Spelling endings. Handbook of the Russian language Write the ending e or

Spelling case endings of nouns

The spelling of the endings of nouns depends on what type of declension they belong to. Errors in choosing endings -e or - And usually appear not in all case forms, but only in the forms of three cases: genitive, dative and prepositional.

Nouns I declination(country, land, alley) in genitive forms have the ending -s(s), and in the dative and prepositional forms -e:

Genus. n. (who? what?) countries earth alleys

Dat. n. (to whom? what?) country earth alley

Suggestion n. (about whom? about what?) (about) country (about) land (about) alley

Nouns of the 2nd declension in the form of the prepositional case they have an ending -e: (in) the house, (on) the horse, (on) the window, (about) the heat, (in) the frost. There are usually no mistakes made here.

Nouns of III declension(steppe, night, quiet) in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -And:

Genus. n. (who? what?) steppes nights silence

Dat. n. (to whom? what?) steppes nights silence

Suggestion p. (about whom? about what?) (about) steppe (about) night (in) silence

Recommendation. To check the spelling of an unstressed ending in a noun, it is enough to remember the keyword with a stressed ending in the same form (according to the morphological principle of Russian spelling). For the first declension this could be the word Earth, for II - window, for III - steppe.

Indeclinable nouns

Word path, as well as ten nouns in -me (banner, flame, tribe, stirrup, etc.) are indeclinable and in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases they have the ending -And:

Genus. n. (who? what?) pathbannerflame

Dat. n. (to whom? what?) paths of the banner of the flame

Suggestion n. (about whom? about what?) (in) the way (on) the banner (in) the tribe

Case forms of nouns in -i, -i, -i

1. Nouns with a mixed masculine and neuter stem -th And -ies in the feminine prepositional case on -and I in the dative and prepositional cases the singular has an unstressed ending -And(but not -e as a general rule), for example:
genius - about genius, sodium - about sodium, radium - about radium, Vasily - about Vasily, Yuri - about Yuri;
separation - in the department, return - upon return, assistance - with assistance;
army - to the army, about the army, line - along the line, on the line, station - to the station, at the station; Bulgaria – in Bulgaria, in Bulgaria; Maria - to Maria, about Maria.

Note. If there are options for -ies And -ye, -and I And -ya the indicated case forms have different endings. Nouns on –ya And -ye are declined according to the general rule and have an ending in the dative and prepositional cases -e:
about skill - about skill, in flowering - in flowering, about verbosity - about verbosity, about Natalia - about Natalya, to Maria - to Marya.

2. Few nouns in -ii, -ii with a monosyllabic base have the ending in the indicated cases in an unstressed position as a general rule -e: serpent - about the serpent, ky - about kiy, Kiy (the legendary founder of Kyiv) - about Kiy, chiy (plant) - about chiy, "Viy" - in "Bue", Pius - about Pius, under Pope Pius; Biya (river) - along Biya, on Biya; Iya, Leah, Viya (female names) - to Iya, about Leah, about Vie; Gia (male name) - to Gia, about Gia. (§ 40 Code of Regulations 1956)

3. Few nouns have - no, -and I, with an accent on the ending, the indicated case forms end in - And on either - e, eg: judge - to the judge, about the judge, litia - in litia-, litany - in litany, being - about being, life - about life, in life, but: edge - on the edge, about the edge, Aliya, Zulfiya (personal names) - about Aliya, to Zulfiya.

Vowels in some unstressed case endings

Nouns with suffix -searching-, if they are masculine or neuter, they end in them. pad. units hours on -e , For example: house, camel, fishing rod, swamp. If they are feminine, then they end in them. pad. units hours on -A , For example: cows, hands, dirt.

Masculine nouns with suffixes -yushk-, -yushk-, ishk-, yushk- , denoting animate objects, as well as all feminine nouns with the same suffixes end in them. pad. units hours on -A , For example: grandfather, father, boy, old man, little man, nightingale, nanny, little hand.

Masculine nouns denoting inanimate objects, as well as all neuter nouns, have them in them. pad. units h. after these suffixes the ending -O , For example: bread, little yard, feather, coat.

At the end of them. pad. units including animate masculine nouns after suffixes -To- And -l- is written A , For example: reveler, started singing, was big, ate; colloquial proper names like Gavrila, Kirila, Mikhaila(used along with Gabriel, Kirill, Mikhail).

The exception is Old Russian and Ukrainian names and surnames in -ko , For example: Mikhalko, Shevchenko, as well as ancient and regional proper names on -lo , For example: Yarilo, Mikhailo Lomonosov.

In the family pad. plural hours from nouns ending in singular. h. on unstruck -ya And -ye , written -th , and from nouns ending in -ya And -ye under stress, written -to her , For example: shalunya - naughty, gorge - gorge, But: bench - bench, gun - gun.

Declension of proper names

In surnames on -in (-yn) and on -ov(s) is written in the creative work. pad. units h. -th (according to the declension of adjectives), for example: Pavel Lisitsyn – Pavel Lisitsyn, Ivan Turgenev – Ivan Turgenev.

Note. In foreign surnames -in And -s is written in the creative work. pad. units h. -om (according to the declension of nouns), for example: Green - Green, Darwin - Darwin, Bülow - Bülow.

In the names of settlements on -in (-yn), -ov (-ev), -ino (-yno), -ovo (-evo) is written in the creative work. pad. units h. -ohm , For example:

the city of Pskov - the city of Pskov
city ​​of Lviv – city of Lviv
the city of Saratov - the city of Saratov
the city of Kanev - the city of Kanev
the city of Kalinin - the city of Kalinin
the city of Kirov - the city of Kirov
Maryino village - Maryino village
the village of Lisitsyno - the village of Lisitsyn
village Kryukovo - village Kryukovo

One common instance of difficulty in choosing the correct spelling is during or during. It is useful for everyone to know how to correctly use such phrases in a text, since even the Word program most likely will not help clarify the situation with the correct ending. The built-in spell checker is only useful when you type "in progress" or "in progress" instead of "in progress."

In contact with

During the course - together or separately? The answer to this question is clear. In any case, it is correct to write separately. This is where a text editor with a built-in spell checker will help, highlighting combined spelling as erroneous. However, automatic fixing is not always available. Therefore, it is easier to remember this rather easy rule, which will help out under any circumstances.

Which ending is correct: “e” or “i”? There is no clear answer here. Both options are correct, but are used in different cases, as they differ in meaning. At the same time, automatic spell checking is powerless, because spelling a phrase with either the ending “i” or “e” is not incorrect.

So you can find out for sure which ending should be written only by looking at the phrase in the sentence.

Spelling in cases where you can ask the question “in what?”

Correct: ending with “and”.

These are two parts of speech: the preposition “in” and the noun, which is in the prepositional case. That is, the phrase answers the question “in what?” The noun following the preposition in such cases can have any of the meanings (for example, “flow” or “development”):

Years later, scientists noticed changes (in what?) in the flow of the river.

Doctors managed to achieve improvement (in what?) in the course of the disease.

In addition, a noun can have dependent words, that is, for the purpose of spelling check, the combination is easily separated by inserting an adjective into it. For example:

In the (what?) rapid flow of events, a pattern became noticeable.

Spelling when meaning “for some time” or “during”

Correct: with the ending "e".

This is a complex preposition, which is similar in meaning to the expressions “during”, “for the time” or “during”. Following the rules of the Russian language, the ending of a combination with this meaning should always be written in the form of the letter “e”:

During the lesson, schoolchildren studied the spelling of the adjective “tin” and made sentences with the word.

Over the past four years, they have vacationed at sea three times.

Two separate words form one part of speech (complex preposition), therefore it will not be possible to insert anything else between them without violating the meaning. This feature can be used for testing purposes. So, for example, you cannot separate this stable combination by inserting an additional word in the following sentence:

He had been unable to grasp the ever-elusive moment for a long time.

For comparison: between the preposition “in” and the noun “current” you can insert the word “fast”:

He once tried to capture a subtle moment (of what?) in the rapid passage of time.

Spelling in cases where you can ask the question “what?”

Correct: with the ending "e".

Here everything is in many ways similar to the case with the phrase ending in “and”. The difference lies in the question answered by the combination: “into what?” or “where?” These are the same two parts of speech: a preposition and a noun, but in the accusative. Otherwise there are no differences. The noun here can also be used in any meaning (for example, “flow” or “course”):

The authorities learned that industrial waste had gotten into (what?) the river.

He noticed that (into what?) memories of the previous conversation constantly burst into his thoughts.

In such cases, it is also possible for the noun to have dependent words. That is, to check the spelling, for example, an adjective is inserted into the middle of the combination, and the phrase will still make sense.

conclusions

Regardless of the semantic load and ending (“e” or “i”), the phrase is written separately. At the same time, the choice of the last letter during writing is influenced by the meaning in the sentence, that is, belonging to one or two parts of speech.

Should be written ending with "and", If:

• it answers the question “in what?”, being a preposition and a noun;

The phrase should be written with ending "e", If:

• it is similar in meaning to the expressions “during”, “during”, “for the time”, being a stable combination that is used as a complex preposition;
• It is impossible to put a word between the parts of the combination.

• the phrase answers the question “what?”, being a preposition and a noun;
• You can put a word between the parts of the combination.

The spelling of the endings of nouns depends on what type of declension the nouns belong to. Errors in the choice of endings -е or -и do not occur in all case forms, but only in the forms of three cases: genitive, dative and prepositional.

Nouns of the first declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in the genitive case forms have the ending -ы (-и), and in the dative and prepositional forms - e: R. Country-y d. Country-e Drop-e p. ( O) country-e2. Nouns ending in -iya (army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of declension; in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases they have the ending -i:R. =D. =P. Army-i Seri-i Lini-i Mari-i

3. Nouns of the II declension in the form of the prepositional case have the ending -e: (in) the house, (on) the horse, (on) the table, (about) heat, (in) other-e. 4. Nouns in -iy, -i (genius, scenario, meeting, meeting) form a special variant of declension and have the ending -i in the form of the prepositional case: (about) geniuses, (in) scenarios, (at) meeting, (at) meeting. These words should not be confused with nouns in -е (confusion, doubt, oblivion, grumbling), which are declined according to the general rule: (o) confusion, (o) doubt, (o) oblivion, (o) grumbling. Exception: forgotten. 5. Nouns of the III declension (sadness, night, rye, quiet) in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i: R. Grust-i Night-i Rzh-i Tish-i d. Grust-i Night-i Rzhi Tish-i p. (O) sad-i (K) night-i (In) rzh-i (V) tish-i 6. The word path, as well as ten nouns starting with -mya (banner, flame, tribe, stirrup and etc.) are indeclinable and in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases they have the ending -i: p. Put-i d. Put-i p. (B) put-i

Endings of adjectives and participles1. Checking the unstressed ending of an adjective can be done in two ways: 1) by selecting a similar adjective in the same form, but with a stressed ending (new, new, new, but: holy, holy, holy); 2) by asking the question “which one?” in the required form (what? - new, what? - new, what? - new). 2. The rules for writing case endings of participles coincide with the rules for writing endings of adjectives. A slight difference concerns only participles with a sibilant stem. So, if at the endings of adjectives after sibilants, e is written in an unstressed position, and under stress - o (bigger, greater), then at the endings of participles e is always written: walking, seeing, singing, roaring.

Endings of numerals1. In the forms of the nominative and accusative (when combined with inanimate nouns) cases of computational three hundred, four hundred is written at the end -a, in the numeral ninety - -o, in the numeral two hundred - -i. 2. Numerals denoting numbers from 11 to 19 in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i:3. The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have the ending -a:4. Numerals denoting numbers from 200 to 900 (two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred) change both parts when declined:5. All parts of complex ordinal numbers, except the last one, are used in the genitive case: twenty-five thousandth, forty millionth. The exceptions are parts one hundred, ninety: one hundred millionth, ninety thousandth.

Pronoun endingsThe spelling of some pronoun endings is similar to the writing of adjective endings, so can be checked either by an adjective with a stressed ending like saint, or by the word what. Full correspondence of the endings of pronouns in indirect cases (except for the accusative) with the endings of the word “what” is observed in the pronouns this, himself, everyone, each, such, which, no, etc. Incomplete correspondence (instead of -o- is written -e-)- in pronouns mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, etc.:

Verb endingsThe spelling of personal verb endings depends on what type of conjugation the verbs belong to. 1. In the Russian language there are two main types of conjugation: I conjugation with the endings -у, -ест, -ет, -ем, -ete, -ут (-ут) (I’m going, I’m going, I’m going, I’m going, I’m going, they’re going) and II conjugation with endings -у, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -am (-yat) (shout, shout, shout, shout, shout, shout). If the verb has a stressed ending, writing it does not cause any difficulties. If the ending is unstressed, you need to determine the type of conjugation of the verb and select the ending according to the conjugation. 2. The verbs run, want, honor (as well as prefix formations from them) are heterogeneously conjugated. The verbs give, eat (and their prefixes) are called special conjugation verbs: give - I'll give, give, give, give, give, give, give; eat - eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat.

To overcome errors in writing the endings of nouns, it is necessary to help students fully understand the rules for changing this part of speech.

Nouns are inflected by number and case, or declined. There are three types of declension of nouns, which are characterized by different case endings in both singular and plural.

The 1st declension includes all nouns that have the endings -A, -Ya in the nominative singular case. These are mainly feminine nouns (MOM, VODA, WILL) and only a very small number of masculine nouns (YOUNG, GRANDFATHER, UNCLE and a number of male names ending in -A, -Z: YURA, VOLODYA, SEREZHA, TOLYA, KOLYA , PETYA, FEDYA, BORIA, VANYA, etc.).

The 2nd declension includes all other masculine nouns that do not have endings in the nominative case (TABLE, SWORD, HORSE), as well as all neuter nouns (WINDOW, TREE, SUN, SEA).

The 3rd declension includes all feminine nouns ending in the nominative case with a soft sign (MOUSE, NIGHT, DOOR, SALT). We present the case endings of nouns of all three declensions. In the future, we will have to refer to this table more than once.

As you can see, there are many ending options here. Our task is to help the child not get confused in all this diversity and teach him to clearly distinguish between those endings that he most often mixes up in writing. His attention need not be fixed on the spelling of the remaining endings.

If we look closely at the underlined words, we will see that in the nominative and accusative cases of all three declensions, the spelling of the endings is beyond doubt: they are heard clearly and written as they are heard. The same can be said about the genitive and dative cases of the second declension (nouns HOUSE, SEA). Therefore, let us turn only to the “doubtful” endings mixed by students of the genitive and dative cases of the 1st and 3rd declensions and the prepositional case of all three declensions. (The instrumental case endings will be considered separately, since they do not mix with the endings of these three cases).

The first thing that needs to be done when analyzing the specific examples of declension given below is to convince the child that the endings of any nouns in each specific case of a specific declension are the same. This will help him understand that there are no accidents here and that a solid knowledge of the rules for declension of nouns completely guarantees against the erroneous spelling of their endings. In addition, you need to draw the attention of a college or school student to the similarity of some case endings in nouns of different declensions, which will greatly facilitate his assimilation of this material. Involving a child in music promotes the development of language and speech.

Let us turn to specific examples of case endings mixed by Children.

Let us help your child understand the examples given. As we see, in the genitive case in all three declensions only I or Y is written (no rose, uncle, mouse, etc.) "there is never an ending E. For better visual memorization of the endings of this case, below are words used only in the genitive case. Ask your child to read them not in columns, but in lines (rivers, hands, silence, wilderness...), since each of the lines is given in an easy-to-remember rhythm.

The endings of this case will help you remember these two lines:
There is no river, no puddle and no mouse.
Genitive case. Here And always we write.

It is also important to explain to students that prepositions are most often used with the genitive case AT (NEAR, ABOUT), FROM, FOR, FROM.

The very presence of these prepositions with nouns should help in “recognizing” the genitive case and choosing the appropriate endings (with the above prepositions there cannot be an ending E, so you need to write “U cell”, not “U cell”; “OT” cells”, and not “FROM the cell”, “FOR the cell”, and not “FOR the cell”, “FROM the cell”, and not “From the cell”).
To better assimilate prepositions used with the genitive case, we give easy-to-remember examples.

Was at aunt and uncle's,
Went from my aunt and my uncle,
I sang FOR my aunt and my uncle.

Was at my sister's
Came from my sister,
Sang FOR my sister.

Was at Mom's
Came from my mother,
Sang FOR MOM.

Get it for Zina
Mushroom FROM a basket.

Eat FROM a plate, FROM a bowl, FROM a bowl.
Knit me some wool socks for a cat.

In the dative case, in nouns of the 1st declension the ending E is always written (went to the rose, to the uncle), while in nouns of the 3rd declension - I (went to the mouse, to the night).

In the dative case
The letter E is written
However, we will write,
When we approach the MOUSE.

With the dative case, the preposition “K” is most often used, the mere presence of which indicates the need to write in this case the ending E, which, however, does not apply to nouns of the 3rd declension that have the ending I in this case.

I walked to the grove, to the river, to the clearing,
He walked to the she-wolf, to the fox, to the monkey,
But he went to the stove, to the mound, to the mouse.
Why do we write “I” here?

In the prepositional case in nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension the ending E is written (remembered about the rose, about uncle, about the house), while in nouns of the 3rd declension and in this case the ending I is always written (thought about doe, about mice).

In the prepositional case
Also written E,
But again we will write,
Let's talk about MICE.

The prepositional case is most often used with the prepositions O, V, NA:

0 home, about school, about field
At home, at school, in the field
At home, at school, on the field.

In the soot, in the shoes, in the hole.

In the city, but in an ice hole,
In the room, but with shoes on.

It is also necessary to draw children's attention to the fact that some masculine nouns used with the prepositions B and NA, in the Iredpositional case, have the ending U (in the closet, on the floor).

In the mouth, in the ditch, in the closet, in the corner.
In the meadow, on the closet, in the snow, on the floor.

Trees in the forest,
Clothes in the closet,
Broom in the corner,
BROOM ON THE FLOOR.

Hay in a stack,
Haystack IN THE MEADOW,
Meadow on the shore,
Shore In the snow.

Thus, nouns of the 3rd declension in three cases at once (genitive, dative and prepositional) have the ending I:

Speaking of MICE,
Everywhere And we write:
We don't have a mouse
We approach the mouse
And remember about the mouse.

Naturally, the word MOUSE is taken here purely conventionally, as a symbol to designate all nouns of the 3rd declension ending in a soft sign (NIGHT, SPEECH, DOOR, etc.).
It is important to specifically draw the attention of children to the fact that in masculine nouns, also ending in a soft sign (HORSE, DEER), but belonging not to the 3rd, but to the 2nd declension, E is written in the prepositional case: about horse, about deer, oh seal, oh drake. For this reason, you should write: I think about laziness, about doe, but I think about deer, about seal.

In the third declension, where the MOUSE and LAZY are,
In three cases we write the letter I.
Tell me, is the DEER suitable here?
Look carefully again!

For better memorization (including visual) of the endings of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, we give a number of similar examples:

R. I was with my aunt
D. Gave flowers to my aunt
P. And I thought about my aunt.

R. I was with my uncle,
D. The letter was written by Uncle
P. And I remembered my uncle.

R. I haven’t seen my sister for a long time
D. I decided to go to my sister
P. Then I remembered my sister.

R. I missed my grandmother
D. I went to my grandmother
P. And I thought about grandma.
But:
R. It’s not night yet
D. It's time for the night
P. I was thinking about the night.

R. I didn’t see the doe
D. Approached the doe
P. I thought about the doe.