Crime and Punishment - what was the name of Raskolnikov's sister?

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Characteristics of the hero Pulcheria Alexandrovna

Pulcheria Alexandrovna is a minor but significant character in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”; mother of Rodion Raskolnikov and Dunya; a needy widow and defenseless woman of 43 years old. They had another child in the family, but he died in infancy. Pulcheria Alexandrovna is shown by the author as a positive character. Most likely, her husband was some kind of official, but died long ago. The author says nothing about him. A woman is tormented by her son's aloof behavior.

She does not know about Rodion’s crime, but she guesses that something is tormenting him. At the time of the story, she and her daughter are forced to move to St. Petersburg to be closer to their son. The heroine is forced to earn extra money by doing small jobs, embroidering arm ruffles, and selling scarves. She and Dunya (Avdotya Romanovna) somehow earn a living and help their son Rodion with money so that he does not give up his studies.

Raskolnikov loves and respects his mother for her kindness. This woman, despite her mature age, has retained her former beauty. Although she dressed poorly, she always looked neat and dignified. Pulcheria Alexandrovna retained her soundness of mind and clarity of spirit. She is a timid and understanding woman who does not know how to lie or pretend. After the trial she became seriously ill. Before her death, the heroine managed to bless her daughter Dunya for marriage with Razumikhin.

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The Raskolnikov family in the novel “Crime and Punishment”: characteristics, description

The family of Rodion Raskolnikov plays an important role in the novel Crime and Punishment by Dostoevsky. Members of the Raskolnikov family are the central characters of the work.

This article presents a description of Raskolnikov’s family in the novel “Crime and Punishment”: characteristics of the protagonist’s family.
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• Raskolnikov's mother (Pulcheria Alexandrovna)

Raskolnikov's sister (Avdotya Romanovna, or Dunya)
“Despite the fact that Pulcheria Alexandrovna was already forty-three years old, her face still retained remnants of its former beauty, and besides, she seemed much younger than her years, which almost always happens with women who have retained clarity of spirit, freshness of impressions and honest , pure heat of the heart until old age.” ". the obvious poverty of the costume even gave both ladies the appearance of some special dignity. " Pulcheria Alexandrovna has been raising two children, Rodion and Dunya, alone for many years. Apparently her husband died many years ago and was probably a minor official or military man. It is known that Pulcheria Alexandrovna, as a widow, receives a pension of 120 rubles:
". They add one hundred and twenty rubles, I know that.” It is also known that Pulcheria Alexandrovna and her late husband had another child who died at the age of 6 months:
“Near the grandmother’s grave, on which there was a slab, there was also a small grave of his younger brother, who died for six months and whom he also did not know at all and could not remember; but he was told that he had a little brother, and every time he visited the cemetery, he religiously and respectfully crossed himself over the grave, bowed to it and kissed it.” Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova is a kind, soft, intelligent woman, a loving and caring mother. She developed a warm relationship with her children.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna does her best to help her student son Rodion. She sends him the lion's share of her pension and goes into debt for the sake of her son. The woman hopes that Rodion, having received a lawyer’s education, will help the family get out of poverty:
". There is such a mother that out of her hundred and twenty-five ruble pension, even though she won’t eat herself, she will help Rodenka out. " Since the pension is not enough to live on, Pulcheria Alexandrovna earns money through petty work:
“She knits winter scarves there and embroiders armlets, ruining her old eyes. But scarves are only twenty rubles a year. " Before arriving in St. Petersburg, Pulcheria Alexandrovna and her daughter Dunya live in the R*** province in a small county town.

Raskolnikov's sister is Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova, or Dunya. She is about 2-3 years younger than her brother. Dunya is an educated, smart, beautiful girl with a strong character and a big heart.

To support herself and help her mother and brother, Dunya serves as a governess to rich people and gives lessons:
“Reckoning that Avdotya Romanovna, in essence, is a beggar. " ". lives by the labor of her hands, which is supported by both her mother and you (oh, damn, wince again.)” Dunya and her brother Rodion have a very warm, trusting relationship. Dunya loves her brother very much and is ready to make any sacrifice for the sake of his future. That is why Dunya decides to marry the unloved Mr. Luzhin. Dunya hopes that this marriage will allow her to get out of poverty and, most importantly, will help her brother Rodion:
". neither I nor Dunya have yet spoken a word to him about our strong hope that he will help us help you with money while you are at the university; That’s why they didn’t say that, firstly, this would happen on its own later, and he, probably, without further ado, would offer it himself (if only he would have refused Dounia this), all the more quickly since you yourself can become his right hand hand around the office and receive this help not in the form of a benefit, but in the form of a salary you deserve. This is how Dunechka wants to arrange it. " Raskolnikov himself does not accept this sacrifice of his sister and opposes her marriage to Luzhin. Soon Dunya herself becomes disillusioned with the scoundrel Luzhin and refuses to marry him. Subsequently, Dunya marries Razumikhin, a friend of Raskolnikov.

This was a description of Raskolnikov’s family in the novel “Crime and Punishment”: a description of the protagonist’s family.

Raskolnikova Pulcheria Alexandrovna

1. Essays
2. Characters of works
3. Raskolnikova Pulcheria Alexandrovna

("Crime and Punishment")

Mother of Rodion Romanovich and Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikov. “Despite the fact that Pulcheria Alexandrovna was already forty-three years old, her face still retained remnants of her former beauty, and besides, she seemed much younger than her years, which almost always happens with women who have retained clarity of spirit, freshness of impressions and honest, pure heat of the heart until old age. Let's say in parentheses that preserving all this is the only way not to lose your beauty even in old age. Her hair was already beginning to turn gray and thin, small radiant wrinkles had long appeared around her eyes, her cheeks were sunken and dry from care and grief, and yet this face was beautiful. It was a portrait of Dunechka’s face, only twenty years later, and besides the expression of her lower lip, which did not protrude forward. Pulcheria Alexandrovna was sensitive, but not to the point of cloying, timid and compliant, but to a certain point: she could give in a lot, she could agree to a lot, even that which contradicted her convictions, but there was always such a trait of honesty, rules and extreme convictions, which no circumstances could force her to cross. »

On the eve of his crime, Rodion Raskolnikov received from his mother a detailed letter with sad news: Dunya scandalously left her position as a governess in Svidrigailov’s house, because of the latter’s lustful advances, and was forced to marry a certain Mr. Luzhin, judging by some simple-minded reservations of Pulcheria Alexandrovna, a scoundrel. and hoarding. This message finally inspired Rodion to complete his plan - to kill the old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna in order to prevent the self-sacrifice of sister Dunya. The next day after the murder, Rodion receives from his mother a transfer for 35 rubles (“from the last money”), with part of which Razumikhin manages to buy him more or less decent clothes, and he will give the rest to the Marmeladov family. And soon Pulcheria Alexandrovna and her daughter themselves, at the behest and desire of Luzhin, come to St. Petersburg, and all the last days before Rodion’s confession they are close - both tormenting and supporting him.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna never fully realized or understood the catastrophe of her son (and, apparently, she did not want to understand, she was afraid): she fell ill with a nervous illness “like insanity”, it would seem that she believed that Rodya had gone somewhere far away, "abroad". She still managed to bless Dunya for her marriage to Razumikhin and soon died “in the heat and delirium.” In her dying delirium, “words escaped from her, from which one could conclude that she was much more suspicious of her son’s terrible fate.”

In the name of Raskolnikov’s mother one can discern a connection with the heroine of “Old World Landowners” N.V. Gogol - Pulcheria Ivanovna.

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The Raskolnikov family in the novel “Crime and Punishment” and its history

F. M. Dostoevsky is a great man and writer, whose name is known to absolutely every person from school. One of his most famous novels is Crime and Punishment. Dostoevsky wrote a story about a student who committed a murder, after which he suffered a terrible punishment, not in a legal sense, but in a moral sense. Raskolnikov tormented himself, but it was not only he himself who suffered from what he did. The Raskolnikov family in the novel Crime and Punishment also suffered from the actions of the protagonist.

The meaning of the novel's title

“Crime and Punishment” is a great novel that has captivated millions of readers and classic lovers. It is worth saying that the title contains the deep meaning and content of the work.

It is important that from the very beginning Dostoevsky wanted to give his novel a different name, and he came up with “Crime and Punishment” when the writing of the work was at the completion stage. It must be said that the novel can no longer be imagined with a different title, because it is the current one that reflects the entire essence of the idea of ​​the great classic.

First the crime, and then the punishment. Dostoevsky wanted to emphasize that sometimes criminal prosecution is not as terrible for a person as moral punishment. Raskolnikov felt its fullness and realized how terrible it was to “punish” himself.

It is worth saying that not only Rodion felt how difficult it was to experience moral punishment. The Raskolnikov family in the novel “Crime and Punishment” also felt how much one can suffer from the actions committed by loved ones and relatives.

Rodion Raskolnikov

F. M. Dostoevsky decided to introduce the reader to the main character of his novel from its first pages. The author described Raskolnikov’s appearance: “he was slender, handsome, his height was above average, and his eyes were large and beautiful.” The main character of the novel grew up in the family of a poor tradesman.

The writer notes that Raskolnikov was always poorly dressed, and any other person would prefer not to go out in such “rags” at all. The main character's father died, and his family found themselves in a very difficult situation. Raskolnikov's sister was forced to get a job as a governess in order to save her difficult financial situation, and Rodion had to live on money sent by his mother. However, there were still not enough funds, and the young man began giving private lessons. Such a difficult financial situation forced Rodion to leave his studies at the university.

The history of the Raskolnikov family played a huge role in Rodion’s life. It is worth saying that poverty became the cause of many misfortunes that occurred in the life of the main character. However, in spite of everything, Rodion loved his family very much and was ready to give his life for her.

Raskolnikov's mother

Pulcheria Alexandrovna is Rodion’s mother, who loved her son with all her heart. She represents a simple Russian woman who was not only a good and kind person, but also an affectionate mother who loved her children. The author shows the reader that Pulcheria looked good, despite her age, as well as her ugly and unkempt clothes.

The main character's mother was compliant and could always agree to a lot. However, despite this, she was an honest person and it was this trait that did not allow her to overstep herself.

The Raskolnikov family in the novel “Crime and Punishment” appeared before the reader as poor but honest. Its members were ready to do anything for each other.

Rodion's sister

Dunya is Raskolnikov’s beloved sister. It is worth saying that a warm, trusting relationship has long been established between her and her brother, which can safely be called friendly. Dunya loved Rodion and her mother very much, which is why she decided to marry Luzhin in order to save her relatives from poverty. She wanted Raskolnikov to continue studying at the university and also work with her future husband.

However, Rodion dissuaded his sister from marrying Luzhin, because he was a greedy and ignoble gentleman. Soon Dunya married Razumikhin, Raskolnikov’s best friend, who became part of their small family.

The Raskolnikov family in the novel Crime and Punishment is very friendly. Despite all the hardships and obstacles that each member encounters along the way, they stay together and try to help each other.

Father of Rodion Raskolnikov

It is worth saying that Dostoevsky decided not to talk much about Father Rodion. All we know is that the head of the family died. After his death, Pulcheria and her young children were forced to earn a living, and this was not at all easy for them.

Raskolnikov's connection with his family. Dunya's act

It must be repeated that the Raskolnikov family was very friendly and loving. The characterization of the heroes makes it clear that each of them was ready to do anything for each other. The mother loved her children, and they loved her.

The Raskolnikovs’ reverent attitude towards each other is visible at the very beginning of the novel. When they were left in complete poverty after the death of their father, their mother, Dunya and Rodion himself struggled to get money in order to provide at least a little for the family. The protagonist's sister made great sacrifices by deciding to marry Luzhin. Dunya wanted to marry him primarily in order to save her family from poverty. This act suggests that Raskolnikov was so close to his mother and sister that they were ready to make great sacrifices.

Poor but friendly Raskolnikov family. Description of Rodion's action

Despite the fact that Rodion was a criminal, Dostoevsky did not deprive him of his loved ones. This is confirmed by the Raskolnikov family. The characteristics of the members of this family show the reader that, despite the obstacles and adversities, they still remained the closest and dearest people to each other.

Rodion’s connection with his family is confirmed by the situation when Rodion learned about the upcoming marriage of Dunya and Luzhin. Raskolnikov's sister wanted to marry this gentleman for the sake of the prosperity of her family, but Rodion expressed his protest and dissatisfaction about this. Raskolnikov forbade his beloved sister to marry the greedy and not noble Luzhin, because he did not want to see how his sister would suffer and suffer. This act suggests that family and the honor of each of its members are the main thing.

The role of family in Rodion's life

It is worth saying that it was not in vain that Dostoevsky paid so much attention to the Raskolnikov and Marmeladov families. The writer wanted to show what family ties mean in the life of every person. The Raskolnikov family becomes an example in the story. The description of the actions and characters of each character gives the reader the opportunity to understand what role close people play in each other’s lives. It must be said that Raskolnikov’s family partly became involved in Rodion’s crime, because the mother and Dunya pinned all their hopes on the main character. That is why he felt a duty to his family, as well as a great responsibility for the lives of his mother and sister.

The role of Rodion's family in Crime and Punishment

Throughout the entire novel, the reader experiences not hostility, but pity for the main character of the work “Crime and Punishment.” The Raskolnikov family was in a difficult situation. Duna, Pulcheria and Rodion constantly had to endure various shocks and difficult situations.

The fate of the Raskolnikov family is not easy, and therefore makes every reader feel pity and sympathy. Throughout their lives, these people had to fight for themselves and their loved ones, go through difficult trials, but at the same time take care of their honor and live fairly. The role of the Raskolnikov family in the novel is that with its help the author can draw the reader’s attention to how relationships with loved ones can influence a person’s behavior. A good family, in which mutual understanding and love reigns, can give peace and true happiness.

Essay based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Part 3

In literary criticism, little attention is paid to the analysis of the image of Raskolnikov’s mother, Pulcheria Alexandrovna. She experiences their failures as her own and strives to do at least something for them. Dostoevsky admires her selfless love for children. She has already released Rodion into an independent life, but she is still trying to help him with money and support him with letters. She looks with pain at the fate of her daughter. Initially perceiving Luzhin as a support for Dunya, she does not want any benefits from him for herself, informing Raskolnikov that after the wedding she will live separately from the newlyweds. At the same time, Pulcheria Alexandrovna constantly punishes Rodion to love his sister and emphasizes how much she loves him. She wants her children to support and help each other throughout their lives. It is no coincidence that when she sees the reconciliation of brother and sister, her face glows with delight and happiness. In order for the reader to notice and remember this background image, F.M. Dostoevsky chooses a colorful old name for the heroine - Pulcheria. Pulcheria Alexandrovna supports her son in all his endeavors and is sure that everything he does is wonderful. However, in her heart she feels the pain and discord in Rodion’s soul. It is no coincidence that she is baptized before the next meeting with him, and in a conversation with Dunya she evaluates the characters of the children more soberly and frankly than with her son: “You know, Dunya, I looked at both of you, you are a perfect portrait of him, and not so much with your face, but with your soul.” : Both of you are melancholic, both gloomy and hot-tempered, both arrogant and both generous... After all, it can’t be that he’s selfish, Dunechka? A. And when I think about what we’ll have this evening, my whole heart is taken away!” It is noteworthy that Pulcheria Alexandrovna, on her first meeting with Sonya, understands that she is the most important thing in her son’s life.

Another image important for understanding maternal love in the novel is Katerina Ivanovna. Using her example, F.M. Dostoevsky shows that the most difficult social problems, difficulties and deprivations fall primarily on the shoulders of a woman-mother. A well-mannered and educated woman, having become a widow, finds herself without a livelihood. She tries by any means to feed her children. Realizing that the sacrifice that Sonya made for her family is not remunerated, Katerina Ivanovna forces the children to sing and dance in the street for the amusement of the public. She exclaims: “Oh, vile, vile. I don't care; Now I’ll feed these people myself, I won’t bow to anyone! We tormented her enough! (She pointed to Sonya).” One of the most tragic pages of the novel is the scene of Katerina Ivanovna’s death from consumption. Before her death, she refuses the priest, realizing that for Sonya this is an extra ruble, that she is leaving three children with her “from hand to hand.” In her delirium, she shouts out German songs and words from her favorite romance, remembering her youth, her first love.

Her last words: “The nag has gone away! I tore it!” - they make us remember Raskolnikov’s dream, in which he sees a horse being tortured by its owner. Both episodes of the novel emphasize how there is a lack of love and kindness in the earthly world and how much anger, meanness and ruthlessness there is in it.

His favorite heroines F.M. Dostoevsky imparts beauty. Avdotya Romanovna is beautiful and slender. She has proud sparkling eyes, sometimes unusually kind. Pulcheria Alexandrovna also retained the remnants of her former beauty. She is 43 years old. For a person of the 19th century, this is already a respectable age: “Her face still retained remnants of its former beauty, and besides, she seemed much younger than her years, which almost always happens with women who have retained clarity of spirit, freshness of impressions and honest, pure heat hearts until old age." Placing a detailed portrait of Pulcheria Alexandrovna, F.M. Dostoevsky immediately reinforces it with psychological characteristics, noting such character traits as sensitivity, timidity, and compliance.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna feels in her heart that Razumikhin is a reliable person. A mother's heart makes the right choice. Pulcheria Alexandrovna understands at first glance with whom her daughter will be happy in marriage. It is no coincidence that Dunya will subsequently choose Razumikhin as her husband.

The images of Sonya and Dunya are set off in the novel by the episodic image of a young drunk woman on the boulevard in a silk dress, dressed carelessly and ineptly, obviously by a man’s hands. Raskolnikov sees some dandy following her and wants to save her: he gives his last money so that the policeman will take her home in a cab. Dostoevsky more than once demonstrates Raskolnikov’s ability to perform noble spiritual deeds.

In critical literature, when discussing the reasons for Raskolnikov’s crime, either the social or the philosophical aspect is strengthened. It is best to consider them together. However, F.M. It is more important for Dostoevsky to show not the reasons for Raskolnikov’s crime and not the crime itself, but the punishment in all its horror and inevitability. It is enough to note that the description of the unbearable torment and suffering of the killer is given a central place in the novel. There are many additional circumstances that prompted Raskolnikov to commit a crime. This is, for example, an overheard conversation in a tavern. During his next visit to the old woman, the hero is interested in who she lives with and notes to himself that the rest of the apartments on the floor are empty.

F.M. Dostoevsky in no way justifies Rodion. The writer believes that the end does not justify the means.

Having committed murder, Raskolnikov seems to have contracted a dangerous mental illness: he is delirious, suffering, and has nightmares. The only salvation for him is recognition and repentance. But both become a difficult moral test for a proud person. Signs of neurasthenia appear in the hero even before the crime. However, after the murder, Raskolnikov generally feels that he is going crazy. He is overcome by fear, horror and disgust. Half-dead, he barely makes it home and plunges not even into sleep, but into some special difficult mental state: “Shreds and fragments of some thoughts were swarming in his head; but he couldn’t grab a single one, couldn’t stop at a single one, despite his efforts.” Thus, the punishment for the hero becomes punishment through suffering. It is important to understand that punishment comes even before the verdict is announced: it is expressed in those hellish mental anguish, bordering on madness, that the hero experiences.

In order for the reader to understand that Raskolnikov has another way other than crime to help his sister and mother, F.M. Dostoevsky introduces the character of Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin into the novel. This is Rodion’s faithful friend at the university, who, despite everything, continues to support him. This is a cheerful and kind guy to the point of simplicity. “However, under this simplicity there was also depth and dignity,” emphasizes F.M. Dostoevsky. The friendship of Raskolnikov and Razumikhin is contrasted in the novel with showing the disunity of people in general. Razumikhin and Raskolnikov are contrasted using their speaking surnames (“reason” - “schism”) according to the principle of their attitude to life in general. Razumikhin approaches difficulties easily and simply. Like Raskolnikov, he is very poor, but knows a lot of ways to find income for himself, and to do it honestly: for example, he gives lessons.

Crime and punishment Rodion's mother

LETTER TO RASKOLNIKOV'S MOTHER

“My dear Rodya,” my mother wrote, “it’s been more than two months since I’ve talked to you in writing, from which I myself suffered and didn’t even sleep some nights, thinking. But you probably won’t blame me for this involuntary silence of mine. You know how much I love you; You are the only one for us, for me and Dunya, you are our everything, all our hope, our hope. What happened to me when I found out that you had already left the university for several months, for lack of anything to support yourself, and that your lessons and other means had stopped! How could I, with my one hundred and twenty rubles a year pension, help you? The fifteen rubles that I sent you four months ago, I borrowed, as you yourself know, for the same pension, from our local merchant Afanasy Ivanovich Vakhrushin. He is a kind man and was also a friend of your father. But, having given him the right to receive a pension for me, I had to wait until the debt was paid, and this has just now been fulfilled, so I could not send anything to you all this time. But now, thank God, it seems I can send you more, and in general we can now even boast of our fortune, which I hasten to tell you about. And, firstly, do you guess, dear Rodya, that your sister has been living with me for a month and a half now, and we will no longer be separated in the future. Thank you God, her torture is over, but I’ll tell you everything in order, so that you will know how it all happened and what we have been hiding from you until now. When you wrote to me two months ago that you heard from someone that Dunya suffers a lot from rudeness in the house of the Svidrigailovs, and asked me for exact explanations, what could I write to you in response then? If I had written to you the whole truth, then you would probably have dropped everything, even on foot, and come to us, because I know your character and feelings, and you would not have offended your sister. I myself was in despair, but what could I do? I myself didn’t know the whole truth then. The main difficulty was that Dunechka, having entered their house as a governess last year, took a full hundred rubles in advance under the condition of a monthly deduction from her salary, and, therefore, it was impossible to leave the place without paying off the debt. She took this amount (now I can explain everything to you, priceless Rodya) more in order to send you sixty rubles, which you so needed then and which you received from us last year. We deceived you then, we wrote that it was from Dunya’s previous money accumulated, but it was not so, and now I am telling you the whole truth, because everything has now changed suddenly, by the will of God, for the better, and so that you know how much he loves you Dunya and what a priceless heart she has. Indeed, Mr. Svidrigailov at first treated her very rudely and made various incivilities and ridicule to her at the table. But I don’t want to go into all these difficult details, so as not to worry you in vain, when everything is over now. In short, despite the kind and noble treatment of Marfa Petrovna, Mr. Svidrigailov’s wife, and everyone at home, it was very difficult for Dunechka, especially when Mr. Svidrigailov was, according to his old regimental habit, under the influence of Bacchus. But what happened later? Imagine that this madman had long had a passion for Dunya, but kept hiding it under the guise of rudeness and contempt for her. Perhaps he himself was ashamed and horrified, seeing himself already in age and the father of a family, with such frivolous hopes, and therefore he was involuntarily angry with Dunya. Or perhaps it was that by his rudeness and ridicule he only wanted to hide the whole truth from others. But finally he could not resist and dared to make an obvious and vile proposal to Dunya, promising her various rewards and, moreover, to give up everything and go with her to another village or, perhaps, abroad. Can you imagine all her suffering! It was impossible to leave the place now, not only because of the monetary debt, but also to spare Marfa Petrovna, who might suddenly become suspicious, and therefore would have to create discord in the family. And it would have been a big scandal for Dounia; It wouldn't have worked out that way. There were many different reasons, so Dunya could not possibly hope to escape from this terrible house before six weeks. Of course, you know Dunya, you know how smart she is and how strong her character is. Dunechka can endure a lot and even in the most extreme cases find so much generosity in herself that she does not lose her firmness. She didn’t even write to me about everything, so as not to upset me, and we often sent messages. The denouement came unexpectedly. Marfa Petrovna accidentally overheard her husband begging Dounia in the garden, and, misunderstanding everything, blamed her for everything, thinking that she was the cause of everything. A terrible scene happened right there in their garden: Marfa Petrovna even hit Dunya, didn’t want to listen to anything, and she screamed for a whole hour and finally ordered Dunya to be immediately taken to me in the city, on a simple peasant cart, into which they all threw her things, linen, dresses, everything as it happened, untied and unpacked. And then a torrential rain arose, and Dunya, insulted and disgraced, had to travel seventeen miles with the man in an uncovered cart. Think now what I could write to you in a letter in response to yours, which I received two months ago, and what should I write about? I myself was in despair; I didn’t dare write you the truth, because you would be very unhappy, upset and outraged, and what could you do? Perhaps he could also ruin himself, and Dunechka forbade it; but I couldn’t fill the letter with trifles and about anything, while there was such grief in my soul. For a whole month we had gossip all over the city about this story, and it got so bad that we couldn’t even go to church with Dunya because of the contemptuous looks and whispers, and there were even conversations out loud in front of us. All our acquaintances distanced themselves from us, everyone stopped even bowing, and I probably found out that the merchant clerks and some clerks wanted to inflict a low insult on us by smearing the gates of our house with tar, so the owners began to demand that we move out of the apartment. The reason for all this was Marfa Petrovna, who managed to accuse and pollute Dunya in all the houses. She knows everyone and has been coming to town every minute this month, and since she is a little talkative and likes to talk about her family affairs and, especially, complain about her husband to everyone, which is very bad, she spread the whole story, in a short time, not only in the city, but also throughout the county. I got sick, but Dunechka was tougher than me, and if you had seen how she endured everything and how she consoled and encouraged me! She's an angel! But, by the mercy of God, our torment was shortened: Mr. Svidrigailov came to his senses and repented and, probably taking pity on Dunya, presented Marfa Petrovna with complete and obvious evidence of all Dunya’s innocence, namely: a letter that Dunya had written even before Marfa Petrovna found them in the garden, she was forced to write and convey to him in order to reject the personal explanations and secret meetings on which he insisted, and which, after Dunechka’s departure, remained in the hands of Mr. Svidrigailov. In this letter, she most ardently and with complete indignation reproached him precisely for the ignobility of his behavior towards Marfa Petrovna, made it clear to him that he was a father and a family man and that, finally, how vile it was for him to torment and make someone already unhappy unhappy and defenseless girl. In a word, dear Rodya, this letter is written so nobly and touchingly that I cried while reading it, and to this day I cannot read it without tears. In addition, to justify Dunya, evidence finally appeared from servants who saw and knew much more than Mr. Svidrigailov himself assumed, as is always the case. Marfa Petrovna was completely amazed and “killed again,” as she herself confessed to us, but she was completely convinced of Dunechkina’s innocence and the next day, Sunday, arriving straight at the cathedral, on her knees and with tears she begged the mistress to give her the strength to endure this a new test and fulfill your duty. Then, straight from the cathedral, without visiting anyone, she came to us, told us everything, cried bitterly and, in complete repentance, hugged and begged Dunya to forgive her. That same morning, without any hesitation, straight from us, she went to all the houses in the city and everywhere, in the most flattering expressions for Dunya, shedding tears, she restored her innocence and the nobility of her feelings and behavior. Moreover, she showed and read aloud to everyone Dunechkino’s handwritten letter to Mr. Svidrigailov and even allowed them to make copies of it (which, it seems to me, is unnecessary). Thus, she had to visit everyone in the city for several days in a row, since some began to be offended that others were given preference, and thus queues started, so that in every house they were already waiting in advance and everyone knew that on such and such a day Marfa Petrovna this letter would be read there, and for each reading, even those who had already listened to the letter several times, both in their homes and at other acquaintances’, gathered in turn. My opinion is that much, very much, was unnecessary here; but Marfa Petrovna is already of this character. At least she completely restored Dounia’s honor, and the whole vileness of this matter fell as an indelible shame on her husband, as the main culprit, so I even feel sorry for him; They've already dealt too harshly with this madman. Dunya was immediately invited to give lessons in some houses, but she refused. In general, everyone suddenly began to treat her with special respect. All this contributed mainly to that unexpected event through which, one might say, our whole destiny is now changing. Find out, dear Rodya, that a groom has wooed Duna and that she has already given her consent, which I hasten to notify you of as soon as possible. And although this matter was done without your advice, you probably will not make a complaint against me or your sister, since you will see for yourself from the matter that it would be impossible for us to wait and put off until we receive your answer. And you yourself could not discuss everything exactly in absentia. This is what happened. He is already a court councilor, Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, and a distant relative of Marfa Petrovna, who contributed a lot to this. He began by expressing a desire to get to know us through her, was properly received, drank coffee, and the next day sent a letter in which he very politely explained his proposal and asked for a quick and decisive response. He is a businesslike and busy man, and is now in a hurry to St. Petersburg, so he values ​​every minute. Of course, at first we were very surprised, since all this happened too quickly and unexpectedly. We thought and thought together all that day. He is a reliable and wealthy man, he serves in two places and already has his own capital. True, he is already forty-five years old, but he is quite pleasant-looking and can still please women, and in general he is a very respectable and decent person, just a little gloomy and seemingly arrogant. But this may only be what it seems at first glance. And I warn you, dear Rodya, when you see him in St. Petersburg, which will happen very soon, do not judge too quickly and ardently, as is typical for you, if at first glance something in him does not seem to you. I say this just in case, although I am sure that he will make a pleasant impression on you. And besides, in order to identify any person, you need to treat him gradually and carefully, so as not to fall into error and prejudice, which are very difficult to correct and make amends for later. And Pyotr Petrovich, at least in many ways, is a very respectable man. On his first visit, he told us that he was a positive person, but in many ways shared, as he himself put it, “the convictions of our newest generations” and was the enemy of all prejudices. He also said a lot, because he is somewhat vain and really loves to be listened to, but this is almost not a vice. I, of course, didn’t understand much, but Dunya explained to me that although he had little education, he was smart and, it seemed, kind. You know the character of your sister, Rodya. This girl is firm, prudent, patient and generous, although with a passionate heart, which I learned well in her. Of course, there is no special love here either on her part or on his part, but Dunya, in addition to being a smart girl, is at the same time a noble creature, like an angel, and as a duty she will set herself to create the happiness of her husband, who in turn would become to take care of her happiness, and in the latter we have, for now, no great reason to doubt, although, admittedly, the matter was quickly done. In addition, he is a very prudent person and, of course, he will see for himself that his own marital happiness will be all the more certain the happier Dunechka is for him. And that there are some irregularities in character, some old habits and even some disagreement in thoughts (which cannot be avoided even in the happiest marriages), then on this score Dunechka herself told me that she hopes for herself; that there is nothing to worry about and that she can endure a lot, provided that further relations are honest and fair. He, for example, seemed to me at first to be somewhat harsh; but this can happen precisely because he is a straightforward person, and certainly so. For example, on the second visit, having already received consent, in a conversation he expressed that before, without knowing Dunya, he had decided to take an honest girl, but without a dowry, and certainly one who had already experienced a difficult situation; because, as he explained, a husband should not owe anything to his wife, but it is much better if the wife considers her husband to be her benefactor. I add that he expressed himself somewhat softer and more affectionately than I wrote, because I forgot the real expression, but remember only one thought, and, besides, he did not say this at all intentionally, but obviously let it slip, in the heat of conversation, so that he even tried to get better and soften it later; but I still thought it was a little harsh, and I told Duna about it. But Dunya even answered me with annoyance that “words are not action,” and this, of course, is fair. Before making up her mind, Dunechka did not sleep all night and, believing that I was already asleep, got out of bed and walked back and forth around the room all night; Finally she knelt down and prayed long and fervently before the icon, and the next morning she announced to me that she had made up her mind.

I have already mentioned that Pyotr Petrovich is now leaving for St. Petersburg. He has big business there, and he wants to open a public law office in St. Petersburg. He has been involved in various claims and litigation for a long time, and recently he just won one significant lawsuit. He needs to go to St. Petersburg because he has one significant matter in the Senate there. Thus, dear Rodya, he can be very useful to you, even in everything, and Dunya and I have already decided that you, even from this very day, could definitely begin your future career and consider your fate already clearly determined. Oh, if only this could come true! This would be such a benefit that we must consider it nothing other than the direct mercy of the Almighty to us. Dunya only dreams about this. We have already risked saying a few words to Pyotr Petrovich on this matter. He expressed himself cautiously and said that, of course, since he couldn’t do without a secretary, then, of course, it was better to pay a salary to a relative than to a stranger, if only he turned out to be capable of the position (if only you weren’t capable!), but he immediately expressed doubt that your university studies would not leave you time to study in his office. This time it ended that way, but Dunya now doesn’t think about anything other than this. Now, for several days now, she’s just been in some kind of heat and has drawn up a whole project about how later you can be a comrade and even a companion of Pyotr Petrovich in his litigation studies, especially since you yourself are at the Faculty of Law. I, Rodya, completely agree with her and share all her plans and hopes, seeing complete probability in them; and, despite the current, very understandable, evasiveness of Pyotr Petrovich (because he doesn’t know you yet), Dunya is firmly convinced that she will achieve everything with her good influence on her future husband, and of this she is confident. Of course, we were careful not to let Pyotr Petrovich know about any of these further dreams of ours and, most importantly, that you would be his companion. He is a positive person and, perhaps, would have accepted it very dryly, since all this would have seemed to him just dreams. Likewise, neither I nor Dunya have yet spoken a word to him about our strong hope that he will help us help you with money while you are at the university; That’s why they didn’t say that, firstly, this would happen on its own later, and he, probably, without further ado, would offer it himself (if only he would have refused Dounia this), all the more quickly since you yourself can become his right hand hand around the office and receive this help not in the form of a benefit, but in the form of a salary you deserve. This is how Dunechka wants to arrange it, and I completely agree with her. Secondly, that’s why they didn’t say that I especially wanted to put you and him on an even footing at our upcoming meeting. When Dunya spoke to him about you with delight, he replied that every person must first be examined for himself and more closely in order to judge him, and that he himself imagines, having met you, to form his own opinion about you. You know what, my priceless Rodya, it seems to me, for some reasons (however, not at all related to Pyotr Petrovich, but for some of my own, personal, perhaps even an old woman’s, woman’s whims) - it seems to me that I , maybe I’ll do better if I live separately after their marriage, as I live now, and not with them. I am quite sure that he will be so noble and considerate that he will invite me and invite me not to be separated from my daughter anymore, and if he has not said so far, then, of course, because even without words it is assumed so; but I will refuse. I have noticed more than once in my life that mothers-in-law are not very after their husbands’ hearts, and not only do I not want to be the slightest burden to anyone, but I myself want to be completely free, as long as I have at least some kind of my own. a piece and children like you and Dunechka. If possible, I will settle down next to both of you, because, Rodya, I saved the most pleasant thing for the end of the letter: know, my dear friend, that perhaps very soon we will all get together again and hug all three of us after almost three years separation! It’s probably already been decided that Dunya and I are leaving for St. Petersburg, I don’t know when exactly, but, in any case, very, very soon, even maybe in a week. Everything depends on the orders of Pyotr Petrovich, who, as soon as he looks around St. Petersburg, will immediately let us know. He wants, according to some calculations, to hurry up the marriage ceremony and even, if possible, to have a wedding in the current meat-eater, and if it doesn’t work out, due to the shortness of the time, then immediately after the mistresses. Oh, with what happiness I will press you to my heart! Dunya is all excited with the joy of meeting you, and once said, as a joke, that just from this alone she would marry Pyotr Petrovich. She's an angel! Now she doesn’t attribute anything to you, but only told me to write that she needs to talk to you so much, so much that now her hand doesn’t even rise to take up the pen, because you can’t write anything in a few lines, but you’ll only upset yourself ; She told me to hug you tighter and send you countless kisses. But, despite the fact that we may very soon meet in person, I will still send you as much money as I can one of these days. Now, as everyone has learned that Dunechka is marrying Pyotr Petrovich, and my credit has suddenly increased, and I probably know that Afanasy Ivanovich will trust me now, on account of the pension, even up to seventy-five rubles, so I’ll give you, maybe, rubles I’ll send twenty-five or even thirty. I would send more, but I’m afraid for our travel expenses; and although Pyotr Petrovich was so kind that he took on part of the costs of our travel to the capital, namely, he himself volunteered, at his own expense, to deliver our luggage and a large chest (somehow he had it there through friends), but still... Still, we need to count on coming to St. Petersburg, where we can’t appear penniless, even for the first few days. We, however, had already calculated everything with Dounia to precision, and it turned out that the road would take a little time. The railway is only ninety miles from us, and we have already, just in case, made an agreement with one peasant cab driver we know; and there Dunechka and I will have a safe ride in third class. So, maybe I’ll manage to send you not twenty-five, but probably thirty rubles. But enough; I wrote two sheets of paper all around, and there’s no more room left; our whole history; Well, yes, so many incidents have accumulated! And now, my priceless Rodya, I hug you until our close meeting and bless you with my maternal blessing. Love Dunya, your sister, Rodya; love the way she loves you, and know that she loves you infinitely, more than herself. She is an angel, and you, Rodya, you are everything to us - all our hope and all our hope. If only you were happy, we would be happy. Do you still pray to God, Rodya, and do you believe in the goodness of our Creator and Redeemer? I'm afraid in my heart that the latest fashionable irreligion has visited you? If so, then I am praying for you. Remember, dear, how even in your childhood, during your father’s life, you babbled your prayers on my lap and how happy we all were then! Farewell, or better yet, goodbye! I hug you tightly and kiss you countless times.

Part three

Having woken up, Raskolnikov took his mother and sister by the hands and carefully peered into their faces for several minutes.

The mother was frightened by his gaze. This gaze showed a feeling strong to the point of suffering, but at the same time there was something motionless, even seemingly insane. Pulcheria Alexandrovna began to cry. Avdotya Romanovna was pale; her hand trembled in her brother's hand.

The mother told Rodion that she and Dunya had arrived this evening, said that she was going to look after him herself, and heartily thanked Razumikhin for his help and participation. Raskolnikov asked her to leave him alone in an irritable tone, but then stopped her and began asking about Luzhin. After listening to his mother and sister, he announced that he had kicked Luzhin out the other day and demanded that Dunya give up her intention to marry him.

- Brother, think about what you are saying! – Avdotya Romanovna began hotly, but immediately restrained herself. “You may not be able to now, you’re tired,” she said meekly.

- Delirious? No. You are marrying Luzhin for me. But I don’t accept sacrifices. And therefore, write a letter by tomorrow. with refusal. In the morning, let me read it, and that’s it!

– I can’t do this! – cried the offended girl. - By what right?

- Dunechka, you are also quick-tempered, stop it, tomorrow. Do not you see. - the mother got scared, rushing to Duna. - Oh, let's leave better.

“I may be a scoundrel, but you shouldn’t be.” one somebody. And although I am a scoundrel, I will not consider such a sister as a sister. Either me or Luzhin! Go ahead.

- You're crazy! Despot! - Razumikhin roared, but Raskolnikov no longer answered, and perhaps was not even able to answer. He lay down on the sofa and turned to the wall in complete exhaustion. Avdotya Romanovna looked curiously at Razumikhin; her black eyes sparkled: Razumikhin even shuddered under this gaze. Pulcheria Alexandrovna stood as if amazed.

Razumikhin tried to calm down his comrade’s mother and sister, explaining everything with his ill health, convincing them to leave, promising that he himself would look after the patient and inform them about his condition.

Saying this, they stood on the stairs, on the landing, right in front of the landlady’s door. Razumikhin was incredibly excited. His state even resembled some kind of delight, and at the same time, it was as if all the wine he had drunk rushed into his head again, at once and with redoubled force. He stood with both ladies, grabbing both of their hands, coaxing them and. Almost at every word he said, tightly, as if in a vice, he squeezed both their hands until it hurt and seemed to be devouring Avdotya Romanovna with his eyes, not at all embarrassed by this. Pulcheria Alexandrovna, all alarmed by the thought of her Family, although she felt that the young man was very eccentric and was shaking her hand too painfully, but since at the same time he was a providence for her, she did not want to notice all these eccentric details . But, despite the same anxiety, Avdotya Romanovna, although not of a timid nature, met with amazement and almost even fear the glances of her brother’s friend sparkling with wild fire, and only the boundless confidence inspired by Nastasya’s stories about this strange man kept her from attempts to escape from him and drag his mother with him. She also understood that it was probably impossible for them to run away from him now. However, after about ten minutes she calmed down significantly.

Finally, Razumikhin managed to convince Dunya and Pulcheria Alexandrovna, and they headed to the hotel. Razumikhin, grabbing them both by the arms, went with them.

- And as soon as I take you away, right here in the ditch, I’ll pour two buckets of water on my head, and I’m ready. If you only knew how much I love you both. Don't laugh or get angry. Be angry with everyone, but don’t be angry with me! I am his friend, and therefore your friend. I want it that way.

Razumikhin was completely delighted with Dunya and on the way tried to tell her about his feelings.

- Give me your hand, give it. give me yours too, I want to kiss your hands here, now, on your knees!

And he knelt down in the middle of the sidewalk, fortunately this time deserted.

- Stop it, please, what are you doing? - cried Pulcheria Alexandrovna, alarmed to the extreme.

- Get up, get up! – Dunya laughed and was also worried.

- No way, before you give me your hands! That's it, that's enough, get up and let's go! I'm a miserable fool, I'm unworthy of you, and I'm drunk, and I'm ashamed. I am not worthy to love you, but to bow before you is the duty of everyone, unless he is a perfect beast! I bowed down. Here are your numbers, and Rodion is right in that he kicked out your Pyotr Petrovich just now! How dare he put you in such numbers? This is a scandal! Do you know who is allowed here? But you are the bride! You are the bride, right? Well, I’ll tell you that your fiancé is a scoundrel after this!

- Listen, Mr. Razumikhin, you have forgotten. - Pulcheria Alexandrovna began.

- Yes, yes, you are right, I forgot, I’m ashamed! - Razumikhin realized, - but. But. you can't be angry with me for saying that! That’s why I say this sincerely, and not because. hmm! that would be mean. And we all just realized when he came in that this man was not of our company. Not because he came in curled at the hairdresser's, not because he was in a hurry to show off his intelligence, but because he is a spy and speculator; because he is a Jew and a buffoon, and it shows. Do you think he's smart? No, he's a fool, a fool! Well, is he a match for you? Oh my God.

Exactly twenty minutes after Razumikhin left, two quiet but hasty knocks were heard on the door; he came back.

- I won’t go in, there’s no time! - he hurried when the door was opened, - he sleeps like Ivanovo, perfectly, calmly, and God grant that he sleeps for ten hours. He has Nastasya; ordered not to come out before me. Now I’ll drag Zosimov, he’ll report to you, and then you’ll go to the side; exhausted, I see, completely.

And he set off from them along the corridor.

- How efficient and... devoted young man! - exclaimed the extremely delighted Pulcheria Alexandrovna.

- Seems like a nice person! – Avdotya Romanovna answered with some heat.

After some time, Razumikhin returned and, as promised, brought Zosimov with him.

Zosimov immediately agreed to abandon the feast and go look at Raskolnikov, but he went to the ladies reluctantly and with great distrust, not trusting the drunken Razumikhin. But his pride was immediately calmed and even flattered: he realized that they were really waiting for him, like an oracle. He sat for exactly ten minutes and completely managed to convince and calm Pulcheria Alexandrovna.

Having noticed even at the entrance how dazzlingly beautiful Avdotya Romanovna was, he immediately tried not to even notice her at all, during the entire visit, and addressed only Pulcheria Alexandrovna.

Zosimov said that Raskolnikov’s condition at the moment does not cause concern; that his illness “has some moral reasons” and is caused mainly by anxieties and worries; that “some kind of motionless thought” is noticeable in the patient, a sign of monomania. The arrival of relatives, in his opinion, should have strengthened the patient’s condition and had a beneficial effect on him. Having told all this, Zosimov, pleased with himself and the impression he had made, left. Razumikhin, leaving with him, promised to come to them tomorrow morning “with a report.”

- However, what a delightful girl this Avdotya Romanovna is! - Zosimov noted, almost licking his lips when both went out into the street.

- Delightful? You said amazing! - Razumikhin roared and suddenly rushed at Zosimov and grabbed him by the throat. “If you ever dare.” Understand? Understand? - he shouted, shaking him by the collar and pressing him against the wall, - did you hear?

- Let me go, drunken devil! - Zosimov fought back and then, when he had already released him, he looked at him intently and suddenly burst into laughter.

Waking up the next morning, Razumikhin felt a sense of shame for his behavior yesterday.

His most terrible memory was how yesterday he turned out to be “low and disgusting,” not just because he was drunk, but because he cursed her fiancé in front of the girl, taking advantage of her position, out of stupidly hasty jealousy, without knowing only their mutual relationships and obligations, but not even knowing the person well. And what right did he have to judge him so hastily and recklessly? And who called him to be a judge! And how can such a creature as Avdotya Romanovna give herself to an unworthy person for money? Therefore, there are also advantages in it. And what's the excuse that he was drunk? A stupid excuse that humiliates him even more! There is truth in the wine, and the whole truth has spoken out, “that is, all the dirt of his envious, coarse heart has spoken out!” And is such a dream even remotely permissible for him, Razumikhin? Who is he compared to such a girl - he, a drunken brawler and yesterday's braggart?

Having thoroughly washed and dressed, he headed to the hotel where Raskolnikov’s mother and sister were staying. Dunya and Pulcheria Alexandrovna got up early and were looking forward to him. Razumikhin greeted them gloomily, feeling awkward, and began answering Pulcheria Alexandrovna’s questions, which “fell like hail.” During the conversation, Razumikhin often glanced at Duna. The main subject of conversation was, of course, Raskolnikov’s illness.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna told Razumikhin that Luzhin did not meet her and Dunya at the station, as promised, but sent a footman, who took them to the hotel. He himself was supposed to come this morning, but instead he sent a note saying that Rodion Romanovich had rudely offended him, and therefore he did not want to see him when he came to them in the evening. In the note, Luzhin also reported that he saw Rodion “in the apartment of one, broken by horses, a drunkard, from this deceased, whose daughter, a girl of notorious behavior, gave up to twenty-five rubles yesterday, under the pretext of a funeral. “Dunya believed that Rodion must come. Pulcheria Alexandrovna, not knowing what to do best, with tears in her eyes asked Razumikhin for advice. He answered her that he agreed with Dunya.

“It’s best, Mama, let’s go to him ourselves and there, I assure you, we’ll immediately see what to do.” And besides, it’s time, Lord! Eleventh hour! – she screamed.

- Dounia, it’s time! - Pulcheria Alexandrovna began to fuss anxiously, “she’ll think that we’ve been angry since yesterday for not coming for so long.” Oh my god!

As she spoke, she fussily threw her mantilla over herself and put on her hat; Dunechka also got dressed. The gloves she was wearing were not only worn, but even tattered, which Razumikhin noticed, and yet this obvious poverty of the costume even gave both ladies the appearance of some special dignity, which always happens to those who know how to wear a poor dress.

Raskolnikov was sitting in the corner opposite, fully dressed and even thoroughly washed and combed, which had not happened to him for a long time. he was almost healthy, especially in comparison with yesterday, but he was very pale, absent-minded and gloomy. He spoke little and reluctantly, as if through force or fulfilling a duty, and some kind of restlessness occasionally appeared in his movements. However, this pale and gloomy face lit up for a moment as if with light when the mother and sister entered.

Zosimov, who was observing and studying his patient with all the youthful fervor of a doctor who had just begun to treat him, was surprised to notice in him, with the arrival of his relatives, instead of joy, a kind of heavy hidden determination to endure an hour or two of torture, which could not be avoided.

“Yes, now I see for myself that I’m almost healthy,” said Raskolnikov, warmly kissing his mother and sister.

“What else did I want,” he continued, trying to remember. – I just woke up and wanted to go, but my dress delayed me; I forgot to tell her yesterday. Nastasya. wash away this blood. I just had time to get dressed.

- Blood! what blood? - Pulcheria Alexandrovna was alarmed.

- This is true. do not worry. This blood is because yesterday, when I was staggering somewhat deliriously, I came across a crushed man. one official. Yes. Well, I got covered in blood when I helped carry him into the apartment. By the way, mummy, I did one unforgivable thing yesterday; I was truly out of my mind. Yesterday I gave all the money you sent me. to his wife. to the funeral. Now a widow, a consumptive, pitiful woman. three little orphans, hungry. the house is empty. and there is another daughter. Maybe you would give it yourself if you could see it. However, I had no right, I confess, especially knowing how you yourself got this money. To help, you must first have the right to do so. “I just wanted to say that, Mama, I ask for your forgiveness,” he concluded sharply and abruptly.

- Come on, Rodya, I’m sure everything you do is wonderful! - said the delighted mother.

“Don’t be sure,” he replied, twisting his mouth into a smile. Silence followed. There was something tense in this whole conversation, and in the silence, and in the reconciliation, and in the forgiveness, and everyone felt it.

“But they are definitely afraid of me,” Raskolnikov thought to himself, looking from under his brows at his mother and sister. Pulcheria Alexandrovna, indeed, the more she was silent, the more timid she became.

- You know, Rodya, Marfa Petrovna died! - Pulcheria Alexandrovna suddenly jumped out. I wrote to you so much about her.

- Ah-ah-ah, yes, I remember. So she died? Oh, really? – he suddenly woke up, as if waking up. - Has she really died? From what?

- Imagine, suddenly! - Pulcheria Alexandrovna hurried, encouraged by his curiosity, - and just at the very time that I sent you a letter then, on that very day! Imagine, this terrible man seems to have been the cause of her death. They say he beat her terribly!

- Did they really live like that? – he asked, turning to his sister.

- No, quite the contrary. He was always very patient with her, even polite. In many cases, he was even too lenient with her character, for seven whole years. Somehow I suddenly lost patience.

- This is a terrible person! “I can’t imagine anything more terrible,” Dunya answered almost with a shudder, frowned and thought.

“And remember, mamma, I was in love and wanted to get married,” Raskolnikov suddenly said, looking at his mother, amazed at the unexpected turn and the tone with which he spoke about it. She was such a sick girl,” he continued, as if suddenly thinking again and looking down, “completely ill; she loved to give to the poor, and she kept dreaming about a monastery, and once she burst into tears when she began to tell me about it; Yes Yes. I remember. I remember it very well. Such an ugly girl. yourself. Really, I don’t know why I became attached to her then, it seems because she was always sick. If she were still lame or hunchbacked, I think I would love her even more. (He smiled thoughtfully.)

He looked at them carefully.

“What a bad apartment you have, Rodya, like a coffin,” Pulcheria Alexandrovna suddenly said, breaking the painful silence, “I’m sure that half of the apartment has made you so melancholic.”

- Apartment. - he answered absentmindedly. – Yes, the apartment helped a lot. I thought about this too. There was, however, one urgent matter that, one way or another, absolutely had to be resolved today—that’s what he decided just now, when he woke up. Now he was happy about the business as a way out.

“That’s what, Dunya,” he began seriously and dryly, “I, of course, ask you for forgiveness for yesterday, but I consider it my duty to remind you again that I will not give up on my main thing.” Either me or Luzhin. I may be a scoundrel, but you shouldn't be. One somebody. If you marry Luzhin, I will immediately stop considering you my sister.

“Brother,” Dunya answered firmly and also dryly, “in all this there is a mistake on your part.” I thought about it overnight and found the mistake. The thing is that you seem to assume that I am sacrificing myself to someone and for someone. This is not true at all.

Dunya answered Raskolnikov that she would not marry Luzhin if he was not worthy of respect, and whether he was worthy of it or not would be clear tonight. She showed her brother the groom's letter and asked him to be present at their meeting.

At that moment the door quietly opened, and a girl entered the room, timidly looking around. Everyone turned to her with surprise and curiosity. Raskolnikov did not recognize her at first sight. It was Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova. Yesterday he saw her for the first time, but at such a moment, in such a setting and in such a costume, that the image of a completely different face was reflected in his memory. Now it was a modestly and even poorly dressed girl, still very young, almost like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but seemingly somewhat frightened face. She was wearing a very simple house dress, and on her head was an old hat of the same style; only in his hands was, as yesterday, an umbrella. Seeing an unexpectedly full room of people, she was not only embarrassed, but completely lost, timid, like a small child, and even made a move to walk back.

- Ah. it is you. - Raskolnikov said in extreme surprise and suddenly became embarrassed himself.

“I wasn’t expecting you at all,” he hurried, stopping her with his gaze. - Do me a favor and sit down.

Sonya sat down, almost trembling with fear, and timidly looked at both ladies. Suddenly she stood up again and, completely embarrassed, turned to Raskolnikov.

Sonya, hesitatingly, invited Raskolnikov to the funeral service and wake, and he promised her to come. He then asked her to sit down again and introduced her to her mother and sister.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna looked at Sonya and narrowed her eyes slightly. Dunechka seriously and intently stared straight into the poor girl’s face and examined her with bewilderment.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna and Dunya started talking to Sonya about the wake.

Between conversations, Raskolnikov looked at her closely. It was a thin, very thin and pale face, rather irregular, somehow pointy, with a pointy little nose and chin. She couldn’t even be called pretty, but her blue eyes were so clear, and when they came to life, the expression on her face became so kind and simple-minded that you involuntarily attracted people to her. In her face, and in her entire figure, there was, in addition, one special characteristic feature: despite her eighteen years, she seemed almost still like a girl, much younger than her years, almost like a child, and this was sometimes even funny in some of her movements. .

Pulcheria Alexandrovna wanted to bow to Sonechka, but somehow she didn’t succeed, and, in a hurry, she left the room.

But Avdotya Romanovna seemed to be waiting in line and, following her mother past Sonya, she bowed to her with an attentive, polite and full bow. Sonechka was embarrassed, bowed somewhat hastily and frightened, some kind of even painful sensation was reflected in her face, as if Avdotya Romanovna’s politeness and attention were painful and painful to her.

When leaving, Dunya and Pulcheria Alexandrovna invited Razumikhin to their place for lunch. When the mother and sister left, Raskolnikov told Razumikhin that the murdered old woman had his pledge - a watch inherited from his father, and a ring - a gift from Dunya.

- So what should I do now? I don't want things to go missing, especially my watch. I was trembling just now that my mother would ask me to look at it, when they started talking about Dunya’s watch. The only thing that survived after my father. She'll be sick if they disappear! Women! So this is how to do it, teach me! I know that I should report it to the unit. Wouldn't it be better for Porfiry himself? How do you think? The matter would have to be sorted out as quickly as possible.

- Not at all to the unit and certainly to Porfiry! - Razumikhin shouted in some extraordinary excitement. - Well, I’m so glad! Why, let’s go now, two steps, we’ll probably catch you!

When they left the house, Raskolnikov asked Sonya Marmeladova for her address. Blushing, the girl said where she lived.

She was terribly glad that she had finally left; she walked with her eyes down, in a hurry to somehow get out of their sight, to somehow quickly walk those twenty steps before turning right into the street and finally be left alone, and there, walking, hurrying, not looking at anyone, not doing anything. noticing, thinking, remembering, considering every word spoken, every circumstance. Never, never had she felt anything like this. A whole new world unknown and dimly descended into her soul. She suddenly remembered that Raskolnikov himself wanted to come to her today, maybe in the morning, maybe now! - Just not today, please, not today! - she muttered with a sinking heart, as if begging someone, like a frightened child. - God! To me. to this room. he will see. Oh my God!

Thinking in this way, she did not notice that a well-dressed gentleman was watching her. He quietly escorted Sonya to the very door of her room and spoke to her.

– You’re standing at Kapernaumov’s! - he said, looking at Sonya and laughing. “He altered my vest yesterday.” And I am here, next to you, with Madame Resslich, Gertrude Karlovna. How I had to!

Sonya looked at him carefully.

“Neighbors,” he continued somehow especially cheerfully. – This is only my third day in the city. Well, goodbye for now.

Sonya did not answer; the door was opened and she slipped in. For some reason she felt ashamed, and as if she had become shy.

On the way to Porfiry, Razumikhin was in a particularly excited state.

“This, brother, is wonderful,” he repeated several times, “and I’m glad!” I'm glad.

Razumikhin was more than delighted, and Raskolnikov felt it with disgust.

“The most important thing is whether Porfiry knows or doesn’t know that I was in this witch’s apartment yesterday. and asked about blood? I have to recognize it in an instant, from the first step, as soon as I walk in, to recognize it by my face; otherwise. Even if I’m lost, I’ll find out!”

And Raskolnikov decided to use a trick. He started a playful conversation with Razumikhin, hinting at his attitude towards Duna, and thus confused his friend. Rodion laughed loudly, and at that moment the friends entered the rooms.

He came in looking as if he was trying with all his might not to burst out laughing. Behind him, with a completely overturned and ferocious face, red as a peony, lanky and awkward, came the ashamed Razumikhin. But as soon as he had time to take on a serious look and mutter something, he suddenly, as if involuntarily, looked again at Razumikhin and could no longer stand it: the suppressed laughter erupted the more uncontrollably, the more he had been restrained until then. The extraordinary ferocity with which Razumikhin received this “heartfelt” laughter gave the whole scene the appearance of the most sincere gaiety and, most importantly, naturalness. Razumikhin, as if on purpose, also helped the matter.

- Fu, damn it! - he roared, waving his hand, and just hit it on the small round table on which stood the finished glass of tea. Everything flew and rang.

- But why break the chairs, gentlemen, it’s a loss to the treasury! - Porfiry Petrovich shouted cheerfully.

The scene was presented in this way: Raskolnikov laughed, forgetting his hand in the owner’s hand, but, knowing the measure, waited for the moment to finish quickly and more naturally. Razumikhin, completely embarrassed by the fall of the table and the broken glass, looked gloomily at the fragments, spat and turned sharply to the window, where he stood with his back to the audience, with a terribly frowning face.

In the corner on a chair sat Zametov, who stood up when the guests entered and stood waiting, his mouth parted in a smile, but with bewilderment and even as if with distrust, looking at the whole scene, and even at Raskolnikov with some kind of confusion. The unexpected presence of Zametov unpleasantly struck Raskolnikov.

The conversation turned to pawned items.

Porfiry Petrovich was dressed at home, in a dressing gown, very clean underwear and worn out shoes. He was a man of about thirty-five, shorter than average height, plump and even paunchy, shaven, without a mustache or sideburns, with tightly cropped hair on a large round head.

Porfiry Petrovich, as soon as he heard that the guest had “business” to do with him, immediately asked him to sit on the sofa, and sat down at the other end. Raskolnikov, in short and coherent words, explained his case clearly and precisely and was so pleased with himself that he even managed to examine Porfiry quite well. Porfiry Petrovich also never took his eyes off him the whole time.

“You should submit an announcement to the police,” Porfiry answered with a most businesslike air, “that, having been notified of such and such an incident, that is, of this murder, you ask, in turn, to notify the investigator who is entrusted with the case.” that such and such things belong to you and that you want to buy them back. or there. Yes, however, they will write to you.

Porfiry paused, as if thinking.

“There is no way your things could have gone missing,” he continued calmly and coldly. “After all, I’ve been waiting here for you for a long time.” “Raskolnikov shuddered, but Porfiry didn’t seem to be looking, still preoccupied with Razumikhin’s cigarette.

Every minute Raskolnikov became more and more confident that Porfiry knew everything, and this made him more and more irritable.

Anger welled up in him, and he could not suppress it. “But in anger I’ll let it slip! - flashed through him again. - Why are they torturing me? »

Thoughts were spinning like a whirlwind in Raskolnikov’s head. He was terribly annoyed.

“The main thing is that they don’t even hide and don’t want to stand on ceremony! And on what occasion, since you don’t know me at all, did you talk about me with Nikodim Fomich? Therefore, they don’t even want to hide the fact that they are watching me like a pack of dogs! So openly they spit in the face! - he trembled with rage. - Well, hit straight, and don’t play like a cat and a mouse. »

Those present started talking about the crime itself. Razumikhin expressed his point of view on this issue and asked Rodion to tell him what he thought about this. Razumikhin spoke out against socialists who explain crime solely by social reasons - supposedly as soon as a normal society is invented, crime will disappear. In the midst of the dispute, Porfiry Petrovich remembered Raskolnikov’s article “On Crime,” published in the newspaper two months ago. Raskolnikov wrote this article six months ago and did not know that it had been published.

The article was devoted to the psychological state of the criminal during the crime. According to Porfiry Petrovich, Raskolnikov hinted in the article that there are people who have every right to commit a crime, and for them the law is not written.

Raskolnikov chuckled at the increased and deliberate distortion of his idea. He immediately understood what was going on and what they wanted to push him into. He decided to take on the challenge.

“It’s not quite like that with me,” he began simply and modestly. - However, I admit, you presented it almost correctly, even, if you want, completely correctly. (He was definitely pleased to agree, which is absolutely true.) The only difference is that I do not at all insist that extraordinary people must and must always commit all sorts of outrages, as you say. I simply hinted that an “extraordinary” person has the right. that is, not the official right, but he himself has the right to allow his conscience to overstep. through other obstacles, and only if the fulfillment of his idea (sometimes saving, perhaps for all of humanity) requires it.

According to Raskolnikov, all extraordinary people who are capable of saying something new must certainly be, by nature, to some extent criminals. He believed that everyone is divided into two categories: the lowest (ordinary), which is material for the reproduction of their own kind, and real people, that is, those who are able to say a new word. If such a person needs, for his idea, to step over even a corpse, over blood, then he can, in good conscience, give himself permission to step over blood. The first category includes conservative people who are inclined to obedience. Those who belong to the second all break the law, they are destroyers or are inclined to this, depending on their abilities. The first category is the master of the present, the second is the master of the future. The former preserve humanity and increase it numerically, while the latter move it and lead it to the goal. “Both have the same right to exist.”

Porfiry Petrovich, interested in Raskolnikov’s theory, began asking him questions.

- Do you believe in God? Sorry for being so curious.

“I believe,” Raskolnikov repeated, raising his eyes to Porfiry.

– Do you believe in the resurrection of Lazarus?

- I believe. Why do you need all this?

- That's how it is, sir. so curious. Sorry, sir. But tell me this: how can we distinguish these extraordinary ones from the ordinary ones? At birth, or something, there are such signs. Therefore, you see, if confusion occurs and one of one category imagines that he belongs to another category and begins to “remove all obstacles,” as you very happily put it, that’s the case.

– But take into account that an error is possible only on the part of the first category, that is, “ordinary” people (as I, perhaps very unfortunately, called them). Despite their innate inclination towards obedience, due to a certain playfulness of nature, which even a cow is not denied, very many of them like to imagine themselves as progressive people, “destroyers” and meddle in the “new word”, and this is completely sincere, sir. Indeed, at the same time, they very often do not notice new ones and even despise them as backward and degradingly thinking people. But, in my opinion, there cannot be any significant danger here, and you really have nothing to worry about, because they never go far.

- Well, at least from this side, you at least calmed me down a little; but here’s the problem again, sir: please tell me, are there many people who have the right to cut others, these “extraordinary” ones? I, of course, am ready to bow down, but you must agree, it would be creepy if there were too many of them, eh?

“Oh, don’t worry about that either,” Raskolnikov continued in the same tone. - In general, people with new thoughts, even just a little bit capable of saying at least something new, are born unusually few, even strangely few. Only one thing is clear: the order of the birth of people, all these categories and divisions, must be very correctly and accurately determined by some law of nature. This law, of course, is now unknown, but I believe that it exists and may subsequently become known.

Razumikhin joined the conversation. Most of all, he was outraged by Raskolnikov’s opinion that a person can afford to shed blood. According to Razumikhin, this is “permission of blood according to conscience. worse than official permission to shed blood, legal. “Porfiry Petrovich continued to question Raskolnikov. He asked what would happen if some ordinary young man imagined himself to be Lycurgus or Mohammed and began to remove all obstacles. And Raskolnikov, when he wrote his article, didn’t he really consider himself, at least a little bit, also an “extraordinary” person who spoke a new word?

“It may very well be,” Raskolnikov answered.

- And if so, sir, would you really decide - well, in view of some everyday failures and constraints, or for the benefit of somehow all of humanity - to step over an obstacle? Well, for example, kill and rob.

And somehow he suddenly winked at him with his left eye again and laughed silently, just like before.

“If I had overstepped, then, of course, I wouldn’t have told you,” Raskolnikov answered with defiant, arrogant contempt.

“Let me tell you,” he answered dryly, “that I do not consider myself Mohammed or Napoleon.” nor could I, without being one of them, give you a satisfactory explanation of how I would have acted.

- Well, come on, who in Rus' doesn’t consider himself Napoleon now? – Porfiry suddenly said with terrible familiarity. Even in the intonation of his voice there was something especially clear this time.

- Wasn’t it some future Napoleon who killed our Alena Ivanovna with an ax last week? – Zametov suddenly blurted out from the corner.

Raskolnikov was silent and looked intently and firmly at Porfiry. Razumikhin frowned gloomily. It was as if something had seemed to him before.

Porfiry Petrovich affably said goodbye to Raskolnikov, asking him to come to him the other day regarding the things pawned from the old woman pawnbroker. At the same time, he expressed the hope that Rodion, as one of the last pawnbrokers, would tell the investigation something useful. Finally, Porfiry Petrovich asked Raskolnikov whether he had seen painters in her house on the day he visited the old woman, deliberately trying to confuse the suspect. But Razumikhin unexpectedly noticed that the painters were in the house on the day of the murder, and Raskolnikov came to pawn things three days before the murder was committed. The friends went out into the street gloomy and gloomy.

From Porfiry Petrovich, Raskolnikov and Razumikhin headed to the rooms where Pulcheria Alexandrovna and Dunya were waiting for them. Razumikhin was outraged that Porfiry Petrovich and Zametov were suspected of the murder of Raskolnikov. They had almost reached the hotel when Raskolnikov suddenly turned around and went home, telling his comrade that he would return in half an hour.

When Raskolnikov arrived at his house, his temples were wet with sweat and he was breathing heavily. He hastily climbed the stairs, entered his unlocked apartment and immediately locked himself with a hook. Then, frightened and mad, he rushed to the corner, to the very hole in the wallpaper in which the things were then lying, stuck his hand into it and carefully searched the hole for several minutes, going through all the nooks and crannies of the wallpaper. Finding nothing, he stood up and took a deep breath. Approaching Bakaleev’s porch just now, he suddenly imagined that some thing, some chain, cufflink or even the piece of paper in which they were wrapped, with a mark from the old woman’s hand, could somehow then slip and get lost in some crack, and then suddenly appear before him as unexpected and irresistible evidence.

Having made sure that there was nothing behind the wallpaper, Raskolnikov went out into the yard and noticed that the janitor was pointing his hand at some bourgeois-dressed man. When Raskolnikov approached the janitor, the tradesman silently left.

Raskolnikov rushed after the tradesman and immediately saw him walking along the other side of the street. He soon caught up with him, but walked behind for some time.

– You asked me. at the janitor? – Raskolnikov finally said, but somehow very quietly.

The tradesman did not give any answer and did not even look. There was silence again.

- Yes you. come ask. and keep quiet. so what is it? – Raskolnikov’s voice was interrupted, and the words somehow did not want to be spoken clearly.

This time the tradesman raised his eyes and looked at Raskolnikov with an ominous, gloomy gaze.

- Killer! – he suddenly said in a quiet, but clear and distinct voice.

Raskolnikov walked next to him. His legs suddenly became terribly weak, his back felt cold, and his heart seemed to stop for a moment; then suddenly there was a sound, as if it had been let off a hook.

- Yes you. What. who is the killer? - Raskolnikov muttered barely audibly.

“You’re a murderer,” he said, even more distinctly and impressively and as if with a smile of some kind of hated triumph, and again he looked straight into Raskolnikov’s pale face and his dead eyes. Both then approached the crossroads. The tradesman turned left into the street and walked away without looking back. Raskolnikov remained in place and looked after him for a long time.

Returning to his room, Raskolnikov lay down on the sofa and, without moving or thinking about anything, lay there for half an hour. Hearing footsteps on the stairs, he closed his eyes and pretended to be asleep. Razumikhin and Nastasya, who came to him, decided not to disturb him and would come back later. Left alone, Raskolnikov lay in the same position for another half hour.

"Who is he? Who is this man who came out of the ground? Where was he and what did he see? He saw everything, that's certain. Where did he stand then and where did he look from? Why is he only now coming out from under the floor? And how could he see - is this possible? »

Sometimes he stopped motionless before some thought:

“No, those people are not made like that; a real ruler, to whom everything is permitted - he destroys Toulon, carries out a massacre in Paris, forgets the army in Egypt, spends half a million people on the Moscow campaign and gets away with a pun in Vilna; and after his death, idols are erected for him; - and therefore, everything is resolved. No, on these people, it’s clear that it’s not a body, but bronze!”

One sudden extraneous thought suddenly almost made him laugh: “Napoleon, the pyramids, Waterloo - and the skinny nasty receptionist, the old woman, the pawnbroker, with the red clothes under the bed - well, what is it like for Porfiry Petrovich to digest. Where can they digest it? Aesthetics will get in the way.

“The old lady is nonsense! - he thought hotly and impetuously, - the old woman, perhaps, is a mistake, that’s not the point! The old woman was only sick. I wanted to cross as quickly as possible. I didn’t kill a person, I killed a principle! I killed the principle, but I didn’t step over it, I stayed on this side. All he managed to do was kill. And he didn’t even manage to do that, it turns out. »

I myself want to live, otherwise it’s better not to live. Well? I just didn’t want to pass by the hungry mother, clutching my ruble in my pocket, waiting for “universal happiness.” “I’m carrying, they say, a brick for everyone’s happiness and that’s why I feel peace of mind.” Ha ha! Why did you let me through? I only live once, I want to too. Eh, I’m an aesthetic louse, and nothing more,” he added suddenly laughing like a madman.

His hair was damp with sweat, his trembling lips were parched, his motionless gaze was fixed on the ceiling.

“Mother, sister, how I loved them! Why do I hate them now? Yes, I hate them, physically hate them, I can’t stand them around me. Lizaveta! Sonya! Poor, meek, with gentle eyes. Lovely ones. Why don't they cry? Why don't they moan? They give everything. they look meek and quiet. »

Exhausted from heavy and gloomy thoughts, Raskolnikov fell asleep. He had a terrible dream: a tradesman lured him into the apartment of an old woman, and she, alive, was hiding there in the corner. He began to hit her with an ax, and she laughed. Then he rushed to run, but people were already waiting for him. Waking up in horror, Raskolnikov saw that an unfamiliar man was standing on the threshold of his closet, introducing himself as Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov.

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F. M. Dostoevsky is a great man and writer, whose name is known to absolutely every person from school. One of his most famous novels is Crime and Punishment. Dostoevsky wrote a story about a student who committed a murder, after which he suffered a terrible punishment, not in a legal sense, but in a moral sense. Raskolnikov tormented himself, but it was not only he himself who suffered from what he did. The Raskolnikov family in the novel Crime and Punishment also suffered from the actions of the protagonist.

The meaning of the novel's title

“Crime and Punishment” is a great novel that has captivated millions of readers and classic lovers. It is worth saying that the title contains the deep meaning and content of the work.

It is important that from the very beginning Dostoevsky wanted to give his novel a different name, and he came up with “Crime and Punishment” when the writing of the work was at the completion stage. It must be said that the novel can no longer be imagined with a different title, because it is the current one that reflects the entire essence of the idea of ​​the great classic.

First the crime, and then the punishment. Dostoevsky wanted to emphasize that sometimes moral punishment is not as scary for a person. Raskolnikov felt its fullness and realized how terrible it was to “punish” himself.

It is worth saying that not only Rodion felt how difficult it was to experience moral punishment. The Raskolnikov family in the novel “Crime and Punishment” also felt how much one can suffer from the actions committed by loved ones and relatives.

Rodion Raskolnikov

F. M. Dostoevsky decided to introduce the reader to the main character of his novel from its first pages. The author described Raskolnikov’s appearance: “he was slender, handsome, his height was above average, and his eyes were large and beautiful.” The main character of the novel grew up in the family of a poor tradesman.

The writer notes that Raskolnikov was always poorly dressed, and any other person would prefer not to go out in such “rags” at all. The main character's father died, and his family found themselves in a very difficult situation. Raskolnikov's sister was forced to get a job as a governess in order to save her difficult financial situation, and Rodion had to live on money sent by his mother. However, there were still not enough funds, and the young man began giving private lessons. Such a difficult situation forced Rodion to leave his studies at the university.

The history of the Raskolnikov family played a huge role in Rodion’s life. It is worth saying that poverty became the cause of many misfortunes that occurred in the life of the main character. However, in spite of everything, Rodion loved his family very much and was ready to give his life for her.

Raskolnikov's mother

Pulcheria Alexandrovna is Rodion's mother, who loved her son with all her heart. She represents a simple Russian woman who was not only a good and affectionate mother who loved her children. The author shows the reader that Pulcheria looked good, despite her age, as well as her ugly and unkempt clothes.

The main character's mother was compliant and could always agree to a lot. However, despite this, she was an honest person and it was this trait that did not allow her to overstep herself.

The Raskolnikov family in the novel “Crime and Punishment” appeared before the reader as poor but honest. Its members were ready to do anything for each other.

Rodion's sister

Dunya is Raskolnikov's beloved sister. It is worth saying that warm relations have long been established between her and her brother, which can safely be called friendly. Dunya loved Rodion and her mother very much, which is why she decided to marry Luzhin in order to save her relatives from poverty. She wanted Raskolnikov to continue studying at the university and also work with her future husband.

However, Rodion dissuaded his sister from marrying Luzhin, because he was a greedy and ignoble gentleman. Soon Dunya married Razumikhin, Raskolnikov’s best friend, who became part of their small family.

The Raskolnikov family in the novel Crime and Punishment is very friendly. Despite all the hardships and obstacles that each member encounters along the way, they stay together and try to help each other.

Father of Rodion Raskolnikov

It is worth saying that Dostoevsky decided not to talk much about Father Rodion. All we know is that the head of the family died. After his death, Pulcheria and her young children were forced to earn a living, and this was not at all easy for them.

Raskolnikov's connection with his family. Dunya's act

It must be repeated that the Raskolnikov family was very friendly and loving. The characterization of the heroes makes it clear that each of them was ready to do anything for each other. The mother loved her children, and they loved her.

The Raskolnikovs’ reverent attitude towards each other is visible at the very beginning of the novel. When they were left in complete poverty after the death of their father, their mother, Dunya and Rodion himself struggled to get money in order to provide at least a little for the family. The protagonist's sister made great sacrifices by deciding to marry Luzhin. Dunya wanted to marry him primarily in order to save her family from poverty. This act suggests that Raskolnikov was so close to his mother and sister that they were ready to make great sacrifices.

Poor but friendly Raskolnikov family. Description of Rodion's action

Despite the fact that Rodion was a criminal, Dostoevsky did not deprive him of his loved ones. This is confirmed by the Raskolnikov family. The characteristics of the members of this family show the reader that, despite the obstacles and adversities, they still remained the closest and dearest people to each other.

Rodion’s connection with his family is confirmed by the situation when Rodion learned about the upcoming marriage of Dunya and Luzhin. Raskolnikov's sister wanted to marry this gentleman for the sake of the prosperity of her family, but Rodion expressed his protest and dissatisfaction about this. Raskolnikov forbade his beloved sister to marry the greedy and not noble Luzhin, because he did not want to see how his sister would suffer and suffer. This act suggests that family and the honor of each of its members are the main thing.

The role of family in Rodion's life

It is worth saying that it was not in vain that Dostoevsky paid so much attention to the Raskolnikov and Marmeladov families. The writer wanted to show what they mean in the life of every person. The Raskolnikov family becomes an example in the story. The description of the actions and characters of each character gives the reader the opportunity to understand what role close people play in each other’s lives. It must be said that Raskolnikov’s family partly became involved in Rodion’s crime, because the mother and Dunya pinned all their hopes on the main character. That is why he felt a duty to his family, as well as a great responsibility for the lives of his mother and sister.

The role of Rodion's family in Crime and Punishment

Throughout the entire novel, the reader experiences not hostility, but pity for the main character of the work “Crime and Punishment.” The Raskolnikov family was in a difficult situation. Duna, Pulcheria and Rodion constantly had to endure various shocks and difficult situations.

The fate of the Raskolnikov family is not easy, and therefore makes every reader feel pity and sympathy. Throughout their lives, these people had to fight for themselves and their loved ones, go through difficult trials, but at the same time take care of their honor and live fairly. The role of Raskolnikov’s family in the novel is that with its help the author can draw the reader’s attention to how relationships with loved ones can influence A good family, in which mutual understanding and love reign, can give peace and true happiness.

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" depicts several families in particular. the Raskolnikov family, consisting of Pulcheria Alexandrovna and her children Avdotya and Rodion.

Rodion is a former student. The author describes his appearance as follows: “he was remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark brown hair, above average height, thin and slender.” The impression is spoiled by his clothes: “he was so poorly dressed that another, even an ordinary person, would be ashamed to go out into the street in such rags during the day.” The internal portrait of the hero is described as accurately as possible by Razumikhin, Raskolnikov’s friend at the institute. He notes such qualities as gloominess, gloominess, arrogance and pride.

Razumikhin also speaks of him as a secretive, suspicious, insensitive, taciturn and arrogant person, but at the same time generous and kind, “as if he has two opposite characters.”

Raskolnikov loves his sister and mother dearly and is very devoted to them. He has a very hard time with the fact that they get into debt and send him their last money, while he himself cannot help them in any way. The news that Dunya sacrifices herself and marries Luzhin for his sake shocks Rodion; he cannot accept such a sacrifice and is angry with her for this act and with himself because of his own helplessness. “Not to happen? What will you do to prevent this from happening?”

Raskolnikov has a special attitude towards people, which is revealed in detail in his conversation with Porfiry Petrovich. He divides all people into “ordinary” and “extraordinary”. Their significant difference is that the first are “conservative by nature” and “live in obedience.” The latter, for the sake of their idea, can allow themselves to commit a crime and at the same time not blame themselves, and “step over” it. It was Raskolnikov’s idea of ​​people and this theory that was one of the reasons for his murder of the old pawnbroker, since Rodion wanted to find out whether he was capable of a crime and whether he could consider himself “extraordinary.” Raskolnikov treats Luzhin with contempt; he understands that Luzhin is selfish and uses people in his own interests and that his marriage to Duna is a pure calculation. Rodion is especially outraged by Luzhin’s position on marriage: “a husband should not owe anything to his wife, but it is much better if the wife considers her husband to be her benefactor.”

Dostoevsky does not agree with the hero's theory and condemns him for murder, and therefore for deviating from the biblical commandments.

Avdotya Romanovna, or, as she is called in the family, Dunechka, is Raskolnikov’s sister. Outwardly, she looks like her brother. The author, along with the image of her portrait, shows us some of Dunya’s character traits: proud eyes, a serious expression on her face. a prominent chin, giving her face arrogance, a young and selfless laugh, etc. Dunya is well educated, thanks to this she received the position of governess in the Svidrigailovs’ house. Her character is characterized by such traits as pride, strong will, nobility, sacrifice for the sake of the family. Her mother describes her as follows: “she is a firm, prudent, patient and generous girl, although with an ardent heart.” It was thanks to these qualities that Dunya managed to survive the humiliation in the situation with the Svidrigailov family.

Dunya madly loves her family, especially her brother. For his sake, she is ready to step over pride, endure humiliation, sacrifice her freedom and feelings and marry Luzhin. But at the same time, she does not deviate from her life principles and does not lose respect for herself. However, despite her love for her brother, she cannot accept his action and understand the motives for the crime he committed.

While agreeing to marry Luzhin, Dunechka does not have any feelings for him. The only thing that pushed her to do this was the opportunity to help Rodion improve his plight. At the beginning of their acquaintance, Luzhin seemed to her a man of “little education,” but smart and kind, but after his attempt to slander Sonya Marmeladova, she saw his true essence and, true to her principles, broke off the engagement.

The third member of the family is Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova. “Despite the fact that Pulcheria Alexandrovna was already forty-three years old, her face still retained remnants of its former beauty, and besides, she seemed much younger than her years, which almost always happens with women who have retained clarity of spirit, freshness of impressions and honest, pure heat of the heart." Her character is rather soft, she is timid, sensitive and compliant, but nevertheless, Raskolnikov’s mother, like her daughter, has strong convictions that “no circumstances could force her to overstep.”

Pulcheria Alexandrovna is a kind, pious and simple woman who loves her children more than anything in the world, especially her firstborn, Rodion. “You are the only one for us, for me and Dunya, you are our everything, all our hope and hope.” She knows very well what Dunya sacrifices by agreeing to marry Luzhin, but does not stop her, because she herself is ready to do anything for her son and gives him her last. “Love Dunya, your sister, Rodya; love the way she loves you, and know that he loves you more than himself.” Pulcheria Alexandrovna could not survive her son’s crime; she developed a nervous illness “like insanity.”

At first, Pulcheria Aleksandrovna has a positive attitude towards Luzhin: “he is a trustworthy and wealthy man... of a rather pleasant appearance... very respectable and decent, just a little gloomy and seemingly arrogant.” But, like Dunya, she later realized that he was not at all what he seemed: “Well, will I give you my Dunya? Go away, leave us completely!”

Test of knowledge of the text (parts 1-2) 1. What is Raskolnikov’s name? 2.What is his mother’s name? 3.What is his sister's name? 4.What faculty did Raskolnikov study at? 5.What did he do for a living? 6. What is the name of Raskolnikov’s friend? 7. What was the name of the old money-lender? 8.What was the name of her half-sister? 9. How long did Raskolnikov prepare for the crime? 10.What is the name of Raskolnikov’s sister’s fiance?

CATORGA “House of the Dead” “And how many youths were buried in vain within these walls, how many great forces died here in vain! After all, everything must be said: after all, these people were an extraordinary people. But mighty forces died in vain, died abnormally, illegally, irrevocably.” who is guilty?

Development of the idea: “Even in hard labor I was thinking about something similar” year “My novel is called Drunken and will be connected with the current issue of drunkenness.” Why didn't the plan come true? The second half of 1865, work on a work that he called a psychological report of a crime. At the end of 1865, “I burned everything. The new form, the new plan captivated me, and I started all over again.” The year the novel was published in the Russian Messenger magazine. This is the year of Dm's shot. Karakozova. “Petersburg, followed by Moscow, and to some extent the whole of Russia are almost under martial law: arrests, searches and torture are ongoing.”

A word in defense of the fate of the Raskolnikov family: Why do the Raskolnikovs not appear immediately, but we learn about them from a letter? Relationships between family members. A story about Raskolnikov's mother. The fate of Avdotya Romanovna, trials in Svidrigailov’s house. How does Dunechka characterize her consent to marry Luzhin?

Why is the worst thing about the fate of children crippled by this world? The Marmeladov children are on the edge of the abyss. What could their fate have been if not for Svidrigailov’s help? What can you say about Sonya, who is still a child herself, but sacrifices herself to help children? Why was the image of the disgraced girl whom Raskolnikov sees on Boulevard introduced?

A WORD IN DEFENSE OF M ARMELADOV AND HIS FAMILY: How does he appear in the novel? What impression does it make on others? How does Raskolnikov see him? Marmeladov's appearance. Marmeladov's speech. Marmeladov's story about his family. Sonechka's fate. How does Ekaterina Ivanovna appear in the novel? A story about her fate (past). Appearance of Ekaterina Ivanovna. The further fate of Marmeladov and Ekaterina Ivanovna. Who is to blame for the fate of the heroes?

IN CONCLUSION The duality of the heroes: Marmeladov is outwardly funny, “funny,” but internally tragic; he has “nowhere painful to go”; Ekaterina Ivanovna is loud, noisy, sometimes unfair, but internally tragic because of her desire to maintain decency: “They drove the nag away! I tore it!”

Homework: Development of an idea Raskolnikov's condition First meeting with Alena Ivanovna Conversation in a tavern between a student and an officer A month of painful thoughts in a cramped room that looked like a coffin; sitting in the corner like a spider Detailed analysis, test, new meeting with the old woman, description of her External impressions: Marmeladov’s story about people who “have nowhere else to go,” a letter to his mother, a meeting with a drunken girl on Son Boulevard, in which everything universal was concentrated grief But the idea is stronger. Chance meeting with Lizaveta on Sennaya

Brother and sister Raskolnikov

LEARNING FROM STUDENTS

Anna Sharkova,
11th grade,
gymnasium No. 1514,
Moscow
(teacher -
Maria Moiseevna
Belfer)

Brother and sister Raskolnikov

Tselyu F.M. Dostoevsky, who called himself “a realist in the highest sense of the word,” was a depiction of life at moments of greatest psychological stress, when human essence is tested. One of the most important principles of Dostoevsky’s psychologism is the depiction of mental life in the polar opposite of its components. Therefore, the system of images in the novel “Crime and Punishment” is subject to a clear division into central characters with opposite types of worldviews and their doubles. Personality of the main character - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov- is reflected in other criminals and theorists of the novel. A refutation of this image is the meek but morally strong Sonya, one of whose doubles is Rodion’s own sister - Avdotya Romanovna.

The souls of relatives cannot but have similarities. Thus, the brother and sister inherited a fiery temperament, pride, self-confidence and determination. Their natural intelligence allowed them to evaluate any phenomena in life from their own point of view, and also always maintain seriousness. In addition, both were, according to the author, “remarkably good-looking” and similar in appearance, and Avdotya Romanovna “could even be called a beauty.” These rich inclinations allowed both personalities to develop to great heights, but differences in external circumstances made their characters in many ways opposite.

In the second conversation with Sonya, after confessing to her the murder, Raskolnikov described the situation of his family, first passing off his feelings for his relatives as the reasons that prompted him to commit the crime: “You see: you know that my mother has almost nothing. My sister received her upbringing by accident and was condemned to being a governess. All their hopes were on me alone. I studied, but I couldn’t support myself at the university and was forced to leave for a while.” Thus, even during my student years poverty made the conditions of existence of Dunya, who loves her brother “more than herself,” and Rodya, whom she placed on a pedestal of hope, similar. However, poverty affected the heroes in different ways.

On the very first page of the novel, the author says: “He was crushed by poverty; but even the cramped situation has recently ceased to weigh on him.” Poverty did the main thing: it led Raskolnikov to the idea of ​​the imperfection and abomination of the world around him, irritated his pride and self-confidence and awakened his mind. Then it seemed to become invisible: now his brain was busy rethinking new ideas, gradually building up into a theory.

At this time, his sister, Dunya, was trying to survive far from St. Petersburg. Poverty hardened her, taught her to endure, and her pride and self-demandingness did not allow her to lose her dignity. Much later, Razumikhin will have every reason to argue, admiring Dounia: “That queen who was mending her stockings in prison, certainly at that moment looked like a real queen, and even more so than during the most magnificent celebrations and exits.”

Mention of patience not by chance. This quality, characteristic to a greater extent of women, distinguished Dunya from Raskolnikov especially strongly. Hence other traits of her character that are absent in her brother: gentleness, sacrifice, kindness, purity. Both mother and Dmitry Prokofievich more than once said in admiration and respect: “She is an angel!” Raskolnikov reasoned: “The point is clear: for himself, for his comfort, even to save himself from death, he will not sell himself, but for someone else he is selling!”

Rodya is a completely different matter. Porfiry Petrovich described him at the meeting: “You are very irritable, Rodion Romanych, by nature; even too much, sir, with all the other basic properties of your character and heart<…>After all, I understand what it’s like for a person who is dejected, but proud, powerful and impatient, especially the impatient!<…>I repeat, you are impatient and very sick, Rodion Romanych.” Hence the “heart of gold,” which, according to the investigator, “can explain a lot,” and the recognition of oneself as a coward and scoundrel, and cynicism. In contrast to the “angel” Dunya, Raskolnikov “killed, but considers himself an honest man, despises people, pale angel walks.”

Their pallor is also different. It was said about my brother even at the first description that he was weak. In addition, he physically suffered from an illness (fever) and constantly felt “some kind of painful and cowardly feeling” - all this could not help but be reflected in the pallor on the face of the poor city dweller. Dunya “was pale, but not painfully pale; her face shone with freshness and health.”

In the end, Rodion Raskolnikov was led to crime by precisely those traits that were not characteristic of Duna, whom Razumikhin called “the source of kindness, purity, reason and... perfection!” However, both were equally close to murder, and only an accident saved Dunya from the burden of a troubled conscience. It is therefore interesting to compare the psychological state and appearance of the heroes in minutes of crimes.

The murder of the old pawnbroker is an exact moment experienced, which is described by the author without unnecessary details: “Not a single moment could have been lost anymore. He took out the ax completely, swung it with both hands, barely feeling himself, and almost without effort, almost mechanically, brought the butt down on his head. It was as if his strength was not there. But as soon as he lowered the ax once, strength was born in him.” The killer's further actions are described extremely physiologically, in every detail and detail, causing disgust in the reader.

Avdotya Romanovna appears in a completely different light when she makes an attempt on Svidrigailov’s life: “He has never seen her so beautiful. The fire that flashed from her eyes at that moment when she raised the revolver seemed to burn him, and his heart sank with pain.”

The difference is easy to explain. Dunya shot, defending herself from the meanness of a stronger and more powerful person, so the crime committed in despair only gave her more dignity and determination, attractive in a beautiful woman and deserving of respect. Raskolnikov actually committed murder as an experiment, confessing to Sonya: “I did not kill so that, having received funds and power, I would become a benefactor of humanity. Nonsense! I just killed; I killed it for myself, for myself alone.”

This also explains the following difference. From those around you you can hear about courage both - a quality in many ways akin to determination. But if determination can be directed towards any goal, then courage is a noble trait. Therefore, the decisive Rodion declares in despair: “...And I’m a coward and... a scoundrel!”, “But I, I couldn’t even stand the first step, because I’m a scoundrel!” True, he considers himself a scoundrel because he psychologically could not withstand the pressure of the crime, and not because he dared to commit it. But from Dunya he demands precisely noble deeds, to which she once exclaims: “And if you were right, if I really decided on meanness, isn’t it merciless of you to talk to me like that? Why do you demand heroism from me, which perhaps you don’t have?” Rodya, who almost opened up to his sister, drew a similar parallel between them, without even noticing it: “Will this one withstand it or not? No, it won’t stand it; that way can't stand it! These kind of people never stand up.” In this case, it also falls into the category such... But we should not forget that Dunya is a girl, so special courage would even be unnatural for her, unlike her brother, who is ashamed of timidity. Her conscience is clear, and her nobility and determination are accurately assessed by Svidrigailov: “Needless to say, you are a brave girl.”

Interestingly, each of them in their own way reacts to the possibility of others committing a crime. Already a murderer, the brother indignantly declares to the engaged Duna: “Even if I’m a scoundrel, but you shouldn’t... just someone... and even though I’m a scoundrel, I won’t consider such a sister a sister. Either me or Luzhin!” Then Raskolnikov will expect similar feelings from his sister: “There was one moment (the very last) when he terribly wanted to hug her tightly and say goodbye with her, and even say, but he didn’t even dare to shake his hand to her: “Then, perhaps, she will shudder when she remembers that I was hugging her now, and will say that I stole her kiss!” However, Avdotya Romanovna not only did not “shudder” at such a memory , but behaved contrary to Raskolnikov’s expectations: “You’re crying, sister, but can you extend your hand to me?” - “And you doubted it?” She hugged him tightly. This testifies to the purity of Dunya’s conscience, and to the fact that in the depths of Rodion’s soul, a conscience is alive, but delayed. Raskolnikov repents, if not of the murder, which he does not even consider a crime, then of what he did because of it. This causes a desire to retire from all people and especially from relatives. In addition, Dunya, a believer and trying to follow the laws of God, is ready to love a person, even a criminal, if it is her brother, obeying what was said in the Gospel of Matthew: “You have heard that it was said to the ancients: do not kill; whoever kills is subject to judgment. But I tell you that everyone who is angry with his brother without cause will be subject to judgment; whoever says “raqa” to his brother is subject to the Sanhedrin; and whoever says “mad” is subject to fiery hell”; "Judge not lest ye be judged". Raskolnikov is too proud and harsh to experience such noble feelings.

However, perhaps this is precisely what proves the enormous Love Raskolnikov to Dunya. Demandingness, a trait of both, is often manifested by people specifically in relation to loved ones. The circle of acquaintances changes, so it is easier to accept them as they are and enjoy the joys of fleeting communication; but you often try to remake your friends and relatives, to destroy the shortcomings that oppress you in them. Thus, Rodya wanted to see in his sister exactly the kind of person whom he would not be ashamed to love and respect as his own.

In the novel “Crime and Punishment,” as always in Dostoevsky, love is depicted as a complex feeling: love is not given to heroes for free, it is necessary suffer, it requires a lot overcome; This also applies to the relationship between brother and sister. In a letter to her son, Pulcheria Alexandrovna wrote about his selfless sister: “Love Dunya, your sister, Rodya; love the way she loves you, and know that she loves you infinitely, more than herself. She is an angel, and you, Rodya, you are everything to us - all hope and all hope.” Raskolnikov guesses what is behind these words, and he is overcome by anger: “Isn’t she tormented by remorse for agreeing to sacrifice her daughter to her son?” Rodya is right: their family relationship really in many ways built on sacrifices. This does not suit him, a proud and self-confident man: “I don’t want your sacrifice, Dunechka, I don’t want it, mother!” He says this partly because he himself, being an egoist, does not want to make sacrifices, but, on the contrary, wants to have as much independence as possible: “Freedom and power, and most importantly power! Over all the trembling creatures and over the entire anthill!.. That’s the goal!” However, he is afraid to step over everything, otherwise you won’t get freedom, so he looks for a way out by running away from people: “I remember you and love you.”<…>Leave me alone!<…>Otherwise I will hate you, I feel...” This extreme again only confirms the depth of his feelings for his family. In fact, Raskolnikov is also capable of making a sacrifice for the sake of his sister: “Perhaps he should betray himself in order to distract Dounia from some careless step” - his words, reminiscent of annoyance with his sister: “For myself<…>He won’t sell himself, but he sells it for someone else!”

It is no less interesting to compare other people's attitude towards them. It was impossible not to respect both; many bowed before both. However, similar natural inclinations were refracted in them differently under the influence of circumstances. If earlier people like Razumikhin admired Rodion, then after the murder and Raskolnikov’s retreat into himself they began to fear and shun him: “What are you, are you all afraid of me?” - he said with a twisted smile. “This is really true,” said Dunya, looking directly and sternly at her brother.” He was probably once loved, if he even almost married a girl who died suddenly soon after. But in hard labor “everyone did not like him and avoided him. In the end they even began to hate him - why? He didn't know that. They despised him, laughed at him, laughed at his crime, those who were much more criminal than him.” Dunechka, who retained her honor and conscience throughout her difficult life, more than deserved Razumikhin’s admiration: “I am not worthy of loving you, but bowing before you is the duty of everyone, unless he is a perfect beast!”

All these internal changes in the souls of Raskolnikov and Dunino, the ability to preserve themselves, could not but be reflected in the external features of their brother and sister. Yes, surprisingly different smiles depicted on these similar faces. Rodion's smile most often expressed contempt, bilious mockery, or was a mask; At the same time, his face was distorted and even disfigured. The author says differently about Duna: “...but how the smile came to this face, how the laughter came to her, cheerful, young, selfless!”

Some internal differences have also become more defined. Both were observant and insightful people, but if Raskolnikov became very suspicious, then insight Dunya was akin to intuition and sensitivity, accompanied by caution. Also close in content, but opposite in shades, are the harshness of Rodion, which turns into cruelty, and the firmness of Avdotya Romanovna.

The insight of both was often expressed in mutual understanding making reconciliation possible. Thus, Dunya, on their first date in St. Petersburg, avoided a conflict with her brother by turning to her mother: “Come on, mummy, let’s at least leave the room for a minute; We’re killing him, it’s obvious.” But if Dunina’s sensitivity, together with gentleness and diplomacy, serves to achieve peace, respect and love, then her brother more often used his understanding to accuse, expose others or himself: “Dunya, dear, I know you! After all, you were already twenty years old when we last saw each other: I already understood your character<…>The matter is clear.” - Reproaches and advice follow. Thus, Dunya’s understanding is akin to sensitivity, and Raskolnikov’s is akin to insight.

Porfiry Petrovich understood Raskolnikov in many ways and explained his behavior: “You felt felt a lot" The same can be said about Duna. Life experience made both tougher, and their mother described them as follows: “You are a perfect portrait of him, not so much in face as in soul: both of you are melancholic, both gloomy and hot-tempered, both arrogant and both generous...” - they acquired the lion’s share of these traits thanks to heavy life circumstances. But it is precisely these traits that raise the heroes above the rest in the eyes of the author and the reader, because Raskolnikov is right: “Suffering and pain are always required for a broad consciousness and a deep heart. Truly great people, it seems to me, should feel great sadness in the world.”

Perhaps that is why both needed a brighter, purer, lighter and good-natured person nearby. True, if, by bowing to Sonya, one can bow to “all human suffering,” then Razumikhin is simple in many respects precisely because of the lack of life experience and the insignificance of claims. In both pairs (Sonya - Rodion and Dunya - Razumikhin), the qualities of the heroes in total mutually balance each other.

“And you know, Avdotya Romanovna, you yourself are terribly similar to your brother, even in everything!” - Razumikhin once guessed and, of course, simplified the essence of their similarities, but in many ways he hit the mark. These insightful, decisive, proud, in many ways desperate, searching and demanding people with ardent hearts and broad minds really have a lot in common, but with the difference that life made one a criminal, and saved the other from sin. All this becomes clear thanks to Dostoevsky's skill in depicting the contradictory human consciousness. However, the author himself insisted that it is impossible to know a person completely: “Man is a mystery,” which can only be solved forever. The images of Rodion and Dunya Raskolnikov made it possible to touch upon many of the secrets of human psychology. The ending of the novel is open, and both heroes still have a chance to improve or transgress; one thing is certain: the connection between such people will never disappear.