Works of folklore. Children's folklore. Small folklore forms. Major genres of folklore

Folklore is those works that are the fruit of the people’s creativity; they were passed on from one storyteller to the next for a long time. The term itself comes from the merger of two words - “people” and “wisdom”. Since the 19th century, a wave of interest in folklore arose, and active recording of tales, epics, legends, etc., their classification and study began.

Works of folklore

Folklore works are usually divided into lyrical, dramatic and epic. Among the dramatic genres, the so-called “folk dramas” are distinguished. Lyrical - these are folk songs, lamentations. Epic are works of relatively large volumes; This category includes:

• Legends;
• Fairy tales;
  Epic cycles: for example, Kiev, Moscow and Novgorod. Each of them is dedicated to its own theme: Kiev - heroes unite to defend their homeland around the court of Prince Vladimir. Moskovsky is about the urban customs of that time. Novgorodsky is dedicated, in particular, to such personalities as Sadko or Vasily Buslaev;
• Historical songs.

But besides the big genres, there are also small ones:

• Children's folklore (lullabies, jokes, nurseries, nursery rhymes, etc., as well as works that children themselves compose, for example, horror stories);
• Folk songs are those that were usually sung while working in the fields; This also includes ritual songs - for example, wedding songs;
• Proverbs and sayings are aphoristic sayings that reflect folk experience. For example: “An old friend is better than two new ones” or “If you chase two hares, you won’t catch either”;
• Games;
• Calls are one of the forms of the song genre, something between a song and a conspiracy. People asked the forces of nature or certain animals, which were considered symbols of spring, for happiness, health, wealth, harvest for themselves and their families. At the same time, in the texts the forces of nature were personified, they were addressed as something living.
• Counting books;
• Tongue Twisters;
• Puzzles.

The connection between folklore and literature

Although there is a huge difference between folklore and literature, they also have common features. They create artistic images, have a similar generic system, many authors sought and found inspiration (and even themes) for their works in folklore, and some author’s works took root in society so much that almost no one remembered that they had an author.

Folklore is oral folk art. Fairy tales, proverbs, and sayings reflect the wisdom of the people, the experience accumulated over centuries, ideas about the structure of the world, and the practical experience of peasants. Folklore works are still popular, you can often see folk dances and hear songs. Children enjoy reading Russian folk tales. Unfortunately, in the 21st century, not all genres of folklore are known, many are completely forgotten.

1) Problem. Previously, in Rus' there were many genres of small, or children's, folklore. Only riddles, proverbs, sayings and tongue twisters have survived to this day. What other genres of small folklore are there? Let's try to answer this question.

2) Goal. Find examples of different small genres of folklore

3)Tasks:

Ask your classmates what genres of folklore they know, write down examples.

Find examples in the literature.

Find the definition of each genre.

4) Methods: survey, observation, search.

The object of study is the genres of Russian folklore.

The subject of study is small genres of folklore.

SMALL GENRES OF FOLKLORE

Small genres of folklore- These are small folklore works. In some works there is a definition children's folklore, since such folk works enter a person’s life very early, long before mastering speech.

Types of small genres of folklore

Lullaby- one of the oldest genres of folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retains elements of a talismanic conspiracy. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad and scary in a dream, then in reality it will not happen again. That is why you can find the “little gray wolf” and other frightening characters in the lullaby. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired the meaning of good wishes for the future. So, a lullaby is a song used to lull a child to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the measured swaying of the child, rhythm is very important in it.

Pestushka(from the word nurture, that is, to nurse, groom) - a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers, with which they accompany the actions of a child that he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes and caresses him, saying:

Stretchers, stretchers,
Across the fat girl
And in the hands of the veil,
And in the mouth there is a talk,
And in the head there is reason.

When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:

Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, top, top,
Top, top, top.
Little feet
Running along the path:
Top, top, top, top,
Top, top, top, top!

Nursery rhyme- an element of pedagogy, a song-sentence that accompanies playing with a child’s fingers, arms and legs. Nursery rhymes, like pesters, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow you to encourage the child to take action in a playful way, while simultaneously performing massage, physical exercises, and stimulating motor reflexes. This genre of children's folklore provides incentives to play out the plot using fingers (finger games or Ladushki), hands, and facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help instill in a child the skills of hygiene, order, and develop fine motor skills and the emotional sphere.

Examples

joke(from bayat, that is, to tell) - a poetic, short, funny story that a mother tells her child, for example:

Owl, owl, owl,
Big head,
She was sitting on a stake,
I looked to the side,
He turned his head.

Proverbs teach something.

The road is a spoon for dinner.
If you're afraid of the wolf, don't go into the forest.
Birds of a feather flock together.
You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
Fear has big eyes.
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
There is no need for treasure if there is harmony in the family.
Don't have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
If I had known where you would fall, I would have laid out straws.
You make a soft bed, but sleep hard.
The Motherland is your mother, know how to stand up for her.
Seven do not wait for one.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch either.
The bee is small, but it also works.
Bread is the head of everything.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.

Games

There were special songs for the games. Games could be:

kissing. As a rule, these games were played at parties and get-togethers (usually ending with a kiss between a young guy and a girl);

ritual. Such games were characteristic of some kind of ritual, holiday. For example, Maslenitsa festivities (typical fun: removing a prize from the top of a pole, tug of war, competitions for dexterity, strength);

seasonal. Particularly common among children, especially in winter. We played the so-called “Warmers”: the leader shows some movements, and everyone else repeats. Or the traditional “collar” and “stream”.

An example of a kissing game:

The drake chased the duck,
The young man was driving sulfur,
Go home, Ducky,
Go home, Gray,
Duck has seven children,
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth itself,
Kiss me once!

In this game, the "Duck" stood in the center of the circle, and the "Drake" outside, and played like a game of "cat and mouse". At the same time, those standing in the round dance tried not to let the “drake” into the circle.

Calls- one of the types of invocation songs of pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of peasants about the economy and family. For example, the spell of a rich harvest runs through all the calendar songs; For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, and wealth.

Calls are an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered the harbingers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they make requests for spring, wish for its speedy arrival, and complain about winter.

Larks, larks!
Come and visit us
Bring us a warm summer,
Take the cold winter away from us.
We're tired of the cold winter,
My hands and feet were frozen.

Counting book- a short rhyme, a form of drawing lots to determine who leads the game. A counting table is an element of the game that helps establish agreement and respect for the accepted rules. Rhythm is very important in organizing a counting rhyme.

Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Atty-batty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
How much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!

Patter- a phrase built on a combination of sounds that makes it difficult to quickly pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called “pure twisters” because they contribute and can be used to develop diction. Tongue twisters can be both rhymed and non-rhymed.

Greek rode across the river.
He sees a Greek: there is a cancer in the river,
He stuck the Greek's hand into the river -
Cancer for the hand of a Greek - DAC!

The bull was blunt-lipped, the bull was blunt-lipped, the bull's white lip was dull.

From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.

Mystery, like a proverb, is a short figurative definition of an object or phenomenon, but unlike a proverb, it gives this definition in an allegorical, deliberately obscure form. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similar features: “The pear is hanging - you can’t eat it” (lamp). A riddle can also be a simple description of an object, for example: “Two ends, two rings, and a nail in the middle” (scissors). This is both a folk pastime and a test of ingenuity and intelligence.

The role of riddles and jokes was also played by inverted fables, which for adults appear as absurdities, but for children - funny stories about what does not happen, for example:

From behind the forest, from behind the mountains, Grandfather Egor is coming. He is on a gray cart, on a creaking horse, belted with an axe, a belt tucked into his belt, boots wide open, a zipun on his bare feet.

CONCLUSION

Oral folk art (folklore) existed even in the pre-literate era. Works of folklore (riddles, tongue twisters, fables, etc.) were transmitted orally. They memorized them by ear. This contributed to the emergence of different versions of the same folklore work.

Oral folk art is a reflection of the life, way of life, and beliefs of ancient people. Works of folk art accompany a person from birth. They contribute to the formation and development of the child.

Our hypothesis was confirmed; with the help of surveys and observation, we found out that not much children’s folklore remains to this day, but in fact there are a lot of genres.

Folklore, translated from English, means “folk wisdom, folk knowledge.” It was first introduced by the English scientist W.J. Toms in 1846. At first, this term covered the entire spiritual (beliefs, dances, music, wood carving, etc.), and sometimes the material (housing, clothing) culture of the people. Since the beginning of the 20th century. the term is also used in a narrower, more specific meaning: oral folk art.

Folklore is an art that has been formed over many centuries and changes over time.

Only all 3 of these factors, present AT THE SAME TIME, are a sign of folklore and distinguish it from literature.

Syncretism is the unity and indivisibility of various types of art, characteristic of the early stages of its development. Artistic creativity is not separated from other types of activity and, together with them, is directly included in practical life. Syncretism is an undeveloped state of early traditional folklore. The most ancient types of verbal art arose in the process of the formation of human speech in the Upper Paleolithic era. Verbal creativity in ancient times was closely connected with human labor activity and reflected religious, mythical, historical ideas, as well as the beginnings of scientific knowledge. Ritual actions, through which primitive man sought to influence the forces of nature, fate, were accompanied by words: spells and conspiracies were pronounced, and various requests or threats were addressed to the forces of nature. The art of words was closely connected with other types of primitive art - music, dance, decorative art. In science this is called “primitive syncretism.” Traces of it are still visible in folklore.

The Russian scientist A.N. Veselovsky believed that the origins of poetry are in folk ritual. Primitive poetry, according to his concept, was originally a choir song accompanied by dancing and pantomime. The role of the word at first was insignificant and entirely subordinated to rhythm and facial expressions. The text was improvised according to the performance until it acquired a traditional character.

As humanity accumulated more and more significant life experience that needed to be passed on to subsequent generations, the role of verbal information increased. The separation of verbal creativity into an independent art form is the most important step in the prehistory of folklore.

Types of folklore: Epic (legends, fairy tales, traditions, epics - genres) Lyric-epic genre (transitional) - romance

Lyrics (songs, ditties); Drama (folklore theater)

Types of folklore: Archaic - folklore develops among peoples at the primitive stage of development. There is no written language yet; culture is oral. The folklore of people with mythological thinking covers the entire culture of the ethnic group. Classical - folklore takes shape in the era when states are formed, writing and literature emerge. Here artistic fiction is formed, a genre system is formed. Modern is post-folklore, which developed in Russia after the abolition of serfdom. His element is the city. Epic songs, fairy tales and traditional lyrical songs are being replaced by songs of a new formation, ditties, and anecdotes.

Folklore (according to V.E. Gusev) - verbally - musically - choreographically - the dramatic part of folk art (the spiritual component of folk culture) - not material art. Materially expressed (DPI) – folk art.

Folklore is a syncretic and synthetic art, because combines various types of art.

Signs of folklore: Orality (not only the form of dissemination, but the form in which it has the greatest aesthetic impact); Impersonality (the work has an author, but is not identified); Collectivity (as an aesthetic category. The quality of the project accepted by the team corresponds to folk tradition. Collectivity = tradition + improvisation); Traditionality (works are inserted on the basis of traditions); Variability (different options in different territories); Improvisation; Nationality (aesthetic category, expression of ideals, interests, aspirations of the people).

Tradition is stable patterns, artistic techniques and means used by a community of people for many generations and passed on from generation to generation. Tradition is understood as the most general principles of creativity, and in folklore - a set of stable plot forms, types, heroes, and poetic forms.

Folklore genres:

The folklore genre is a set of works united by a common poetic system, everyday use, forms of performance and musical structure. (V.Ya. Propp) Genre is a unit of classification of folklore

Ph-r is divided into genera (epic, lyric, drama), genera - into types (eg, songs, fairy tales, etc.), and types into genres. If the method of existence of works is used as the basis for the classification, then the genre will be divided into ritual and non-ritual.

The epic reproduces reality in narrative form in the form of objective pictures. Divided into: Songs (poems)

Epics; historical songs; ballads; spiritual poems; Prose; Fairytale prose; Animal Tales; Fairy tales; Jokes

Novels; Non-fairy prose; Legends; Legends; Bylichki (demonological stories).

In epic folklore genres, the main artistic feature is the plot. It is built on a conflict, which is based on the hero's clash with supernatural or real opponents. The plot can be both simple and complex, the events can be perceived as both real and fictional, and the content can be related to the past, present and future.

Lyrics - lyrics poetically depict the inner, mental state of a person, his subjective experiences

Songs of Ditties; Lamentations; Dramatic genres of folklore have a spectacular and playful nature, and convey an attitude to reality in play action; Ritual games; Dramatic games; Late theatrical genres; Theater of live actors; Puppet show; Rayok;

According to the method of existence of works, folklore is divided into: Ritual; Ritual calendar; Ritual family; Non-ritual.

In addition, there are small genres of folklore: paremias; Proverbs and sayings; Puzzles

And also such types as children's folklore (lullabies, teasers, horror stories, chants, etc., folklore of workers (songs, ditties, prose), folklore of the Second World War (ditties, f-r of the front, rear, hijacked into occupation, Victory and .etc.)

Each folklore genre has its own circle of heroes, its own plots and stylistic devices, however, all folklore genres in their natural existence are interconnected and form a system. In this system, outdated f.zh. are destroyed. and on their basis new ones are born.

Folklore researchers: V.N. Tatishchev (18th century), Slavophiles P.V. Kirievsky, N.M. Yazykov, V.I. Dahl et al.; 1850-60s: F.I. Buslaev, A.N. Afanasyev, A.N. Veselovsky, V.F. Miller; beginning of the Soviet era: B.M. and Yu.M. Sokolovs, D.K. Zelenin, M.K. Azadovsky, N.P. Andreev. Second floor. 20 in: V.I. Chicherov, V.Ya. Propp, N.N. Veletskaya, V.K. Sokolova, L.N. Vinogradova, I.E. Karpukhin, V.P. Anikin, E.V. Pomerantseva, E.M. Meletinsky, V.A. Bakhtin, V.E. Gusev, A.F. Nekrylova, B.N. Putilov, etc.

Fairy tales where the main character is a wizard, with the participation of magical animals or objects, are, for example, “Finist Yasen Falcon”, “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf”, “At the behest of the pike”. Plants and natural phenomena that have their own magic are found in almost every fairy tale - talking apple trees, rivers and the wind, trying to hide the main character from pursuit and save him from death.

Folklore prose is the key to Russian demonology

The second layer of folklore prose is non-fairy tale. It is represented by stories or incidents from life telling about human contacts with representatives of otherworldly forces - witches, devils, kikimoras, spirits, and so on.

It should be noted that all these creatures came to modern times in unconscious images from the depths of centuries and have pre-Christian pagan origin.

The category of non-fairy tale prose folklore also includes stories about shrines, miracles and the saints who perform them - here the theme of communication between higher powers and a person who has come to the Christian faith is revealed.

Prosaic examples of folklore belonging to the non-fairy tale layer are quite diverse - these are legends, tales, tales, and stories about dreams.

Modern Russian folklore

It consists of two layers that coexist and periodically flow into each other.

The first layer consists of folk traditions and beliefs, transferred to modern realities. They are sayings, religious and daily rituals, and signs that are still relevant today. Examples of Russian folklore, characteristic of modern life, can be observed both in everyday life (placing a broom with the broom facing upward to attract material wealth) and on holidays. Ritual holiday folklore elements include carols performed at Christmas time.

The second layer of modern urban folklore is much younger and represents a belief in man-made scientific theories, framed according to human beliefs and fears.

Contemporary urban folklore

It acts as an egregor of collective images of fears and beliefs of people living in cities; it dates back to the period of industrialization, when harsh living conditions and technological progress were superimposed on the ancient layer of old Russian beliefs.

Examples of folklore reflecting modern Russian realities are mostly focused on several types of human fears. Most often these are songs, rituals and gestures intended to evoke otherworldly forces (the “Queen of Spades” of gnomes, etc.): ghosts, spirits of various historical figures, as well as for the manifestation of Divine Providence and various entities.

Certain elements of folklore creativity are included in scientifically oriented theories of an industrial nature.

Examples of urban folklore used in modern legends have flooded the Internet - these are stories about stations and metro lines closed to the public, abandoned bunkers and various unfinished buildings with accompanying stories about mysterious rooms, apparatus and living beings.

Literary folklore - from chronicles to modern times

Russian literature, replete with folklore elements, is divided into two layers: that which has come down to us from the period of the 12th-16th centuries, which is the basis for the construction of some later symbolic images; created from the 17th to the 19th centuries, using these images in its plots. Accordingly, examples of folklore in literature are found in the works of both periods. Let's look at the most famous of them below.

Examples of folklore in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” consist mainly in metaphorical comparisons of the main characters with pagan gods, for example, Boyan is called the grandson of Veles, the princes are called the grandchildren of Dazhdbog, and the winds are called Stribozh’s grandchildren. The author’s address to the Great Horse is also recorded.

In modern literature, folklore elements are used by the main characters in the process of their daily life.

Examples of folklore in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" come from the area of ​​small and lyrical folklore, including sayings, ditties, sayings ("praise the grass in a haystack, and the master in a coffin"), appeal to folk signs (chapter "Peasant Woman" , where Matryona’s fellow villagers see the reason for the crop failure in the fact that she “...put on a clean shirt at Christmas...”), as well as insertions into the text of folk Russian songs (“Corvee”, “Hungry”) and the use of sacred digital symbols ( seven men, seven owls).

Small folklore genres

They distinguish a type of small folklore works that are part of a person’s life from birth. These are small genres of folklore, examples of which can be observed in the communication between mother and child. Thus, in pestushki (tunes of poetic form), nursery rhymes (songs-sayings using gestures of the child’s fingers and toes), jokes, chants, counting rhymes, tongue twisters and riddles, the necessary rhythm of body movement is set and simple story lines are conveyed.

The first folklore genres in human life

Lullabies and pesters have ancient origins. They are part of the so-called maternal poetry, which enters the life of a child from the moment of his birth.

Pestushki are rhythmic short sentences accompanying the activities of mother and newborn. In them, rhythm is important along with the content.

The lullaby song, with its lyrics and melody, is aimed at achieving a state of sleep for the child and does not require the use of any musical instrument. This genre always contains elements of a talisman that protects the newborn from hostile forces.

Small genres of folklore, examples of which are given above, are the most ancient layer of folk art.

Rodionova Vera Anatolevna
Children's folklore. Small folklore forms

Small genres of folklore- these are small in volume folklore works.

Introducing children to folklore genres occurs from an early age. These are mother's lullabies folklore works. Some types of unusually rich and diverse Russian folklore were constantly offered to children and found attentive listeners in them. And active performers, this part of Russian oral folk art is usually called children's folklore.

Games - fun with young children. ("Magpie", "Ladushki", "Goat" and others) Nursery rhymes, riddles, fairy tales. Folklore interesting for its bright, accessible, understandable to children shape. Children with interest and admiration try to imitate an adult and repeat his actions. By repeating poems, nursery rhymes, and sayings together with an adult, children develop their imagination, enrich their speech and emotions. The organs of articulation are exercised. A child’s first acquaintance with the art of words begins with folklore works. Lullabies are the first to enter a little person’s life, and then others. forms oral folk art. As a rule, at the beginning of life a child becomes acquainted with small genres of folklore, accessible to his perception. Fairy tales, songs, proverbs, counting rhymes, nursery rhymes, drawing lots, tongue twisters, and so on, have always been inextricably linked with the experience of folk pedagogy.

Life processes such as dressing, bathing, accompanied by words are very helpful baby. At these moments, he remembers and responds, accompanies words with actions - plays pats, stamps his feet, dances, moving to the beat.

This not only amuses, but also pleases the child. When listening small folklore forms Aggression in children decreases. Nursery rhymes, jokes, and chants sound affectionately, expressing care, tenderness, faith, and well-being.

Small form of folklore can be played in different ways. In this case, you can use the theater (finger, masks, etc.). Various toys can also be used. While playing theater and toys, children quickly imagine and remember fairy tales, nursery rhymes, etc. When putting on a costume, the child imagines himself as one character or another.

Lullabies are songs sung by a mother or nanny while rocking a child to sleep. Their purpose is to calm and lull the child with a measured rhythm and monotonous motive, as well as to regulate the movement of the cradle.

Lullaby song is one of the oldest genres folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retains elements of a talismanic conspiracy. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad and scary in a dream, then in reality it will not happen again. That's why in a lullaby you can find "gray top" and other scary characters. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired the meaning of good wishes for the future. So, a lullaby is a song used to lull a child to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the measured swaying of the child, rhythm is very important in it.

The predominant themes are lulling, inviting assistants to lull, thoughts about the future of the lulled child, often phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality that can interest and amuse the child, if only he understood the words of the song. This is like an adaptation to the interests of the child; this stylization childishness, by the way, is very clearly reflected in the language (diminutives, affectionate words, children's word formations).

Hush, Little Baby, Do not Say a Word

Hush, Little Baby, Do not Say a Word,

Don't lie on the edge.

The little gray wolf will come,

He'll grab the barrel

And he will drag you into the woods,

Under a broom bush.

Don't come to us, little top,

Don't wake up our Sasha.

So people are sleeping

So the animals are sleeping

Birds sleep on branches

Foxes on the hills

Hares sleep on the grass,

Ducks on an ant.

The children are all in their cradle.

They sleep, they sleep, they tell the whole world to sleep.

And the cats are gray,

And the tails are white,

They were running through the streets,

They were running through the streets,

Sleep and slumber were collected

You cats, cats, cats,

You have yellow tails.

You cats, cats, cats,

Bring naps.

Oh, you little cat,

Curly pubis,

Come, kitty, spend the night,

Download our Lidochka.

Am I the cat for you?

I'll pay for the work

I'll give you a jug of milk

Yes, a piece of pie

Whiter than daddy

In both paws.

Hush, Little Baby, Do not Say a Word

My sweet love

I took her as my nanny

Wind, sun and eagle.

The eagle flew home

The sun disappeared under the mountain,

After the wind of three nights

He returned to his mother.

Vetra's mother asked

Where did you deign to disappear?

Driven waves on the sea,

Did you count the stars' gold?

I didn’t make waves on the sea,

I didn't count the gold stars

Little children hooted!

Oh-lyuli-people-lyuli

The cranes have arrived

Cranes are hairy-legged

Didn't find the way

They sat on the gate

And the gate creaks and creaks

Don't wake up my Lada

She sleeps and sleeps.

Pestushka - comes from the Russian word "nurture", that is, to nurse, groom, cherish. This is a very short chant of nannies and mothers in a poetic form, how they accompany the child’s actions that he performs at the very beginning of life.

Big feet

Walked along the road:

Top, Top, Top,

Top, Top, Top.

Little feet

We ran along the path:

Top, Top, Top,

Top, Top, Top.

Ant weed

Got up from sleep.

Bird - tit

Got to work on the grain,

Bunnies for cabbage

Mice - for the crust,

Guys for milk.

Stretch, stretch,

Geese flew low

Stretch, stretch,

The feathers are soft in the pillow,

These feathers are stretchy

They gave the geese to Dusenka.

The water is flowing,

The bathhouse is heated under the mountain

The cat is washing itself, in a hurry.

There are 19 kittens standing there,

Everyone wants to wash themselves in a warm bathhouse!

Get out of the way cat

Our Tanya is coming.

Top-top, top-top

Our Tanya is coming,

There's no way he'll fall.

Top-top, top-top,

That's what Tanechka is like.

To each his own:

The stove has a log,

Hay for the cow

Grass for the calf

Water for the lamb

And for you, son,

A piece of sugar.

Cockerel cockerel,

Comb my comb.

Well, please, please

I'll comb my curls.

Stretch for little pussy

For the little one, grow them up.

A nursery rhyme is an element of pedagogy, a song-sentence that necessarily accompanies playing with a child’s fingers, arms and legs. Nursery rhymes, like pesters, are designed to develop the child. Such genres folklore served in their playing area form: They are designed to awaken the child to action. On the one hand, this is massage, on the other, physical exercise. In this genre children's folklore there are incentives to play out the plot with the help of fingers, palms, hands and facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help a child instill hygiene and order skills, develop fine motor skills and the emotional sphere. The most famous of them: Okay, Soroka.

Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!

What did you eat? Porridge!

What did you drink? Mash!

Butter porridge!

Sweet mash!

(Grandmother is kind)

We drank, ate, wow.

Shuuuu! (Home) Let's fly!

They sat on their heads! ("Ladushki" sang)

Forty, forty!

Where were you?

I lit the stove,

I cooked porridge,

Jumped onto the threshold -

Called guests.

The guests have arrived

They sat on the porch.

Gave this one

Gave this one

Gave this one

Gave this one

I didn't give it to this:

He didn't walk on water

Didn't chop wood

I didn’t drown Pechaka,

I didn’t cook the porridge...

The horned goat is coming,

There's a butted goat coming:

With your feet - stomp, stomp!

With your eyes - clap-clap!

Who doesn't eat porridge?

Who doesn't drink milk?

He's gored, gored.

Bolshak to chop wood (thumb).

Should you carry water (index,

And you have to heat the stove (nameless,

A sing songs for baby(little finger)

Sing songs and dance,

To amuse my siblings.

Sing songs and dance,

To amuse my siblings.

Invocations are one of the types of invocation songs. Such songs are of pagan origin. They reflect the peasant way of life. For example, the spell of a rich harvest runs through all the songs. For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness and wealth. It is also an appeal to the rainbow, sun and rain, and other natural phenomena. They often turned to animals and birds. Birds were considered harbingers of spring. The forces of nature were revered as living. Usually they made requests for spring, wishing for its speedy arrival, warmth and sun, and complaining about winter.

Larks, larks!

Come and visit us

Bring us a warm summer,

Take the cold winter away from us.

We are bored with the cold winter,

My hands and feet were frozen.

Rainbow-arc,

Beat the rain -

Again into the night

It's pouring with all its might;

Beat the thunder

I wouldn't get into the house.

Water, water,

Wash my face!

So that your eyes sparkle,

So that your cheeks turn red,

To make your mouth laugh,

So that the tooth bites!

Rain, rain, rain more!

To make it more fun!

Rain, rain, rain, rain!

On me and on people!

Sunny, show yourself!

Red, gear up!

So that year after year

The weather gave us:

Warm summer

Mushrooms in birch bark,

Berries in a basket,

Green peas.

Storm - Baba Yaga,

Go from the sea to the meadows!

There's onions, garlic,

Kissel pot,

Oil porridge,

The spoon is painted.

You eat, sit down,

Don't go to the sea!

Firefly light,

Shine it into your fist.

Shine a little light

I'll give you some peas

Jug of cottage cheese

And a piece of pie.

cranberry,

Show up big

Yes, snowy,

Yes, dead.

We were looking for you

They jumped over the bumps.

Counting tables - in childhood Before the start of any game, we settled with you. Counting rhymes helped us with this. Counting tables are one of the drawing forms, a small rhyme used to determine the leader. A counting book is a very important element that helps children avoid quarrels and establish agreement and respect for accepted rules. Rhythm is very important in organizing counting rhymes.

One two three four.

Let's count the holes in the cheese.

If the cheese has a lot of holes,

This means the cheese will be delicious.

If there is one hole in it,

So it was delicious yesterday.

The centipede got sick legs:

Ten whine and buzz,

Five are limping and in pain.

I am a little girl

I don't go to school.

Buy me sandals -

I'm getting married!

They sat on the golden porch:

Tsar, prince, king, prince,

Shoemaker, tailor -

Who will you be?

A German came out of the fog

He took the knife out of his pocket

I will cut, I will beat -

Who will you remain friends with?

The month has emerged from the fog,

He took the knife out of his pocket.

I will cut, I will beat -

You still have to drive!

Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,

Aty-baty, to the market.

Atty-batty, what did you buy?

Aty-baty, samovar.

How much does it cost?

Aty-baty, three rubles

Aty-baty, what is he like?

Aty-baty, golden.

Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,

Aty-baty, to the market.

Atty-batty, what did you buy?

Aty-baty, samovar.

How much does it cost?

Aty-baty, three rubles.

Aty-baty, who's coming out?

Aty-baty, it's me!

Under the mountain by the river

Old gnomes live.

They have a bell hanging

Gilded rings:

Digi-digi-digi-don,

Get out quickly!

A phrase built on a combination of sounds that makes words difficult to pronounce. Tongue twisters are also called pure twisters. Very often they are used to develop diction and speech. Tongue twisters can be rhymed or non-rhymed.

Tell us about your purchases

What about purchases?

About shopping, about shopping,

About my purchases.

The otter dived into the otter's bucket.

The otter drowned in a bucket of water.

Scared of the bear cub

Hedgehog with a hedgehog and with a hedgehog,

Swift with a swift and a haircut.

Four turtles have four baby turtles.

Four little black, grimy little devils

A drawing was drawn in black ink.

At the edge of a hut

Old talkative women live.

Every old lady has a basket,

There's a cat in every basket,

Cats in baskets sew boots for old women.

Sasha sewed a hat for Sasha,

Sashka knocked a bump off with his hat.

Sasha walked along the highway and sucked on a dryer.

Silks rustle in the hut

Yellow Dervish from Algeria

And juggling with knives,

He eats a bunch of figs.

Cuckoo bought a hood.

Put on the cuckoo's hood.

How funny he is in the hood!

Skinny, weak Koschey

Carrying a box of vegetables.

The role of riddles cannot be overestimated. Riddles make children think and look for associations. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similarity crap:

“The pear is hanging - you can’t eat it”.

A riddle can also be a simple description of an object, for example,

“Two ends - two rings, and in the middle there are carnations”.

The riddle combines features of folk fun, a test of ingenuity, and quick wits.

Amazing child!

Just got out of diapers

can swim and dive,

like his own mother.

Red-haired cheat,

Cunning and dexterous,

Got into the barn

I counted the chickens.

Riding on someone else's back

carries its load.

“A full pile of geese and swans”

"Two seas, two steep sorrows

hanging on an arc in the mountains"

“The horse runs - the earth trembles”

Strong, ringing and sharpened.

Whomever he kisses, he's off his feet.

Teasers are short, mocking poems that ridicule this or that quality, and sometimes are simply tied to a name.

Teasing passed on to children from an adult environment and grew out of nicknames and nicknames. Later, rhyming lines were added to nicknames, and so teasers formed. Now a teaser can not only be associated with a name, but also make fun of any negative traits character: cowardice, laziness, greed, arrogance. However, causeless teasing also persisted.

Vanka-Vstanka the little one,

Wear a big cap.

Eat a loaf of bread,

You will grow to the sky!

Volodya-Volodya –

A hat full of crackers.

Hot crackers

Three kopecks in change.

Leshka-flatbread,

Head with a basket,

Hat with a peg,

Legs like a log.

Lenchik-donut,

Ate a candy bar

Pig and bull

I drank a glass of milk,

I ate another crate of loaves,

Three baskets of pies.

Our Pasha is thin,

Like a spring straw.

And he puts on his shoes -

How the bubble inflates.

Nikolai-basurai,

Climb onto the barn

There they kill a mosquito,

They'll give you a paw.

Kolya, Kolya, Nikolai,

Stay at home, don't go out.

Peel the potatoes

Eat little by little.

Dunya the plump

Went out onto the street

Sat on a hummock

The mosquito ate it.

Roll calls are poems designed to imitate some natural phenomenon or animal.

We sent you a bow.

What Masha?

Our pig!

Did you eat the pie?

No, not me!

Was it delicious?

Titus, and Titus?

Go threshing.

My belly hurts.

Go eat some porridge.

Where's my big spoon?

Where are you going, Foma?

Where are you going?

Mow hay.

What do you need hay for?

Feed the cows.

What do you need cows for?

Milk milk.

What do you need milk for?

Give the kids something to drink.

Tell: two hundred.

Head in the dough!

-What's better: cherry or plum?

The button is superfluous.

I'll tell you, and you speak: "And me too."

We went into the forest.

And me too.

They cut down the trough,

And me too.

They poured slop.

And me too.

The pigs began to grow up.

And me too.

Are you a pig?

“Whose nose?” –

"Mokeev". –

"Where are you going?" –

"To Kyiv". –

“What are you bringing?” –

"Rye". –

“What will you take?” –

"Penny". –

“What will you buy?” – "Kalach". –

“Who will you eat with?”- "One (A)». –

“Don't eat alone! Don't eat alone!

Fables are short songs or poems in which the real connections of phenomena and objects are deliberately disrupted and displaced. The focus of a fable is some impossible situation, behind which, however, a smart person will guess the correct state of affairs.

It is snowing! It's so hot! Birds are flying from the south! Everything around is white and white - Red summer has come!

The horse rode with horns, the goat swam along the pavement, the worm with a beard walked with leaps and bounds!

From behind the forest, from behind the mountains, Grandfather Egor is coming.

He's on a gray cart, on a creaking horse,

Belted with an axe,

The belt is tucked into the waistband,

Boots wide open, Zipun on bare feet!

The hedgehog flapped its wings and fluttered like a butterfly.

The hare, sitting on the fence, laughed loudly and loudly!

Between heaven and earth

The pig was rummaging

And accidentally tail

Cling to the sky!

The fox ran through the forest,

The fox lost its tail. Vanya went into the forest and found the fox's tail. The fox came early, brought Vanya berries,

She asked me to give Vanya his tail.

Listen, guys, to my poor fairy tale.

From the humpbacked horse and the bear - dancer: Just like a motley pig has built a nest in an oak tree,

She made a nest and brought out the children. Sixty piglets are sitting on twigs. The piglets squeal, they want to fly, they flew, they flew! Just like a bear flies across the sky,

The bear flies and turns its head! And he is carrying a cow, Black-and-white, white-tailed! And the cow is flying and twirling her tail, know the bear hums: - Let's go right! Let's go left! And now let's get straight to it!

The general characteristics of sayings include brevity, conciseness, stability, and widespread use. Sayings can be defined as poetic, polysemantic, widely used in speech, stable short expressions that have figurative meanings.

"Pig under the Oak"

"Not one of the brave ten"

"Neither peahen nor crow"

"Whistle into your fist"

"I went to hell in the middle of nowhere"

"Doesn't mince words"

“It fell out of the blue”.

"Knock it off"

"Dog in the manger"

"When the cancer on the mountain whistles"

"After the rain on Thursday"

"Seven miles to heaven and everything is forest"

PROVERB – is a logically complete phrase or a figurative aphoristic saying.

“A hut is not red in its corners - it is red in its pies”

“The rich you are, the happier you are”

“Like the hostess, so is the table”

“The brave will find where the timid will lose.”

“If you don’t worship the ground, you won’t raise fungus”

“You can’t catch a fish out of a pond without effort”

“Take care of your nose in the deep frost”

“Under strong feet the [road] stones are soft”