Selection is the science of creating new breeds of animals. This is the science of creating new and improving existing animal breeds, plant varieties, and strains of microorganisms. Selection is based on methods such as: The concept of breed, variety, strain

Today our readers truly gave us a real gift. They sent me links to a video showing scientific experiments on stratification - the decomposition of dispersed suspensions in water flows. Those. Below you will see that simple and visual laboratory experiments clearly show the complete inconsistency of the geochronological concept of the deposition of sedimentary rocks over tens and hundreds of millions of years. Everything happened faster: in a matter of days, or even hours. And not without the participation of the catastrophic forces of water flows.

Fundamental experiments on stratification
Alternative video link

"ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL DATA. NEW APPROACH: PALEOHYDRODYNAMICS"

And polystrate fossils support this information:

Impossible polystrate fossils

From this post we can say with confidence that, at least for me personally, the sciences of “Alternative Geology” and “Alternative Geochronology” were born today.

Many thanks for this material Rod Berht

Finally, it's done! We can congratulate our most important flood-maker sibved with the fact that he personally created TWO SCIENCES - Alternative Geology and Alternative Geochronology.

CONGRATULATIONS!

"Today our readers truly gave us a real gift. I was sent links to videos showing scientific experiments on stratification " - he's talking about video No. 2 " ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY" with the caption:"Based on many years of experimental research on the formation of sedimentary rocks and the study of geological layers geologist from France Guy Berto considers it necessary to revise the existing stratigraphic scale, which asserts the multimillion-year age of the Earth." http://rutube.ru/video/18c3e413e6456a10dfe26ef82846533b/
Yes, truly a royal gift, only on our street today is September 19, 2015, and this video, as anyone can see, was posted as early as February 28, 2012, almost 3.5 years ago - the most recent.
The first video was also just made on June 13, 2013 - only two years old, it’ll do https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=112&v=fQSm0kk_DwY
Who released this video? Fundamental experiments on stratification" - Christian Scientific Apologetic Center- represents non-denominational Christian mission to spread scientific knowledge of God's creation; organizes and conducts lectures and seminars and who is her main boss?
What a worthy organization with scientific achievements, and who is its chief? anti-eyelash.

Golovin Sergey Leonidovich - President of the Christian Scientific Apologetic Center. President of the international educational society “Man and Christian Worldview”. Member of the editorial board of the journal “Theological Reflections”. Dean of the Interuniversity Faculty of Apologetics of Christianity.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D), Doctor of Applied Theology (D.Min), Master of Arts (MA, Religious Studies), Master of Science (Earth Physics), Specialist Teacher (Physics).
Author of textbooks “Introduction to Systematic Apologetics”, “Fundamentals of Logic for Believers and Non-Believers” (together with A. Panich), “In Search of the Will of God. An Essay on Practical Christian Ethics"; books “Worldview: The Lost Dimension of Evangelism”, “The Flood: Myth, Legend or Reality?”, “The Evolution of Myth: How Man Became an Ape”, “Praise God for the Crisis”, “The Joy of the Apocalypse”; publications in special journals of the USSR Academy of Sciences; inventions in the fields of geophysics and laser optics; works on Christian apologetics.

How can we compete with such bastards, the main thing is to believe them, but here’s another scientific video of theirs, it knocks you down
Faith and knowledge
Golovin Sergey Leonidovich - President of the entire center
________________________________________ ________________________________
Still, there was a reasonable one in the comments ljarul and answered in detail the entire entitography:
An educational video, but it did not add anything fundamentally new to what geologists know. It is an axiom that different factions behave differently in the same environment! Geology does not operate with layers (as shown in the video), but with facies, i.e. conditions for precipitation formation! The section is described as follows. way (from bottom to top): 1 layer, thickness 50m. formed in fluvial conditions; Layer 2, 30 m thick, was formed in lacustrine conditions; 3 layer powerful 70m - coastal-marine conditions; 4th layer thickness 150m - in remote-marine conditions (obviously this is a simplified diagram). As can be seen from the description, the conditions for the formation of each layer occurred under different dynamic conditions. To put it simply: the formation of ribbon clays (4th layer) requires a calm environment, and the formation of cross-bedded sandstones (1st layer), on the contrary, requires a dynamic environment.
They have not yet come up with conditions under which conditions for the formation of both clays and cross-stratified sandstones were simultaneously created in one place. (There are creeks in rivers where clays are deposited; when the channel changes, sands will block them, but they did not form at the same time)
The second video (5:17) is completely nonsense: “During the formation of the overlying layer, the underlying layer is already in a solid state.”
Sedimentation goes through several stages:
1. Sedimentogenesis - sedimentation
2. Diagenesis - dehydration of accumulated sediments under the influence of pressure from overlying layers. (primary lithification of sediments)
3. Metamorphogenesis (these are already intracrustal processes)
Those. sediment accumulation occurs continuously, regardless of the degree of “readiness” of the underlying layers.
Second video (16:39). Organic residues.
There are the following forms of life: littoral (shelf), bathyal (continental slope), abyssal (ocean bed) and planktonic (fish, algae, unicellular organisms, invertebrates). Bathyal and abyssal forms of life are too rare and are not of fundamental importance for paleontology.
The leading fauna includes littoral and planktonic organisms
Littoral organisms are tied to a layer formed in one facies environment (with the same sea dynamics). They also pay attention to facial transitions (swampy estuary - sandy beach) for synchronization, plankton and (if there are) universal organisms living in both environments help very well.
Planktonic organisms are synchronized in age with littoral ones.
The conclusions of these scientists are, to put it mildly, incorrect. http://chispa1707.livejournal.com/1668868.html

But he is not alone, and it was not in vain that he mentioned that both videos are old and this issue has already been dealt with by non-amateurs - Forum for students, applicants for geological specialties and geologists

Out of curiosity I opened the last link. What can we say... Firstly, there is a very aggressive nature of the presentation. Well, let’s say the author doesn’t know any other way.
Secondly. The article is not intended for scientists. And it was written, apparently, also... by a person who is not entirely literate in the issue being studied, or by a fraudster who deliberately distorts the facts.
One example:
"We see that paleontology clearly indicates that the vast majority of currently known sedimentary deposits accumulated at tremendous speed. In fact, the remains of, for example, vertebrates with intact or almost complete, perfectly preserved skeletons indicate only one thing, that sediments accumulated extremely quickly. Perhaps the most impressive discoveries of amazingly preserved marine vertebrate remains were made in Jurassic sediments near the town of Holzmaden in southern Germany. There, in particular, several hundred fully articulated skeletons of marine reptiles - ichthyosaurs - were discovered. Moreover, Carroll writes that many of them even had “body outlines” (!), “preserved in the form of a carbonate film.” There are simply unique finds of ichthyosaurs that died during childbirth. In some of them, a baby is visible at the exit from the birth canal, in others, some of the babies have already been born, and some have not yet been born and were in the womb (see Fig. I). At this moment, death overtook the animals. What does this mean? It is quite obvious that these finds indicate, firstly, the instant death of a large number of animals; and secondly, about the colossal rate of sedimentation, namely, that this entire formation accumulated in an incredibly short period of time - either in a few days, or even less. "
- For an uninitiated person, everything is simple and logical. And a person more or less knowledgeable in paleontology will overturn this entire beautiful structure with one single question: “How often do you find such perfectly preserved remains of vertebrates?
And it turns out that such locations are the exception rather than the rule. And, as a rule, they are associated with the processes of soil sliding or collapse. Which happens quickly. Almost instantly.
And the fact that before the landslide-collapse the layers of rocks had to accumulate for a fair amount of time is absolutely not necessary to tell the public about this.

The tone of the articles is truly revealing. Very often, a discussion with young earthers and creationists quickly slides into a discussion of personalities and petty quibbles with phrases, and when discussing any scientific issue, there are always weak points in the traditional theory, which are interpreted by the other side as evidence of the inconsistency of this theory.
Anyway. “There’s soda all around, and we’re going our own way.”
Specifically for precipitation. I started reading Frolov’s three-volume book “Lithology”, looking for data on the rate of sediment accumulation, but I feel that I will be reading for a long time. Can anyone tell me the most typical examples of the slow formation of sedimentary rocks? (This question is probably better answered in Questions of Geology).

- The very title of the article already shows the author’s incompetence in matters of geology.. Maybe I'm wrong. Clear my doubts.
Paleontology is the science of organisms that existed in past geological periods and were preserved in the form of fossil remains, as well as traces of their vital activity. One of the tasks of paleontology is to reconstruct the appearance, biological characteristics, methods of feeding, reproduction, etc. of these organisms, as well as to reconstruct the course of biological evolution based on this information.
The rate of accumulation of sediments is studied by another geological science - lithology.
Isn’t it possible here, to put it figuratively: treatment of hemorrhoids using ophthalmological methods.
And another interesting detail. Shubin is a character in mining folklore in the Donbass, a miner’s spirit similar to a gnome, the “master of the mine” and the patron saint of miners.

I did not find any other works by this author. Therefore, I thought that this was a pseudonym (I must pay tribute to the author’s humor). And the article was ordered from the Russian Orthodox Church. It is clear that the salary is small, but I want to eat.
And the main question: Is there such a scientist at Moscow State University at the paleontology department, S.V. Shubin, who wrote the article “The rate of formation of sedimentary deposits according to paleontology data”?

Selection - the science of creating new and improving existing varieties of plants, animal breeds and strains of microorganisms. The scientific foundations of selection were laid by Charles Darwin in his work “The Origin of Species” (1859), where he illuminated the causes and nature of the variability of organisms and showed the role of selection in the creation of new forms. An important stage in the further development of selection was the discovery of the laws of heredity. M. made a great contribution to the development of selection. I. Vavilov, author of the law of homological series in hereditary variability and the theory of the centers of origin of cultivated plants.

Subject of selection is the study in man-made conditions of the patterns of change, development, transformation of plants, animals and microorganisms. With the help of selection, methods of influencing cultivated plants and domestic animals are being developed. This happens with the aim of changing their hereditary qualities in the direction necessary for a person. Selection has become one of the forms of evolution of the plant and animal world. It is subject to the same laws as the evolution of species in nature, but here natural selection is partially replaced by artificial selection.

Theoretical basis of selection is genetics, an evolutionary doctrine. Using evolutionary theory, the laws of heredity and variability, the doctrine of pure lines and mutations, plant breeders have developed various methods for breeding plant varieties, animal breeds and strains of microorganisms. The main selection methods include selection, hybridization, polyploidy, experimental mutagenesis, genetic engineering methods, etc.

The main tasks of modern selection is to increase the productivity of varieties and breeds, transfer them to an industrial basis, create breeds, varieties and strains adapted to the conditions of modern agriculture, ensure full production of food products at the lowest cost, etc.

There are three main sections in breeding: plant breeding, animal breeding and microbial breeding.

The concept of breed, variety, strain

The objects and end result of the selection process are breeds, varieties and strains.

Animal breed- this is a collection of individuals within a certain species of animal, as if it has genetically determined stable characteristics (properties and signs) , distinguishing it from other sets of individuals of this species of animals, are steadily transmitted to their descendants and are the result of human intellectual activity. Animals of the same breed are similar in body type, productivity, fertility, color. This allows you to distinguish them from other breeds. There must be a sufficient number of animals in the breed, otherwise the possibility of applying selection is limited, quickly leading to forced inbreeding and, as a consequence, to the degeneration of the breed. In addition to high productivity and numbers, the breed must be quite common. This increases the possibilities for creating different types in it, which helps to further improve it. Natural geographic conditions have a great influence on the formation of rock characteristics - characteristics of soils, plants, climate, terrain, etc. When animals are brought into new natural and climatic conditions, physiological changes occur in their bodies, and in some cases they are profound, in others they are profound. The restructuring of the body's systems is deeper, the greater the difference between the new and previous conditions of existence. The process of animals adapting to new living conditions is called acclimatization; it can last several generations.

Plant variety - a group of cultivated plants that, as a result of selection, have received a certain set of characteristics (useful or decorative) , which distinguish this group of plants from other plants of the same species. Each plant variety has a unique name and retains its properties after repeated cultivation.

Microorganism strain - a pure culture of a certain type of microorganism, the morphological and physiological characteristics of which have been well studied. Strains can be isolated from different sources (soil, water, food) or from the same source at different times. Therefore, the same type of bacteria, yeast, microscopic fungi can have a large number of strains that differ in a number of properties, for example, sensitivity to antibiotics, the ability to form toxins, enzymes and other factors. Strains of microorganisms that are used in industry for the microbiological synthesis of proteins (in particular enzymes), antibiotics, vitamins, organic acids, etc., are much more productive (as a result of selection) than wild strains.

Breeds, varieties, strains are not capable of existing without constant attention person. Each variety, breed, strain is characterized by a certain reaction to environmental conditions. This means that their positive qualities can only manifest themselves under a certain intensity of environmental factors. Scientists in scientific and practical institutions comprehensively study the properties of new breeds and varieties and check their suitability for use in a certain climatic zone, that is, they carry out their zoning. Zoning niya - a set of measures aimed at checking the conformity of the qualities of certain breeds or varieties to the conditions of a certain natural zone, which is a necessary condition for their rational use on the territory of any country. The best for use in a certain climate zone are zoned varieties, breeds, the positive properties of which can only appear under certain conditions.

“Evolution of the Organic World” - Caudal appendage. Blind cave fish. ? Polymastia accessory pairs of mammary glands. 3. 4. Extremity? 12. 11. 6. Human tailbone. Facial hairiness.

"Charles Darwin" - In the spring of 1817, Charles entered primary school. Darwin's drawing of the geological structure of the Andes. Darwin's first expedition to the Andes June - November 1834. Notebook of Charles Darwin. Charles's father Robert Erasmus Darwin had an extensive medical practice. Exposition of the State Darwin Museum.

“Biology Darwin” - A.S. Pushkin. First mention of Darwin's entomological observations. Megatherium is an extinct sloth. Darwin's wife is Emma Darwin. Huxley. Darwin's handwritten diary. Darwin's mother is Susanna Darwin. November 24, 1859... Galapagos tortoises. Thomas Huxley - zoologist. Cambridge period of life 1828-1831.

“Evolution of the Earth” - Scheme of work: determining the causes of phenomena and consequences of evolution. Stage 3 – planning the work of groups. Lesson - conference on the topic: The work was completed by students using the programs “Power Point” and “Visual Basic 6.0”. Svetlovsky urban district Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 5.

“Artificial Selection Darwin” - The doctrine of Charles Darwin about artificial selection. Centers of origin of cultivated plant varieties and animal breeds. Variability is the ability of an organism to acquire new characteristics and properties. Plants. Animals. Charles Darwin's study of English agricultural practices. Selection methods. Breeders have developed 150 breeds of pigeons, many dog ​​breeds, cabbage varieties...

"Darwin's Theory" - The ability of organisms to reproduce unlimitedly. Uncertain, individual, hereditary (modern - mutational). Struggle for existence. Certain, group, non-hereditary (modern - modification). Caused by the influence of the external environment. Characteristics of artificial and natural selection.

There are a total of 13 presentations in the topic

Question 1. What is selection?

Breeding is the science of creating new and improving existing plant varieties, animal breeds and strains of microorganisms. At the same time, selection is the process of creating varieties, breeds and strains. The theoretical basis of selection is genetics. Thanks to the selection of approximately 150 species of cultivated plants and 20 species of domesticated animals, thousands of different breeds and varieties have been created. Selection has replaced spontaneous, everyday methods for keeping and breeding plants and animals, which people have used for thousands of years.

Question 2. What is called a breed, variety, strain?

A breed, variety or strain is a collection of individuals of the same species, artificially created by man and characterized by certain hereditary properties. All organisms of this set have a set of genetically fixed morphological and physiological characteristics. This means that all key genes are transferred to a homozygous state and splitting does not occur in a number of generations. Breeds, varieties and strains are able to maximize their beneficial qualities for humans only in the conditions for which they were created.

Question 3. What basic selection methods do you know?

The main methods of selection are selection and hybridization.

Selection is the selection of individuals with certain characteristics in each generation for the purpose of their subsequent crossing. Selection is usually carried out over several successive generations. There is a distinction between mass and individual selection.

Hybridization is the directed crossing of certain individuals in order to obtain new or consolidate the necessary characteristics in order to develop a breed (variety) that does not yet exist or to preserve the properties of an already existing set of individuals. Hybridization can be intraspecific and interspecific (distant).

Question 4. What is mass selection, individual selection?

Mass selection is carried out according to phenotypic characteristics and is usually used in plant growing when working with cross-pollinating plants. If the necessary characteristics of the population (for example, seed weight) have improved, then we can assume that mass selection for phenotype was effective.

It was in this way that many varieties of cultivated plants were created. In the case of selection of microorganisms, only mass selection can be used.

With individual selection, individual individuals are selected, and the offspring of each of them is studied and monitored over several generations. This makes it possible to determine the genotypes of individuals and use for further selection those organisms that have the optimal combination of traits and properties useful to humans. As a result, varieties and breeds are obtained with high uniformity and constancy of characteristics, since all individuals included in them are descendants of a small number of parents. For example, some cat breeds and varieties of ornamental plants are the result of the preservation of a single mutation (i.e., a changed genotype of one ancestor individual).

Question 5. What difficulties arise when performing interspecific crosses?Material from the site

Interspecific crossing is possible only for biologically close species (horse and donkey, ferret and mink, lion and tiger). However, even in this case, hybrids, although characterized by heterosis (i.e., superior in properties to their parents), often turn out to be infertile or low in fertility. The reason for this is the impossibility of conjugation of chromosomes of different biological species, as a result of which meiosis is disrupted and gametes are not formed. To solve this problem, various techniques are used. In particular, in order to obtain a fertile hybrid of cabbage and radish, breeder G. D. Karpechenko used the polyploidization method. He crossed not diploid, but tetraploid plants. As a result, in the first prophase of meiosis (prophase I), chromosomes belonging to the same species could form bivalents. The division proceeded normally, and full-fledged gametes were formed. This experiment became an important stage in the development of selection.