.Yu. Lermontov In his youth M.Yu. Lermontov associated his surname with the Spanish statesman of the early 17th century Francisco Lermoy and signed his letters “M. Lerma." 14) pseudogynym - a female first and last name, adopted by a male author Elsa Moravskaya A.S. Grinevsky, or Green 15) digital name - a last name or initials, encrypted by replacing letters with numbers. 1) “1...14-16”, deciphered as - A...n-P – Alexander n....P 2) “1...14-17”, i.e. - A...n-r – Alexander 3) “1...16-14”, i.e. - A...P-n – Alexander P....n 4) “1...17-14”, i.e. A...r-n – Alexander....n A. Pushkin

Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve a comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide his name faded into the background here. Therefore, such pseudonyms can be separated into a special group and given the name paizonyms (from the Greek paizein - joke).

The tradition of funny pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine's time ("All sorts of things", "Neither this nor that", "Drone", "Mail of Spirits", etc.). A.P. Sumarokov signed them Akinfiy Sumazbrodov, D. I. Fonvizin - Falalei.

At the beginning of the last century, humorous signatures were placed even under serious critical articles. One of Pushkin’s literary opponents, N. I. Nadezhdin, signed his name in the “Bulletin of Europe” Ex-student Nikodim Nedoumko And Critic from Patriarch's Ponds. Pushkin in the "Telescope" two articles directed against F.V. Bulgarin were signed by Theophylact Kosichkin, and he in the "Northern Bee" labored under the name Porfiria Dushegreykina. M. A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin performed in “Northern Mercury” as Evgraf Miksturin.

The comic pseudonyms of those times matched the long, wordy titles of books. G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko in the “Bulletin of Europe” (1828) signed: Averyan the Curious, an out-of-work collegiate assessor, who is involved in litigation and monetary penalties. The poet of the Pushkin galaxy N. M. Yazykov “Journey on the Chukhon couple from Dorpat to Revel” (1822) signed: Negulay Yazvikov, who is at the beck and call of the Dorpat muses, but intends to eventually lead them by the nose..

The nickname was even longer: Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratovsky house, author of the cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of the old vegetable garden, gentleman of three livers and commander of Galimati. This is how V. A. Zhukovsky signed in 1811 a comic “Greek ballad, translated into Russian customs,” entitled “Elena Ivanovna Protasova, or Friendship, impatience and cabbage.” He composed this ballad, which remained unpublished during his lifetime, as a guest at the Muratovo estate near Moscow with his friends the Protasovs. No less long and bizarre was the pseudonym of the author of the “critical notes” to the same ballad: Alexander Pleshchepupovich Chernobrysov, actual Mameluke and Bogdykhan, bandmaster of cowpox, privileged galvanist of dog comedy, publisher of topographical descriptions of wigs and gentle composer of various musical wombs, including the musical howl attached here. Behind this comic signature was Zhukovsky’s friend Pleshcheev.

O. I. Senkovsky “Private letter to the most respectable public about a secret magazine called “Veselchak”” (1858), signed: Ivan Ivanov, son of Khokhotenko-Khlopotunov-Pustyakovsky, retired second lieutenant, landowner of various provinces and holder of integrity.

"The History of Erofey Erofeyich, the inventor of "erofeyich", an allegorical bitter vodka" (1863) was published on behalf of Russian author, nicknamed Old Indian Rooster.

N. A. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Wartkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen(probably from “mind me!”).

Such pseudonyms were constantly used by employees of Iskra, Gudok, and Whistle - press organs that played a significant role in the struggle of revolutionary democrats against autocracy, serfdom and reactionary literature in the 60s and 70s of the last century. They often added one or another imaginary title or rank to a fictitious surname, indicated an imaginary profession, striving to create literary masks endowed with the attributes of real personalities.

These are the pseudonyms: N. A. Nekrasova - Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin, D. D. Minaeva - Fyodor Konyukh, Cook Nikolai Kadov, Lieutenant Khariton Yakobintsev, Junker A, Restaurants, N. S. Kurochkina - Poet of the perimeter(the police station was then called the police station), Member of the Madrid Scientific Society Tranbrel, other comedians - Clerk from the knife line Poluarshinov, Ober-exchange counterfeiter Kradilo, Landowner Taras Kutsyi, Telegraphist Azbukin, Fireman Kum, Vodka-alcohol breeder U.R.A. etc.

I. S. Turgenev signed the feuilleton “The Six-Year-Revealer”: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov, and the poems allegedly composed by the author’s six-year-old son - Jeremiah Nedobobov. They ridiculed the shadow sides of Russian reality:

Oh, why did the sorrow of bribes enter my soul from the diapers of infancy! 1

1 ("Iskra", 1859, No. 50)

The young accuser exclaimed.

To make readers laugh, old names, long out of use, were chosen for pseudonyms in combination with an intricate surname: Varakhasiy Neklyuchimy, Khusdazad Tserebrinov, Ivakhviy Kistochkin, Vasilisk Kaskadov, Avvakum Khudopodoshvensky etc. Young M. Gorky in the Samara and Saratov newspapers of the late 90s signed himself Yehudiel Chlamida.

Gorky's signatures in those works that were not intended for publication are full of wit. Under one of his letters to his 15-year-old son is: Your Father Polikarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of his home handwritten magazine "Sorrento Truth" (1924), on the cover of which Gorky was depicted as a giant plugging his finger into the crater of Vesuvius, he signed Metranpage Goryachkin, Disabled Muses, Osip Tikhovoyev, Aristide Balyk.

Sometimes a comic effect was achieved through a deliberate contrast between the first and last names. Pushkin used this technique, though not to create a pseudonym (“And you, dear singer, Vanyusha Lafontaine...”), and comedians willingly followed his example, combining foreign names with purely Russian surnames: Zhan Khlestakov, Wilhelm Tetkin, Basil Lyalechkin, and vice versa: Nikifor Shelming, etc. Leonid Andreev signed the satire “The Adventures of the Angel of Peace” (1917): Horace C. Rutabaga.

Often the surname of a famous writer was used as a comic pseudonym. In Russian humorous magazines there are also Pushkin squared, and Saratov Boccaccio, and Rabelais Samara, and Beranger from Zaryadye, and Schiller from Taganrog, and Ovid with Tom, and Dante with Plyushchikha, and Berne from Berdichev. The name Heine was especially popular: there is Heine from Kharkov, from Arkhangelsk, from Irbit, from Lyuban and even Heine from the stables.

Sometimes the name or surname of a well-known person was changed to produce a comic effect: Darri Baldi, Heinrich Genii, Gribsilov, Pushechkin, Gogol-Mogol, Pierre de Boborysak(hint to Boborykin). V. A. Gilyarovsky signed in "Entertainment" and "News of the Day" Emelya Zola.

D. D. Minaev, under the “dramatic fantasy” dedicated to the reprisal of a certain Nikita Bezrylov with his wife Literature and written in the spirit of Shakespeare, staged Tryphon Shakespeare(under Nikita Bezrylov meant A.F. Pisemsky, who used this pseudonym). K. K. Golokhvastov signed the satire “Journey to the Moon of the Merchant Truboletov” (1890), allegedly translated, as it appears on the cover, “from French into Nizhny Novgorod” Jules the Unfaithful, parodying the first and last name of Jules Verne, who has a novel on the same topic.

Sometimes the names of characters in literary works were used as comic pseudonyms. This was done in order to evoke relevant reminiscences in readers, which sometimes had nothing to do with the topic. The main thing is to be funny!

These are the signatures: I. Bashkova - Executor Scrambled Eggs, Midshipman Zhevakin(from Gogol's "Marriage"), D. Minaeva Court Counselor Esbuketov(surname adopted by the serf poet Vidoplyasov from Dostoevsky’s story “The Village of Stepanchikovo”).

In order to enhance the comic effect, a foreign literary hero was given a Russian “registration”: Don Quixote St. Petersburg(D. Minaets), Mephistopheles from Khamovniki(A.V. Amphiteatrov), Figaro from Sushchev, Faust of Shchigrovsky district and so on.

Type signatures Marquis Pose, Childe Harold, Don Juan, Gulliver, Quasimodo, Lohengrin, Falstaff, Captain Nemo etc., and also Blacksmith Vakula, Taras Bulba, Khoma the philosopher, Repetilov, Poprishchin, Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Crucian idealist etc. were ready-made literary masks for humorists. Regarding the signature Skalozub, then it was associated not so much with the surname of Griboyedov’s character, but with the expression “to show your teeth,” that is, to laugh.

Chekhov signed Ulysses in "Fragments"; under the story "In the Cemetery" during its second publication he put Laertes. Chekhov signed a comic letter to the editor of Oskolkov Colonel Kochkarev(a hybrid of Colonel Koshkarev from “Dead Souls” and Kochkarev from “Marriage”). In this letter, he addressed the mediocre but prolific playwright D. A. Mansfeld: “Being, like my daughter Zinaida, a lover of the performing arts, I have the honor to ask the respected Mr. Mansfeld to compose four comedies, three dramas and two tragedies for home use more hamletist, for which item I will send three rubles after they are made" 1 .

1 ("Fragments", 1886, No. 3)

The vindictive Mansfeld did not forgive the insult: after Chekhov’s death, he spread a rumor that at the very beginning of his literary activity he had brought him, Mansfeld, who was then publishing a magazine, a thick novel, which he allegedly refused to publish.

Chekhov had many comic pseudonyms. Collaborating in "Dragonfly" and other magazines of the end of the last century, he signed: A doctor without patients (a hint at his medical diploma), Nut No. 6, Akaki Tarantulov, Kislyaev, Baldastov, Champagne, Man without a spleen etc. He liked to put humorous signatures on letters. Under the messages to brother Alexander there is this your Schiller Shakespeareovich Goethe, then your dad A. Chekhov, then A. Dostoinov-Noblerodnov. The signatures under some letters reflect certain facts from Chekhov's biography. So, your Tsyntsynnatus- an allusion to farming in Melikhovo (Cincinnatus is a Roman senator who retired to the village). During the days of his trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov writes under his letters to his sister: your Asian brother, Homo sachaliensis. Under one letter to A. Suvorin there is: Indispensable Member for Dramatic Presence Affairs. One letter to his wife is signed Academician Toto(a hint of election to the Russian Academy), another - your husband A. Actress son(a hint that his wife did not leave the stage after marriage).

For some; Comedians had a very large number of funny pseudonyms under which they collaborated in various magazines and newspapers, without having a permanent literary name. With insufficiently bright talent, the variety of signatures was disastrous for humorists. I. Bashkov, N. Ezhov, A. A. and V. A. Sokolovs, S. Gusev, A. Gerson each had 50 - 100 comic pseudonyms, but all of them are firmly and deservedly forgotten, just like those who wore them. K. A. Mikhailov, an employee of almost all humor magazines published at the turn of the last and present centuries, outdid everyone in this area; he had as many as 325 pseudonyms, but none of them remained in the memory of readers.

Sometimes the nature of the comic pseudonym changed along with the political beliefs of the author. This is what happened to the Iskraist V.P. Burenin, who defected to the reactionary camp and attacked his former comrades with such malice that he deserved the epigram:

A dog is running along Nevsky, followed by Burenin, quiet and sweet. Policeman! Be careful, however, that he doesn't bite her.

In Iskra and The Spectator, Burenin signed: Vladimir Monumentov; Mich. Zmiev-Mladentsev; General of Adversaries 2nd; Dangerous rival of Mr. Turgenev and even Lieutenant Alexis Republicans. Having moved to Suvorin’s “New Time”, he began to prefer pseudonyms with titles (aristonyms): Count Alexis Jasminov; Viscount Kebriol of Dantrachet.

By means of an aristonym, S. I. Ponomarev wittily encrypted his profession, signing Count Biblio(instead of Bibliographer). And another aristonym - d "Actil - of the poet A. Frenkel is formed from the name of one of the poetic meters - dactyl.

Aristonyms are found very often on the pages of humorous magazines: all sorts of titled persons frolicked here, fortunately, anyone who wanted could turn into a noble person here. But these were aristocrats with surnames, one funnier than the other: Prince Ablai the Crazy(D. D. Minaev), Count Entre-Côte, Count de Pavement, Count Lapotochkin, Count de Pencil, Baron Klyaks, Baron Rikiki, Baron Dzin, Baron Meow-Meow, Baron von Tarakashkin, Marquis de Pineapple, de Nevry, de Trubkokur, de Reseda, d'O "Vris d"O"Nezya, Marquise Fru-Fru, Marquise K avar d"Ak, mandarin Lai-on-the-moon, mandarin Spit-on-everything, Khan Tryn-grass, Amur Pasha, Kefir Pasha, Don Flacon etc.

The invention of a pseudonym designed for a comic effect required wit and provided a wide field for the imagination of humorists. No matter how sophisticated they were, coming up with funnier captions! Doctor Oy, Emil Pup, Erasmus Sarkasmov, Not Me at All, I Drink Tea Myself, Chertopuzov, Abracadabra, Begemotkin, Pelmenelyubov, Razlyulimalinsky, Incognitenko, Nonsense, The Morist, Vsekhdavish, Khrenredkineslashev, Vdolguneostayushchensky, Charles Atan etc.

"Songs of Wine and Monopoly" (1906) came out on behalf of Ivan Vsegedyushchensky- a signature that fully corresponded to the contents of the book (the sale of vodka in state-owned wine shops was then called a monopoly).

Funny captions were also created using the epithet “old”: old sparrow(i.e. one that you can’t fool with chaff), Old Sinner, Old Bachelor, Old Romantic, Old Raven, Old Hermit, Old Summer Resident and so on.

Sometimes the same comic pseudonym was used by several writers who lived in different, and sometimes at the same time.

Soviet humor magazines of the 20s were full of such signatures, sometimes in tune with the era and the new composition of readers: Savely Oktyabrev, Luka Nazhdachny, Ivan Borona, Vanya Gaikin, Vanya Garmoshkin, Naporylov, Ivan Ditya, Pamphil Golovotyapkin, Glupyshkin(a comic type in cinema), Evlampy Nadkin, etc. It was even published as a supplement to “The Laugher” (1926 - 1927) “Nadkin’s Newspaper”, the editor-publisher of which was listed as “the popular adventurer Evlampy Karpovich Nadkin.”

Signed Antipka Bobyl A. G. Malyshkin was hiding in Penza newspapers, behind the signatures Mitrofan Mustard And Comrade Rasp in "Gudka" - Valentin Kataev. M. M. Zoshchenko signed Gavrila, and under the names Honored Worker M. Konoplyanikov-Zuev and Privat-Associate Professor M. Prischemikhin acted as the author of funny scientific projects like the “goose bus”, “trailer crematorium”, etc.

Among the pseudonyms of young Marshak was Weller(the surname of Mr. Pickwick's cheerful servant), and Valentin Kataev signed Oliver Twist(another Dickens character).

A. M. Goldsnberg ( Argo) parodies in the magazine "At the Literary Post" (1927 - 1930) were signed by May Day Plenumov, and in "Evening Moscow" - by Sempyadei Volbukhin and Elizavet Vorobey. The poet V.V. Knyazev came up with the pseudonym Tovavaknya for himself, which meant “comrade Vasily Vasilyevich Knyazev.”

Later this tradition almost disappeared. However, in recent years, in connection with humor competitions held by the press, the number of funny pseudonyms has again begun to grow, since these competitions are often closed and under humoresques are not the names of the authors, but their mottos, which are essentially pseudonyms, usually humorous.

SIX-YEAR-OLD RESPONSER

Mm. years! Let a happy and proud parent turn to you, gentlemen, publishers of the esteemed Iskra magazine!

In our time, when the most incredible miracles of civilization are happening with such speed, so to speak, with our own eyes, when progress is developing so rapidly, these miracles, this development should have reflected on all modern personalities and especially on the impressionable personalities of children! All children, I am sure, are imbued with progress, but not everyone is given the opportunity to realize their feelings! With involuntary pride, although with humility, I declare publicly: I have a son who has been given this high ability; he is a poet... but as a true child of modernity, he is not a lyric poet, a satirist poet, an accusatory poet.

He is just over six years old. He was born on November 27, 1853. He grew up in a remarkably strange way. Until he was two years old, he was breastfed and seemed weak and even an ordinary child; he suffered greatly from scrofula; but from the age of three a change took place in him: he began to think and sigh; a bitter smile appeared on his lips and never left them; he stopped crying - but irony snakes across his features, even when he sleeps. In his fourth year he was disappointed; but he soon realized the backwardness of this moment of self-awareness and rose above it: cold, bilious calm, occasionally interrupted by outbreaks of energetic sarcasm, was the usual state of his spirit. I have to agree that it’s hard to live with him... But life isn’t any easier for him either. He learned to read - and greedily rushed to books; not many of our domestic authors have earned his approval. According to his concepts, Shchedrin is one-sided and weak in satire; Nekrasov is too soft, Mr. Elagin is not quite frank and has not mastered the secret of, as he put it, “icy-burning mockery”; he is quite pleased with Mr. Bov’s articles alone in Sovremennik; they constitute, together with Mr. Rosenheim's praises, the subject of his constant study. “-Bov and Rosenheim,” he exclaimed one day at the table, after first throwing a spoon of porridge at my forehead (I am telling you these details because I think that over time they will have great value in the eyes of literary historians), “-Bov and Rosenheim are at enmity with each other, and yet they are flowers growing on the same branch!

I frankly admit that I do not always understand him, and my wife, his mother, simply trembles before him; but, gentlemen, the feeling of reverent admiration for one’s own product is a high feeling!

I am telling you, for testing purposes, a few of my son’s poems: I ask you to notice in them the gradual maturation of thought and talent. The 1st and 2nd Nos. were written by him two years ago; they also echo the naivety of first childhood impressions, especially No. 1, in which the method of immediately explaining an accusatory thought through commentary is reminiscent of the manner of thirteenth-century painters; The 3rd No. was produced in the era of melancholy disappointment, which I have already mentioned in my letter; The 4th and final No came out of my son's chest recently. Read and judge! I remain with complete respect and the same devotion, mm. gg.,

Your most humble servant,

Platon Nedobobov, retired teacher of Russian literature.

My son's name is Jeremiah... a significant fact! An amazing, although, of course, unconscious foreknowledge of his future calling!

Cat and mouse

A mouse sits on the floor
Cat on the window...

A comment:

(I brought out the people in a mouse,
Stanovoi in a cat.)

Cat - jump! The mouse is in the hole,
But he lost his tail...

A comment:

(This means that the official
Profit from a bribe.)

Daddy took the cane and the cat
Flogged without mercy...

A comment:

(Give praise to superiors
We are always happy!)

Angry cat bit
Daddy near the thigh...

A comment:

(Predatory Stanovoy recently
Earned the buckle...)

But the poet castigates him
In a word of rejection...
Nanny! put it down for this
Jam in my mouth!

Absolute irony

Filled with strict pride,
I look sternly at Rus'...
The barman brings two melons -
Good, I mutter, you goose!

The liquor darkens in the bottle...
I think: oh, a sign of stupidity!
The man itched the back of his head -
What a fool you are, I whisper!

The priest strokes the filly's belly -
And he, I sighed, is a man!
The teacher gave me a slap -
I didn't say anything here.

Sigh
(Elegy)

Oh, why from baby's diapers
Sorrow over bribes crept into my soul!
The sad fact of bribes and bribes
Sensitive child poisoned
Like a sheepfold with the smell of a goat!

Talk

You are boring today, my son.
Isn't the nurse's milk tasty?

2 year old son

Give me a dime.

Here's a snout.
No more.

Let's; stingy is disgusting.
Copper?!?

No, you know, silver.
But why do you need?..

Not for good.

I want to bribe the footman,
So that he can papa without being timid...

Understand; give me a penny;
I will do everything exactly, my friend.
(Leaves)

Son (one)

Bribe! Mother!! Father!!! Oh century! Oh morals!!!
Robespierre and you, Marat, you are right!

Jeremiah Nedobobov

Notes

Published according to the text of the first publication: "Iskra", 1859, No. 50, pp. 513-515 (censorship permission December 21, 1859).

It is included in the collected works for the first time.

Autograph unknown.

The fact that the feuilleton-parody directed against N.A. Dobrolyubov was written by Turgenev is proven in a detailed article by G.F. Perminov “Turgenev about N.A. Dobrolyubov. The unknown feuilleton-parody of Turgenev in Iskra” (T Sat., vol. III , pp. 106-118). The basis for such an attribution is, first of all, the memoirs of P. I. Pashino, published during Turgenev’s lifetime: “Messrs. Turgenev and Saltykov also tried their pen in Iskra” (St. Petersburg, Ved, 1881, No. 319, December 20/ January 1, 1882); in another place: “There are also poems by Jeremiah Nedobobov, belonging to<...>I. S. Turgenev" - and further: "hiding under the pseudonym of Nedobobov", Turgenev wanted to "hurt Dobrolyubov" ("Minute", 1882, No. 121, May 13). None of these instructions caused any objections from Turgenev or his friends. In the book “Satirical Journalism of the 1860s” (M., 1964, pp. 113-114), I. G. Yampolsky considers the feuilleton “The Six-Year-Old Accuser” as written by Turgenev.

The feuilleton could have been written by Turgenev in St. Petersburg between November 27 (the date of the “birth” of Jeremiah Nedobobov indicated in the feuilleton) and December 21, 1859 (the date of censorship permission from Iskra). A few months earlier, Herzen’s article “Very dangerous!!!” was published in Kolokol (1859, sheet 44, June 1, pp. 363-364), directed against the discrediting of accusatory literature in Sovremennik and in "Whistle" - mainly in the speeches of N. A. Dobrolyubov. This article became known to Turgenev at the very moment of its appearance (he was in London and communicated with Herzen from June 1 to June 8, 1859); its direction is the same as that of Turgenev’s feuilleton. It is also possible to outline points of contact between the parodic image of the “six-year-old accuser” and the interpretation of Hamlet in Turgenev’s speech.

The entire argument of Perminov in the above-mentioned article, presented here briefly, in its most significant moments, allows us to consider Turgenev’s authorship of the feuilleton-parody in Iskra as proven.