The participle in question. Communion is the grace-filled introduction of the soul to eternal life. Formation of active participles

Participle- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?

Note.
Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.

Like verb forms, participles have some of their grammatical features. They are perfect type and imperfect; present time and past; returnable And irrevocable.
The participle has no future tense form.
There are participles active and passive.

Denoting the attribute of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by case, by number, by gender.
The case, number, and gender of participles are determined by the case, number, and gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and a short form.

Initial participle form- nominative singular masculine. All verbal features of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a participle in its full form in a sentence is a modifier.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.

Active and passive participles.

Active participles denote a sign of the object that itself produces the action.
Passive participles denote a sign of an object that experiences action from another object.

Formation of participles.

When forming participles, the following verbal features are taken into account:

1. Transitivity or intransitivity of a verb(both active and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only active participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
2. Verb type(perfective verbs do not form present participles. Imperfect verbs do not form real present and past participles; most imperfective verbs do not form passive past participles, although these verbs have corresponding forms of present passive participles).
3. Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
4. Reflexivity or non-reflexivity of a verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Active participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of what sound (vowel or consonant) is located before this suffix; The suffix -sya appears at the end of the participle.

Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.

Morphological analysis of the participle.

I. Part of speech (special form of a verb); from which verb is the general meaning derived?
II. Morphological characteristics:
1. The initial form is the masculine nominative singular.
2. Constant signs:
a) active or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3. Variable signs:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) birth
III. Syntactic role.

Introduction

I believe that the participle is one of the most difficult parts of speech. It depends on the grammatical indicators of the verb. Four, and if we take into account reflexive ones, then six participles are formed from transitive verbs of the imperfect form. So, from “read” there are six possible participles: reading, read, read and reflexive: read, read.

V.I. said very aptly about participles. Dahl, author of the famous dictionary: “The part of speech involved in the verb, in the form of an adjective.” Here attention is paid not only to the content, but also to the form of the participle, since in its “appearance” it really resembles an adjective: it changes by gender, number and case, agrees with nouns and answers the question which? Consequently, participles contain characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. This duality of the participle was also noticed by the ancient grammarians, giving it the name “participle”, i.e. participle of noun and verb. Combining features of different parts of speech in one word naturally makes these words richer in content, and therefore more economical, which was noted by M.V. Lomonosov: “These verbal names serve to shorten the human word, containing the name and the verb force. This property of participles to contain “had and the verb force” is widely used in writing, especially in fiction. Pictures of nature, portrait characteristics, internal The experiences of heroes are very often conveyed by writers through participles. But in ordinary colloquial speech, participles are harsh. A.S. Pushkin wrote about this: “Partipulations... are usually avoided in conversation. We don't say: a carriage galloping over a bridge; servant sweeping the room; we say: which gallops, which sweeps, etc. - replacing the expressive brevity of the participle with a sluggish turn of phrase"

In my essay I wanted to explain the most difficult points in education, use, etc. participles. The main difficulty and frequent mistakes arise from the fact that many people confuse participles with adjectives. By comparison, examples, and mistakes, you can still learn to write correctly and understand all the subtleties and depth of the great Russian language.

Participle

Participle is a hybrid verbal-adjective form, which in the school tradition is considered as a special verbal form. Participles connect the attributes of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural attribute of an object. Verb signs of participles:

1. The nature of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);

2. The form of the corresponding verb is preserved;

3. The participle has two voice forms (in accordance with the two-voice concept) - active and passive voice (for example: permitted - active voice, permitted - passive voice);

4. The participle has two tense forms - present (loving, beloved) and past (loved) tense.

All verbal features of participles are constant, variable features are the features of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (for passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence - predicate or attribute.

Present participles are formed from the verbal stem of the present tense using the suffixes -уч-/-ушь, -аш/-яж- - active participles, suffixes -ем-, -ом-, -im- - passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. In this case, to form real participles, the suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-t - heard) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: brought-ti - brought-shiy). When forming passive past participles, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, except for /i/ (for example: hang-t - hanged), -enn if the stem ends in a consonant or /i/, and in the latter case /and/ drops out (for example: shoot-t - shot, bring-ti - brought), -t- - to form participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems on i-, ы-, o -, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class (for example: sew-t - sewn, wash - washed, stabbed - stabbed, turn - turned). The initial form of the participle, like the adjective, is the nominative singular masculine case.

A common feature of the use of participles is that they belong to bookish speech. This is explained by the history of participles.

The main categories of participles relate to elements of the literary language, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, which affects a number of their phonetic features, for example, the presence of у in present participles: current, burning, which correspond to the adjectives flowing, hot, which are Old Russian participles in origin, and also present in a number of participles before a hard consonant under the stress e, while in the verbs from which they are formed, under the same conditions there is e (o): he came, but came, invented, but invented, blossomed, but blossomed.

The connection of participles with the Old Church Slavonic language in the 18th century. noted by Lomonosov, who in his “Russian Grammar” explains about several categories of participles that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. Thus, he writes: “The active voice of the tense of the present participle ending in -schie is derived from verbs of Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; and they are very indecent from simple Russian ones, which are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, chomping.” He notes the same regarding the passive participles of the present tense “From Russian verbs, which were not in use among the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, soiled, are very wild and unbearable to the ear,” and regarding the past participles of the active voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, dived, dived, very disgusting." At the same time, Lomonosov also notes the greater relevance of participles for high styles of speech, pointing out that they “are more appropriately used in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm, or in common speech.”

At present, two centuries after Lomonosov, there are no restrictions on the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs alien to the Old Church Slavonic language. And the examples of unacceptable participles demonstrated by Lomonosov do not create the impression of an insult to the linguistic sense, which he speaks about with such categoricalness, and are quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including new formations (vernalized, vernalized, vernalized). The least common passive participles of the present tense, but in some types of verbs they are also productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, driven, sought).

But even now, firstly, participles are part of the literary language (they are absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never appear in colloquial speech.

Standing apart are the short participles of the past tense of the passive voice (written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and used in dialects.

On the contrary, for different styles of book speech, full participles represent one of the most necessary means, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the conciseness of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses; compare: Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule and Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule; A delegate elected by the general meeting and a Delegate elected by the general meeting. In newspaper speech, phrases with participles are almost always preferred.

Participles are close in meaning to adjectives and often turn into adjectives. The general difference between participles and adjectives is that a participle denotes a temporary attribute of an object, created by the action of the object itself (real participles) or an action carried out on this object (passive participle), while an adjective denotes a permanent attribute of an object, for example: flying seeds are seeds that fly are in motion, and flying seeds are seeds that have structural features that make them easy to fly and carried by the wind. The adjective, on the contrary, only characterizes the object and does not give information about what state it is in, so the phrase is possible: The earth was covered with flying maple seeds, although these seeds lie motionless on the ground.

The participle is used in many Indo-European languages, Arabic, Hungarian, and also in many Eskimo languages ​​(for example, Sireniki). In other languages, together with the gerund, it forms a special part of speech - English. Participle, German Partizip.

In russian language

The question of the status of the participle has been and is being resolved ambiguously in Russian studies, but linguists agree that participles are formed from a verb. The formation of participles is closely related to the category of aspect and transitivity. For example, present and past participles can be formed from imperfect verbs, but only past participles can be formed from perfect verbs. In addition, passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs. Present participles are formed from the present tense stem. Active voice forms are formed using suffixes -ush- growing) And -asch- holding). Forms of the present passive voice are formed using suffixes -om- , -eat- for verbs of the first conjugation ( slave) And -them- - for verbs of the second conjugation ( persecuted).

Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive. Active participles are formed using a suffix -vsh- for verbs whose stem ends in a vowel ( holding). Using a suffix -sh- such participles are formed from verbs with a stem on a consonant ( growing up).

Some verbs have specificity in the formation of participles; such verbs include verbs in -is , during the formation of which the original base is truncated ( sat down). From verbs with suffix -Well- It is possible to form two forms of participles, for example, extinguished - extinguished.

Passive past participles are formed using suffixes -nn- (from verbs to -at : read, Lost), -enn- (from verbs to -it And -whose : baked), -T- (from monosyllabic verbs: crumpled).

Passive participles usually have full ( verified) and short ( verified) shapes. Short forms vary by gender and number. However, not all present passive participles have a short form. Since passive present participles ( slave, readable) relate primarily to book speech; there are some stylistic restrictions on the formation of such forms. Therefore, from colloquial and some neutral verbs (for example, beat, cover, feed and so on) often passive present participles are not formed. Also, not all verbs form passive past participles in Russian.

Adjectivation

Adjectivation is called the transition of various parts of speech into an adjective, but it is participles that are subject to adjectivization to a greater extent. When adjectivated, participles lose their verbal categories and begin to denote a constant, static, unchanging feature, thus a rethinking of participles occurs. Highlight:

• participles turned into adjectives with a figurative meaning ( brilliant career);
• participles that have turned into adjectives with new, additional meanings ( thinking creature);
• participles that have turned into adjectives denoting the intended purpose of performing some action ( typewriter);
• participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of the ability to be subjected to any influence ( inflected nouns);
• participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of a state caused as a result of some action ( condensed milk).

Grammatical features

The participle changes according to the characteristics of the adjective. It changes by numbers, by cases, by gender in the singular. The participle can be perfect or imperfect, past or present tense; these signs do not change; for the sacrament they are constant.

Examples of active participle

• Rain, watering land.
• Horror, flying on the wings of the night.
• Human, read book.
• fallen leaves from the tree.
• Birch, leaning over wet bushes.

Examples of passive participle

• Earth, watered rain.
• Plant, grown in the garden.
• Book, read everyone.

Perfect

The short form of the passive past participle of perfective verbs is used in Russian to form passive perfect forms: the book has been read(present perfect), the house was built(past perfect) the road will be paved(future perfect).

Subjunctive participle

The question of the existence in the Russian language of the subjunctive participle, formed by adding a particle to the active past participle would, is debatable. However, similar forms are sometimes found in the works of N.V. Gogol, and in the form of a stable circulation would be an honor- from many other authors.

Participial

A participle with dependent words is called participial phrase. In a sentence, the participial phrase and the participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.

In Russian, the participial phrase is often separated by commas. If the participial phrase comes after the word being defined, it is separated by commas on both sides. When the participial phrase stands before the word being defined, commas are not placed, except in cases where the word being defined is expressed by a personal pronoun.

• Program, written in haste, performed an illegal operation.
• Written in a hurry The program performed an illegal operation.

Complex sentences can be overloaded with participial phrases:

• Woodpecker, hammering tree, growing In the woods, buried snow, falling from the branches, very cold.

In Russian lessons we all studied the participle. However, linguists still do not have a common opinion on what a participle is. Some consider it a special form of the verb, others define the participle as an independent part of speech. Let's try to figure out what a participle is: the Russian language and its answers.

Definition of participle

Conventionally, a participle is a special form of a verb that denotes the attribute of an object or object by action, and answers the questions: which?, which?, which?, which?. In addition, the participle combines the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

Participle and adjective

Participles have many similarities with adjectives. Participles are inflected - agree with the noun in gender, number, case. The initial form of the participle has the same characteristics - masculine, singular, nominative case. For example, reflective, coloring, flying. Participles, like adjectives, can have a short form.

Short Communion

What is a short participle is another question that linguists ask when arguing whether it is an adjective or a special part of speech. One way or another, the modern Russian language distinguishes two forms of participle - short and full. The short participle answers the questions: what has been done?, what has been done?, what has been done?, what have been done?.

For example, spilled - spilled, lost - lost. In a sentence, short participles are always a predicate: “the shop has been closed for several hours.”

Short participles are formed from the full form by adding a zero ending, as well as the endings “a”, “o” and “s”. For example, built – built; beveled - beveled.

Participle and verb

The participle has common morphological properties with verbs - reflexivity, transitivity, aspect and tense. Moreover, unlike the verb, the participle does not have future tense forms. But only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms. For example, sit – sitting.

The most difficult moments are associated with the question of what a past participle is, namely with their formation. The following rules must be remembered:

• Active past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes “vsh” or “sh”, as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, hide - hidden; endure - endured.
• Passive past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes “nn”, “enn” and “t”, as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, do – done; contribute – introduced; shoe - shod.

Participle in a sentence

In a sentence, participles are a definition, less often part of a compound nominal predicate. Participles with dependent words: nouns, adverbs or adjectives form a participial phrase. In a sentence, it is usually separated by commas: “a dog running along the road”

It is customary to distinguish two types of participles: active and passive.

What is a passive participle

Passive participles denote a feature that is present in an object after the influence of another object or object. For example, a problem solved by a student is a problem that the student solved; lost fight by a boxer - a fight that a boxer lost.

What is a real participle

Active participles denote a characteristic that is created by the actions of the object or object itself. For example, a suffering man is a man who suffers; a running horse is a horse that runs.

It is worth remembering that a participle can be translated into an adjective or verb with dependent words. For example, a lying boy is a boy who was lying; a proven friend is a true friend. Sometimes you can form a short adjective from participles: a charming smile - a smile is charming.

What is communion in church

The word “communion” can mean not only a part of speech, but also the church rite of communion or the Eucharist.

During this rite, the believer must taste wine and bread, which symbolizes the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. Communion or communion is done to come into close contact with God, which brings blessing.

At different times they received communion different numbers of times. In the Middle Ages, Christians observed the Eucharist every day, and since the 19th century, this rite was performed twice in a lifetime - after birth and before death.

Participle As a morphological phenomenon, it is interpreted ambiguously in linguistics. In some linguistic descriptions, the participle is considered an independent part of speech, in others - a special form of the verb. In the description we offer, we proceed from the point of view of the participle as a special form of the verb.

Participle is a special form of a verb with the following characteristics:

1. Indicatessign of an object by action and answers the questions which? what is he doing?, what has he done?, what has he done?.

2. Possessesmorphological features of verb and adjective .

The features of a verb include:

view (perfect - SV and imperfect - NSV),

repayment ,

time (present and past).

pledge (active and passive).

The characteristics of an adjective include:

genus ,

number ,

case (for full participles),

completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).

3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in a sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that isdefinition Andnominal part of a compound noun predicate (short participles - only part of the predicate).

Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and verb type

A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.

Transitive verbs can have the forms of active and passive participles,intransitive verbs have only active participle forms.

Verbsperfect form have only past participles,Verbsimperfect form can have participles of both present and past tense. Thus,

– transitive verbs Not perfect form have all 4 participles (reading, read, read, read ),

– intransitive verbs are not perfect form have 2 participles - active present and past tense (sleeping, asleep ),

– transitive verbsperfect form also have 2 participles - active and passive past tense (read, read ).

– intransitive verbsperfect form have only 1 participial form - the active past participle (overslept ).

Active participles

Active participles denote a sign of an object thatdoes the action himself: boy reading a book .

Active participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs of the NSV from the base of the present tense using suffixes:

- ush-(-yush-) Forverbs I conjugation : running, running, running ,

- ash-(-box-) Forverbs II conjugation : lying, hundred-box .

Active past participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the past tense stem using suffixes:

-vsh- for verbs with a stem,ending with a vowel : read-vsh-y ,

-sh - for verbs withbased on a consonant : nes-sh-y .

Verbs can form active past participles from another stem:

Some verbs in-sti ( lead, gain ) form the participles in question from the present/simple future tense stem (and not from the past tense stem):having found (future tense base)gained , the basis of the past -found ), leading ;

Verbsgo Andfade These participles are formed from a special base, not equal to any others:faded, faded .

Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the past tense stem dried and the other from the infinitive stemdried out , and the choice of suffix is ​​carried out in accordance with the given rule.

Passive participles

Passive participles indicate a sign of the object to which the action is directed:book read by a boy .

Passive participles of the present tense are formed from transitive verbs NSV, from the stem of the present tense using the suffix:

- eat- (sometimes -om) forverbs I conjugation : readable, knowledgeable ,

-them - Forverbs II conjugation : stored .

Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs:guided Andcontrolled formed from intransitive verbslead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by a noun in the form not of V. p., but of T. p.: to manage, to manage the plant).

Verbs do not have passive present participlesbeat, write, sew, revenge and others.

Present passive participle of a verbdawat b is formed from a special base (let's go ).

Verbmove has two passive participles in the present tense:moveable Andmovable .

Passive past participles are formed from the transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from verbs NSV are few) from the past tense stem using suffixes:

-n(n)- from verbson - at, -at and -et : read - nn-th ,

- en(n)- frombases on consonant and -it : carried away, built ,

-T- from the basicsna -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives:closed, closed, locked, bi-th, broken.

Passive past participles of verbs are not formedfall in love , search , take .

Some verbs have -sti, -is Passive past participles are formed from the present/future stem:given , newfound , spun , stolen .

Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -xia to the active voice form:Fine selling (= selling) / selling books.

Passive participles have full and short forms:a letter written by me - a letter written by me . Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change by case and appear in a sentence primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Morphological analysis of the participle

Morphologically, the participle is parsed according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech (special form of a verb). General meaning. What verb is it derived from? Initial form - nominative singular masculine

III. Syntactic role.

Sample parsing of a participle

A revolving glass door with brass steamer rails ushered him into a large pink marble lobby. The grounded elevator housed an information desk. A laughing female face looked out from there (I. Ilf and E. Petrov).

Analysis of the participle as a verb form:

I.Rotating (which one?) - adj., (spin + -box-)

beginning rotating shape.

II.Fast. signs: real, present time, NSV, return;

non-post signs: I. p.; in units number, in women kind.

III.Door (what?) revolving (definition)

I.Grounded (what?) - pr., (ground + -enn-);

beginning form grounded

II.Fast. signs: passive, past. time, NE, non-return;

non-post signs: fully form, pp., units including, husband kind.

III.Elevator (what?) grounded (definition)

I.(what?) - parable, (laugh + - yush-);

beginning Laughing form.

II.Fast. signs: valid, present time, NSV, return;

non-post signs: I. p., in units. number, on Wed. kind.

III.Face (what?) laughing(definition)