Cheat sheet: The ideological and compositional role of landscape in the early romantic stories of M. Gorky. The role of landscape in the story. Ideological and artistic features of A. Chekhov’s essay “Sakhalin Island”

The writer’s landscape is contrasted with people’s lives.
M. Gorky's stories from the early 90s of the 19th century are devoted to the problems of human relationships. The author is looking for his positive hero, ways to change modern society, and observes the life of Russia. But nature also plays a significant role in his stories.
In the story “Chelkash” the landscape plays the role of a frame - it begins and ends the action.
At the beginning of the story, an industrial landscape is depicted - the sea in the port. It makes a dull impression: the sky “darkened by dust” is cloudy, the waves of the sea are encased in granite, “suppressed,” “beating and grumbling,” they are polluted with various rubbish. Various sounds are heard: the ringing of chains, the roar of carriages, the “metallic scream of iron sheets,” knocking, rattling, whistles, screams. All these sounds are disharmonious, this is “the deafening music of a working day.” The author calls the port “a passionate hymn to Mercury,” the god of trade. And people against the backdrop of this landscape are “ridiculous and pitiful,” like slaves of what was created by their labor. Thus, this landscape reveals to us how the grandeur and beauty of nature are suppressed by human activities.
The following description of the landscape is given by the author as an additional feature to the character of the hero. Chelkash, a man free from the conventions of society, from the power of money, property, without family and native roots, “loved the sea.” It is akin to his independent soul. “His ebullient, nervous nature, greedy for impressions, was never satiated by the contemplation of this dark breadth, boundless, free and powerful.” The sea “infuses calm into a person’s soul”, gives birth to powerful dreams... Unlike Chelkash, Gavrila is afraid of the sea. He is frightened by the lack of soil under his feet, he is not pleased with the beauty of the night sea, the lights of the searchlights - he is filled with fear. The landscape in this episode emphasizes the difference in the characters' characters and enhances the meaningfulness of the images.
The landscape also ends the story. The sea broke out, “murmured dully, the waves beat wildly and angrily against the shore.” The tragedy of the people is emphasized by the intense growth of the storm, the storm, when the rain poured down like buckets, and everything was shrouded in darkness. “The sea howled, throwing large heavy waves onto the coastal sand... the wind roared... Everything around was filled with howling, roaring, roaring. Behind the rain you couldn’t see either the sea or the sky.” And the rain washes away traces of blood on the sand, washes away traces of people and tears. Human passions are petty, insignificant, transitory. The element of nature is eternal, filled with power and grandeur.
Gorky's landscape is contrasted with people's lives, and this comparison is not in favor of human society.

Essay on literature on the topic: The role of landscape in the story

Other writings:

1. (Option 1) Nature helps the writer penetrate deeper into the event being depicted, characterize the hero, and more accurately determine the time and place of action. In his works, I. S. Turgenev more than once uses descriptions of nature, which make the literary text more expressive and colorfully richer. For example, at the heart of the name Read More......
2. Pushkin's lyrics are unusually rich and varied in both content and form. But he has relatively few landscape poems. Nature does not occupy such a place in his work as, for example, in F. Tyutchev and A. Fet. But images of the Russian landscape constantly enter Read More......
3. Landscape is an important part of a work of art. The description of nature is considered an extra-plot element, that is, something that does not affect the development of the action. However, the landscape performs a number of significant functions in the story: it not only recreates the scene of action, its background, but also serves Read More ......
4. In Russian fiction there are rare works in which there is no landscape. The depiction of paintings of living and inanimate nature helps the author create a certain mood, convey the hero’s state of mind, and reveal the intent of the work. For example, in L. N. Tolstoy’s story “After the Ball,” the narrative is clearly divided into Read More ......
5. M. A. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don” is a hugely significant Russian national contribution to world literature. This is a true masterpiece in which Sholokhov appears as an innovative writer. Using the traditions of the classics, he makes his own discoveries, including in numerous landscape Read More......
6. The story “Poor Liza” is the best work of N. M. Karamzin and one of the most perfect examples of Russian sentimental literature. It contains many wonderful episodes describing subtle emotional experiences. The work contains beautifully picturesque pictures of nature that harmoniously complement the narrative. Read More......
7. Realistic art always tries to reflect actual events and phenomena. By choosing the most prosaic objects, things, events, Russian artists of the second half of the 19th century tried to convey life as it is, in its most ordinary form. Russian landscape Read More ......
8. At the end of the 19th century, short stories and short stories became widespread in Russian literature, replacing the novels of Turgenev, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy. A.P. Chekhov also actively used the form of a short work. The limited scope of the narrative required the writer to take a new approach to the word. Read More......

The ideological and compositional role of landscape in the early romantic stories of M. Gorky

Oh I'm like a brother

I would be glad to embrace the storm!

M. Yu. Lermontov

A great master of words, A. M. Gorky creates beautiful romantic works, which from the very beginning announced the emergence of a bright talent and an extraordinary personality. Gorky the writer was interested in unusual heroic characters, sharply contrasting with the gray mass dominating around him.

The heroes of the stories “Makar Chudra” and “Old Woman Izergil” are rebellious and strong individuals seeking meaning in the reality around them. The setting around them matches the characters: a “damp, cold wind” blew from the sea, “fanning the flames of the fire.” The narrator is the old gypsy Makar Chudra - a rather unusual and colorful figure. He speaks almost in aphorisms, weightily and categorically expresses his view of life: “So are you walking? This is good! You have chosen a glorious fate, falcon. That’s how it should be: go and look, you’ve seen enough, lie down and die - that’s all!”

In the legend he told about Loiko Zobar and Radda, Chudra’s main position in life is revealed: he values ​​​​freedom above all else. Even a person's life has no meaning if the sol is lost. Chudra speaks poetically and beautifully about freedom, which few can appreciate. This is the lot of only a select few, and the majority do not have time to think about it. “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that’s it! What can he do to you? Only he’ll hang himself if he gets a little wiser.”

Makar advises his young interlocutor not to think about life, so as not to stop loving it. The beauty of the surrounding world acts as a contrast between the majesty created by nature and people who are unable or unwilling to appreciate this gift and be content with it. The restless spirit of the story's heroes is emphasized by the magnificent expanse that surrounds them.

The author paints powerful elements: the sea and the steppe. Everything here is full-voiced, there are no halftones. Gorky is looking for a worthy hero who embodies the author’s idea of ​​a strong personality. These searches continued in the story “Old Woman Izergil”. From the antihero Larra, through the fate of Izergil, the author tries to lead the reader to an understanding of the ideal hero - Danko. The harsh landscape of an inaccessible forest and fetid swamps do not frighten the hero. Danko is full of love for people, for their sake he is able to sacrifice his life.

But the people cannot appreciate this feat. Weak and timid, people fear the hero himself. That’s why they step on Danko’s burning heart, so that it doesn’t start a fire. What can he bring? Whatever. Fear controls the masses. And the author does not hide this from his readers. Nature is eternal and majestic. She indifferently looks at the pettiness of human concerns and interests, emphasizing the transient in human life and people's thoughts.

The author is delighted with the splendor of the surrounding world. He sees its cosmic scale. From here, human vanity seems almost ridiculous and pitiful, and only a select few, like Danko, are able to rise above the crowd and die for the sake of life, misunderstood and unappreciated: “The proud daredevil Danko cast his gaze forward to the expanse of the steppe,” he cast a joyful glance at the free land and laughed proudly. And then he fell and died. People, joyful and full of hope, did not notice his death and did not see that his brave heart was still burning next to the lifeless Danko. Only one cautious person noticed this and, fearing something, stepped on the proud heart with his foot... And now it, scattered into sparks, faded away... - That’s where they come from, the blue sparks of the steppe that appear before a thunderstorm!”

Pictures of nature in M. Gorky's early romantic stories not only frame the content and are the background, they are an integral and essential part of the content. Descriptions of nature allow the author to move, as if on a bridge, from topic to topic, decorate the narrative, give scope to the artist’s imagination, and emphasize the beauty of the author’s speech. “It was quiet and dark in the steppe. The clouds kept crawling across the sky, slowly, boringly... The sea rustled dully and sadly.”

Bibliography

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The ideological and compositional role of landscape in the early romantic stories of M. Gorky

The ideological and compositional role of landscape in the early romantic stories of M. Gorky

Oh I'm like a brother

I would be glad to embrace the storm!

M. Yu. Lermontov

A great master of words, A. M. Gorky creates beautiful romantic works, which from the very beginning announced the emergence of a bright talent and an extraordinary personality. Gorky the writer was interested in unusual heroic characters, sharply contrasting with the gray mass dominating around him.

The heroes of the stories “Makar Chudra” and “Old Woman Izergil” are rebellious and strong individuals seeking meaning in the reality around them. The setting around them matches the characters: a “damp, cold wind” blew from the sea, “fanning the flames of the fire.” The narrator is the old gypsy Makar Chudra - a rather unusual and colorful figure. He speaks almost in aphorisms, weightily and categorically expresses his view of life: “So are you walking? This is good! You have chosen a glorious fate, falcon. That’s how it should be: go and look, you’ve seen enough, lie down and die - that’s all!”

In the legend he told about Loiko Zobar and Radda, Chudra’s main position in life is revealed: he values ​​​​freedom above all else. Even a person's life has no meaning if the sol is lost. Chudra speaks poetically and beautifully about freedom, which few can appreciate. This is the lot of only a select few, and the majority do not have time to think about it. “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that’s it! What can he do to you? Only he’ll hang himself if he gets a little wiser.”

Makar advises his young interlocutor not to think about life, so as not to stop loving it. The beauty of the surrounding world acts as a contrast between the majesty created by nature and people who are unable or unwilling to appreciate this gift and be content with it. The restless spirit of the story's heroes is emphasized by the magnificent expanse that surrounds them.

The author draws the mighty elements: the sea and the steppe. Everything here is full-voiced, there are no halftones. Gorky is looking for a worthy hero who embodies the author's idea of ​​a strong personality. These searches continued in the story “Old Woman Izergil”. From the antihero Larra, through the fate of Izergil, the author tries to lead the reader to an understanding of the ideal hero - Danko. The harsh landscape of an inaccessible forest and fetid swamps do not frighten the hero. Danko is full of love for people, for their sake he is able to sacrifice his life.

But the people cannot appreciate this feat. Weak and timid, people fear the hero himself. That’s why they step on Danko’s burning heart, so that it doesn’t start a fire. What can he bring? Whatever. Fear controls the masses. And the author does not hide this from his readers. Nature is eternal and majestic. She indifferently looks at the pettiness of human concerns and interests, emphasizing the transient in human life and people's thoughts.

The author is delighted with the splendor of the surrounding world. He sees its cosmic scale. From here, human vanity seems almost ridiculous and pitiful, and only a select few, like Danko, are able to rise above the crowd and die for the sake of life, misunderstood and unappreciated: “The proud daredevil Danko cast his gaze forward to the expanse of the steppe,” he cast a joyful glance at the free land and laughed proudly. And then he fell and died. People, joyful and full of hope, did not notice his death and did not see that his brave heart was still burning next to the lifeless Danko. Only one cautious person noticed this and, fearing something, stepped on the proud heart with his foot... And now it, scattered into sparks, faded away... - That’s where they come from, the blue sparks of the steppe that appear before a thunderstorm!”

Pictures of nature in M. Gorky's early romantic stories not only frame the content and are the background, they are an integral and essential part of the content. Descriptions of nature allow the author to move, as if on a bridge, from topic to topic, decorate the narrative, give scope to the artist’s imagination, and emphasize the beauty of the author’s speech. “It was quiet and dark in the steppe. The clouds kept crawling across the sky, slowly, boringly... The sea rustled dully and sadly.”

• The originality of M. Gorky's early romantic stories (“Song of the Falcon”, “Old Woman Izergil”).
• Romantic characters and their motivation in the stories “Makar Chudra”, “Khan and his son”.

Lesson objectives:

1. Educational: reveal the ideological content of M. Gorky's early romantic stories, show by what means the author achieves artistic perfection in romantic works.
2. Educational: contribute to the formation of a sense of beauty, help students “feel” the artistic word.
3. Developmental: develop logical thinking skills, analysis of such literary concepts as romanticism, romantic hero.

Lesson on the topic “The originality of M. Gorky’s early romantic stories” (“Song of the Falcon”, “Old Woman Izergil”)

Homework for the lesson:

a) Name the main features of romanticism as a literary movement.

b) What are the features of romanticism in M. Gorky’s “Song of the Falcon”?

Works to study and repeat:

1. "Song of the Falcon".
2. "Old Isergil".

Lesson type: acquiring new knowledge with a repetition stage.

Basic method: heuristic conversation.

During the classes

1. Checking homework.

A) Exercise. Name the main features of romanticism as a literary movement.

Answer. Romanticism is a special type of worldview; at the same time – an artistic direction. Romanticism arose as a kind of reaction to the rationalism and unmotivated optimism of classicism.

In his early works, Maxim Gorky appears as a romantic. Romanticism presupposes the affirmation of an exceptional personality, confronting the world one on one, approaching reality from the standpoint of his ideal, making exceptional demands on others. The hero is head and shoulders above other people who find themselves next to him; he rejects their society. This is the reason for the loneliness so typical of the romantic, which he most often thinks of as a natural state, because people do not understand it and reject his ideal. Therefore, the romantic hero finds an equal beginning only in communication with the elements, with the world of nature, the ocean, sea, mountains, coastal rocks.

That is why the landscape, devoid of halftones, based on bright colors, expressing the most indomitable essence of the element and its beauty and exclusivity, receives such great importance in romantic works. The landscape is thus animated and, as it were, expresses the originality of the hero’s character.

For the romantic consciousness, the correlation of character with real life circumstances is almost unthinkable - this is how the most important feature of the romantic artistic world is formed: the principle of romantic duality. The romantic, and therefore ideal, world of the hero is opposed to the real world, contradictory and far from the romantic ideal. The opposition between romance and reality, romance and the surrounding world is a fundamental feature of this literary movement.

Traits of Romanticism:

• proclamation of the human personality, complex, deep;
• affirmation of the inner infinity of human individuality;
• a look at life “through the prism of the heart”;
• interest in everything exotic, strong, bright, sublime;
• attraction to fantasy, conventional forms, a mixture of low and high, comic and tragic, ordinary and unusual;
• painful experience of discord with reality;
• rejection of the ordinary;
• the individual’s desire for absolute freedom, for spiritual perfection, an unattainable ideal, combined with an understanding of the imperfection of the world.

b) Exercise. What are the features of romanticism in “Song of the Falcon” by M. Gorky?

Answer. In the frame of “Song of the Falcon” a vivid image of spiritualized nature appears. Nature is not only the background against which the action unfolds. The narrator and the old man direct their thoughts towards her, her secrets. The beauty of nature, its power is the embodiment of life. It is no coincidence that the motives of God, eternal motion, harmony and mystery appear in the introductory part.

The plot is based on a dispute between Falcon and Snake about the meaning of life. The dialogue of the characters shows the incompatibility of their life positions. This is an ideological conflict.

"Old Isergil" (stage of acquiring new knowledge - heuristic conversation)

Problematic question. What is the purpose of the three-part composition of the story?

The action of the legends described in the story “Old Woman Izergil” takes place in chronologically indefinite ancient times - this is, as it were, the time preceding the beginning of history, the era of first creations. However, in the present there are traces directly related to that era - these are the blue lights left from Danko’s heart, the shadow of Larra, which Izergil sees.

A) The Legend of Larra.

What motivates Larra's character?

What understanding of freedom does he embody?

How are people depicted in the legend?

What is the meaning of Larra's punishment?

Conclusion. Larra's exceptional individualism is due to the fact that he is the son of an eagle, who embodies the ideal of strength and will. Pride and contempt for others are the two principles that Larra’s image carries. The hero, in splendid isolation, confronts people and is not afraid of their judgment, because he does not accept it and despises judges. They wanted to sentence him to death, but they sentenced him to immortality: “And they left, leaving him. He lay face up and saw powerful eagles swimming high in the sky like black dots. There was so much melancholy in his eyes that it could have poisoned all the people of the world. So, from then on he was left alone. Free, awaiting death. And so he walks. He walks everywhere... You see, he has already become like a shadow and will be like that forever! He doesn't understand any of the people's speech. Not their actions, nothing. And he keeps searching, walking, walking... there is no life for him, and death does not smile at him. And there is no place for him among people... That’s how the man was struck for his pride!”

b ) The Legend of Danko.

The legend of Danko ends with the words: “That’s where they come from, the blue sparks of the steppe that appear before a thunderstorm!” What sparks do you mean?

Perhaps the legend was told to explain where they come from "blue sparks" Do you agree with this opinion?

What action would you call a feat?

Who and in the name of what accomplishes the feat in the legend?

Is Danko's action reasonable or not?

How did Danko’s feat make you feel?

In the legend about Danko there are the words: “Only one cautious person noticed this and, fearing something, stepped on the proud heart with his foot.” What were you afraid of? "cautious person"?

Conclusion. Izergil has in her character the only principle that she considers most valuable: she is sure that her life was subordinated to only one thing - love for people. Also, the only beginning, brought to the maximum extent, is carried by the heroes of the legends told by her. Danko embodies the extreme degree of self-sacrifice in the name of love for people, Larra - extreme individualism.

V) Old woman Izergil's story about her life.

- What role does the romantic landscape play in the legend?

The heroine of the story, the old woman Izergil, appears before us in a romantic landscape: “The wind flowed in a wide, even wave, but sometimes it seemed to jump over something invisible, and, giving birth to a strong gust, fluttering the women’s hair into fantastic manes that billowed around their heads. This made women strange and fabulous. They moved further and further from us, and night and fantasy dressed them more and more beautifully.”
It is in such a landscape - seaside, night, mysterious and beautiful - that the main characters can realize their potential. Their consciousness, their character, its sometimes mysterious contradictions turn out to be the main subject of the image. The landscape is introduced to explore the complex and contradictory characters of the heroes, their strengths and weaknesses.

How does Izergil evaluate the heroes of the legends she tells?

“Do you see how much everything there is in the old days?.. But now there is nothing like that - no deeds, no people, no fairy tales like in the old days... Why?.. Come on, tell me! You won't say... What do you know? What do you all know, young people? Ehe-he!.. If only we could look into the old days with vigilance, all the answers will be found there...<…>I see all sorts of people these days, but there are no strong ones! Where are they?.. And there are fewer and fewer handsome men.”
“In life... there is always room for exploits.”

How does Izergil’s life story reveal her striving for a romantic ideal?

How does her portrait relate to the story about the search for high love?

Izergil is a very old woman, in her portrait anti-aesthetic features are deliberately intensified: “Time bent her in half, her once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched, as if the old woman was speaking with bones.”

What brings Izergil and Larra together?

Izergil is sure that her life, full of love, was completely different from the life of the individualist Larra; she cannot even imagine anything in common with him. Everything in the image of the old woman reminds the narrator of Larra - first of all, her individualism, taken to the extreme, almost approaching Larra’s individualism, her antiquity, her stories about people who have long ago passed their circle of life.

Conclusion. By creating the image of the main character, Gorky, using compositional means, gives her the opportunity to present both a romantic ideal, expressing the extreme degree of love for people (Danko), and an anti-ideal, embodying individualism and contempt for others brought to its apogee (Larra). The composition of the story is such that two legends frame the narrative of her own life, which constitutes the ideological center of the narrative. Undoubtedly condemning Larra’s individualism, Izergil thinks that her own life and destiny tend more towards Danko’s pole, which embodies the highest ideal of love and self-sacrifice. But the reader immediately draws attention to how easily she forgot her former love for the sake of a new one, how simply she left the people she once loved.

In everything - in the portrait, in the author's comments - we see a different point of view on the heroine. The romantic position, for all its beauty and sublimity, is denied by the autobiographical hero. He shows its futility and affirms the relevance of a more sober, realistic position.

Lesson on the topic “Romantic characters and their motivation in the stories “Makar Chudra”, “Khan and his son”

Homework for the lesson:

A) Problematic question

Works to study:

1. "Makar Chudra".
2. "Khan and his son."

Lesson type: obtaining and consolidating new knowledge.

Basic method: heuristic conversation.

During the classes

“Makar Chudra” (heuristic conversation with the stage of checking homework)

How does Bitter create a romantic character?

Makar Chudra is depicted against the backdrop of a romantic landscape: “A damp, cold wind blew from the sea, carrying across the steppe the thoughtful melody of the splash of an incoming wave and the rustling of coastal bushes. Occasionally his gusts brought with them wrinkled, yellow leaves and threw them into the fire, fanning the flames; the darkness of the autumn night that surrounded us shuddered and, fearfully moving away, revealed for a moment the boundless steppe on the left, the endless sea on the right and directly opposite me - the figure of Makar Chudra ... "

The landscape is animated, the sea and the steppe are limitless, emphasizing the boundlessness of the hero’s freedom, his inability and unwillingness to exchange this freedom for anything. The position of the protagonist is already outlined in the exposition; Makar Chudra talks about a person, from his point of view, who is not free: “They are funny, those people of yours. They huddled together and crushed each other. And there’s so much space on earth...”; “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that’s it!”

What are the life values ​​of the heroes of the legend?

Loiko Zobar: “Who was he afraid of!”; “He didn’t have what was cherished - you need his heart, he himself would tear it out of his chest and give it to you, if only you felt good from him”; “With such a person you become a better person” (words of Makar Chudra about Loiko); “...I am a free person and I will live the way I want!”; “She loves her will more than me, and I love her more than my will...”

Radda: “I’ve never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom! That’s it, Loiko, I love you more than you.”

How does the legend reveal Makar Chudra’s worldview?

Implementation of homework

Exercise. Problematic question. Why does the story telling the story of Loiko and Radda bear the name of the narrator - “Makar Chudra”?

Answer. The consciousness and character of Makar Chudra become the main subject of the image. For the sake of this hero, the story was written, and he needs the artistic means used by the author in order to show the hero in all his complexity and inconsistency, in order to explain his strength and weakness. Makar Chudra is at the center of the story and receives the maximum opportunity for self-realization. The writer gives him the right to talk about himself, freely expressing his views. The legend he told, while possessing undeniable artistic independence, nevertheless serves primarily as a means of revealing the image of the main character, after whom the work is named.

What is the understanding of freedom by the characters in the story?

What conflict lies at the heart of the legend?

How is it resolved?

Makar Chudra (like the old woman Izergil) carries in his character the only principle that he believes to be true: a maximalist desire for freedom. The same single principle, brought to its maximum extent, is embodied by the heroes of the legend told by him. For Loiko Zobar, freedom, openness and kindness are also true values. Radda is the highest, exceptional manifestation of pride that even love cannot break.

Makar Chudra is absolutely sure that pride and love, two beautiful feelings brought to their highest expression by romantics, cannot be reconciled, because compromise is unthinkable for the romantic consciousness. The conflict between the feeling of love and the feeling of pride that the heroes experience can only be resolved by the death of both: a romantic cannot sacrifice either love that knows no boundaries or absolute pride.

Does the hero-narrator agree with them?

How is his position expressed?

The image of the narrator is very important in the work. The narrator expresses the author's point of view on the characters and events occurring in the story. The author’s attitude is admiration for the strength and beauty of the heroes of the story “Makar Chudra”, a poetic, aesthetic perception of the world in the story “Old Woman Izergil”.

What is the meaning of the ending of the story?

At the end of the story, Makar Chudra skeptically listens to the narrator - an autobiographical hero. At the end of the work, the narrator sees how the handsome Loiko Zobar and Radda, the daughter of the old soldier Danila, “they circled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not keep up with the proud Radda.” The narrator’s words reveal the author’s position - admiration for the beauty of the heroes and their uncompromisingness, the strength of their feelings, an understanding of the impossibility for the romantic consciousness of the futility of such an outcome: after all, even after death, Loiko in his pursuit will not be equal to the proud Radda.

"Khan and his son"(consolidation and testing of knowledge)

Exercise. Make a table based on your knowledge of the text of M. Gorky’s story “Khan and His Son.”

References

1. V.V. Agenosov Russian literature of the twentieth century. 11th grade: Textbook for general education. Textbook Establishments. – M., 2001.
2. V.V. Agenosov Russian literature of the twentieth century. Grade 11: Lesson developments. – M., 2000.
3. Gorky M. Favorites. – M., 2002.
4. Gorky M. Collection. Op. in 30 volumes. T. 2. – M., 1949.
5. Zolotareva V.I., Anikina S.M. Lesson developments in literature. 7th grade. – M., 2005.
6. Zolotareva V.I., Belomestnykh O.B., Korneeva M.S. Lesson developments in literature. 9th grade. – M., 2002.
7. Turyanskaya B.I., Komissarova E.V., Kholodkova L.A. Literature in 7th grade: Lesson by lesson. – M., 1999.
8. Turyanskaya B.I., Komissarova E.V. Literature in 8th grade: Lesson by lesson. – M., 2001.