The first scientific circumnavigation of the world. The first Russian circumnavigations. The helmsman dies as an admiral

Everything is wider. But how can you prove that the Earth is round? Only by traveling around the world. It was necessary, having sailed to the west, to go around the globe and return home from the east. This idea was hatched by a Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan, entered the service of the Spanish king. He intended to go to the Spice Islands for pepper and cloves - Moluccas Islands- not by the eastern, but by the western route. These islands lay east of the Sunda Islands, and the Portuguese sailed to them, skirting Africa, through the Indian Ocean. Magellan wanted to sail west, try to go around South America, cross the unknown South Sea and come to the spice islands from the east.

Soon the ships sailed to Philippine Islands. Magellan realized that, having walked around the Earth, around the New World - America, he came to the Old, to Asia and was not far from the spice islands. Material from the site

Ferdinand Magellan died after intervening in a fight among the warring Filipinos. The surviving sailors of Magellan burned one dilapidated ship, another ship and its crew were captured. And only one ship out of five under the command of El Cano continued sailing. He crossed the Indian Ocean, circled Africa and in 1522, four years from the start of the expedition, completed the journey around the entire Earth. The sailors, exhausted from labor and illness, returned to Spain. The spices they brought were enough to cover all the costs of the trip.

The scientific results of Magellan's circumnavigation of the world were great. It proved the sphericity of the Earth. For the first time, the Pacific Ocean was crossed and it was proven that all oceans are connected to each other into a single World Ocean. It became clear that water occupies a larger area on Earth than land. Correct ideas about the size of the Earth were obtained. As a result of Magellan's expedition, new, much more accurate

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NETSDH FEN CH UPPFFCHEFUFCHY Y VPMEE TBOOYN "UPYCHPMEOYEN" YNRETBFPTB tbl RTYOSMB y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB ABOUT UCPA UMKHTSVKH Y 29 NBS 1803 Z. RETERPTHYUMB CH EZP "OBYUBMSHUFChP" DCHB LPTBVMS, YNEOHENSHCHE "obdetsdb" Y "oEChB". h UREGYBMSHOPN DPRPMOOY L R. XIV RTBCHMEOYE YJCHEEBMP P OBYOOY o.r. TEBOPCHB ZMBChPK RPUPMSHUFCHB CH SRPOA Y KHRPMOPNPYYCHBMP "EZP RPMOSHN IP'SKULINE MYGPN OE FPMSHLP PE CHTENS CHPSCB, OP Y CH BNETYLE" .

th OBLPOEG 10 YAMS 1803 Z. bMELUBODT I HFCHETDIM PZHYGYBMSHOSHE YOUFTHHLGYY o.r. TEUBOPCHH, CH LPFPTSCHI SUOP VSHCHDEMEOSCH UMPCHB: “UYY PVB UHDOB (F.E. “oBDETsDB” Y “oECHB”. o.v.) U PZHYGETBNYY UMHTSYFEMSNYY, CH UMHTSVE LPNRBOYY OBIPDSEYNYUS, KHYUBAFUS OBYUBMSHUFCHH CHBYENKH." pDOPCHTEENOOOP o.r. TEUBOPCH RPMKHYUM DEFBMSHOSHE KHLBBOYS CH PFOPEOOY EZP DYRMPNBFYUEULPK NYUUYY, B OEULPMSHLP TBOEE bMELUBODT I RPDRYUBM "OEVPTSIFEMA" "UBNPDETTSBCHOEKYENH ZPUKHDBTA PV YYTOEKYEK YNRETYY sRPOULB” RYUSHNP U RTEDMPTSEOYEN P TBYCHYFYY FPTZPCHMY Y KHUFBOPCHMEOYY DPVTPUPUEDULYI PFOPEOYK .

"TSYCHEKIE Y DESFEMSHOPE HYBUFYE" H LUREDYGY RTPSCHIMB yNRETBFPTULBS BLBDENIS OBHL, P YUEN UPPVEYM ITS RTEYDEOF, PJO YI NPMPDSHY PVTBPCHBOOSHI DTHJEK BMELUBODT B I, UMEO oEZMBUOPZP LPNYFEFB ZTBZh o.o. OPCHPUYMSHGECH. rP EZP RTEDMPTSEOYA BLBDENIS OBHL, "HVETSDEOOBS, YuFP RKhFEYUFCHYE, RTEDRTYOINBENPE Z-OPN TEBOPCHSCHN, VHDEF RMPDPFCHPTOSHCHN FBLCE Y CH OBKHYUOPN PFOPEYOYY", RTYOSMB EZP CH YUYUMP UCHP YI RPYUEFOSCHI YUMEOPC. bLBDENYS, CH YUBUFOPUFY ch.n. UECHETZYO, b.z. UECHBUFSHSOPCH Y UNEMPCHULIK, TBTBVPFBMY OBKHYUOKHA RTPZTBNNH OBVMADEOIK "CH FTEI GBTUFCHBI RTYTPDSCH", B BLBDENYLH r. V. yOPIPDGECHH EEE TBOEE RPTHYUMMY UFBFSH OBUFBCHOILPN y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB CH YUBUFY "RTBLFYUEULPK BUFTPOPPNYY" .

h LUREDYGYHYUBUFCHPCHBMY HYUEOSH: VPFBOYL h. fYMEYKHU, DPLFPT NEDYGYOSCH zEFFYOZEOULPZP KHOYCHETUYFEFB z. y. mBOZUDPTZH, BUFTPOPN th. l. zPTOET, TELPNEODPCHBOOSCHK OBNEOYFSHCHN BCHUFTYKULIN HYUEOSCHN w. l. gBIPN, DPLFPTB NEDYGYOSCH vTSHLYO Y n. mYVBOD, B FBLCE TSYCHPRYUEG u. lHTMSODGECH Y DT.

PUPVEOOOP FEBFEMSHOP VSHM RPDPVTBO UPUFBC LPNBODSCH LPTBVMEK "OBDETsDB" Y "ocheb". oBTSDKh Uy. and. lTHYEOYFETOPN CH RMBCHBOY KHUBUFCHPCHBMY a. and. mYUSOULYK, LPNBODPCHBCHYYK "oEChPK", Y UFBCHYE CHRPUMEDUFCHYY OBNEOIFSHNY NPTERMBCHBFEMSNY n. tBFNBOPCH, p. lPGEVH, w. VEMMYOUZBHYEO Y DT. UBNSHCHN CHONBFEMSHOSHCHN PVTBBPN lTHYEOYFETO Y MYUSOULYK RPDPVTBMY Y CHUA LPNBODH UCHPYI LPTBVMEK. “TSEMBOIE KHCHYDEFSH PFDBMEOOOSCH UFTBOSH VSHMP FBL CHEMYLP, RYUBM lTHYEOYFETO, YuFP EUMY VSC RTYOSFSH CHUEI PIPFOILLPCH.., FP Refinery VSHCHHLPNRMELFPCHBFSH Y NOPZYE VPMSHY E LPTBVMY PFVPTOSHNY NBFTPUBNY tPUUYKULPZP ZHMPFB.” iPFS lTHYEOYFETOKH UPCHEFPCHBMY RTYOSFSH OEULPMSHLP YOPUFTBOOSCHI NBFTPUCH, PO, "OBS RTEINHEEUFCHEOOSCH UCHPKUFCHB TPUUYKULYI... UPCHEFH UENH RPUMEDPCHBFSH OE UPZMBUYMUS" .

NEOEE KHDBUOSCHN PLBBBMUS RPDVPT UCHYFSHCH RPUMBOOILB, CH LPFPTHA ChPYMY OBDCHPTOSCHK UPCHEFoil w. zhPUUE, NBKPT e.l. zhTDETYGY, RPTHYUIL ZTBZh. y. fPMUFPK Y DT. (P RPUMEDOEN PYUEOSH TEOLLP PFЪSCCHBMUS CHRPUMEDUFCHYY b.u. rHYLYO). chRTPYUEN, UBN o.r. TEUBOPCH UFTENYMUS RTYCHMEYUSH L LUREDYGYY OBYVPMEE PVTBBPCHBOOSCHY Y OBAEYI MYG Y, CH YUBUFOPUFY, KHZPCHBTYCHBM PFRTBCHYFSHUS CH RMBCHBOYE RTEZHELFB bMELUBODTP-OECHULPK D HIPCHOPK BLBDENYY f.b. vPMIPCHYFYOPCHB (1767-1837), UFBCHYEZP RPЪDOEE YUMEOPN tPUUYKULPK Y yNRETBFPTULPK BLBDENYK OHL Y NYFTPRPMYFPN LYECHULYN ECHZEOYEN. o.r. TEUBOPCH OBBM P OBKHYOSHI BUMHZBI VKHDHEEZP NYFTPRPMYFB Y YNEM U OIN OULPMSHLP PVEYI OBLPNSCHI, CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH o.r. TKHNSOGECHB Y z. t. dETTSBCHYOB. CHSHCHSUOYMPUSH, PDOBLP, UFP ECHZEOYS OE RTEMSHEBMY ЪBZTBOYUOSCH RHFEYUFCHYS Y UMBCHB RETCHPPFLTSCHBFEMS. vMBZPDBTS o.r. TKHNSOGECHH BY UNPZ PFLMPOYFSH HCE UPZMBUPCHBOOPE U GBTEN RTEDMPTSEOYE.

UPPVEBS PV LFPN PDOPNKH YI UCHPYI VMYOLYI DTHJEK, UBN EChZEOYK UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBM: “TEBOPCH, VHDHYU NOE LPTPFLP OBLPN, ЪChBM NEOS CH UYA LUREDYGYA. OP vPZ U OIN! rHUFSH BY PDYO lHLPN VHDEF. OH OBCHYDOSCHNOE CHUE EZP BIBFULYE RPYUEFY. BY DBTSE ZPUKHDBTA DPLMBDSCHBM PVP NO. OP URBUYVP, ZTBZH TNSOGECH PFLMPOYM UYE CHOYNBOYE ABOUT VEDOKHA NPA ZPMPCHH. mHYUYE U CHBNY RPTSICHEN CH TPUUYY ".

CHNEUFP ECHZEOYS CH LTKHZPUCHEFOPE RKhFEYUFCHYE PFRTBCHYMUS UPVPTOSHCHK YETPNPOBI bMELUBODT-oECHULPK MBCHTSCH ZEDEPO (ZBCHTYYM ZHEDPFPCH), LPFPTSCHK VSHCHM PVTBPCHBOOSCHN Y PRSHFOSH N REDBZPZPN, RTERPDBCHBCHYYN ZHTBOGKHULYK SJSHL, TYFPTYLH Y NBFENBFYLH . rTERPDBCHBFEMSHULYK PRSHCHF Y OBBOYS CHEUSHNB RTYZPDYMYUSH ZEDEPOH PE CHTENS EZP RTEVSCCHBOYS CH BNETYLE, ZDE ON UFBM DESFEMSHOSHCHN YURPMOYFEMEN ЪBNSHCHUMPCH o.r. TEBOPCHB "L KHFCHETTSDEOYA NETSDH TPUUYSOBNYY BNETILBOGBNYY DPVTPZP UPZMBUYS", RPULPMSHLH "POY UPUFBCHMSAF FERTSH PDYO BTPD TPUUYKULYK" Y ЪBYOFETEUPCHBOSH "UPITBOEOYEN RP CHUADH CHYBYNOPK RPMSHSHSHCH, KHCHBTSEOYEN YUEMPCHYUEUFCHB Y RPCHYOPCHEOYEN OBYUBMSHUFCHH.”

TEBBOPCH RPTHYUM ZEDEPOH RTYOSFSH CH PUPVPE RPREYOOYE “LBDSHSLULHA YLPMH Y PVTBPCHBFSH YJ POPK RTBCHYMSHOPE HYUMYEE... ETSEMY AOPYEUFCHP FBN PVHUEOP HCE ZTBNPFE, F P DBKFE YN YUFYOOPE RPOSFYE P ъBLPOE vPTSYEN Y EUFEUFCHEOOPN, ЪBKNYFEUSH NETSDH FEN RPLBBOYEN YN RTBCHYM RTBCHPRYUBOYS, BTYZHNEFILYY RPMPTSYFE RETCHPOBUMSHOSH PUOPCHBOYS RTPYUN OBHLBN.

IMEVPRBYUFChP, ULPFPCHPDUFCHP Y RTPYUS IP'SKUFCHEOOSCH ЪBCHEDEOYS IPFS Y OE RTYOBDMETSBF L RTEDNEFBN CH. RT-VYS, OP S CHBU LBL NHTSB RTPUCHEEOOOPZP RPLPTOEKIE RTPYH... OE FBCHYFSH OBYUBMSHUFChP FBNPYOOEE CHBYYNY UPCHEFBNY ​​Y UPDEKUFCHPCHBFSH L PVEEK RPMSHJE Y VMBZPUPUFPSOYA LTBS FPZP.”

UPDEKUFCHHS RPTPUCHEEOOYA LPMPOIK, RTEJIDEOFSH yNRETBFPTULYI BLBDENYK OHL Y IHDPCEUFCH o.o. OPCHPUYMSHGECH Y b.u. uFTPZBOPCH RTYUMBMY DMS LUREDYGYY GEOOSH UPVTBOYS LOYZ, MBODLBTFSCH, LBTFYOSCH, VAUFSHCH, UFBNRSCH; HRTBCHMSAEIK nYOYUFETUFCHPN NPTLYI UYM r. part yuYUBZHR NDEMY YUETFTSY UHDHR; o.r. TKHNSOGECH "RTELTBOOPE UPVTBOIE RKHFEYUFCHYK Y LOYZ IP'SKUFCHEOOSCHI" . yI RTYNETH RPUMEDPCHBMY NOPZYE DTHZYE MYGB, CHLMAYUBS y. y. dNYFTYECHB, n. n. iETBULPCHB Y r. R. VELEFPCHB. bFB GEOOBS LPMMELGYS VSHMB DPUFBCHMEOB ABOUT LPTBVM "oECHB" ABOUT P-CH lBDSHSL, B CHRPUMEDUFCHYY ITS RETECHEMY CH OPCHHA UFPMYGH LPMPOIK Z. oChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL .

UPDEKUFCHYE LUREDYYY VSHMP PLBBOP Y RP PZHYGYBMSHOSCHN LBOBMBN. NYOYUFT YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM LBOGMET b.t. chPTPOGPC RTEDRYUBM TKHULYN RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN H BOZMYY, YURBOYY, ZhTBOGYY, rPTFKHZBMYY Y OYDETMBODBI RTPUYFSH UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB PLBJBFSH OEPVIPDYNPE U PDEKUFCHYE LUREDYGYY, EUMY POB RPUEFYF FETTYFPTYBMSHOSHE CHPDSH YI CHMBDEOOK. vTYFBOULYK RPUPM CH TPUUYY (B FBLCE TSD DTHZYI YOPUFTBOOSCHI DYRMPNBFPCH CH u.-REFETVHTZE) DBMY LUREDYGY PFLTSCHFSCHK MYUF PV PLBBBOY EK CH UCHPYI CHMBDEOSI OEPVIPDYNPK RPNPAY.

rPUME FEBFEMSHOSHHI RTYZPFPCHMEOYK 26 YAMS 1803 Z."oBDETsDB" Y "oECHB" RPLYOKHMY lTPOYFBDF. lTHZPUCHEFOPE RMBCHBOIE OBYUBMPUSH . Yuete lPREOZBZEO, ZhBMSHNHF, FEOETYZH L VETEZBN VTBYMYY, B ЪBFEN CHPLTHZ N. zPTO LUREDYGYS DPUFYZMB nBTLYULYI Y L YAOA 1804 Z. zBCHBKULYI P-CHPCH . ъDEUSH LPTBVMY TBDEMYMYUSH: “aboutBDETsDB” PFRTBCHYMBUSH L rEFTPRBCHMPCHULH-OB-lBNUBFLE, B “oECHB” RPIMB OB P-CH lBDSHSL, LHDB RPD LTYLY “HTB!” RTYVSHMB 13 YAMS .

h LFP READING b.b. vBTBOPCH HCE PFRTBCHYMUS L UYFIE DMS CHPUUFBOPCHMEOYS UCHPEK CHMBUFY ABOUT PUFTPCHE, PUOPCHBOYS OPChPK LTERPUFY Y OBLBBBOYS FMYOLYFPCH UB KHOYUFPTSEOYE THUULPZP RPUEMEOYS. rПФПНХ "оЭЧБ" Х БЧЗХУFE ПФРИБЧИМБУШ ENKH ABOUT RPNPESH. rPRSHCHFLY NYTOPZP TBTEYEOYS LPOZHMYLFB PLPOYUYMYUSH OEKHDBYUOP, Y 1 PLFSSVTS b.b. vBTBOPC RTY RPDDETZLE PFTSDB NPTSLPCH PE ZMBCHE U MEKFEOBOFPN r. R. bTVHЪPCHSHCHN RTEDRTYOSM YFKHTN OERTYSFEMSHULPK LTERPUFY. rP PFYSHCHCHH RPUMEDOEZP, “RHYLY VSHCHMY HTSE X UBNSCHI CHPTPF Y OEULPMSHLP CHSHCHUFTEMPCH TEYYMY VSHCH RPVEDKH CH OBUKH RPMSHЪKH, OP FTKHUPUFSH LBDSHSLGECH CHUE YURPTFIMB” .

yuete OEULPMSHLP DOEK, YURSHCHFSHCHBS OEDPUFBFPL CH RPTPIE Y RKHMSI, FMYOLYFSH TEYYMYUSH “CHUE VTPUYFSH Y VETSBFSH MEUPN”. “h LTERPUFY OBYMY NSCH, RYUBM mYUSOULYK, PLPMP 100 OBIYI RKHYYYUSCHI SDE... Y DCHE PUFBCHMEOOOSHE OERTYSFEMEN OEVPMSHYYE RHYLY.”

lPNBODYT "оЭЧШЧ" ПЛБББМУС ЭДЧБ My OE RETCHSHCHN, LFP PGEOYM CHUE CHSHZPDSH NEUFPTBURMPMPTSEOYS OPChPK LTERPUFY, PUOPCHBOOPK ABOUT OERTYUFKHROPK ZPTE ABOUT VETEZKH PVIYTOPZP ЪBMYCHB. RP NOEOYA mYUSOULPZP, OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL "DPMTSEO VShchFSH ZMBCHOSCHN RPTFPN tPUUYKULP-bNETILBOULPK LPNRBBOY RP FPNKH, YuFP POSHCHK, YULMAYUBS CHUE CHCHYEHRPNSOHFSHCHSHCHZPDSH, YFUS CH UTEDPFPYY UBNSCHI CHBTSOSCHI RTPNSCHUMPCH. h PLTHTSOPUFY POZP CHPDYFUS FBLPE NOPTSEUFChP VPVTPC, YuFP ETSEMY YOPUFTBOOSCHE UKHDB OE CHPURTERSFUFCHHAF, FP LBTSDSCHK ZPD NPTsOP VHDEF CHSCCHPYFSH POSCHI, RP LTBKOEK NETE FSHUSYU DP CNC SHNY: OSCHOETS, RPEMYLH ZTBTSDBOE UPEDYOOOSCHI bNETILBOULYI pVMBUFEK FPTZHAF ЪDEUSH VEURTEUFBOOP, FP CHSHCHP DPMTSOP RPMBZBFSH DP FTEI FSCHUSYU. lTPNE FPZP, UYFLYOULYE DETECHSHS NPZHF RTYOPUYFSH OE NBMHA CHSHCHZPDH, LPZDB OBUY UKHDV VHDHF YUBEE IPDYFSH H lBOFPO.” uBNPZP CHSHCHUPLPZP NOEOYS mYUSOULYK RTDETTSYCHBMUS Y P b.b. vBTBOPCHE, "LPFPTSHCHK RP DBTPCHBOYSN UCHPYN ЪBUMHTSYCHBM CHUSLPZP KHBTSEOYS".

3. o.r. TEBOPCH YY. and. lTHJEOYFETO

lTHZPUCHEFOPE RHFEYUFCHYE PNTBUYMPUSH LPOZHMYLFPN NETSDH y. and. lTHYEOYFETOPN Y o.r. YOU BOPCHCHN. rP DBCHOEK NPTULPC FTBDYGYY PE CHTENS RMBCHBOYS LBRYFBO SCHMSEFUS RTBLFYUEULY RPMOPCHMBUFOSHN IPЪSYOPN UKHDOB Y EZP UMPChP ЪBLPO DMS LYRBTSB Y RBUUBTSYTPCH. OE KhDYCHYFEMSHOP RPFPNKH, YuFP VPMSHYOUFChP NPTULYI YUFPTYLPCH RPYUFY VE'PZPCHPTPUOP RPDDETSYCHBMY y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB. “YUEMPCHEL FEEUMBCHOSCHK, OECHETSEUFCHEOOSCHK CH NPTULPN DEME, OE YNEAEIK RPOSFYS P UMHTSEVOSHI PFOPEYOSI PE ZHMPFE Y P CHBTsOPN OBYUEOY LPNBODITB CH NPTE, RYUBM ch. K, RShchFBMUS TBSHCHZTSCHBFSH TPMSH OBYUBMSHOILB LUREDYGYY, DYULTEDYFYTHS lTHJEOYFETOB Y PZHYGETPCH, Y CHSHCHBM LFYN ЪBLPOOPE Y URTBCHEDMYCHPE YI CHPNHEEOYE.”

rP UMPCHBN UFBTYEZP PZHYGETB "OBDETSDSCH" n.y. tBFNBOPCHB, CH IPDE RHFEYUFCHYS o.r. TEBOPCH "PVOBTHTSYM... UCHPK IBTBLFET Y PFLTSCHM YUETOKHA UCPA DKHYKH" .

rPUME PLPOYUBOYS RMBCHBOYS UBN lTHYEOYFETO Y DTHZIE NTULYE PZHYGETSCH RPUFBTBMYUSH OBBLTERYFSH CHETUYA P UPCHPEK RTBCHPFE, UFP PVMEZYUBMPUSH FEN, UFP o.r. TEBOPCH ULPTPRPUFYTSOP ULPOYUBMUS Y ЪBEIFYFSH UEVS CH u.-REFETVHTZE OE refinery. lFP ЪBUFBCHMSEF YUFPTYLPCH PFOEUFYUSH L PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBN DEMB PUPVEOOOP CHOINBFEMSHOP Y PVAELFYCHOP.

uMEDHEF OBRPNOYFSH, YuFP CH RTYCHPDYCHYIUS TBOEE DPLHNEOFBI Y RTETSDE CHUEZP CH PVEEK YOUFTHHLGYY o.r. TEUBOPCHH, KHFCHETTSDEOOPK bMELUBODTPN I 10 YAMS 1803 Z., UREGYBMSHOP CHSHCHDEMSMYUSH UMPCHB, UFP "PVB UKHDOB U PZHYGETBNYY UMHTSYFEMSNY, CH UMKHTSVE LPNRBOY OBIPDSEYNYUS, RPT KHYUBAFUS OBYUBMSHUFCHH CHBYENKH." rTBCHDB, LFY YOUFTHLGYY VSHMY DBOSCH DPCHPMSHOP RPJDOP, Y lTHYEOYFETO PRTBCHDSHCHBMUS RPJDOEE, YuFP DP RMBCHBOYS PO, IPFS Y RPMHYUM UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE DPLHNEOFSHCH, “RTPDETTSBM YI, OP OE YUFBM” (?!). fBL YMY YOBYUE, U UBNPZP OBYUBMB RMBCHBOYS NETSDKH lTHYEOYFETOPN Y TEOBOPCHSHCHN KHUFBOPCHYMYUSH OERTYYOSHE PFOPYEOYS, LPFPTSCHCHSHCHMYMYUSH CHEUOPK 1804 Z. CH PFLTSCHFSHCHK L PLEASEMYLF. rPChPDPN DMS bFPZP RPUMKHTSYM DPChPMSHOP NBMPOBYUYFEMSHOSCHK UMHYUBK, UCHSBOOSHCHK U TBURPTTSEOYEN TEBOPCHB RTYLBYUYLH LPNRBOY zh. y. yENEMYOKH ABOUT PDOPN Y nBTLYYULYI PUFTPPCHPCH (oHLYYCHB) “CHSHCHNEOYCHBFSH DMS yNRETBFPTULPK lHOUFLBNETSH” X PUFTPCHIFSO “TBOSCHEY PFOPUYFEMSHOP YI PDETSDSCH Y PVSHYUB EC." lTHYEOYFETO, LPFPTSCHK CHUEZDB EDYOPCHMBUFOP TEZKHMYTPPCHBM FPTZPCHMA U NEUFOSHCHNYI TSYFEMSNY, RPFTEVPCHBM PVASUOEOYK, UPVTBM LILRBTS "OBDETSDSCH" Y RTYZMBUYM "oech Shch" a. and. mYUSOULPZP Y h.o. vetib. th IPFS o.r. TEUBOPCH RTEDUFBCHYM YNECHYYEUS KH OEZP DPLHNEOFSH Y DBTSE BYUYFBM “CHSHCHUPYUBKIE... RPTKHYUEOYE OBYUBMSHUFCHB”, CH PFCHEF CHUE PZHYGETSCH (LTPNE MEKFEOBOFB r. f. zPMPCHBUECHB) ЪBLMAYUMY FENKH: “UFKHRBKFE, UFKHRBKFE U CHBYNYY KHLBBNY, OEF KH OBU OBUMSHOILB, LTPNE lTHYEOYFETOB” . rTY LFPN MEKFEOBOF n.y. tBFNBOPCH, "THZBS RP-NBFETOKH, LTYYUBM: "eZP, ULPFB, ЪBLPMPFYFSH CH LBAFH". "with EDCHB YNEM KHKFY CH LBAFKH, UPPVEBM TEUBOPCH RPUME RTYVSHCHFYS CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULHA ZBCHBOSH CH OBYUBME YAMS 1804 Z., Y ЪBRMBFYM TSEUFPLPK VPMEOSHA, PE CHTENS L PFPTPK DPLFPT OH TBH OE RPUEFYM NEOS, IPFS CHUE YCHEUFOSH VSHCHMY, YuFP S EDCHB RTY LPOGE TsYOY OBIPYMUS. THZBFEMSHUFCHB RTDDPMTSBMYUSH, Y S RTYOKHTSDEO VSHM, YVEZBS DBMSHOEKYI DETPUFEK, ULPMSH OH TSEUFPLNOE VSHMP RTPIPDIFSH LCHBFPT, OE RPMSHJHSUSH CHPDHIPN, FS, OILKhDB OE CHSHCHIPDS, DP UBNPZP PLPOYUBOYS RHFEYUFCHYS Y RTYVSHCHFYY CH LBNYUBFLH CHCHYEM RETCHSHCHK TB Y LBAFSHCH UCHPEK ".

rP RTPUSHVE TEBBOPCHB 1 BCHZKHUFB 1804 Z. YЪ OITSOELBNNYUBFULB CH REFTPRBCHMPCHUL RTYVSHCHMY ZEOETBM r. y. lPYEMECH, 60 UPMDBF Y DCHB PZHYGETB DMS RTPYCHPDUFCHB UKHDEVOPZP TBUUMEDPCHBOYS. “lBL OH UFBTBMUS lTHYEOYFETO PRTBCHDBFSH UCHPY RPUFHRLY, RTYYEM L CHSHCHPDH BCHFPTYFEFOSHCHK YUUMEDPCHBFEMSH CHPRTPUB, OP LPZDB DPYMP DP PUOSHI UVBCHPL Y OBNETEOYS lP YEMECHB PFTEYYFSH EZP PF LPNBODPCHBOYS UKHDOPN, PO UPOBMUS CH UCHPEK CHYOPCHOPUFY Y RTPUYM lPYEMECHB RTYOSFSH ABOUT UEWS RPUTEDOYUEUFChP CH RTYNYTEOY Y TEBOPCHSHCHN" . rPMSHЪKH PFEYUEFCHB o.r. TEBOBCH RPUFBCHYM "CHCHE CHUEI MYUOSHI... PULPTVMEOYK" Y UPZMBUYMUS PUFBCHYFSH UCHPY VKHNBZY VEJ DEKUFCHYS, OP U "OERTENEOOOSCHN HUMPCHYEN, YUFPVSH LTHJEOYFETO Y CHUE MSHOSHE PZHYGETSCH... YYCHYOYMYUSH RETED OIN CH RTYUHFUFFCHY lPYEMECHB.” bFP RTEDMPTSEOYE VSHMP RTYOSFP.

8 BCHZKHUFB th. and. lTHYEOYFETO Y CHUE PZHYGETSCH "OBDETSDSCH" SCHYMYUSH CH RPMOPK RBTBDOPK ZHTNE Y RTYOEUMY PZHYGYBMSHOSHE YYCHYOOYS. “UEK DEOSH, UPPVEBM yENEMYO, VSCHM DEOSH TBDPUFY DMS CHUSLPZP RPDYUYOOOPZP, TBCHSЪBCHYEZP UHDSHVH NOPZYI.” rPUMEDPCHBMY FPTCEUFCHEOOSCH PVEDSCH Y HTSYOSCH. pUPVEOOOP FPTCEUFCHOOOP RTPYUIPDYM PVED 21 BCHZHUFB. ЪБ ЪДТБЧИЕ ТеЪБОПЧБ І лПыеМеЧБ ОУУЛПМШЛП TBЪ ZTENEMY RKHYEYUOSCH CHSHCHUFTEMSHCH.

oBDP PFDBFSH DPMTSOPE o.r. TEUBOPCHKH, YuFP PO OE FPMSHLP CHEMYLPDHYOP RTPUFYM y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB Y DTHZYI NPTULYI PZHYGETPCH, LPFPTSCHE DPUFBCHYMY ENKH PE CHTENS RMBCHBOYS UFPMSHLP OERTYSFOPUFEK, OP Y DBM UBNHA CHSHCHUPLHA PGEOLKH RTPZHEUYPOBMYNKH LBRY FBOB "OBDETSDSCH", OEKHUSCHROPE UFBTBOIE LPFPTPZP RPJCHPMYMP UPITBOIFSH PE CHTENS RMBCHBOYS CHUEI MADEK, LTPNE CHPMSHOPOBENOPZP RPChBTB, LHTMSODGB OYMBODB, LPFPTSCHK OE Refinery CHSHCHEUFY RETENEOOOSCHI LMYNBFPCH ".

uCHYFB UBNPZP RPUMBOOILB, RPDPVTBOOBS NEOEE CHOINBFEMSHOP, RPDCHETZMBUSH CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULE UKHEEUFCHEOOPNH YYNEOOYA. "tseUFPLBS LBNEOOBS VPMEЪOSH" MYYYMB TSYCHPRYUGB BLBDENYLB u. lHTMSODGECHB CHPNPTSOPUFY RTDDPMTsBFSH RHFEEUFCHYE, Y PO VSHHM PFRTBCHMEO OBBD CH u.-REFETVHTZ CH UPRTPCHPTSDEOOY "LBODYDBFB NEDYGYOSCH" vTSCHLYOB. at DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, o.r. TEUBOPCH VSHCHM CHSCHOKHTSDEO YULMAYUYFSH YY NYUUYY PFRTBCHYFSH OBBD ZCHBTDYY RPTHYUYLB w. y. fPMUFPZP, "TBBDPTSH PE CHUEK LUREDYGY RPUESCHYEZP", "RP RTYYUYOYE VEURPLLPKOPZP EZP IBTBLFETB" (CHSTBTSEOYE N.Y. TBFNBOPCHB), U RTEDHRTETSDEOYEN, "YUFPV ON OE RTPTSYCHBM CH nPUL CH Y DECOUFCHYFEMSHOP L RPMLH SCHYMUS.” ъBFP NYUUYS RPRPMOYMBUSH RPTHYUYLPN d.y. lPYEMEMESCHN, LBRYFBOPN lBNYUBFULZP ZBTOYPOOZP VBFBMSHPOB y. y. ZHEDPTPCHSHCHN, B FBLCE RPYUEFOSCHN LBTBKHMPN YUENY "CHYDOSHI UPMDBF U HOFET-PZHYGETPN Y VBTBVBOEYLPN." yЪ-ЪB PRBUOPUFY NEUFY UP UFPTPOSH SRPOGECH RTYOSCHYENKH PE CHTENS RTEVSCCHBOYS CH TPUUYY RTBCHPUMBCHYE RETECHPDYYLH LYUEMECHH o.r. TEBBOPCH CHSCHOKHTSDEO VSHM PFRTBCHYFSH EZP CH yTLHFUL. vMBZPDBTS UCHPYN URPUPVOPUFSN L SJSCHLBN UBN TEUBOPCH UB CHTENS RHFEEUFCHYS UKHNEM CH YJCHEUFOPK NETE PCHMBDEFSH SRPOULIN SYSHLPN Y OBDESMUS “PVPKFYUSH Y VE RPNPEY UEZP RETECHPDUYLB" .

PE CHTENS RTEVSCCHBOYS ABOUT lBNUBFLE LPNBODB "OBDETSDSCH" RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN th. and. lTHYEOYFETOB "DEOOP Y OPEOP" RTPCHPDYMB TBVPFH RP "CHSHCHZTHYLE FBLEMBTSB Y FPCHBTPC, RPYYOLE LPTBVMS" Y KHUFTBOEOYA CHP'OILYEK CH RPIPDE FEYUY. хЦЭ 18 BCHZKHUFB "LPTBVMSH ABOUT TEKD CHCHYEM", B 26 BCHZKHUFB RPUME NPMEVUFCHYS Y PTHDYKOPZP UBMAFB "OBDETSDB" PFRTBCHYMBUSH C oBZBUBLY, LHDB RTYVSHMB TPCHOP YETE NEUSG .

ъDEUSH OEF OEPVIPDYNPUFY RETEULBYSCHBFSH CHUE RETYREFYY DMYFEMSHOPZP Y CH LPOYUOPN YFPZE VEKHUREYOPZP RTEVSCCHBOYS TPUUYKULPZP RPUPMSHUFCHB CH OOBZBUBLY. bFP HCE VSHMP UDEMBOP Ch XIX Ch. chPEOULYN, B PE CHFPTK RPMPCHYOE XX Ch. dTs. b. MEOUEOPN (1959), b. With. ZhBKOVETZ (1960), m.o. lHFBLPCHSHCHN (1988) Y DT. lBL RYUBM l. chPEOULYK, DBTSE LPZDB o.r. TEUBOPCHH TBBTEYYMYMY RETEEIBFSH CH DPN ABOUT VETEZKH, BY "VSHHM PLTHTSEO CHOINBOYEN Y CHUECHPNPTSOSCHNYY RPYUFEOOYS Y KHBTSEOYS, OP CH UKHEOPUFY CHUE LFP VSHMP OE YFP YOPE, LBL RPYUEFOSCHK RMEO, LPFPTSCHK SRPOGSH UFBTBMYUSH ЪBNBULYTPCHBFSH CHETSMYCHPUFSHAY Y UUSCHMLBNY ABOUT DTECHOYE PVSHYUBY ". FEN OE NEOEE DBTSE CH FYI HUMPCHYSI TEUBOPCH OE FETSM CHTENEY DBTPN Y UFTENYMUS UPJDBFSH KH SRPOGECH OBYMKHYYEE RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P tPUUYYY TKHUULYI. xUETDOP ЪBOYNBSUSH SRPOULYN SYSHLPN, BY UPUFBCHYM LTBFLPE THUULP-SRPOULPE THLPCHPDUFCHP Y UMPCHBTSH, UPDETSBAKE VPMEE 5 FSHU. UMPC Y PRHVMYLPCHBOOSCHK CH u.-REFETVHTZE.

l KHDYCHMEOYA UBNYI SRPOGECH, "CHEMYLYK UBOPCHOIL YFP" RTYCHE CHUOPK 1805 Z. YЪ dP LBFEZPTYUEULYK PFLB: "RPUPMSHUFChP YNRETBFPT RTYOSFSH OE NPTsEF", "FPTZ" PCHMY OE TSEMBEF Y RTPUIF, YUFPVSH RPUPM CHCHEIBM Y sRPOY.” OE VSHCHMY RTYOSFSH DBTSE NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH RPDBTLY, LPFPTSHCHE VSHCHMY RTYCHEOSCH o.r. TEBOPCHSHCHN, RPULPMSHLH "sRPPOYS OE UFPMSH VPZBFB, YUFPVSH PFCHEFYFSH TBCHOPGEOOOSCHNY DBTBNY". u DTHZPK UFPTPOSH, YUFPVSH LBL-FP RPDUMBUFYFSH PFLB, "CH OBL VMBZPDBTOPUFY UB ZPUFERTYYNUFCHP, SRPOGBN CH TPUUYY PLBOOPE" Y YI CHPCHTBEEOYE ABOUT TPDYOH "UPDETS BOIE LYRBTSB "OBDETSDSCH" ЪB CHUE YEUFSH U RPMPCHYOPK NEUSGECH Y PFRHUL ABOUT TBOSCH LPTBVEMSHOSHOSHE OBDPVOPUFY NBFETYBMPCH RTYOSFSHCH ABOUT UUEF LHVPULPZP CHEMYUEUFCHB", F. E. SRPOULPZP YNRETBFPTB. ABOUT PVTBFOSHK RKhFSH ZHTEZBF VSHM UOBVTSEO DCHHINEUSYUOSCHN ЪBRBUPN RTPCHYYYY, VPMSHYYN ZTHYPN UPMY, B FBLCE RPDBTLPN "YEMLPCHSHCHI CHBF" (25 SAILHR). rP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHH TEUBOPCHB, "PFLB CH FPTZE RTPYCHEM UIMSHOP CH OTPDE CHREYUBFMEOYE". h aboutOBZBUBLY HCE RTYEIBMY LHRGSH YJJDP, LYPFP Y PUBLY. and. yENEMYO RYUBM, UFP DBCE "LBTBKHMSHOSCH PZHYGETSCH YYASCHYMY RPUMH UCHPE UPTSBMEOYE Y CHUE EDYOPDHYOP TPRFBMY ABOUT OEURTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH UCHPEZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB" .

h PFLBJE sRPOY RTYOSFSH RPUPMSHUFCHP FTHDOP CHYOIFSH o.r. TEUBOPCHB. OB RTPFSTSEOYY CHUEZP 6-NEUSYUOPZP RTEVSCCHBOYS CH OZBUBLYY RETEZPCHPTBI U SRPOULINEY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY TEBOPC CHRMPFSH DP 23 NBTFB (4 BRTEMS) 1805 Z. DETSBMUS RTBLF YYUEULY VEKHRTEYUOP. EZP OETCHSHCHE CHCHDETTSBMY, MYYSH LPZDB UPCHETYEOOOP OEPTSYDBOOP ON RPMKHYUM LBFEZPTYUEULYK PFLB. h TEKHMSHFBFE RPUMBOIL OBRTBCHYM SRPOULPNH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH NNPTBODKHN U FTEVPCHBOYEN RETEUNPFTEFSH UCHPE TEYEOYE OBYUYFSH "OB NBFNBE RPTF, Ch LPFPTSCHK NPTsOP RTYIPDYFSH DMS FPTZB.., DCHB NEUFB DMS HYUTETSDEOOIS TPUUYKULPK ZhBLFPTYY” RTY HUMPCHYY, UFP “CHUE HBLPOEOYS SRPOULPK YNRETYY UFTPZP VHDHF UPVMADBFSHUS”. h LPOGE NNPTBODKHNB UPDETSBMBUSH Y RTSNBS KHZTPЪB Ch UMHYUBE CHFPTYYUOPZP OEKHCHBTSEOYS "RTYOSFSH FE NETSHCH, LPFPTSCHE CH OBTPDE VHDHF ZYVEMSHOSHY OE CHPCHTBFOSH RTPYCHEDHF ETY" .

rPCHMISFSH ABOUT TBCHYFYE UPVSCHFYK Y FEN VPMEE YYNEOYFSH YI IPD NENPTBODKHN TEBOPCHB, LPOYUOP, OE refinery. TEYEOYE PV PFLBIE VSHMP RTYOSFP Y VSHMP PLPOYUBFEMSHOSCHN. NOOYE y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB, VKhDFP teBOPCH "VPMEE ЪBVPFYMUS P CHSHCHZPDE tPUUYKULP-BNETYLBOULPK LPNRBOYY, YUEN PV YOFETEUBI RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB", OH ABOUT YUEN OE PUOPCHBOP. chRPMOE URTBCHEDMYCHSHCHN RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS CHCHCHPD l. chPEOULPZP P FPN, YuFP "PFLB, TEYOOOSCHK RTYOGYRYBMSHOP CH YDP, RTPYIPYEM CHUMEDUFCHYE RTUYUYO RPUFPTPOOYI, OE ЪBCHYUSEYI PF RETEZPCHPTPCH, CHEDEOOSCHI CH ABZBUBLY t "FUCKING FUCKING." eEE d.b. rPЪDOEECH PFNEYUBM VPTSHVH CH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOSCHI LTHZBI sRPOYY TBMYUOSHI ZTHRRYTPCHPL. y IPFS CH UCHSYU TPUUYEK VSHMY ЪBYOFETEUPCHBOSH FPTZPCHGSHCH, RTPNSCHYMEOOYYY YYOPCHOYYY OE FPMSHLP OOBZBUBLY, OP Y LYPFP, PUBLY Y DTHZYI ZPTPDPCH, RTBCHYFEMSHUF PE, RTYCHETTSEOOPE YЪPMSGYPOUFULYN FTBDYGYSN, CH UCHPEN TEYEOYY PRYTBMPUSH ABOUT NNPTBODKHN HYUEOSCHI YЪ yDP, LPFPTSHCHE UYFBMY, YuFP FPTZPCHMS U TPUUYEK RTYCHEDEF L RPTPOILOPCHEOYA CH UFTBOKH RTBCHPUMBCHYS Y RPUFEREOOPNH ЪBICHBFKH SRPOULYI FETTYFPTYK .

rPYGYS, ЪBOSFBS SRPOULIN RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN, CHSHCHBMB OEDPCHPMSHUFCHP FEI ZTHRR LHRYUEUFCHB Y UBNHTBKUFCHB, LPFPTSHCHE UFTENYMYUSH L PFNEOE YЪPMSGYY UFTBOSH PF CHOEYOEZP NYTB, TBUYYTEOYA FPTZPCHSHCHI UCHSJEK, TBURTPUFTBOEOYA ECHTPREKULYI OBOIK. CHRPUMEDUFCHY SRPOULYK RTENSHET-NYOYUFT NBTLY plHNB UYZEOPVH PFNEYUBM, YuFP "TEBOPCH RETCHSHCHK TBVKHDIM SRPOA PF ZMHVPLPZP UOB", Y P OEN CH UFTBOE UPUFBCHYMPUSH B MEUFOPE NOOYE .

rPUME LBFEZPTYUUEULPZP PFLBЪB SRPOULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB RTYOSFSH RPUPMSHUFCHP Y TBTEYYFSH FPTZPCHSHCHE UCHSY O.R. TEUBOPCHH OE PUFBCHBMPUSH OYUEZP DTHZPZP, LBL RPLYOKHFSH 6 (18) BRTEMS about OBZBUBLY CHETOHFSHUS ABOUT LBNYUBFLH. rPUME 48-DOECHOOPZP RMBCHBOYS 24 NBS 1805 Z. "OBDETsDB" ChPYMB CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULHA ZBCHBOSH. rPUMEDUFCHYS LPOZHMYLFB U y. and. lTHYEOYFETOPN, RP CHUEK CHYDINPUFY, CHUE EEE ULBSCCHBMYUSH, Y, LBL DYRMPNBFYUOP RYUBM w. y. yENEMYO, TEBOPCH "RP YICHEUFOSCHN ENKH RTYYUYOBN" OE Refinery PFRTBCHYFSHUS DMS PVPPTEOYS TPUUYKULYI CHMBDEOYK CH BNETYLE ABOUT "OBDETSDE" . y IPFS LFP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP VSHMP DMS OEZP "LTBKOE YUKHCHUFCHYFEMSHOP", RPULPMSHLH "RTYUKHFUFCHYE EZP CH BNETYLE VSHMP CHEUSHNB OHTSOP, TEYM CHPCHTBFYFSHUS CH UFPMYGH YUTE PIP FULL.” l UYUBUFYA, CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULPK ZBCHBOY CH LFP CHTENS PLBUBMUS VTYZ tbl "nBTYS", YuFP RPЪCHPMYMP TEUBOPCHH "OEPFNEOOOP PFRTBCHYFSHUS CH BNETYLH", B lTHYEOYFETOKH YDFY L X uBIBMYO "DMS YUUMEDPCHBOYS Y PRYUBOYS VETEZPCH EZP", B ЪBFEN YUETE LBOFPO CHETOKHFSHUS CH y .-rEFETVHTZ.

h UChPA PYUETEDSH, "oEChB", ЪBLPOYUYCH YHYUEOYE CHMBDEOOK tbl Ch bNETYLE, CHLMAYUBS P-ChB lBDSHSL, UYFIB Y DT., Y ЪBZTHYCHYYUSH FPCHBTTBNY, 1 UEOFSVTS 1805 Z PFRTBCHY. MBUSH CH lBOFPO, ZDE CH OBYUBME DELBVTS CHUFTEFYMBUSH U "OBDETSDPK". KHURECH RTDDBFSH CH lBOFPOE RHYOOH Y ЪBLKHRYCH LIFBKULYE FPCHBTSHCH, PVB LPTBVMS OBRTBCHYMYUSH CH PVTBFOSHCHK RKHFSH CHPLTHZ N. dPVTPK OBDETDSCH.

4. DESPHEMSHOPUFSH o.r. TEBOPCHB CH THUULPK BNETYLE. LUREDYGYS CH LBMYZHPTOYA

14 YAOS 1805 Z. UHDOP “nBTYS” RPLYOHMP rEFTPRBCHMPCHULHA ZBCHBOSH. about BYUBMBUSH OBYVPMEE CHBTSOBS Y, PE CHUSLPN UMHYUBE, UBNBS RMPDPFCHPTOBS YUBUFSH RKhFEYUFCHYS o.r. TEUBOPCHB. IPFS RMBCHBOYE ABOUT UKHDOE "nBTYS", "LTYCHPVPLYN RPUFTPEOOOPZP", UDEMBMP RKHFEEUFCHYE "CHEUSHNB ЪBFTKHDOYFEMSHOSHCHN", CH LPOYUOPN YFPZE o.r. TEBOBOPCH DPVTBMUS DP lbRYFBOULPK ZBCHBOY ABOUT HOBMBYLE, WHERE OBUME “DCHB LPNRBOEKULYI UKHDOB LBFET “uch. lPOUFBOFYO" Y UKHDOP "uch. bMELUBODT OECHULYK" ". CHUMED UB LFYN ON RPUEFYM P-CH lBDSHSL Y OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL ABOUT P-CH vBTBOPCHB (UYFIB) Y CHOINBFEMSHOP POBBLPNYMUS U RPMPTSEOYEN DEM. hCE RETCHSHCHE TBURPTTSEOYS TEBOPCHB OEMSHЪS OE RTYOBFSH TBKHNOSHCHNY. oBIPDSUSH ABOUT LBDSHL, BY RPTKHYUM PFGH ZEDEPOH CHNEUFE UP UMKHTSBEYNY LPNRBOY UPUFBCHYFSH RETERYUSH OBUEMEOYS LPMPOYK, CHLMAYUBS LPTEOOSCHY TSYFEMEK BNETYLY, YЪVEZBFSH YI PFSZPE EOYS TBOPZP TPDB RPCHYOOPUFSNY, ЪBVPFYFSHUS PV PVHYUEOY NBMPMEFOYI ZTBNPFE, "Y VHDE, RP BUCHYDEFEMSHUFCHBOYA DYTELFPTB YLPMSCH, PLBTsHF L OBHLBN URPUPVOPUFSH, F BLPCHSCHI RTYZPFPCHMSFSH L ЪBOSFYA RP CHTENEY CHCHUYI UFEREOEK, B DTKHZYI, U NEOSHIYNY DBTPCHBOYSNY, PRTEDEMSFSH L NBUFETUFCHBN, TENEUMBN Y THLPDEMYSN ".

xYUIFSHCHBS PUFTHA RPFTEVOPUFSH tHUULPK bNETYLY CH CHPEOOSCHI UHDBI, o.r. TEBOPCH TBURPTSDYMUS P RPUFTPKLE CH OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHULE VTYZB “DMYOPA PF 80 DP 90 ZHFPCH P 16 RKHYLBI”, ZTHJPRPDYAENOPUFSHA DP 200 F PE ZMBCHE U MEKFEOBOFPN o. b. ICHPUFPCHSHCHN Y FEODETB “PF 50 DP 55 ZHFPCH P 6 YMY 8 RHYLBY” RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN NYUNBOB z. idBCHSCHDPCHB "DMS KHDPVOPZP RTYVMYTSEOYS L VETEZBN" . UPPFCHEFUFCHOOOP, MYYUOP OBBS "DPVTHA OTBCHUFCHOOPUFSH" LPTBVEMSHOSHI NBUFETPCH lPTALYOB Y rPRPCHB, TEBOPC RPTKHYUM YN KHUFTPKUFChP CHETJY, "YuFPV ETsezPDOP U LMEOZHR RP DCHB UHDOB URKHEBFSH VSHMP NPTsOP ".

PUPVPZP CHAINBOYS BUUMKHTSYCHBEF DESFEMSHOPUFSH TEBBOPCHB Y ZEDEPOB RP TBURPTPUFTBOEOYA CH LPMPOYSI RPTPUCHEEEOYS. xyuymye DMS NBMSHYULPCH RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN zEDEPOB VSHMP UKHEEUFCHEOOP TBUYYTEOP U PVSBFEMSHUFCHPN “RTYOINBFSH ABOUT UPDETSBOYE LPNRBOY CHUEI DEFEC NHTSULPZP RPMB VE CHUSLP ZP TBMYYUYS RP RTPYUIIPTSDEOOYA.” lTPNE FPZP, U LBTSDSCHN FTBOURPTFPN OBDMETSBMP PFRTBCHMSFSH RP 10 YUEMPCHEL CH nPULCHH YMY u.-REFETVHTZ ABOUT 5 MEF "DMS PVHYUEOYS OBHLBN, NBUFETUFCHBN Y TENEUMBN" .

CHEUSHNB LTYFYUEULY, IPFS Y OE CHUEZDB URTBCHEDMYCHP, o.r. Tekobopch Vuiuus Lsfemshopufy Dhipchop Nyuuy, LPFPTBS ZHPTNBMShop LTUFMB “OUULPMSHLP Festu”, OP SHOPDYFSH Ch Pydshh Rtbchyphyshufchb, oh lPNI ”. ON UFSHCHDM NPOBIPCH, "UFP OE OBAF POY BNETYLBOULPZP SJSHLB RP UYE CHTENS" Y RPTHYUM YN "UPVYTBFSH UMPCHBTSH", YuFPVSH "OE FPMSHLP CHUE NPMYFCHSHCH, OP Y UBNSCH RTPRPCHEDY AB NETYLBOULPN SJSHLE UPYYOSENSH VSHMY.” rPULPMSHLH "CHUSLPE OPCHPE DEM NEDCHEDEN LBTSEPHUS", o.r. TEUBOPCH UBN RTYUFKHRIM "L UPYUYOYA UMPCHBTS UEZP, LPFPTSCHK DPCHPMSHOSCHNOE FTHDPCH UFPYM" Y RTPUYM zMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE tbl OBREYUBFBFSH EZP "CH RPMSHЪХ bNETILBOULYI HUY MMYE".

lBL RPLBBBMB t.z. mSRKHOPCHB, PUOPCHOBS ЪBUMHZB CH PTPTsDEOOY HYUMYEB ABOUT lBDSHSL RTYOBDMETSBMB ZEDEPOH, LPFPTSCHK U NBTFB 1805 Z. UFBM "ZMBCHOSCHN DYTELFPTPN". hCE CH BCHZKHUFE YUYUMP HYUBEYIUS CHPTPUMP DP 50 YUEMPCHEL, B CH UMEDHAEEN, 1806 Z. DPUFYZMP 100 YUEMPCHEL, CHLMAYUBS FMYOLYFPCH, RTYOSCHYI "ZTELP-TPUUYKULHA RTBCHPUMBCHOHA H ETH".

yj CHPURYFBOOYLPCH zEDEPOB VSCHMY RPDZPFPCHMEOSCH Y HYUFEMS LBDSHLULPZP HYUMYEB, CH YUBUFOPUFY, rBTBNPO yuHNPCHYGLYK, LPFPTSCHK RP RTEDRYUBOYA o.r. TEЪBOPCHB OYUBM RPDZPFPCHLH UMPCHBTS Y ZTBNNBFYLY NEUFOPZP SJSHLB. rPUME UCHPEZP PFYAEDDB YI THUULPK BNETYLY CH YAOE 1807 Z. ZEDEPO OBYUM UCHPYN RTEENOILPN PFGB ZETNBOB, PUFBCHYCH ENKH "OBUFBCHMEOYS" RP DEMBN DHIPCHOPK NYUUYYY MYEH. “U HDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN RPTHYUBA PUPVEOOOPNH chBYEZP RTERPDPVYS RPREYOOYA ЪBCHEDEOOPE NOPA tPUUYKULP-bNETILBOULPE HYUMYEE, RYUBM ZEDEPO. h RETCHPN PFDEMEOY DEFI DPMTSOSCH PVHYUBFSHUS YUFEOYA, RYUSHNH Y LTBFLPNH LBFEIYYUH, PE ChFPTPN ZTBNNBFYLE, BTYZHNEFYLE, UCHSEOOOPK Y UCHEFULPK YUFPTYY ZEPZTBJYY. lTPNE FPZP, OE ЪБВШЧЧБКFE RTEDNEFSHCH, PFOPUSEYEUS L IPЪSKUFCHEOOPK YUBUFY; ЪBOINBKFEUSH CHNEUFP PFDSCHIB, LBL RTYHZPFPCHYFSH PZPTPDSH, UBDYFSH Y UESFSH PCHPEY, RPMPFSH, UPVYTBFSH OHTSOSCH FTBCHSCH, LPTEOSHS... hYuyfemen RTYOBO yCHBO lBDSHSLULYK, FPCHBTYEEN EZP ITYUFPZhPT rTSOYOYLPCH Y RPNPEOILPN RTY OYI bMELUEK lPFEMSHOYLPCH. rBTBNPOKH yHNPCHYGLPNH RTY URPNPEEUFCHPCHBOY DTHZYI CHCHETEOUP UPVYTBOIE UMPCHBTS BMEHFULPZP SJSCHLB; BY DPMTSEO VSHCHFSH Y RETECHPDYUYLPN RTY CHBU. fBLCE ЪB PFTSDPN HYUEOILLPCH ЪENMEDEMYS YNEKFE DPMTSOPE UNPFTEOYE Y RTYMETSBOYE ".

UBNPK PUFTPK RTPVMENPK PLBBBMPUSH, PDOBLP, UOBVTSEOYE tHUULPK bNETYLY RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN. PUEOSHA 1805 Z. LPMPOY PLBBBMYUSH RETED KHZTPPK OBUFPSEEZP ZPMPDB. DMS TEYEOYS LFPC RTPVMENSH o.r. TEUBOPCH 24 UEOFSVTS (6 PLFSVTS) ЪBLMAYUYM LPOFTBLF U BNETYLBOULINE FPTZPCHGEN dTsPOPN d"chKHMZHPN P RTYPVTEFEOY UKHDOB "aOPOB" U CHPPTHTSEOYEN Y ZTHЪPN ЪB 68 FSHCHU. YURBOULYI RYBUFTPC. dMS PVTBFOPZP RKhFY dTs. FBLCE CHELUEMSH ABOUT 31 750 YURBOULYI RYBUFTPC ABOUT ZMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE tbl CH u.-REFETVHTZE .

UPPVEBS bMELUBODTKH I P UCHPEN RTEVSHCHBOYI ABOUT UIFIE, TEBOPC RYUBM, UFP "OBYEM ЪDEUSH DP 200 TPUUYSO Y VPMEE 300 LBDSHSLULYI BNETILBOGECH VE CHUSLPK RYEY Y OBRBUPCH r... TEDCHBTSS VEDUFCHYE, TEYYMUS H VPUFPPOGECH LHRYFSH FTEINBYUFPCHPE UKHDOP UP CHUEN ZTHJPN EZP Y OELPFPTSHNY PUFBFLBNNY TSYOOOSCHI RTYRBUPCH . ZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB CH RPLHRLE TSYYOOOSCHI RTYRBUPCH RPNPEY" .

25 ZHECHTBMS 1806 Z. ABOUT LPTBWME “aOPOB” RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN MEKFEOBOFB o. b. ICHPUFPCHB TEBOPC "U OEPRSHFOSCHNYI GYOZPFOSHNY MADSHNY" PFRTBCHYMUS YЪ OChP-bTIBOZEMSHULB CH LBMYZHPTOYA "OB TYUL U FEN, YuFPV YMY URBUFY pVMBUFY, YMY RPZ YVOKHFSH» Y YUETE NEUSG DPUFYZ ЪБМИЧБ УБО-жТБОВГИУЛП .

OBLCHBCHYYUSH "ZMBCHOSCHN OYUBMSHOILPN" TKHUULYI LPMPOYK CH BNETYLE, o.r. TEBBOPCH CHUFKHRIM CH RETEZPCHPTSH U NEUFOSHCHNYA CHMBUFSNY. DMS CHUFTEYUY U OYN CH BRTEME CH UBO-ZhTBOGYULP RTYEIBM ZHVETOBFPT CHETIOEK LBMYZHPTOY IPUE bTYMSHSZB (Jose Arillaga) . “with YULTEOOE ULBTSKH chBN, ЪБСЧИМ о.р. TEOBOPCH ZHVETOBFPTH, YuFP OHTSEO OBN IMEV, LPFPTSCHK RPMKHYUBFSH NPTSE NSCH Y lBOFPOB, OP LBL LBMYZHPTOYS L OBN VMYTSE Y YNEEF CH OEN YVSHCHFLY, LPPTSCHI OILKHDB UVSHCHCH BFSH OE NPTSEF, FP RTYEIBM S RPZPCHPTYFSH U ChBNY, LBL OBYUBMSHOILPN NEUF UYI, KHCHETSS, YuFP NPTsEN NSCH RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOP RPUFBOPCHYFSH NETSCH Y RPUMBFSH ABOUT VMBZPTBUNPFTEOYE Y KHFCHETTSDEOYE DCHPTCH OBUYI.”

BDUBYUB, UFPSCHIBS RETED TEOBOPCHSHCHN, VSHMB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP UMPTsOPK. NBDTYDULYK DCHPT FEBFEMSHOP PZTBTSDBM UCHPY LPMPOYBMSHOSCH CHMBDEOOYS PF CHUSLIYI CHOEYOYI UCHSJEK Y UFTPZP ЪBRTEEBM MAVSHCHE LPOFBLFSCH U YOPUFTBOGBNY. NEUFOSHCHMBUFY CH LPMPOYSI, IPFS Y YURSHCHFSHCHBMY VPMSHYIE ЪBFTХDOEOYS PF LFPPZP ЪBRTEEEOOYS, OE UNEMY EZP PFLTSCHFP OBTHYYFSH. ъB CHTENS UCHPEZP V-OEDEMSHOPZP RTEVSCCHBOYS CH LBMYZHPTOY o.r. TEUBOPCH UKHNEM RTPSCHYFSH OEBHTSDOSH DYRMPNBFYUEULYE URPUPVOPUFY ЪBCHPECHBFSH TBURPMPTSEOYE NEUFOPZP YURBOULPZP OBYUBMSHUFCHB. gBTULYK LBNETZET Y ZPTDSCHE YURBOGSH DPCHPMSHOP VSHCHUFTP OBYMY PVEIK SJSHL. o.r. TEUBOPCH UPYUKHCHUFCHEOOP CHSHCHUMKHYYCHBM YI TSBMPVSH O "OBZMPUFSH VPUFPOGECH", UHDB LPFPTSCHI "VEURTEUFBOOP UNHFMYTHAF RP VETEZBN", "RPFBEOOKHA FPTZPCHMA RTPYCHPDSF" Y "CHUENY ZMPUFSNY YEHF UTEDUFCH... CHPDCHPTYFSHUS CH YURBOULYI CHMBDEOSI ".

UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH, LBMYZHPTOYKULYK ZHVETOBFPT "U VPMSHYYN KHDPCHPMSHUFCHEN" CHSHUMKHYYCHBM TBUUKHTSDEOOYS UCHPEZP UPVEUEDOILB P TBCHYFYY "CHBYNOPK FPTZPCHMY" NETSDH BNETYLBOU LINY PVMBUFSNY PVEYI DETSBCH, CH TEЪKHMSHFBFE YuEZP "LPMPOY RTPGCHEFBFSH VHDHF", B "VETEZB OBIY, UPUFBCHMSS CHBYNOKHA NETSDH UPVPK UCHSSH, CHUEZDB PVEYNY DETSBCHBNY TBCHOP VHDHF ЪBEEBENSH Y OILFP HCE NETSDKH OYNY CHPDCHPTYFSHUS OE PFCHBTSYFUS.”

rTEVSCCHBOIE o.r. TEUBOPCHB CH LBMYZHPTOY Y EZP RETEZPCHPTSH YURBOULYNY CHMBUFSNY PLBBBMYUSH OETBTSCHOP UCHSBOSCH U PDOPK YUBNSHI TPNBOFYUOSHI YUFPTYK FPZP READING. VKHDHYU "PVMBULBO" CH DPNE LPNEODBOFB UBO-ZhTBOGYULP iPUE dBTYP BTZHMSHP (bTZKHMMP, Jose Dario Arguello), TEBBOPCH UVMYYYMUS U EZP AOPK DPYUTSHA, RTELTBUOPK DPOOPC lPOUERUSHPO (Maria de la Concepcion Marcella), YMY, LBL EE OBSCHBMY CH UENSHE, lPOYUEK, lPOYUYFPK (Concha, Conchita), LPFPTBS UMSHMB "LTBUPA lBMYZHPTOYY". h "YURPCHEDY YUBUFOSCHI UCHPYI RTYLMAYUEOYK" ZTBZHH o.r. TKHNSOGECH TE'BOPCH RYUBM: "ETSEDOECHOP LHTFYYYTHS ZYYRBOULHA LTBUBCHIGH, RTYNEFYM S RTEDRTYYNYUYCHSHCHK IBTBLFET EE, YUEUFPMAVYE OEPZTBOYUEOOPE, LPFPTPPE RTY OBDGBFYMEFOEN ITS CHPTBUFE HCE FPMSHLP PDOPK EK YI CHUEZP UENEKUFCHB DEMBMP PFUYOKH ITS OERTYSFOPA. CHUEZDB CH YHFLBI PFЪSCCHBMBUSH POB P OEK: “rTELTBUOBS YENMS, FARMSHCHK LMYNBF, IMEVB Y ULPFB NOPZP, Y VPMSHYE OYUEZP.” with RTEDUFBCHMSM EK tPUUYKULYK RPUKHTPCHEE Y RTY FPN PE CHUEN JPVIMSHOSHCHK, POB VSHMB ZPFPCHB TSYFSH CH OEN, Y OBLPOEG OYUKHCHUFCHYFEMSHOP RPUEMYM S CH OEK OEFETREMYCHPUFSH KHUMSHCHYBFSH PF OS YuFP-MYVP RPUETSHOEEE DP FPZP, YuFP MYYSH RTEDMPTSYM EK THLH, FP Y RPMKHYUM UPZMBUYE. rTEDMPTSEOYE NPE UTBYMP CHPURYFBOOSCHI CH ZHBOBFYYNE ITS TDYFEMEC, TBOPUFSH TEMYZYK Y CHREDEDY TBBMHLB U DPUETSHA VSHCHMY DMS OYI ZTPNPCHSHCHN HDBTTPN. Sing RTYVEZMY L NYUUYPOETBN. FE OE OBMY, LBL TEYYFSHUS, CHPYYMY VEDOKHA lPOUERUYA CH GETLPCHSH, YURPCHEDSHCHBMY EE, KHVETSDBMY L PFLBYMBH, OP TEYINPUFSH EE OBLPOEG CHUEI KHURPLPIMB. UCHSFSH PFGSH PUFBCHYMY TBTEYEOYA TYNULPZP RTEUFPMB, J S ETSEMY OE Refinery PLPOYUYFSH TSEOYFSHVPK NPEK, FP UDEMBM ABOUT FP LPODYGYPOOSCHK BLF Y RTYOKHDIM RPNPMCHYFSH OBU, ABOUT YUPZM BYEOP U FEN, YuFPV DP TBTEYEOYS rBRSHCH UYE VSHMP FBKOPA ".

YUFPTYS MAVCHY o.r. TEBOPCHB Y lPOUERUSHPO DE bTZKHMMP RPTPDYMB VPMSHYKHA MYFETBFHTH. DMS FPZP YUFPVSH RTYDBFSH UCHPENH RPCHEUFCHPCHBOYA VPMEE ЪBOINBFEMSHOSHCHK IBTBLFET, YUFPTYLYY MYFETBFPTSCH OE ULKHRYMYUSH ABOUT TBOPZP TPDB LTBUPYUSHE DEFBMY Y UBNPZP o .r. TEBOPCHB CH BOZMYKULYI YDBOYSI PVSHYUOP YNEOPCHBMY “ZTBZHPN”. yNEOOP FBL OBSCHBM o.r. TEUBOPCHB w. VTEF ZBTF, CHPNPTSOP, RPFPNKH, YuFP TYZHNPCHBFSH UMPP "ZTBZ" (Count) MEZUE, YUEN "LBNETZET" (Chamberlain). YULTEOOSS MAVPCHSH L 40-MEFOENH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPNH LBNETZETH DPUFBCHYMB RTELTBUOPK lPOUERUSHPO UMYYLPN NBMP TBDPUFY Y UMYYLPN NOPZP REYUBMY, OP ЪBFP RPNPZMB tHUULPK b NETYLE RETETSYFSH PDYO JOBYVPMEE FTHDOSHHI RETYPDPCH IYUFPTYY. TBOPPPVTBOSCH RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHEOOSCH FPCHBTSHCH, Y RTETSDE CHUEZP IMEV, RPUME RPNPMCHLY TEBBOPCHB CH FBLPN YЪPVIMYY RPFELMY CH FTASH "aOPOSCH", SFP RTYYMPUSH RTPUIFSH "PUFBOPCHY" FSH CHPLKH", FBL LBL UHDOP OE NPZMP RTYOSFSH VPMEE 4300 RKhDPCH. “about BYUBMSHOSHCHK PRSHCHF FPTZPCHMY U LBMYZHPTOYEK” PLBUBMUS, FBLYN PVTBBPN, CHEUSHNB KHDBUOSCHN. lBL PFNEYUBM TEBOPCH, "LBTSDPZPDOP" LFB FPTZPCHMS NPTSEF RTPYCHPDYFSHUS "RP NBMPK NETTE ABOUT NYMMYPO THVMEK. bNETYLBOULYE PVMBUFY OBIY OE VHDHF YNEFSH OEDPUFBFLB; lBNUBFLB Y PIPFUL NPZHF UOBVTSBFSHUS IMEVPN Y DTHZYNY RTYRBUBNY; SLKHFSCH, OSCHOE ChPЪLPK IMEVB PFSZPEOOOSCHE, RPMKHYUBF URPLPKUFCHYE; LBOB KHNEOSHYYF YDETTSLY, ABOUT RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYE CHPEOOSCHI YYOPCH KHRPFTEVMSENCH.., FBNPTSOY DBDHF OPCHSHCHK DPIPD LPTPOE, CHOKHFTEOOSS CH TPUUYY RTPNSCHYMEOOPUFSH RPMKHYUYF YUKHCHUFCHYF EMSHOPE PVPDTEOYE..." .

RETED UCHPYN PFYAEDDPN YUBO-ZhTBOGYULP o.r. TEBBOPCH PVTBFYMUS UP UREGYBMSHOSCHN RYUSHNPN L CHYGE-LPTPMA OPCHPK YURBOY IPUE yFKHTTYZBTBA, CH LPFPTPPN RPDTPVP PVPUOPCHBM CHBYNOSHCHCHZPDSH PF TBCHYFYS FPTZPCHMY: “ OCHBS LBMYZHPTOYS, CH YЪPVIMYY RTPYCHPDSEBS TBЪOPZP TPDB ЪETOP Y ULPF, NPTsEF UVSHCHBFSH UCHPY RTPDHLFSCH MYYSH CH OBUY RPUEMEOYS, RYUBM TEBBOPCH CHYGE -LPTPMA CH NEIYLP, POB NPTSEF VSHCHUFTEE CHUEZP OBIPDIFSH RPNPESH, RPMKHYUBS CHUE OEPVIPDYNPE RPUTEDUFCHPN FPTZPCHMY U OBYNY PVMBUFSNY; MKHYUYN UTEDUFCHPN DPVYFSHUS VMBZPUPUFPSOYS NYUUYK Y RTYCHEUFY UFTBOKH L RTPGCHEFBOYA SCHMSEFUS PVNEO YJMYYLPCH EE RTDPDHLGYY ABOUT FPCHBTSHCH, ЪB LPFPTSHCHE OHTsOP RMBFYFSH ABOUT MYUOSCHNYI ChChP LPFPTSCHI OE UCHSBO U FTHDOPUFSNY... h FPK TSE NETE VMYJPUFSH RETECHPPL PVMEZUYF UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYE OBUYI RPUEMEOYK ABOUT ACCOUNTING, LPFPTSCHE OSHCHOE ЪБЧПБСФ YЪDBMELB CHUE FP, CH YUEN YN PFLBSCHCHBEF UHTPCHPUFSH LMYNBFB.” bFY UCHSY, RP NOEOYA o.r. TEBOPCHB, RTEDPRTEDEMEOSH "UBNPK RTYTPPDK" Y RTYYCHBOSHCH "OBCHUEZDB UPITBOIFSH DTHTSVKH NETSDDH PWYNY DETSBCHBNY, CHMBDEAEYNY UFPMSH PVIYTOSHNY FETTYFPTYSNY" .

oEMSHЪS OE RTYOBFSH, YuFP o.r. TEUBOPCH RTELTBUOP TBVYTBMUS CH RPMYFYLE, PVMBDBM VPMSHYYN LTKHZPTPTPN, YYTPLINE CHYDEOYEN UPVSHCHFYK, YUEN, LUFBFY, Y RMEOYM CHPPVTTSEOYE UCHPEK AOPC OECHEUFSHCH LBMYZHP TOYY. BY RTYOBDMETSBM L FPK RMESDE ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSHI DESFEMEK TPUUYY (o.r. TKHNSOGECH, o.u. NPTDCHYOPCH Y DT.), LPFPTSHCHYDEMY CHUMED ЪB REFTPN I PZTPNOSHCH RETURELFYCHSH DMS TPUUY OB EN chPUFPLE, CH UECHETOPK bNETYLE Y OB CHUEN fYIPPLEBOULPN UECHETE. lBL Y z. y. yEMYIPCH, o.r. TEUBOPCH VSHM OBUFPSEIN UFTPIFEMEN YNRETYY, PDOYN YY RPUMEDOYI (OBTSDH U ZMBCHOSCHN RTBCHIFEMEN TKHUULPK bNETYLY b.b. vBTBOPCHSCHN), LFP RPRSHCHFBMUS PUHEEUFCHYFSH UCHPA RTPZTB NHH CH LFPN TBKPOE ABOUT RTBLFYLE.

MEFPN 1806 Z., RTEDYUKHCHUFCHHS UCHPA CHPNPTSOKHA UNETFSH, o.r. TEUBOPCH PUFBCHYM b.b. vBTBOPCHH "UELTEFOPPE RTEDRYUBOYE", CH LPFPTPN LBUBMUS "NOPZYI RTEDNEFPCH DMS FPZP, YuFPV ABOUT UNETFOSCHK PVPYI OBU U CHBNY UMKHYUBK CHYDEMY RTEENOILY OBYY, YuFP VSHMP P VMBZPHUFTKUFCHE R PNSCHYMSENP, Y RTY RPMHYUEOY YNY URPUVPPVCH OE PRKHUFYMY RTYCHEUFSH CH YURPMOEOYE FE RTEDMPTSEOYS, L LPFPTSCHN ABOUT UEK TB NSCH DPUFBFPYUSHI UYM OE YNEEN.”

rPLYDBS "UECHETP-ЪBRBDOSCHK VETEZ BNETYLY", o.r. TEBOPCH CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH PVTBEBM CHONBOYE ABOUT CHBTSOPUFSH UPIDBOYS CH LPMPOYSI RPUFPSOOPZP OBUEMEOYS Y TELPNEODPCHBM RPPETSFSH ЪBLPOFTBLFPCHBOOSHI MYG UPZMBYBFSHUS ABOUT RPUFPSOOP CY FEMSHUFCHP. dMS RPPETEOYS UFTPYFEMSHUFCHB DPNPCH, ЪBCHEDEOYS PZPTPDPCH Y F. D. RTEDMBZBMPUSH RETEDBCHBFSH YN YENMA "CH CHYUOPE Y RPFPNUFCHOOPE CHMBDEOYE". TKHUULYE LPMPOY OBNEYUBMPUSH "PVE'PRBUYFSH CHPEOOSHCHN ZBTOY'POPN", VHI YuEZP o.r. TEOBOPCH RMBOYTPCHBM "OB RETCHSHCHK TB" CHSHCHUMBFSH "57 RHYEL Y 4 NBTFYTSCH U RTYMYUOSCHN YUYUMPN CHPEOOSCHI UOBTSDPCH", B ЪBFEN ETsESPDOP "UP CHUSLIN YЪ REFETVHTZB FTBOURPTF PN" CHSHCHUSCHMBFSH 250 RKhDPCH RPTPIB Y 600 RKhDPCH UCHYOGB. THLPCHPDUFCHH TBL PO RTEDMPTSYM HYUTEDYFSH CH LPMPOYSI RIMSHOSCHK UBCHPD, ZPURYFBMSH, GETLPCHSH Y F. D. UREGYBMSHOSCHN TBURPTTSEOYEN PF 15 (27) ZHECHTBMS 1806 Z. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSCHK LB NETZET Y PVET-RTPLHTPT UEOBFB HYUTEDYM CHSHCHVPTOSHCHK "UHD RPD OBCHBOYEN TBURTBCHSH RTPNSCHYMEOOOSCHY Y BNETYLBOGECH", LPFPTPNH CHNEOSMPUSH CH PVSBOOPUFSH "UPRTSZBFSH RTBCHPUKHDIE U LTPFPUFSHA" .

OBYUYFEMSHOSCHK YOFETEU RTEDUFBCHMSAF RTBLFYUEULYE DEKUFCHYS Y UPPVTBTTSEOYS o.r. TEBBOPCHB P TBCHYFYY FPTZPCHSHHI UCHSJEK Y RPMHYUEOYY RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYS YЪ LBMYZHPTOYY, sRPOYY, ZHYMYRRYOULYYY P-CHCHYY TSDB DTHZYI NEUF. "UBNSCHN OBDETSOEKYYN UTEDUFCHPN" PVEUREYUYFSH UOBVTSEOYE TKHUULYI RPUEMEOYK CH bNETYLE IMEVPN BY UYFBM "CHPDCHPTEOYE" TKHUULYI ABOUT "VETEZBI oCHPZP bMSHVYPOB". bFK TSE GEMY DPMTSOSCH VSHMY UMKHTSYFSH "RPMKHYUEOYE YJ vPUFPOB OHTsOPZP LPMYUEUFCHB IMEVB, LPFPTSHCHK CHUEZDB CH RPMPCHYOH PIPFULYI GEO PVPKDEFUS" (R. VII), RPLHRLB UHDHR X " bNETILBOULYi yFBFPCH" (R. III) Y F. D.

UTEDY DTHZYI NO RP KHMHYYYYOYA KHRTBCHMEOYS THUULPK bNETYLPK TEBBOPCH RTEDMBZBM PUHEEUFCHYFSH TBDEMEOYE THLPCHPDUFCHB ZTBTSDBOULYYY FPTZPCHSHNYY DEMBNY (YI UPCHNEEEOOYE CH PDOYI THLBI OE NPZMP OE CHEUFY L RTPYCHPMH Y OMPHRPFTEVMEOYSN), PFLTSCHCHBFSH YLPMSH Y VPMSHOYGSCH Y OBRTBCHYFSH CH LLMPOYY OPCHSHHI UCHSEOOOILPC.

xYUFSHCHBS OEDPUFBFPL DEOEZ, o.r. TEBOBOPCH RTEDMPTSYM RTBCHMEOYA tbl "ACCOUNT PVEEBOOSCHI VYMEFPCH... CHSHCHVYFSH PUPVHA DMS ЪDEYOEZP LTBS NPOEFKH." h LFPN UMHUBE BY RTEDCHYDEM "KHNOPTSEOYE" RTPNSCHUMB, UEMSHULPZP IP'SKUFCHB Y FPTZPCHMY. “rTYIPDSEYE UADB ABOUT YYNPCHLH YOPUFTBOOSCH UHDB VHDHF FBLCE DBOOILBNY FTHDPCH TSYFEMEC. UMPCHPN: FERTSH CHUE NETFCHP, OP FPZDB EDYOSCHN PVTBEEOYEN NPOEFSH CHEUSH LTBC PCYCHYFUS” (R. X).

“YYASUOSS chBN EEE ABOUT UEK TB NSCHUMY NPI, ЪBLMAYUBM TEЪBOPCH, PUFBCHMSA YULHUUFCHH, U LPFPTSHN UFPMSH DPMZPE CHTENS CHCH ЪDEYOIN LTBEN HRTBCHMSEFE, CHPMA L TSEMBENPK FPYULE. OE ULTPA PF ChBU, YUFP ZPTDYMUS VSCH S TBDEMYFSH U ChBNY FTHD UEK, OP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB L RPMSHJBN TSE PFEYUEUFCHB CHMELHF NEOS CH UFPMYGH.”

5. REJUBMSHOCK LRYMPZ

chSHCHUPLP PGEOYCHBS RTBLFYUEULHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH Y RMBOSH o.r. TEUBOPCHB CH PFOPEYOY VKHDHEEZP tHUULPK bNETYLY, lBNYUBFLY Y CHUEZP fYIPPLEBOULZP UECHETB, OEMSHЪS OE PFNEFYFSH, YuFP HCE RPUME PFYAEDDB YЪ OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHULB 26 YAMS 1806 Z. BY RTYOSM UCHPE UBNPE OERTPDKHNBOOPE Y FTBZYUEULPE TEYEOYE, RPTHYUYCH LPNBODYTH "aOPOSCH" o. b. iCHPUFPCHH PUHEEUFCHYFSH UELTEFOHA LUREDYGYA L lHTYMSHULIN P-CHBN Y UBIBMYOH. rP CHUEK CHYDINPUFY, RPUMBOIL FSTSEMP RETETSYCHBM OEKHDBYUKH UCHPEK NYUUYY CH sRPPOYA. eEE CH NENPTBODKHNE SRPOULPNKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH BY RTEDHRTETSDBM, "YUFPVSH SRPOULBS YNRETYS DBMEE UECHETOPK PLPOYUOPUFY PUFTPCHB nBFNBS PFOADSH CHMBDEOOK UCHPYI OE RTPUFYTBMB", Y ZTPYM CH UMHYUBE "ChFPTYYUOPZP OEKHCHBTSEOYS" RTYOSFSH "NETSH, LPFPTSHCH OBTPDE VHDHF ZYVEMSHOSCH Y OE CHPCHTBFOSCH RTPY'CHEDHF RPFETY." 15 ZHECHTBMS 1806 Z. CH DPOUEEOY bMELUBODTH I TEUBOPCH UPPVEIM P UCHPEN OBNETEOY CH VKHDHEEN ZPDH PFRTBCHYFSHUS "L VETEZBN SRPOULINE" Y CHSHFEUOYFSH "YЪ uBIBMYOB CHPDCHPTEOYE ABOUT OEN" PUEDYK OBYI" Y RTYUMBFSH CH bNETYLH "LPMPOYA RMEOOOSCHI".

FERETSH, YNES CH UCHPEN TBURPTSTSEOYY "aOPOX" Y "bCHPUSH", TEBOPCH RTSNP RPTHYUM TKHUULIN NPTSLBN CHPKFY CH ZHVH BOYCHB "Y, VHDS OBKDEFE SRPOULYE UKHDB, YUFTEVYFSH YI; MADEK ZPDOSHI CH TBVPFKH Y DPTPPCHSHCHI" DPUFBCHYFSH CH OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL, B DTHZYI PFRTBCHYFSH O UECHETOKHA PLPOYUOPUFSH nBFNBS, ЪBRTEFYCH YN RPUEEBFSH uBIBMYO YOBYUE, "LBL RTYETSBS DMS FPTZB, L LPFPTPNH TPUUYSOE CHUEZDB ZPFPCHSH VHDHF. YuFPVSH LBL-FP UZMBDYFSH LFY TBVPKOSH DEKUFCHYS, TEBBOPCH PVSJBM o. b. ICHPUFPCHB "CHUADH ULPMSHLP NPTsOP UPITBOSFSH YuEMPCHYUEUFChP, YVP CHEUSH RTEDNEF TSEUFPLPUFY OE RTPFYCH YUBUFOSCHI MADEK PVTBEEO VSHFSH DPMTSEO, OP RTPFYCH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, TPE, MYYBS YI FPTZPCHMY, DETSYF CH TSEUFPLK OECHPME Y VEDOPUFY ".

FERETSH NPTsOP FPMSHLP KhDYCHMSFSHUS, LBL PVTBPCHBOOSCHK Y NSZLYK YUEMPCHEL Refinery TEYYFSHUS ABOUT PFRTBCHLH RPDPVOPK LUREDYGYY. chYDYNP, RPOINBS OERTBCHPNETOPUFSH UCHPYI DEKUFCHYK, o.r. TEBOBOPCH OBLBOKHOYE UCHPEZP PFYAEDDB YI PIPFULB OBUYEM OHTSOSCHN RPTHYUYFSH o. b. ICHPUFPCHH, "CHUE RTETSDE RTEDRYUBOOPE PUFBCHS, UMEDPCHBFSH CHBN CH bNETYLH L RPDLTERMEOYA MADSHNY RPTFB OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHULB." CHNEUFE U FEN CH OPCHPN RTEDRYUBOY UPITBOSMBUSH PZPCHPTLB, YuFP "ETSEMY CHEFTSCH VEJ RPFETY CHTENEY PVSTSHFSH CHBU ЪBKFY CH ZHVH BOYCHH, FP UFBTBKFEUSH PVMBULBFSH UBIBMYOGE CH RPDBTLBNY Y NEDBMSNY Y CHZMSOFE, CH LBLPN UPUFPSOY CHPDCHPTEOYE SRPOGECH CH OEN OBIPDIFUS. dPChPMSHOP YURPMOOYE Y UEZP UDEMBEF CHBN YUEUFY, B VPMEE CHUEZP CHPCHTBEEOYE CHBYE H bNETYLH, UKHEEUFCHEOKHA RPMSHYH RTYOPUSEEE, DPMTSOP VShchFSh ZMBCHOSCHN Y RETCHSHCHN FPN CHBYEZP HUETDYS ".

OE DBCH ICHPUFPCHH LBLYI-MYVP DPRPMOYFEMSHOSHI TBYASUOEOYK, TEBOPCH CH FPF TSE DEOSH RPLYOHM PIPFUL, B LPNBODYT "aOPOSCH", TEYCH UMEDPCHBFSH RETCHPOYUBMSHOPK YOUFTHLGYY, PF RTBCHYMUS CH UBBM. BOYCHB, LKHDB RTYVSHCHM 6 PLFSVTS, CHCHUBDIMUS ABOUT VETEZ, CHSM CH RMEO YUEFSHTEI SRPOULYI LHRGPCH, CHTHYUM BKOULINE UFBTYOBN DPLKHNEOFSHCH, RPDFCHETTSDBAEYE RTBChP tPUUYY ABOUT ATSOSCHK y BIBMJO, Y UTSES SRPOULYK ULMBD. h NBE UMEDHAEEZP ZPDB "aOPOB" (LPNBODYT iCHPUFPCH) Y "bCHPUSH" (LPNBODYT dBCHSCHDPCH) RPUEFYMY lHTYMSHULYE PUFTPCHB. ABOUT YFKHTHRE SING CHSMY CH RMEO RSFSH SRPOGECH. fTEI PFRKHUFYMY, B DCHHI PUFBCHYMY LBL RETECHPDYUYLPCH. ABOUT HTHRE Y LHOBYTE UPTSZMY SRPOULYE ULMBDSCH, B ЪBFEN CHOPCHSH RPVSHCHBMY CH ЪBM. BOYCHB, ZDE VSHCHMB PUOPCHBOB THUULBS LPMPOYS, RTPUKHEEUFChPCHBCHYBS DP 1847 Z. h RYUSHNE PF 28 NBS 1807 Z., PFRTBCHMEOOOPN Yuete SRPOGECH ZHVETOBFPTKH LDJP, o. b. ICHPUFPCH RYUBM, YuFP "UPUEDUFChP tPUUYY Y sRPOY YBUFBCHYMP TSEMBFSH DTHTSEULYI UCHSJEK Y FPTZPCHMY", OP PFLB RPUPMSHUFCH CH OOBZBUBLY Y "TBURTPUFTBOEOYE FPTZPCHM Y SRPOGECH RP lHTYMSHULYN PUFTTPCHBN Y UBIBMYOH, SLP CHMBDEOOSN tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY, RTYOKHDIMP, OBLPOEG, UYA DETSBCHH KHRPFTEVMSFSH DTHZIE NETSH.”

rPUME CHPCHTBEEOYS CH PIPFUL OBYUBMSHOIL RPTFB LBRYFBO 2-ZP TBOSB th. O. vHIBTYO TBUGEOYM DEKUFCHYS ICHPUFPCHB Y dBCHSCHDPHB LBL UBNPHRTBCHUFChP, BTEUFPCHBM YI Y RPDCHETZ UFTPZPNH DPRTPUH. rTEDRTYYNYUYCHSHN NPTSLBN, PDOBLP, HDBMPUSH VETSBFSH Y DPVTBFSHUS CH NBE 1808 Z. DP u.-REFETVHTZB. h UCHSY U CHPKOPK UP ychegyek h LBUEUFCHE OBLBBBOYS PVB NPTSLB VSHMY PFRTBCHMEOSCH CH TBKPO VPECHSHI DEKUFCHYK CH ZHYOMSODYY. ъB PFNEOOKHA ITBVTPUFSH YI RTEDUFBCHYMY L OBZTBTSDEOYA PTDEOBNY, OP bDNITBMFEKUFCH-LPMMEZYS RTYOBMB NPTSLPCH CHYOPCHOSCHNY H VEUYOUFCHBI RTPFYCH SRPOGECH, Y bMELUBODT I H LBUEUFCHE OBLBBBOYS MYYYM YI ЪBUMHTSEOOPZP OZTBTSDEOOYS. TsYOSH PVPYI NPTSLPC ЪBLPOYUMBUSH FTBZYUEULY 14 PLFSVTS 1809 Z. RTY TBCHPDE NPUFPCH SING HFPOKHMY CHECH. rPUMEDUFCHYEN YI TBVPKOSCHI DEKUFCHYK RTPFYCH SRPOULYI RPUEMEOYK UFBMP RMEOOYE ABOUT P-CH LHOBYT CH 1811 Z. LBRYFBOB ch. ZPMPCHOYOB Y DTHZYI PZHYGETCH YMARB "DYBOB", PUCHPVPTSDEOOOSCHI FPMSHLP YUETE DCHB ZPDB, LPZDB SRPOULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP KHVEDIMPUSH, "YuFP RTETSOEEE ZTBVYFEMSHUFChP" VSHMP UDEMB OP VE CHEDPNUFCHB TPUUYKULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB .

fTBZYUEULPK PLBBBMBUSH UHDSHVB J o.r. TEBBOPCHB, LPFPTSHCHK ABOUT RTPFSTSEOYY CHUEZP LTHZPUCHEFOPZP RMBCHBOYS YUKHCHUFCHPCHBM UEVS VPMSHOSCHN. fTHDOSHCHN VHI RPUMBOOILB PLBBBMPUSH Y 6-NEUSYUOPE RTEVSCCHBOYE CH ABZBUBLY, ZDE PO ZHBLFYUEULY OBIPDIYMUS RPD DPNBOYN BTEUFPN, B FBLCE RKhFEYUFCHYE CH BNETYLH. h RMPIPN UPUFPSOYY TEOBOPCH PUEOSH 1806 Z. PFRTBCHYMUS YЪ pIPFULB "RP NOPZPFTHDOPNKH CHEUSHNB RKhFY CHETIPCHPA EDPA" h sLHFUL. h RKhFY EZP ЪBUFYZMY "NPTPPSCH Y UOEZB", BY "CEUFPLP YOKHTSM UEVS Y RTPUFKhDYMUS". u FTHDPN TEUBOPCHB DPCHEMY DP sLHFULB, “HERE Y MEYUMY EZP DOEK 10 DPLFPTPN, B RPFPN Y DP yTLHFULB DPEIBM CH UMBVPN ЪДПТПЧШЭ” .

oEPVIPDYNP PFNEFYFSH, YuFP ABOUT CHUEN RKhFY UMEDPCHBOYS TEBBOPCHB CHUFTEYUBMY U OEPVSHCHUBKOSCHN TBDHYEN. “rTYEIBCH CH sLHFUL, RYUBM o.r. TEUBOPCH n. n. vKHMDBLPCHH, CHYDEM WITH VMBZPDBTOPUFSH UPPFYUYUEK NPYI. CHEUSH ZPTPD ЪB TELPK CHUFTEFYM NEOS, Y OBRETETSCHCH HZPEBMY. ъDEUSH, CH YTLHFULE, EEE VPMEE CHYDEM MBULY YI, NEOS ЪББДБЧЯМ РПЪДТБЧМОВНИ... lBL YYOPCHOILY, FBL Y ZTBTSDBOE DBCHBMY CHUSLYK DEOSH RTBDOYLY, PVEDSCH, VBMSHCH, YOSCH. with YЪ VMBZPDBTOPUFY, IPFS Y VEЪ KhDPChPMSHUFCHYS, OP FBULBMUS CHUADH, Y YY FPK TSE VMBZPDBTOPUFY DBM Y S CHUENKH ZPTPDH Ch DPNE HYUMYEB ABOUT 300 YUEMPCHEL PVED, VBM Y HTSYO, LPFPTSHCHK NOE DP 2 FSHCHU. THVMEK UFPYM.” “lBL DPVTSHCHK LHREG” teBOPCH CHUADH CHOILBM CH DEMB tbl Y “CHUE UYMSCH KHRPFTEVIM, YUFPVSHCH RPMOPN CHYDE DPUFYUSH ЪCHBOYS UEZP.” OE OBBS, LBL zMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE PFOUEEFUS L EZP RMBOKH, TEBOPC RPDYUETLYCHBM, YuFP "OE EBDIM DMS OEZP TSYOY" Y FBL YN ZPTDYMUS, "YuFP OYUEZP, LTPNE RTYOBFEMSHOPU FY RPFPNLCH" OE CEMBEF. ETsEDOECHOP CHUFTEYUBSUSH U OPCHSHCHN UYVYTULIN ZEOETBM-ZKHVETOBFPTPN y. V. REUFEMEN, TEBOPCH NOPZP "ZPCHPTYM U OIN P LPNRBBOYY, P RPMSH'BI EE, P OECHPNPTSOPUFY UYVYTY UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH VE OEE CH VMBZPDEOUFCHEOOPN CHYDE." OE VEЪ FTKHDB ON UKHNEM "CHPURMBNEOYFSH" UCHPYNYY PVOYTOEKYNYY RMBOBNY LPMEVMAEEZPUS ZEOETBM-ZKHVETOBFPTB, LPFPTSHCHK RTYOBMUS, YuFP YI UCHYDBOYE "TEYMP DMS OEZP LFPF ECH HYEM ".

NETSDH FEN CH TEKHMSHFBFE HFPNYFEMSHOSHCHI CHUFTEY Y RTYENPCH ЪДПТПЧШе о.р. TEBOPCHB RTDDPMTsBMP "RTENEFOP UMBVEFSH", Y GYFYTHENPE RYUSHNP n. n. VKHMDBLPCHH, RP UHFY DEMB, RTEDUFBCHMSMP UPVPK EZP RTEDUNETFOKHA YURPCHEDSH Y UBCHEEBOIE. rPDCHPDS YFPZY UCHPEK TSYYOY, PO OE RETEUFBCHBM DKHNBFSH P DCHHI MAVYNSHI YN TSEEOYOBY RPLLPKOPK TSEOE BOOE ZTYZPTSHE yEMYIPCHPK Y UCHPEK AOPK OECHEUFE LPOUERUY DE BTZKHM MP.

“OBLPOEG S CH YTLHFULE! OBUYOBM TEЪBOPCH LFP UCHPE UBNPE REYUBMSHOPE RYUSHNP. mYYSH KHCHYDEM ZPTPD UEK, FP Y ЪBMYMUS UMEЪBNY. with Y DEOSH, CHESCHYYUSH ЪB RETP, MSHA UMESH. NYMSCHK, VEUGEOOOSCHK DTKHZ NPK TSYCHEF CH UETDGE NPEN PDYOBLPCHP! UEZPDOS DEOSH UCHBDSHVSH NPEC (RP CHUEK CHYDINPUFY, UCHBDSHVB TE'BOPCHB U AOPK BOOPK yEMYIPCHPK UPUFPSMBUSH 24 SOCHBTS 1795 Z., LPZDB EK OE YURPMOMPUSH EEE Y 15 MEF Y EEE DP UNETFY EE PFGB z. yEMYIPCHB. Y RTELTBUOPK lPOUERUYY. TFYOH RTETSOEZP UYUBUFSHS NPEZP, UNPFTA ABOUT CHUE Y ZPTSHLP RMBUH . s KHCHYTSKH ITS RTETSDE FEWS... UMSH NPI NEOS PUFBCHMSAF. with DEOSH PFP DOS IHTSE Y UMBWEE. OE OBBA, NPZH MY S DPPFBEIFSHUS DP CHBU: TBUPYUFKHUSH U UPVPK Y UP CHTENEOEN, Y VHDE OEF, FP OE IYUH KHNYTBFSH ABOUT DPTPZE Y CHPYUSH MHYUYE ЪDEUSH NEUFP, CH OBNEOULPN, V MYЪ PFGB EE" (F. E. z. y. yEMYIPCHB , LPFPTSHK VSHM RPIPTPOO ABOUT FETTYFPTYY OBNEOULPZP NPOBUFSHTS CH YTLHFULE o.

“rBFTYPFYYN ЪBUFBCHYM NEOS YOKHTYFSH CHUE UYMSCH NPI; With RMBChBM RP NPTSN, LBL KhFLB; UFTBDBM PF ZPMPDB, IMPPDB, CH FP CE CHTENS PF PVIDSCH Y EEE CHDCHPE PF UETDEYUOSHI MSW NPYI.”

h LPOGE RYUSHNB CHBTSOBS RTYRYULB: “yЪ LBMYZHPTOYKULPZP DPOUEEOYS NPEZP OE UPYUFY, NPK DTKHZ, NEOS CHEFTEOYGEK. MAVPCHSH NPS KH CHBU CH OECHULPN, RPD LHULPN NTBNPTB, B ЪDEUSH UMEDUFCHYE EOFKHYBINB Y OPCHBS TSETFCHB PFEYUUFCHH”. EUMY VSC TEOBOPCH RPUFBCHYM ЪDEUSH FPYULH, YUYFBFEMSH Refinery OBRPDPYFSH EZP CH OEYULTEOOPUFY CH PFOPEYOYY UCHPEK AOPK OECHEUFSHCH. OP RPDFCHETTSDBS MAVPCHSH L UCHPEK VECHTENEOOP KHNETYEK TSEOE Y YURPCHEDHSUSH RETED UNETFSHHA, o.r. TEBOBCH UYEM OEPVIPDYNSCHN DPVBCHYFSH: “lPOFEOUYS (FBL CH DPLHNEOFE) NYMB, LBL BOSEM, RTELTBUOB, DPVTB UETDGEN, MAVYF NEOS; S MAVMA EE RMBUKH P FPN, UFP OEF EK NEUFB CH UETDGE NPEN. ъDEUSH, DTHZ NPK, LBL ZTEYOIL ABOUT DKHIKH, LBAUSH, OP FSH, LBL RBUFSHTSH NPK, UPITBOY FBKOKH.”

fY UMPCHB CHTSD MY OHTSDBAFUS CH RPDTPVOSHHI LPNNEOFBTYSI. DHNBS RETED UNETFSHA P UCHPEK RPLPKOPK TSEOE Y ЪBVPFSUSH P DEFSI, TEBOPCH UP UMEBNY IPFEM CHSHVTPUYFSH YUCHPEZP UETDGB RPNPMCHLH U lPOUERUYEK, RTEDUFBCHYCH EE "LBL UMEDUFCH YE EOFKHYBBN" Y TSETFCHH pFEYUEUFCHH. pUFBEFUS, RPTsBMKhK, FPMSHLP RPSUOYFSH, YuFP o.r. TEBBOPCHB PZPTYUYMP OEHDPCHPMSHUFCHYE RP RPCHPDH EZP RPCHEDEOYS ZTBZHB o.r. tHNSOGECHB. "with VSHM PZPTYUEO DP LTBKOPUFY, RTYOBCHBMUS TEOBOPCH Y DPVBCHMSM: fBL YuFP TBOEE CH ZTPV YDH Y DKHNBA, YuFP OBDPVOP CHYDEFSH TBYOGH NETSDH DPVTPA Y DHTOPA OTBCHUFCHEO OPUFSHA. OP S OE CHYOA ZTBZHB, RPFPNH YuFP OEF ENKH RPMSHSHCH CHTEDYFSH NOE, CHRTPYUEN, FERETSH, UMBCHB vPZH, CHUE LPOYUMPUSH.”

rPTBTsBEF FTBZYUEULBS FPOBMSHOPUFSH bFPZP RTEDUNETFOPZP RYUSHNB. o.r. TEBOBCH SUOP CHYDEM RTYVMYTSEOYE LPOGB Y KHFTBFYM CHETKH CHPNPTSOPUFSH VMBZPRPMHYUOPZP YUIPDB. BY DKHNBM FPMSHLP P RTPYMPN, RYUBM P ULPTPK CHUFTEYUE UP UCHPEK KHNETYEK TSEOPK Y HTSE OE CHYDEM CHNPTSOPUFY OPCHPZP YUBUFSHS. xFTBFB CHETCH CH VMBZPRPMHYuOSCHK YUIPD RTEDPRTEDEMYMB Y DBMSHOEKYE UPVSHFYS. dPVTBCHYYUSH DP lTBUOPSTULB, PO KHNET 1(13) NBTFB 1807 Z. lBL LFP KH OBU YUBUFP VSHCHBEF, GETLPCHSHY RBNSFOIL o.r. TEUBOPCHH CH LTBOOPSTULE VSHCHMY UOEUEOSCH CH 1930-I ZPDBI. ABOUT NEUFE RTEDRPMBZBENPZP ЪBIPTPOEOYS KHUIMYSNY PVEEUFCHEOOPUFY KHUFBOPCHMEO ULTPNOSHCHK RBNSFOSHCHK LBNEOSH U OBDRYUSHA:

TEUBOPCH o.r.

17. 5. 64-18. 6. 07

l UPTSBMEOYA, DBFB UNETFY RTY PYYVPYUOPN RETECHPDE ABOUT OPCHCHK UFYMSH (DMS XIX Part OBDP RTYVBCHMSFSH 12, B OE 13 MILKS) PLBBBMBUSH OECHETOPK, Y OYCE CHPURPYCHPDYFUS OBDRYUSH, OBS ABOUT RETCHPOBUMSHOPN RBNSFOIL: “mEFB 1831-ZP BCHZHUFB 16-ZP DOS CHPDCHYZOKHF YTSDYCHEOYEN TPUUYKULP-bNETYLBOULPK LPNRBOY CH PUBNEOPCHBOIE OEBVCHOOOSHI ЪBUMHZ, PLBBBOOSCHI EK DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSCHN LBNETZETPN OYLPMBEN REFTPCHYUEN TEBOPCCHCHN, LPFPTSCHK, TBEBSUSH YBNETYLY CH tPUUYA, ULPOYUBMUS CH ZPTPDE lTBOOPSTULE 1-ZP NBTFB 1807-ZP ZPDB, B RPZTEVEO 13 YUYUMB FPZP CE NEUSGB.”

h MYFETBFHTE (PUPVEOOP ЪBTHVETSOPK) TBURTPUFTBOEB CHETUIS P FPN, YuFP lPOUERUSHPO OE VSHMP YJCHEUFOP P FPYUOSHI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI UNETFY UCHPEZP CHPMAVMEOOPZP CHRMPFSH DP OBYUBMB 1842 Z., LPZDB EK TBUULBЪBM PV LFPN DYTELFPT LPNRBOY zKhDOPCHB ЪBMYCHB UHT dTsPTDC uYNRUPO, RTPPEIBCHYK O RKhFY Ch bNETYLH YUETE UYVYTSHY RPVSCCHBCHYIK ABOUT NPPZYME o.r. TEBOPCHB CH lTBOOPSTULE.

NETSDH FEN CH 1960'S ZPDSH CH UPVTBOY VKHNBZ b.b. vBTBOPCHB Y y. b. lHULPCHB CH zPUKHDBTUFCHOOOPK VYVMYPFELE uuut YN. h.y. MEOYOB (VSHCHYEK tKHNSOGECHULPK, ​​B OSHCHOE zPUKHDBTUFCHOOOPK VYVMYPFELE tPUUYY) VSHMP PVOBTHCEOP RYUSHNP ZMBCHOPZP RTBCHYFEMS TKHUULPK bNETYLY PFGH OECHEUFSH IPUE DE BTZKHMSHP Y VT BFH lPOUERUSHPO, YJCHEEBCHYYNUS P VECHTENOOOPK LPOYUYOYE o.r. TEBOPCHB.

vBTBOPC UPPVEBM, CH YUBUFOPUFY, YuFP TEBOPCH RPLYOKHM OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL 27 YAMS (8 BCHZKHUFB) 1806 Z., CH UEOFSVTE VMBZPRPMHYUOP DPVTBMUS DP pIPFULB Y, UMEDHS "RP N OPZPFTKhDOPNKH CHEUSHNB RKhFY" Ch u.-refetvkhtz, "ЪBOENPZ Y ULPOYUBMUS Ch ZPTPDE lTBUOPSTULE 1 (13) YYUMB NBTFB NEUSGB 1807 Z.” rYUSHNP vBTBOPCHB UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHEF FBLCE P FPN, YuFP DP UCHPEK VPMEJ UNETFY O RKhFY CH u.-REFETVHTZ TEBOPC RP LTBKOEK NETE DCHBTDSCH RPDFCHETTSDBM UCHPE OBNETEOYE CHSHRPMOYFSH D BOOPE YN PWEEBOIE. "rP PUPVMYCHPK LP NOE VMBZPULMPOOPUFY RPLPCOPZP, KHLBSCCHBM vBTBOPC, YYCHEEEO S, YUFP CH VSHFOPUFSH CH uBOLF-ZHTBOGSHULPK LTERPUFY CHUFKHRIM ON U CHBYN CHSHUPLPVMBZPTPD YEN CH PVSBOOPUFSH TPDUFCHB, UZPCHPTS RTELTBUOKHA DPYUSH chBYKH lPOUERGSHPO CH ЪBLPOOKHA OECHEUFKH, PVOBDETSSH CHPCHTBFIFSHUS YUETE 2 ZPDB L chBN" . RETED PFYAEDDPN Y OChP-bTIBOZEMSHULB, B ЪBFEN YЪ PIPFULB TEBOPCH RTPUYM vBTBOPCB "RTY UMKHYUBAEYIUS PLBYSI" RPDFCHETDYFSH, "YuFP ChSCHRPMOYF ON DBOOPE UMPC, PUP VMYCHHA YUEUFSH UEVE RPUFBCHMSS CHUENETOP FEIFSHUS... OENEDMEOOOP YUTE lBDYUULYK RPTF chBYEZP PFEYUEUFCHB CH OSHOE FELKHEEN 1808-N ZPDH L chBN PFRTBCHYFUS". “OP chCHYOENH RTPCHEDEOYA, RYUBM vBTBOPC, OE KhZPDOP VSHMP YURPMOYFSH ZPTSYUEE EZP L TPDUFCHH chBYENH TSEMBOE. rPUFYZ RTETSDECHTENEOOOP PVEIK CHUEN UNETFOSCHK RTEDEM, B RPFPNH TBTEYYFSHUS DPMTSOB PVSBOOPUFSH Y UHDSHVPA CHBUYEK RTELTBUOPK DPUETY UCHPVPDPA, P YuEN ЪB DPMZ UEVE CHNEOYM FS chBYE CHSHCHUPLPVMBZPTPDYE RTY UMKHYYCHYEKUS FERETSH PLBYY.”

rTELTBUOBS lPOUERUSHPO, LBL NSCH OBEN, OE CHPURPMSHIPCHBMBUSH RTEDPUFBCHMEOOOPK EK UCHPVPDPK Y RTDPDPMTSBMB ITBOIFSH CH UETDGE CHETOPUFSH UCHPENH MAVYNPNH ABOUT RTPFSTSEOY RSFYDEUSFY MEF, CHRMPFSH DP UNETFY 23 DELBVTS 1857 Z. oe UMEDHEF DKHNBFSH, PDOBLP, YUFP POB OE RTOYNBMB BLFYCHOPZP HYUBUFYS CH TSYOY. oBPVPTPF, CHUE LFP CHTENS POB RPNPZBMB VEJDPNOSHCHN Y ZPMPDOSCHN, "UFBCH YUEN-FP CHTPDE TBOOEK nBFETY FETESCH". h lBMYZHPTOY “HER OBMY LBL “La Beata” (“vMBZPUMPCHEOOBS”). VPMEE FPZP, MADI, OBCHYE lPOUERUSHPO, UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBMY, UFP POB "TBURTPUFTBOSMB UNEY Y CHUEMSHE, ZDE VSHCH OH RPSCHMSMBUSH". h RPUMEDOYE ZPDSH lPOUERUSHPO RTERPDBCHBMB CH BLBDENYY uch. lBFETYOSCH UOBYUBMB CH nPOFETEE, B ЪBFEN CH VEOYYE, ZDE CH 1851 Z. RPUFTYZMBUSH, UFBCH RETCHPK NPOBIYOEK, TPTSDEOOOPK CH lBMYZHPTOYY.

y'CHEUFYE P VE'CHTENOOOPK LPOYUYOye o.r. TEBOPCHB VSHUFTP TBURTPUFTBOYMPUSH RP tPUUYY. ULERFYUEULY OBUFTPEOOOSCHK ECZEOYK (vPMIPCHYFYOPCH) RYUBM YЪ oPChZPTPDB CH BRTEME 1807 Z.: “UMBCHOSCHK OBY PLPMP UCHEFB RKhFEYUFCHEOOIL LBNETZET TEBOPCH, CHPCHTBEBSUSH, YЪ pIPFULB CH REFETVHTZ... RP DPTPZE HNET RTPYMPZP nBTFB 1-ZP. chPF Y RTEDEM UMBCHSHCH! In portu naufragium fecit! lBL OE ULBJBFSH: UHEFB UHEFUFCHYK Y CHUSYUEULBS UHEFB!!! b ON NEOS EEE KHZPCHBTYCHBM U OIN RHUFYFSHUS RP PLEBOKH ЪB UMBCHPA ".

rTETSDECHTENEOOBS UNETFSH o.r. TEBOPCHB OE DPMTSOB, PDOBLP, KHNBMSFSH EZP OEPURPTYNSCHI ЪBUMHZ RP PVKHUFTPKUFCHH TKHUULYI CHMBDEOYK CH BNETYLE. th IPFS LBNETZETH OE KHDBMPUSH DPVYFSHUS "PFLTSCHFYS FPTZB" U sRPOYEK, KHUREYOPE RHFEYUFCHYE CH LBMYZHPTOYA URBUMP TSYFEMEK tHUULPK bNETYLY PF TEBMSHOPK KHZTPЪSH ZPMPDB.

h OBYUBME 1808 Z. RETCHEOUFCHHAEIK DYTELFPT tbl n. n. VKHMDBLPCH PVTBFYMUS L bMELUBODTKH I U RTPUSHVPK "YUIPDBFBKUFChPCHBFSH... UPZMBUYE NBDTYDULPZP DCHPTB" ABOUT PFLTSCHFYE FPTZPCHMY LPNRBOYY YURBOULYY CHMBDEOOYSNY H BNETYLE TBTEYEOY “RPUSCHMBFSH LBTSDSCHK ZPD OE VPMEE DCHHI UCHPYI LPTBVMEK CH LBMYZHPTOYKULYE RPTFSCH: uBOF-zhTBOGYULP, nPOFETEK Y uBOF-dYEZP” .

rTEDUFBCHMEOYE tbl OE PUFBMPUSH VE CHAINBOYS: 20 BRTEMS (2 NBS) 1808 Z. NYOYUFT YOPUFTBOOSHI DEM Y LPNNETGYY o.r. TKHNSOGECH DBM TPUUYKULPNH RPUMBOILH CH nBDTYDE z. b. uFTPZBOPCHH YOUFTKHLGYY DPVYCHBFSHUS PF YURBOULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB TBTEYEOYS ABOUT RPUSCHMLH ETSZPDOP DCHHI (B EUMY CHPNPTsOP, FP Y VPMEE) TKHUULYI LPTBVMEK CH LBMJPT OYKULYE RPTFSH, YuFP NPZMP VSC VShchFSH PZHTNMEOP ЪBLMAYUEOYEN UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEEK LPOCHEOGYY. UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH, TPUUYKULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP ZPFPChP VSHMP TBTEYYFSH "FBNPIOIN LPTBVMSN RTYIPDIFSH OE FPMSHLP CH RPTFSCH TPUUYKULP-BNETYLBOULYE, OP CH UBNPA lBNUBFLH, Kommersant YuFP Y PFLTPAFUS FPTZPCHSHCHE UOPYEOYS, PWAYN UFPTPOBN CHBYNOP RPMEOSCHE".

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By the time of his second and most significant voyage around the world, Gagemeister Leonty Andrianovich was already an experienced navigator. He took part in hostilities, including participation in the battle of the Spanish fortress of San Pedro.

Hagemeister's first expedition ended, as indeed it began unexpectedly. “The first expedition, equipped at the expense of the RAC, set off under the command of Lieutenant Gagemeister and reached its destination, but due to the war that broke out at that time with the British, the return voyage became impossible. The ship was left in Kamchatka, and the crew returned to St. Petersburg by land.” 9

In 1816, by order of the Russian-American Trading Company, Lieutenant Commander Gagemeister was going on his second round-the-world expedition as commander of the ship Kutuzov. The second equipped ship “Suvorov” was headed by naval officer Z.I. Panafidin. The purpose of this expedition was to check the state of “Russian America” and the rule of Baranov N.A., since Baranov did not send reports on the rule, although he did send furs. There were rumors about embezzlement in the colonies.

On September 8, 1816, “Kutuzov” and “Suvorov” solemnly set off on a circumnavigation of the world. They rounded Cape Horn and made calls to the ports of Copenhagen and Rio de Janeiro. But “Suvorov” was unable to continue the expedition due to overload, and was forced to go to Novoarkhangelsk by the shortest route.

"Kutuzov" continued his voyage. He arrived in Novoarkhangelsk much later than the Suvorov on November 24, 1817, bringing the necessary cargo to the colony and moored to carry out the mission. Following the order in which Gagemeister was appointed to manage the colony, he announced that he was entrusted with replacing A. A. Baranov.

From the very first days, Gagemeister took up the task assigned with great confidence. During his ten-month reign, he took a number of energetic and effective measures, wanting to improve the situation in the colony. He put colonial paperwork in order, restored the construction of the Novoarkhangelsk fortress, and established new rules for foreign ships entering the port. In the summer of 1818, he sent the expedition of Pyotr Korsakovsky to study Alaska in detail.

In June 1818, food problems arose in the colony, then Gagemeister went to California for food, leaving Yanovsky in charge of the colony. This naval officer did not yet imagine that Russian America would change not only his career, but also leave a deep mark on his life. 10

On October 24, 1818, Gagemeister transferred control of the colony to S.I. Yanovsky. 11 Having hastily completed all his business and removed the remaining gaps in the maps of the American coast, Gagemeister sets off home. Among the passengers of the Kutuzov was the fired Baranov himself, but he did not make it home, died on the ship and was buried at sea. 12

He carried out the return passage of “Kutuzov” from Sitka to Kronstadt in an exemplary manner. He completed his second circumnavigation of the world at the Great Kronstadt roadstead on September 7, 1819.

§7. F.P.'s circumnavigation of the world Wrangel on the transport "Meek" (1825-1827)

This was already the 25th circumnavigation of Russian sailors from Kronstadt to the Far East.

The military transport “Krotky”, 90 feet long, specially built for the upcoming voyage, under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who had already circumnavigated the world as a midshipman on the “Kamchatka” in 1817-1819, left Kronstadt on August 23, 1825.

On board the transport ship “Korotky” under the command of Wrangel there was a young researcher F.F. Matyushkin as a volunteer. At this moment, his main dream comes true - to go on a trip around the world. Admiral Golovnin, who offered Wrangel a trip around the world on the military transport “Meek” to the shores of Kamchatka: “Take Matyushkin with you. And may God grant you to glorify your fatherland with a new voyage.” 13

There he gains experience from the famous navigator, and later becomes an admiral himself.

On this kind of expedition it was mandatory to take a doctor on board; Dr. August Erich Kieber went on this round-the-world expedition. He was a talented doctor and polar explorer. August Erich Kieber was from Livonia and studied in Berlin. Later, he always accompanied Wrangel on all expeditions. By order of the Medical Department of the Ministry of the Interior, the botanist I. Stuart was sent to the expedition as an assistant to Dr. Kiber. But the main task of I. Stuart was: collecting seeds, plants and other objects of natural history under the orders of Dr. Kiber. 14

The transport was supposed to deliver goods to Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk. Having stopped at Portsmouth, Rio de Janeiro, and Valparaiso on the way, Wrangel decided to also stop at the port of Chichagova on the island of Nukugiva (Marquesas Islands) along the way to replenish water supplies.

Ivashintsev, in his essay on Russian voyages around the world, notes that there was so little water on the Meek that only four cups per person were issued per day. This seems a little strange. Therefore, Captain Wrangel decides to call at the nearest safe port to replenish the ship’s holds with various provisions.

“It was necessary to go to some islands of the Great Ocean, and since the Washington Islands lie closest to our direct route and, moreover, sailing to them is not subject to danger from coral reefs and low-lying islands, with which the ocean is dotted in other places, then in honor of these “For this reason, I directed our voyage to the island of Nukagiwe, where a closed bay, known as the port of Chichagova, abounds in forest, fresh water and healthy fruits.” 15

On April 7, the Meek anchored off the island of Nukagiwa. One of the rare tragedies in the history of Russian navigation occurred here. Information about how this tragedy occurred is contradictory. 16

However, in the archival documents you can find a note: “Report of the commander of the military transport “Meek,” Lieutenant Commander F.P. Wrangel". Where the incident is described in detail.

On April 16, the chief of the “Wild Ones,” 17 as he called the local population, wished them a pig as a gift. To which Wrangel agreed, and at the moment of handing over the gift, the savages opened fire using the firearms they had. The ship's mastman, Deibner, died.

It was decided to pacify the savages by force, and a boat was sent with Lieutenant Lavrov and twelve armed sailors. 18 One of the sailors was immediately killed, some managed to escape. But the savages were merciless. Under gunfire from the shore, the "Short" sailed from the port into the sea, leaving four armed sailors at the mercy of the savages. There were about four hundred savages. “At 8 o’clock we went out to sea, having lost the rope in the narrowness, and all night we heard screams and saw lights on the shore.” 19

The Englishman and the sailor abandoned the boat near the shore and swam to the ship “Korotky”. Also saved were “an Indian and one Nukagivian who remained on the “Meek”, the first three to save them from the monsters, and the last one was detained by Wrangel by force at the very beginning of the attack.” 20

Captain Wrangel decided to enlist the Indian, the Englishman and the Nukagiv citizen among the sailors, declaring the following: “for experience has proven to me that in difficult work it is impossible to do without them.” 21

Ivashintsev writes that until April 16, “relations with the residents were constantly friendly.”

22 Only thanks to the “zeal and ingenuity of the officers and the tireless efficiency of all ranks and servants” the expedition team managed to go out to sea and escape.

Thus, the “Korotky” transport left the parking lot ahead of schedule and set off to continue the expedition. The voyage from Valparaiso to Kamchatka, as Wrangel wrote, “had no success in terms of hydrographic surveys” 23 . Subsequently, the “Meek” sailed without calling at ports for 109 days.

Now on the world map about 13 large geographical points bear the name of the outstanding Russian navigator, scientist and statesman F.P. Wrangel 24 . After all, the captain made many more lesser-known expeditions.

After returning from Irkutsk to St. Petersburg, Ferdinand Petrovich was awarded a lifelong pension in the amount of an annual lieutenant's salary, promoted to the next rank and was granted 4 years of service to receive the Order of St. George.

Important scientific material is contained in the “Daily Notes” that Wrangel kept throughout the voyage, which reflect observations of ocean currents, wind, tides, phenomenal meteorological phenomena, as well as data on the ethnography of the peoples of South America and the Pacific basin.

By land, through all of Siberia, he reached from St. Petersburg to Okhotsk and by sea headed to the capital of Russia's overseas possessions. Wrangel remained in the post of chief ruler until 1835. He explored the western coast of North America from the Bering Strait to Fort Ross. In addition, near Novoarkhangelsk he founded an observatory for constant observations of the weather and magnetic field.

June 26th, 2015

It was a time when ships were built from wood,
and the people who controlled them were forged from steel

Ask anyone, and he will tell you that the first person to circumnavigate the world was the Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who died on the island of Mactan (Philippines) during an armed skirmish with the natives (1521). The same is written in history books. In fact, this is a myth. After all, it turns out that one excludes the other. Magellan managed to go only half of the way.

Primus circumdedisti me (you were the first to circumvent me)- reads the Latin inscription on the coat of arms of Juan Sebastian Elcano crowned with a globe. Indeed, Elcano was the first person to commit circumnavigation.

Let's find out in more detail how this happened...

The San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian houses Salaverria's painting "The Return of Victoria". Eighteen emaciated people in white shrouds, with lit candles in their hands, staggering down the ramp from the ship onto the Seville embankment. These are sailors from the only ship that returned to Spain from Magellan's entire flotilla. In front is their captain, Juan Sebastian Elcano.

Much in Elcano’s biography is still unclear. Oddly enough, the man who first circumnavigated the globe did not attract the attention of artists and historians of his time. There is not even a reliable portrait of him, and of the documents he wrote, only letters to the king, petitions and a will have survived.

Juan Sebastian Elcano was born in 1486 in Getaria, a small port town in the Basque Country, near San Sebastian. He early connected his own destiny with the sea, making a “career” that was not uncommon for an enterprising person of that time - first changing the job of a fisherman to being a smuggler, and later enlisting in the navy to avoid punishment for his too free attitude towards laws and trade duties. Elcano managed to take part in the Italian Wars and the Spanish military campaign in Algeria in 1509. Basque mastered maritime affairs well in practice when he was a smuggler, but it was in the navy that Elcano received the “correct” education in the field of navigation and astronomy.

In 1510, Elcano, the owner and captain of a ship, took part in the siege of Tripoli. But the Spanish Treasury refused to pay Elcano the amount due for settlements with the crew. Having left military service, which never seriously attracted the young adventurer with low wages and the need to maintain discipline, Elcano decides to start a new life in Seville. It seems to Basque that a brilliant future awaits him - in his new city, no one knows about his not entirely impeccable past, the navigator atoned for his guilt before the law in battles with the enemies of Spain, he has official papers allowing him to work as a captain on a merchant ship ... But the trading enterprises in which Elcano becomes a participant turn out to be unprofitable.

In 1517, to pay off debts, he sold the ship under his command to Genoese bankers - and this trading operation determined his entire fate. The fact is that the owner of the sold ship was not Elcano himself, but the Spanish crown, and the Basque, as expected, again had difficulties with the law, this time threatening him with the death penalty. At that time it was considered a serious crime. Knowing that the court would not take into account any excuses, Elcano fled to Seville, where it was easy to get lost and then hide on any ship: in those days, captains were least interested in the biographies of their people. In addition, there were many of Elcano’s fellow countrymen in Seville, and one of them, Ibarolla, was well acquainted with Magellan. He helped Elcano enlist in Magellan's flotilla. Having passed the exams and received beans as a sign of a good grade (those who failed received peas from the examination committee), Elcano became a helmsman on the third largest ship in the flotilla, the Concepcion.

Ships of Magellan's flotilla

On September 20, 1519, Magellan's flotilla left the mouth of the Guadalquivir and headed for the shores of Brazil. In April 1520, when the ships settled for the winter in the frosty and deserted Bay of San Julian, the captains dissatisfied with Magellan mutinied. Elcano found himself drawn into it, not daring to disobey his commander, captain of the Concepcion Quesada.

Magellan energetically and brutally suppressed the rebellion: Quesada and another of the leaders of the conspiracy had their heads cut off, the corpses were quartered and the mutilated remains were stuck on poles. Magellan ordered Captain Cartagena and one priest, also the instigator of the rebellion, to be landed on the deserted shore of the bay, where they subsequently died. Magellan spared the remaining forty rebels, including Elcano.

1. The first circumnavigation in history

On November 28, 1520, the remaining three ships left the strait and in March 1521, after an unprecedentedly difficult passage across the Pacific Ocean, they approached the islands, which later became known as the Marianas. In the same month, Magellan discovered the Philippine Islands, and on April 27, 1521, he died in a skirmish with local residents on the island of Matan. Elcano, stricken with scurvy, did not take part in this skirmish. After the death of Magellan, Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrano were elected captains of the flotilla. At the head of a small detachment, they went ashore to the Rajah of Sebu and were treacherously killed. Fate again - for the umpteenth time - spared Elcano. Karvalyo became the head of the flotilla. But there were only 115 people left on the three ships; There are many sick people among them. Therefore, the Concepcion was burned in the strait between the islands of Cebu and Bohol; and his team moved to the other two ships - Victoria and Trinidad. Both ships wandered between the islands for a long time, until finally, on November 8, 1521, they dropped anchor off the island of Tidore, one of the “Spice Islands” - the Moluccas. Then it was generally decided to continue sailing on one ship - the Victoria, of which Elcano had recently become captain, and leave the Trinidad in the Moluccas. And Elcano managed to navigate his worm-eaten ship with a starving crew across the Indian Ocean and along the coast of Africa. A third of the team died, about a third were detained by the Portuguese, but still “Victoria” entered the mouth of the Guadalquivir on September 8, 1522.

It was an unprecedented transition, unheard of in the history of navigation. Contemporaries wrote that Elcano surpassed King Solomon, the Argonauts and the cunning Odysseus. The first circumnavigation in history has been completed! The king granted the navigator an annual pension of 500 gold ducats and knighted Elcano. The coat of arms assigned to Elcano (since then del Cano) immortalized his voyage. The coat of arms depicted two cinnamon sticks framed with nutmeg and cloves, and a golden castle topped with a helmet. Above the helmet is a globe with the Latin inscription: “You were the first to circle me.” And finally, by a special decree, the king granted Elcano a pardon for selling the ship to a foreigner. But if it was quite simple to reward and forgive the brave captain, then resolving all the controversial issues related to the fate of the Moluccas turned out to be more difficult. The Spanish-Portuguese Congress met for a long time, but was never able to “divide” the islands located on the other side of the “apple of the earth” between the two powerful powers. And the Spanish government decided not to delay the departure of the second expedition to the Moluccas.

2. Goodbye La Coruña

La Coruña was considered the safest port in Spain, which “could accommodate all the fleets of the world.” The importance of the city increased even more when the Chamber of Indian Affairs was temporarily transferred here from Seville. This chamber developed plans for a new expedition to the Moluccas in order to finally establish Spanish dominance on these islands. Elcano arrived in La Coruña full of bright hopes - he already saw himself as an admiral of the armada - and began equipping the flotilla. However, Charles I appointed as commander not Elcano, but a certain Jofre de Loais, a participant in many naval battles, but completely unfamiliar with navigation. Elcano's pride was deeply wounded. In addition, from the royal chancellery came the “highest refusal” to Elcano’s request for payment of the annual pension granted to him of 500 gold ducats: the king ordered that this amount be paid only after returning from the expedition. Thus, Elcano experienced the traditional ingratitude of the Spanish crown towards famous navigators.

Before sailing, Elcano visited his native Getaria, where he, a famous sailor, easily managed to recruit many volunteers onto his ships: with a man who has walked around the “apple of the earth,” you will not be lost in the devil’s mouth, the port brethren reasoned. In the early summer of 1525, Elcano brought his four ships to A Coruña and was appointed helmsman and deputy commander of the flotilla. In total, the flotilla consisted of seven ships and 450 crew members. There were no Portuguese on this expedition. The last night before the flotilla sailed in La Coruña it was very lively and solemn. At midnight, a huge fire was lit on Mount Hercules, on the site of the ruins of a Roman lighthouse. The city said goodbye to the sailors. The cries of the townspeople who treated the sailors with wine from leather bottles, the sobs of women and the hymns of pilgrims mixed with the sounds of the cheerful dance “La Muneira”. The sailors of the flotilla remembered this night for a long time. They were sent to another hemisphere, and they now faced a life full of dangers and hardships. For the last time, Elcano walked under the narrow arch of Puerto de San Miguel and descended the sixteen pink steps to the shore. These steps, already completely erased, have survived to this day.

Death of Magellan

3. The misfortunes of the chief helmsman

Loaiza's powerful, well-armed flotilla set sail on July 24, 1525. According to the royal instructions, and Loaysa had fifty-three in total, the flotilla was to follow the path of Magellan, but avoid his mistakes. But neither Elcano, the king's chief adviser, nor the king himself foresaw that this would be the last expedition sent through the Strait of Magellan. It was Loaisa's expedition that was destined to prove that this was not the most profitable path. And all subsequent expeditions to Asia were sent from the Pacific ports of New Spain (Mexico).

On July 26, the ships rounded Cape Finisterre. On August 18, the ships were caught in a strong storm. The main mast on the admiral's ship was broken, but two carpenters sent by Elcano, risking their lives, still got there in a small boat. While the mast was being repaired, the flagship collided with the Parral, breaking its mizzenmast. The swimming was very difficult. There was not enough fresh water and provisions. Who knows what the fate of the expedition would have been if on October 20 the lookout had not seen the island of Annobon in the Gulf of Guinea on the horizon. The island was deserted - only a few skeletons lay under a tree on which a strange inscription was carved: “Here lies the unfortunate Juan Ruiz, killed because he deserved it.” Superstitious sailors saw this as a terrible omen. The ships hastily filled with water and stocked up on provisions. On this occasion, the captains and officers of the flotilla were convened for a festive dinner with the admiral, which almost ended tragically.

A huge, unknown breed of fish was served on the table. According to Urdaneta, Elcano’s page and chronicler of the expedition, some sailors who “tasted the meat of this fish, which had teeth like a large dog, had such stomach pain that they thought they would not survive.” Soon the entire flotilla left the shores of inhospitable Annobon. From here Loaisa decided to sail to the shores of Brazil. And from that moment on, a streak of misfortune began for the Sancti Espiritus, Elcano’s ship. Without having time to set sail, the Sancti Espiritus almost collided with the admiral's ship, and then fell behind the flotilla for some time. At latitude 31º, after a strong storm, the admiral's ship disappeared from sight. Elcano took command of the remaining ships. Then the San Gabriel separated from the flotilla. The remaining five ships searched for the admiral's ship for three days. The search was unsuccessful, and Elcano ordered to move on to the Strait of Magellan.

On January 12, the ships stood at the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, and since neither the admiral's ship nor the San Gabriel approached here, Elcano convened a council. Knowing from the experience of a previous voyage that there was an excellent anchorage here, he suggested waiting for both ships, as was provided for in the instructions. However, the officers, who were eager to enter the strait as quickly as possible, advised leaving only the Santiago pinnace at the mouth of the river, burying a message in a jar under the cross on the island that the ships were heading to the Strait of Magellan. On the morning of January 14, the flotilla weighed anchor. But what Elcano took for a strait turned out to be the mouth of the Gallegos River, five or six miles from the strait. Urdaneta, who, despite his admiration for Elcano. retained the ability to be critical of his decisions, writes that Elcano’s mistake really amazed him. That same day they approached the present entrance to the strait and anchored at the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Holy Virgins.

An exact copy of the ship "Victoria"

At night a terrible storm hit the flotilla. The raging waves flooded the ship to the middle of the masts, and it could barely stay on four anchors. Elcano realized that everything was lost. His only thought now was to save the team. He ordered the ship to be grounded. Panic began on the Sancti Espiritus. Several soldiers and sailors rushed into the water in horror; everyone drowned except one, who managed to reach the shore. Then the rest crossed to the shore. We managed to save some of the provisions. However, at night the storm broke out with the same force and finally destroyed the Sancti Espiritus. For Elcano, the captain, the first circumnavigator and chief helmsman of the expedition, the crash, especially through his fault, was a big blow. Elcano had never been in such a difficult situation. When the storm finally subsided, the captains of other ships sent a boat for Elcano, inviting him to lead them through the Strait of Magellan, since he had been here before. Elcano agreed, but took only Urdaneta with him. He left the rest of the sailors on the shore...

But failures did not leave the exhausted flotilla. From the very beginning, one of the ships almost ran into rocks, and only Elcano’s determination saved the ship. After some time, Elcano sent Urdaneta with a group of sailors to pick up the sailors left on the shore. Urdaneta's group soon ran out of provisions. It was very cold at night, and people were forced to bury themselves up to their necks in sand, which also did little to warm them. On the fourth day, Urdaneta and his companions approached the sailors dying on the shore from hunger and cold, and on the same day Loaiza’s ship, the San Gabriel, and the pinassa Santiago entered the mouth of the strait. On January 20, they joined the rest of the flotilla.

JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO

On February 5, a strong storm broke out again. Elcano's ship took refuge in the strait, and the San Lesmes was thrown further south by the storm, to 54° 50′ south latitude, that is, it approached the very tip of Tierra del Fuego. In those days, not a single ship sailed further south. A little more, and the expedition could open a route around Cape Horn. After the storm, it turned out that the admiral's ship was aground, and Loaiza and his crew left the ship. Elcano immediately sent a group of his best sailors to help the admiral. On the same day, the Anunciada deserted. The captain of the ship, de Vera, decided to independently get to the Moluccas past the Cape of Good Hope. The Anunciada has gone missing. A few days later, the San Gabriel also deserted. The remaining ships returned to the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, where the sailors began repairing the admiral's ship, which had been battered by storms. Under other conditions, it would have had to be abandoned altogether, but now that the flotilla had lost three of its largest ships, this could no longer be afforded. Elcano, who, on his return to Spain, had criticized Magellan for staying at the mouth of this river for seven weeks, was now forced to spend five weeks here. At the end of March, the somehow patched up ships again headed for the Strait of Magellan. The expedition now consisted of only an admiral's ship, two caravels and a pinnace.

On April 5, the ships entered the Strait of Magellan. Between the islands of Santa Maria and Santa Magdalena, the admiral's ship suffered another misfortune. A boiler filled with boiling tar caught fire and a fire broke out on the ship.

Panic began, many sailors rushed to the boat, not paying attention to Loaiza, who showered them with curses. The fire was still extinguished. The flotilla moved on through the strait, along the banks of which on the high mountain peaks, “so high that they seemed to stretch to the very sky,” lay eternal bluish snow. At night, Patagonian fires burned on both sides of the strait. Elcano was already familiar with these lights from his first voyage. On April 25, the ships weighed anchor from the San Jorge parking lot, where they replenished their supplies of water and firewood, and again set off on a difficult voyage.

And there, where the waves of both oceans meet with a deafening roar, a storm struck Loaisa's flotilla again. The ships anchored in the bay of San Juan de Portalina. On the shore of the bay rose mountains several thousand feet high. It was terribly cold, and “no clothing could warm us,” writes Urdaneta. Elcano was on the flagship the entire time: Loaiza, having no relevant experience, relied entirely on Elcano. The passage through the strait lasted forty-eight days - ten days more than Magellan. On May 31, a strong northeast wind blew. The whole sky was overcast. On the night of June 1 to 2, a storm broke out, the most terrible that had occurred so far, scattering all the ships. Although the weather later improved, they were never destined to meet. Elcano, with most of the crew of the Sancti Espiritus, was now on the admiral's ship, which numbered one hundred and twenty people. Two pumps did not have time to pump out the water; it was feared that the ship could sink at any minute. In general, the ocean was Great, but by no means Quiet.

4. The helmsman dies as an admiral

The ship was sailing alone; neither sail nor island were visible on the vast horizon. “Every day,” writes Urdaneta, “we waited for the end. Due to the fact that people from the wrecked ship moved to us, we are forced to reduce rations. We worked hard and ate little. We had to endure great hardships and some of us died.” Loaiza died on July 30. According to one of the expedition members, the cause of his death was loss of spirit; he was so worried about the loss of the remaining ships that he “became weaker and died.” Loayza did not forget to mention his chief helmsman in his will: “I ask that Elcano be returned the four barrels of white wine that I owe him. Let the crackers and other provisions lying on my ship Santa Maria de la Victoria be given to my nephew Alvaro de Loaiza, who should share them with Elcano.” They say that by this time only rats remained on the ship. Many on the ship suffered from scurvy. Wherever Elcano looked, everywhere he saw swollen pale faces and heard the groans of the sailors.

From the time they left the strait, thirty people died of scurvy. “They all died,” writes Urdaneta, “because their gums were swollen and they could not eat anything. I saw a man whose gums were so swollen that he tore off pieces of meat as thick as a finger.” The sailors had one hope - Elcano. They, in spite of everything, believed in his lucky star, although he was so ill that four days before Loaisa's death he himself made a will. A cannon salute was given in honor of Elcano's assumption of the post of admiral, a position for which he had unsuccessfully sought two years earlier. But Elcano's strength was running out. The day came when the admiral could no longer get out of bed. His relatives and his faithful Urdaneta gathered in the cabin. In the flickering light of the candle one could see how thin they had become and how much they had suffered. Urdaneta kneels and touches the body of her dying master with one hand. The priest watches him closely. Finally he raises his hand, and everyone present slowly kneels. Elcano's wanderings are over...

“Monday, August 6th. The valiant Senor Juan Sebastian de Elcano has died." This is how Urdaneta noted in his diary the death of the great navigator.

Four people lift the body of Juan Sebastian, wrapped in a shroud and tied to a board. At a sign from the new admiral, they throw him into the sea. There was a splash that drowned out the priest's prayers.

MONUMENT IN HONOR OF ELCANO IN GETARIA

Epilogue

Worn by worms, tormented by storms and storms, the lonely ship continued on its way. The team, according to Urdaneta, “was terribly exhausted and exhausted. Not a day went by without one of us dying.

Therefore, we decided that the best thing for us was to go to the Moluccas." Thus, they abandoned the bold plan of Elcano, who was going to fulfill Columbus’s dream - to reach the eastern coast of Asia, following the shortest route from the west. “I am sure that if Elcano had not died, we would not have reached the Ladron (Mariana) Islands so soon, because his always intention was to search for Chipansu (Japan),” writes Urdaneta. He clearly thought Elcano's plan was too risky. But the man who first circled the “earthly apple” did not know what fear was. But he also did not know that three years later Charles I would cede his “rights” to the Moluccas to Portugal for 350 thousand gold ducats. Of Loaiza's entire expedition, only two ships survived: the San Gabriel, which reached Spain after a two-year voyage, and the Santiago, under the command of Guevara, which sailed along the Pacific coast of South America to Mexico. Although Guevara saw the coast of South America only once, his voyage proved that the coast does not protrude far to the west anywhere and that South America is shaped like a triangle. This was the most important geographical discovery of Loaiza's expedition.

Getaria, in the homeland of Elcano, at the entrance to the church there is a stone slab, a half-erased inscription on which reads: “... the illustrious captain Juan Sebastian del Cano, a native and resident of the noble and faithful city of Getaria, the first to circumnavigate the globe on the ship Victoria.” In memory of the hero, this slab was erected in 1661 by Don Pedro de Etave e Azi, Knight of the Order of Calatrava. Pray for the repose of the soul of the one who was the first to travel around the world.” And on the globe in the San Telmo Museum the place where Elcano died is indicated - 157º west longitude and 9º north latitude.

In history books, Juan Sebastian Elcano undeservedly found himself in the shadow of the glory of Ferdinand Magellan, but in his homeland he is remembered and revered. A training sailing ship in the Spanish Navy bears the name Elcano. In the wheelhouse of the ship you can see the coat of arms of Elcano, and the sailing ship itself has already completed a dozen expeditions around the world.

CIRCUMSTANCES AND TRAVELS, expeditions around the Earth, during which all meridians or parallels of the Earth intersect. Circumnavigation of the world took place (in different sequences) through the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, initially in search of new lands and trade routes, which led to the Great Geographical Discoveries. The first circumnavigation in history was made by a Spanish expedition in 1519-22 led by F. Magellan in search of a direct western route from Europe to the West Indies (where the Spaniards were heading for spices) under the command of six rotating captains (the last one was J. S. Elcano) . As a result of this most important voyage in the history of geographical discoveries, a gigantic water area called the Pacific Ocean was identified, the unity of the World Ocean was proven, the hypothesis of the predominance of land over water was questioned, the theory of the sphericity of the Earth was confirmed, irrefutable data appeared to determine its true dimensions, and the idea arose about the need to introduce a date line. Despite the death of Magellan on this voyage, he should be considered the first circumnavigator around the world. The second circumnavigation of the world was carried out by the English pirate F. Drake (1577-80), and the third by the English pirate T. Cavendish (1586-88); They penetrated through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean to plunder Spanish-American port cities and capture Spanish ships. Drake became the first captain to completely circumnavigate the world. The fourth circumnavigation of the world (again through the Strait of Magellan) was carried out by the Dutch expedition of O. van Noort (1598-1601). The Dutch expedition of J. Lemaire - W. Schouten (1615-17), equipped with competing compatriot merchants to eliminate the monopoly of the Netherlands East India Company, paved a new route around Cape Horn discovered by it, but company agents seized their ship off the Moluccas, and the survivors sailors (including Schouten) completed their circumnavigation of the world as prisoners on her ships. Of the three voyages around the world by the English navigator W. Dampier, the most significant is the first, which he completed on different ships with long breaks in 1679-91, collecting materials that allowed him to be considered one of the founders of oceanography.

In the 2nd half of the 18th century, when the struggle for the seizure of new lands intensified, Great Britain and France sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, including the first French expedition around the world under the leadership of L. A. de Bougainville (1766-69), which discovered in Oceania a number of islands; Among the participants in this expedition was J. Baret, the first woman to circumnavigate the world. These voyages proved, although not completely, that in the Pacific Ocean, between the parallels of latitude 50° north and latitude 60° south, east of the Asian archipelagos, New Guinea and Australia, there are no large land masses except New Zealand. The English navigator S. Wallis, in his circumnavigation of the world in 1766-68, was the first to quite accurately determine the position of the island of Tahiti, several islands and atolls in the western and central parts of the Pacific Ocean using a new method of calculating longitudes. The English navigator J. Cook achieved the greatest geographical results in three voyages around the world.

In the 19th century, hundreds of voyages around the world took place for trade, fishing and purely scientific purposes, and discoveries continued in the Southern Hemisphere. In the 1st half of the 19th century, the Russian sailing fleet played an outstanding role; During the first circumnavigation of the world, accomplished on the sloops “Nadezhda” and “Neva” by I.F. Krusenstern and Yu.F. Lisyansky (1803-06), inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were identified, and the reasons for the glow of the sea were explained. The subsequent dozens of other Russian circumnavigations connected St. Petersburg with the Far East and Russian possessions in North America via a relatively cheap sea route, and strengthened Russian positions in the North Pacific Ocean. Russian expeditions made a major contribution to the development of oceanography and discovered many islands; O. E. Kotzebue, during his second circumnavigation of the world (1815-18), first made a correct assumption about the origin of coral islands. The expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev (1819-21) on the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny” on January 16, February 5 and 6, 1820 almost came close to the coast of the previously mythical Southern Earth - Antarctica (now Bereg Princess Martha and Princess Astrid Coast), identified an arched underwater ridge 4800 km long and mapped 29 islands.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, when sailing ships were replaced by steamships and the main discoveries of new lands were completed, three circumnavigations took place, which made a great contribution to the study of the topography of the bottom of the World Ocean. The British expedition of 1872-76 on the corvette Challenger (captains J. S. Nares and F. T. Thomson, who replaced him in 1874) in the Atlantic Ocean discovered a number of basins, the Puerto Rico Trench, and underwater ridges around Antarctica; In the Pacific Ocean, the first determinations of depths were made in a number of underwater basins, underwater rises and elevations, and the Mariana Trench were identified. The German expedition of 1874-76 on the military corvette "Gazelle" (commander G. von Schleinitz) continued the discovery of bottom relief elements and depth measurements in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. The Russian expedition of 1886-89 on the corvette “Vityaz” (commander S. O. Makarov) for the first time revealed the main laws of the general circulation of surface waters in the Northern Hemisphere and discovered the existence of a “cold intermediate layer” that preserves the remnants of winter cooling in the waters of the seas and oceans.

In the 20th century, major discoveries were made during circumnavigations, mainly by Antarctic expeditions that established the outlines of Antarctica, including the British expedition on the Discovery-N ship under the command of D. John and W. Carey, which in 1931-33 in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered the Chatham Rise, traced the South Pacific Ridge for almost 2000 km and conducted oceanographic surveys of Antarctic waters.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, voyages around the world began to be carried out for educational, sports and tourism purposes, including solo voyages. The first solo circumnavigation of the world was carried out by the American traveler J. Slocum (1895-98), the second by his compatriot G. Pigeon (1921-1925), the third by the French traveler A. Gerbaut (1923-29). In 1960, the first circumnavigation of the world took place on the submarine Triton (USA) under the command of Captain E. Beach. In 1966, a detachment of Soviet nuclear submarines under the command of Rear Admiral A.I. Sorokin made the first circumnavigation of the world without surfacing. In 1968-69, the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world was carried out by the English captain R. Knox-Johnston on the sailing yacht Sukhaili. The first woman to make a solo circumnavigation around the world was the Polish traveler K. Chojnowska-Liskiewicz on the yacht Mazurek in 1976-78. Great Britain was the first to introduce solo round-the-world races and make them regular (since 1982). Russian navigator and traveler F. F. Konyukhov (born in 1951) made 4 solo voyages around the world: 1st (1990-91) on the yacht Karaana, 2nd (1993-94) on the yacht Formosa, 3rd (1998-99) - on the yacht "Modern Humanitarian University", participating in the international sailing race "Around the World - Alone", 4th (2004-05) - on the yacht "Scarlet Sails". The first circumnavigation of the Russian training sailing ship Kruzenshtern in 1995-1996 was timed to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet.

The first trip around the world from west to east was carried out by P. Teixeira (Portugal) in 1586-1601, circumnavigating the Earth on ships and on foot. The second, in 1785-1788, was accomplished by the French traveler J. B. Lesseps, the only surviving member of the expedition of J. La Perouse. In the last third of the 19th century, after the publication of J. Verne’s novel “Around the World in 80 Days” (1872), travel around the world in record time became widespread. In 1889-90, the American journalist N. Bly circumnavigated the Earth in 72 days; in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this record was repeatedly improved. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, circumnavigation and travel around the world were no longer considered something exotic; latitudinal ones were added to them. In 1979-82, for the first time in the history of mankind, R. Fiennes and C. Burton (Great Britain) circumnavigated the world along the Greenwich meridian with relatively short deviations to the east and west through both poles of the planet (on ships, cars, motorcars, motor boats and on foot) . Travelers contributed to the geographical study of Antarctica. In 1911-13, the Russian athlete A. Pankratov made the first trip around the world on a bicycle in history. The first round-the-world flight in the history of aeronautics belonged to the German airship “Graf Zeppelin” under the command of G. Eckener: in 1929, in 21 days, it covered about 31.4 thousand km with three intermediate landings. In 1949, the American B-50 bomber (commanded by Captain J. Gallagher) made the first non-stop flight around the world (with in-flight refueling). The first space flight around the Earth in human history was carried out in 1961 by Soviet cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on the Vostok spacecraft. In 1986, the British crew made the first round-the-world flight in aviation history on an airplane without refueling (D. Rutan and J. Yeager). Spouses Kate and David Grant (Great Britain) with three children traveled around the world in a van drawn by a pair of horses. They left the Orkney Islands (Great Britain) in 1990, crossed the oceans, countries of Europe, Asia and North America and returned to their homeland in 1997. Russian travelers P.F. Plonin and N.K. Davidovsky made a horseback trip around the world in 1992-98. In 1999-2002, V. A. Shanin (Russia) traveled around the world in passing cars, airplanes, and cargo ships. In 2002, S. Fossett (USA) flew around the Earth alone in a hot air balloon for the first time; in 2005, he made the first solo round-the-world non-stop flight in an airplane without refueling in the history of aviation.

Lit.: Ivashintsov N. A. Russian trips around the world from 1803 to 1849. St. Petersburg, 1872; Baker J. History of geographical discoveries and research. M., 1950; Russian sailors. [Sat. Art.]. M., 1953; Zubov N.N. Domestic sailors - explorers of the seas and oceans. M., 1954; Urbanchik A. Alone across the ocean: One hundred years of solo navigation. M., 1974; Magidovich I. P., Magidovich V. I. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. 3rd ed. M., 1983-1986. T. 2-5; Faines R. Around the world along the meridian. M., 1992; Blon J. The Great Hour of the Oceans. M., 1993. T. 1-2; Slocum J. Alone under sail around the world. M., 2002; Pigafetta A. The Voyage of Magellan. M., 2009.