Direct and indirect objects in Russian. Direct and indirect object
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Lesson objectives: enriching the vocabulary of learning with new words, mastering theoretical material, the ability to find direct and indirect additions in a sentence, developing personal competencies, instilling a love of poetry.
Lesson type: synthetic
Lesson type: lesson experiment
Visibility: posters, markers
During the classes
I. Organizational moment (1-2 min)
a) greeting (slide No. 3): Hello! In different countries they say hello in their own way: And in one of the African tribes, when meeting, they say: “I see you”:
b) autogenic training: everyone says to himself the phrase “I am the best!”
II. Homework survey: read an essay on the topic “Russian folk traditions”
III. New topic: Direct and indirect object
1. The teacher's word.
Dear students! Today we have an unusual lesson that will take place in a creative workshop. You must conduct an experiment and determine what the topic of today's lesson is. (There is a white poster on the board on which students must write the topic of the lesson after they have carried out a linguistic experiment and made a conclusion.)
But before we start studying, we must plant a tree of expectations, i.e. Each student writes their expectations from this lesson on pieces of paper and attaches them to the tree. (Tree of expectations. Slide No. 4)
2. Brainstorming (Slide No. 5). Question: What is the topic of our lesson?
Supporting concepts: main members of a sentence, secondary members of a sentence, subject, predicate, object, indirect and direct object.
Mukagali Makataev, teacher of the Russian language, lyrics, Dante, Shakespeare (Among these concepts, the new ones are: direct and indirect objects, Mukagali Makataev. Based on the new concepts, students come to the consensus that in the lesson we will talk about direct and indirect objects, and Also, the lexical topic will be devoted to the work of Mukagali Makataev.)
3. Teacher: What did we talk about in the last lesson?
Pupils: We studied the topic “Addition”
(Students, answering this question, write the definition of an addition on a reference poster. The remaining terms related to the new topic are entered by students in this reference book!)
An addition is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions about indirect cases. (Slide No. 6)
4. Linguistic experiment (slide 7
Here are some examples: (syntactic five minutes)
In russian language:
At the fair you can buy a woven basket and a patchwork rug.
Masters showed how to make a toy from a tire
In Kazakh language:
Tura zhane zhanama tolyktauysh
1) Balans of okytudy zhek kormedim (Tabys septic tura tolyktauysh)
2) Qulak estigendi koz koredi
3) Oner – white bar zhurttar (Neden? Shygys septic tank, zhanama)
Tastan barn salgyzdy (Y. Altynsarin)
4) Zhylkyda ot zhok, oser malda olim zhok (Zhatys septic) zhanama tolyktauysh
In English:
Direct, indirect and prepositional objects
1) I wrote a letter (direct)
I wrote a letter
2) I wrote a letter to him (whom?) (indirect)
3) I spoke about him (prepositional object)
(I talked about him)
(Students find additions in sentences, since they speak three languages, students make a comparison and draw a conclusion: there are two types of additions in the Kazakh language, three types of additions in English, and how many in Russian?)
5. The linguistic experiment in the creative workshop continues (slide 8)
Explain why the phrases are divided into two columns?
After writing down examples, students determine the case forms of nouns and indicate the transitivity of verbs. On the student reference poster they write:
Transitive verbs denote actions directly and necessarily aimed at some object. The action denoted by this verb presupposes one or another object (house, dam, factory, etc.) and is impossible without it. The object to which the action of a transitive verb passes is always expressed in the accusative case form without a preposition.
Sometimes the direct object of a transitive verb is in the genitive case: when denoting a partial object, when negating.
Intransitive verbs denote actions that are not directed at any object. They have the meaning of position in space, state, sound: sitting, grieving, barking, etc. In accordance with their meaning, they cannot control the form of the accusative case without a preposition.
6. Presentation of the directory (9 slide).
On the reference poster, students write case forms in two columns, which are necessary for transitive and intransitive verbs. Then they draw a conclusion about direct and indirect additions and write the topic of the lesson on a blank poster.
The direct object refers to a transitive verb and is expressed in the accusative form, less often - in the genitive form without a preposition. All other additions are called indirect.
7. Selective exercise.
1. My grandmother loves collecting medicinal plants. 2. My sincerity amazed Pugachev. 3. Give me some milk, please. 4. Son, buy some bread at the store. 5. They said there would be no water during the day. 6. I don't like your jokes. 7. To achieve a goal, you have to work hard. 8. The patient lost sleep. 9. Many composers devoted their entire lives to music. 10. I will not allow anyone to deceive me. 11. We melt tin and drive cars. 12. The old man was catching fish with a seine. 13. From newspapers and old magazines I learned about the life of other cities, other peoples. 14. Not a single holiday passes without music and songs. 15.I went to the city with a friend. 16. Dulat plays chess well.
8. Work according to the table (Slide No. 10)
Students consolidate their knowledge of direct and indirect objects using a table.
9. Phonetic exercise (or speech exercise) the hiss of a snake; rustle of leaves; the wind howls; a crow croaks. (Slide No. 11)
(Students must pronounce words, performing the actions listed above, for example: the hiss of a snake - s-s-sun, ts - ts- flower, s - s - light; the wind howls - pere - y - y- street, y - y- street, chance; a crow croaks - kar- kar- picture, kar- kar- cardboard, kar- kar- caricature.
This phonetic charge serves as a bridge for the transition to the lexical topic “Mukagali Makataev”.
Teacher: Do you think this method is used?(i.e. repetition of the same sounds) poets in poems? What is it called?
Students: This method is called alliteration. It is often used by poets. Alliteration is the repetition of identical consonant sounds in poetic speech, one of the types of sound writing. Alliteration highlights individual words and lines, which therefore become especially expressive:
The echo roars across the mountains,
Like thunder rolling over thunder.
(G. Derzhavin. Waterfall.)
(“A brief dictionary of literary terms.” L.I. Timofeev, S.V. Turaev)
Teacher: Today we will get acquainted with the life and work of Mukagali Makataev (Slide No. 12). This is a famous Kazakh poet. His poems occupy an important place in Kazakh literature. Mukagali Makataev also wrote poetry in Russian. He worked as a Russian language teacher. And now you must read the text about him, observing the rules of pronunciation.
Exercise 4 from the textbook “Russian Speech” edited by G. Badambaeva.
One of the most talented Kazakh poets Mukagali Makataev lived only 45 years (1931-1976). He was born in the Narynkol district of the Alma-Ata region. Teachers gathered in his house, and his readers simply came to the poet. In the evenings we often discussed poetry and talked about poetry. For the first time, the Kazakh teacher was introduced to the work of Makataev in 1966 in the newspaper “Kazakh Adebieti” by the oldest poet of our republic, Abdilda Tazhibaev.
The formation of Makataev, a poet, was greatly influenced by the oral poetry of the Kazakh people, his love for which manifested itself in childhood. On long winter evenings, the future poet loved to listen to stories, legends, and songs by the fireplace.
Mukagali Makataev translated the works of Dante, Shakespeare and other classics of foreign literature into Kazakh.
10. Lexical corner: working with new words - discussed, influence, legends.
Make up sentences with new words. Decline nouns.
11. Working with text: Reprint the text on paper in small print and hang it on the board.
Divide the class into two groups and ask them to close their books. Each group should
restore text in notebooks. To do this, two students write, and the rest of the students, having read one sentence at a time at the board, approach the student who is writing and dictate the sentence they read from memory. The group that is the first to restore the text without errors and (underline the addition in the sentences) deserves an award.
(This type of work allows students to develop memory, and also gives students the opportunity to move around in class)
12. Problem from “Teddy Bear”: find the addition.
The bullfighter put on a sombrero.
Sombrero put on Torero.
Answer: Sombrero (from Spanish) is a wide-brimmed hat with a high cone-shaped crown and usually with the edges of the brim rounded upward.
13. Structural discussion on the topic: “Do modern youth read fiction?” (Slide No. 13 )
Students express their opinions from the point of view of optimists, pessimists, and realists. Observers and the analyst evaluate the statements.
14. Lesson summary: Tree with results.(Slide No. 14)
Students write their reviews on pieces of paper and attach them to the tree. The teacher compares expectations with the results obtained.
15. Homework: write about your favorite poet, using direct and indirect objects.
Today, I will tell you about such a concept as “Minor members in a sentence.” I'll start with the minor members called "Supplement".
Addition in Russian
The addition is a minor member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases, as well as denoting the object to which this or that action is directed or connected. Sometimes denotes the action or state of an object.
Additions that denote the object of action are used with verbs or from nouns formed by them.
Complements that name an object are used with adjectives or with nouns formed from them.
Direct objects are objects that depend on a transitive verb and are used in the meaning of a noun or pronoun (and any other parts of speech that are expressed by a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition.
For example:
Build (what?) a building
Fix (what?) computer
Kiss (who?) mom
The direct object can also be formed using the genitive case in two cases:
1.When there is a negative particle “not” before a transitive verb
A.Eat soup do not eat soup
B. To earn money is not to earn money
2. Or when the action does not pass to the entire object, but only to part of it
For example
A. Buy bread buy bread
B.Drink milk drink milk
B. Add rice add rice
A direct object denotes an object to which an action is directed, which can create, appear or disappear during the action.
Circumstance in Russian: 7 types
A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes how and under what circumstances an action occurs.
There are 7 types of circumstances:
1. Time circumstance (indicates the time and date of the action)
A.Work from morning to evening
B.Leave late
2. Circumstance of place (indicates the place or direction of what is happening)
A.Move left
B.Live in the forest
3. Circumstance of measure and degree (indicates the weight, measure and degree of what is happening)
A. Shoot twice
B. Three hundred thirty-two kilograms
3. Circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner of performing the action)
A. Answer clearly
B. Live in peace
4. Circumstance of reason (indicates the reason for the action)
A. Not coming due to illness
B. Oversleep because of a movie
5. Circumstance of the goal (indicates the goal)
A. Go on vacation
B. Come to study
6. Circumstance of condition (indicates the condition of the action)
A.Can't come due to snowfall
B. Don't swim because of the cold
7. Circumstance of assignment (indicates the condition contrary to which the action is performed)
A. Ride against your will
V. Despite there is nothing to run first
Definition: agreed and inconsistent
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?
There are 2 types of definitions, consistent and inconsistent:
1. Agreed definitions - consistent with the word being defined in number, case, singular - and gender; expressed by an adjective, pronoun-adjective, participle, ordinal number.
Direct addition An object expressed in the accusative case without a preposition and dependent: a) from a transitive verb (write a statement, give advice); b) from some words of the condition category (sorry for the girl, it hurts her arm). The genitive case form can act as a direct object: a) with transitive verbs with negation (not to like music, not to notice mistakes); b) with some words, categories of state (sorry for lost time).
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what a “direct complement” is in other dictionaries:
See oggetto diretto... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms
direct addition Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
direct addition- A type of morphologized addition used with transitive verbs and denoting the object to which the action is directly directed and which is completely covered by the action. D.p. expressed: 1) accusative case without... ... Syntax: Dictionary
Addition- Complement is a member of a sentence, expressed by a noun and denoting an object (object), reflecting the action of a verbal attribute or serving as its instrument. There is a distinction between direct and indirect objects. Direct object means... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
ADDENDUM, additions, cf. (book). 1. Action under Ch. complement complement. He was involved in adding and correcting old articles for the collection. || A part added to clarify or correct what was previously written. In the new circular... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
STRAIGHT, oh, oh; straight, straight, straight, straight and straight. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
ADDITION, I, Wed. 1. see add. 2. What n. added, addition. D. to the resolution. In d. (in addition to nothing else). Additions to clothing (ties, belts, scarves, bags, jewelry). 3. In grammar: minor member of a sentence... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
This term has other meanings, see Appendix. An addition in syntax is a minor member of a sentence, expressed by a noun or pronominal noun. Supplement denotes a thing or person that is the object of... ... Wikipedia
Complement (syntax) is a minor member of a sentence, expressed by a noun or pronominal noun, which names the person or thing that is the object of the action called the predicate. There is a direct object without a preposition... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Periodic law. Additional materials, D.I. Mendeleev. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology.
This volume is a kind of addition to the volume of works by D. I. Mendeleev on...
Secondary members play an important role in a sentence, enriching it, bringing clarity, explaining the subject and predicate. Among them, the addition stands out. The mistake in highlighting this minor member is that it is often confused with the subject, especially when it is in the accusative case. To avoid inaccuracies, you need to know what questions the supplement answers. We will talk about this in the article.
General information
The addition answers questions about indirect cases. These include everything except the nominative (the subject answers it).
Usually, a question is asked about the addition from the members of the sentence (minor and main), which are expressed either by verbs or those close in meaning to them (participles, gerunds).
Meaning
The meanings of the addition can be completely different. Let's analyze such relationships with the predicate in a sentence and see how the addition answers the questions. Examples below.
Olga gives (what?) an injection.
Olga gives an injection to (who?) her mother.
Olga gives an injection (with what?) with a syringe.
Sometimes there are additions that depend on verbal nouns and adjectives: conquering the top, moving to the end of the line, fish fried in a frying pan.
- If we systematize the meanings, taking into account what the complement responds to, we get the following:
- The object in whose interests the action is performed: write to your brother, go to your sister, come to your parents.
- A means of performing an action or a tool: writing with a pen, swimming breaststroke, drawing with a brush and paints.
How is the addition expressed?
The object, like the subject, is expressed by the following parts of speech:
- A noun in the oblique case or a noun pronoun in the same form. The preposition is variable: I went (to whom?) to my mother; happy with (what?) the work; I think (about whom?) about him; bring (who?) him.
- Any substantive part of speech (endowed with the function of a noun). Everyone was interested in (who?) was reading.
- Infinitive. The audience asked the troupe (about what?) to dance again.
- Numeral name. I'll multiply (what?) fifteen (by what?) by ten.
- Phraseologism. I ask my sister (about what?) not to hang her nose.
What does the supplement refer to?
Since the complement answers questions of indirect cases, most often it refers to the predicate verb. In this way, it brings clarity to the main action being communicated in the sentence. We are walking (with whom?) with our daughter around the store. In this case, the addition “with my daughter” extends the predicate verb “walking”.
However, this minor member can also refer to a noun that has some kind of action in its meaning. For example, “He is the driver of (what?) a heavy vehicle.” The object of "car" refers to the noun "driver".
Short adjectives are close in form and meaning to the predicate verb, so this minor member can also apply to them: I am angry (at whom?) at my neighbor. The complement with the preposition "to the neighbor" refers to the short adjective "evil". Less commonly, it refers to a full adjective: Resembling (who?) like a father.
Often an addition explains an adverb or adjective in the comparative degree. For example: She looks younger (what?) than her age. Jasmine is more fragrant (what?) than roses.
Direct
Depending on what questions the addition answers, it can be either direct or indirect. The first requires placement in the accusative case, and there cannot be a preposition with it.
This addition defines the object of the action. It refers to a transitive verb or adverb. For example: to hate the enemy is direct, it is in the accusative case, and the verb “to hate” is transitive. Another example: I feel sorry for your friend. The addition of “friend” refers to the adverb “sorry”, which acts as a predicate in this sentence.
What questions does a direct complement answer? Only questions in the genitive or accusative case. Let's look at the options:
- The most common is the accusative case form with a missing preposition: We decorated the Christmas tree with the whole family. The addition “Christmas tree” is direct, used in the accusative case, there is no preposition.
- Form of the genitive case when denoting a part of something whole: I poured tea leaves into a cup, and then diluted it with boiling water and put in lemon. The addition of “infusion” is direct and is in the genitive case. Also, the genitive case can indicate any result of an action, combined with the meaning of quantity: I need to go buy flour and bread.
- In impersonal sentences, when the predicate is an adverb: What a pity for the wasted years.
Indirect
What questions does the indirect complement answer? For all the others: accusative with preposition, dative, instrumental and prepositional. The last three can be used with or without a preposition.
- Our childhood dreams included bright travels and carefree everyday life (indirect additions - dreams, everyday life).
- We pretended to be adults to ride this attraction (indirect addition - adults).
- Conversations about the upcoming celebration took up all the free time (indirect addition - about the celebration).
Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them.
A complement is a minor member of a sentence, usually expressing object relations. Οʜᴎ answer questions that coincide with questions of indirect cases.
Meaning. The meaning of an object is the most striking sign of a complement. In this case, the addition can express other meanings (subject, instrument of action, state): The teacher has set a task(teacher– subject of action in the passive context); He's sad (he's- subject of the state).
Means of expression. Morphologized object - a noun in the form of an indirect case, a pronoun. A non-morphologized addition must be expressed by different parts of speech: You're talking idle talk(adjective); He didn't understand what he read ( participle); I learned to play the violin(infinitive); I managed to see something dark, small(indivisible phrase); The commander did not particularly respect the weaker sex ( FE).
Position in a sentence. The addition is usually located after the word being distributed. In this case, inversion of additions in colloquial or poetic speech is possible.
Syntactic connection. The main type of subordinating connection between an addition and the main word is control (less often, adjacency) or free attachment to the entire predicative center (determinant). Most complements refer to one word, ᴛ.ᴇ. are non-deterministic. Only some semantically obligatory additions act as determinants: It's both painful and funny to him.
In relation to the semantic content of the sentence. Additions are semantically obligatory components of a sentence: He is in a cheerful mood.
Non-deterministic complements differ based on which word in the sentence they refer to, ᴛ.ᴇ. what parts of speech control them.
1. The most common and widespread are verb complements, since many verbs name an action that presupposes a particular object: build a house, build for workers, tell a friend, tell about an incident, chop with an ax.
2.Adjective additions. Οʜᴎ are rarely used, since only high-quality adjectives have the ability to manage, and not all of them: We lived in an ore-rich region. The region is poor in forests.
3.Adjuncts can refer to nouns. These are substantive additions. There are also few of them, since the complement should be used only with an abstract noun formed from a transitive verb or from a qualitative adjective. This means that in the phrase dress sleeve, house roof The relations are not objective, but attributive, since the distributed nouns are non-verbal. But in the phrase treatment of patients object relations. The common noun is formed from a strongly controlled direct transitive verb treat. If the noun refers to a strongly controlled but intransitive verb, then the addition acquires a defining connotation and syncretism appears: passion for music, thinking about my son.
4.Additions may refer to words in the status category: I felt sorry for Bela (Lermontov).
5.Additions can also apply to adverbs: far from home.
Types of add-ons. Traditionally, additions are divided into direct and indirect. The direct object expresses the meaning of the object to which the action directly passes. It must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: I read a book and saw a horse. At the same time, the direct object must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative predicate - a transitive verb: I haven't read this novel. And also a noun in the genitive case, expressing the meaning of “part of the whole”: drink tea, bring firewood. The remaining additions are indirect.
There is some disagreement in the linguistic literature regarding the boundaries of the use of direct and indirect objects. Some believe that the division of objects into direct and indirect concerns only verbal objects (Skoblikova). Others believe that direct objects also occur with words of the state category ( sorry for him) Still others believe that direct ones can include both adjectival and substantive complements.
The addition expressed by the infinitive is extremely important to distinguish from the part of the GHS, ᴛ.ᴇ. subjective infinitive from objective: I start to tell, I can tell, I was afraid to tell - I told to tell, asked to tell, helped to tell. The infinitive object has its own LP. In LZ there is neither modal nor phase meaning. Activities are indicated by different verbs. Such additions are ϶ᴛᴏ objective infinitive. A subjective infinitive can also act as a complement when the subject of the action indicated by the complement coincides with the subject of the action of the verb being explained: agreed to correspond.
Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them." 2017, 2018.
