Essays on the topic: The White Guard, The Master and Margarita, Heart of a Dog, Days of the Turbins. Problems and arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in Russian on the topic: Loneliness The problem of loneliness in the work The Master and Margarita

Truly the pearl of Bulgakov’s work was his novel “The Master and Margarita.” It not only allows you to feel the atmosphere of life in the twenties and thirties, not only, following Gogol’s traditions, exposes the vices and shortcomings of Bulgakov’s contemporaries, but also makes the reader think about the questions that worried the writer so much: good and evil, truth, justice, love, freedom. God... It is no coincidence that it was during the years of “construction” of the atheistic state (which pleased Woland so much, as it was an excellent ground for his experiments) that Bulgakov turned to the Gospel. In it the writer finds answers to the eternal questions of human existence. But will his attempt to convey the truth to people be successful? Will he remain alone in his quest?

In the novel, the writer deeply comprehends the problem of loneliness. It is no coincidence that the loneliness of the main characters (the Master, Margarita, Pontius Pilate) is obvious. What caused this?

Main character. The master, in his unexpected, sincere, bold novel about Pilate and Yeshua, expressed the author’s understanding of the truth. Bulgakov widely covers the problem of the relationship between the Master and society and faces the loneliness of a creative personality. The Master's novel, the meaning of his whole life, is not accepted by society. Moreover, it was decisively rejected by critics, even when unpublished. What did the Master want to tell people? He wanted to convey to them the need for faith, the need to seek truth. But she (like himself) is rejected. Society is alien to thinking about truth, about truth - about those higher categories, the significance of which everyone must realize for themselves. People are busy satisfying petty needs (but “not by bread alone...”), they do not struggle with their weaknesses and shortcomings, and easily succumb to temptation, as a black magic session speaks so eloquently about. It is not surprising that in such a society a creative, thinking person is lonely, but finds understanding and feedback.

In the novel there is a hero whose path the Master repeats to a certain extent. This is Yeshua (Jesus), who, like the Master, is rejected by people. The truth that he preached to them was also rejected. But Yeshua does not feel lonely, although he says: “I am alone in the world.” Yeshua believes that God is always with him; he is ready to fight for his beliefs and even give his life for them. And the Master turns out to be incapable of fighting, he burns the MANUSCRIPT, thereby renouncing the truth. If the Master had turned to God, he would not have been alone. But the Master, having moved away from people, becoming higher than them in his understanding of life, at the same time did not follow the truly right path, did not turn to God. And in this I see the reason for his loneliness.

The loneliness of Pontius Pilate is consonant with the loneliness of the Master. He has, it would seem, everything for a happy life: money, power, fame... This is exactly what should encourage the people around him to communicate with him. But even when we first meet Pilate, we notice some kind of yearning in his soul. He has not yet felt lonely, but it is no coincidence that Yeshua tells him: “The truth, first of all, is that you have a headache...” Yeshua sees Conscience in him, sees concern for people (after all, the expression “headache” also has a figurative meaning) .

The meeting between Pilate and Yeshua was short-lived, but they managed to talk about the truth, Yeshua awakened Pilate’s thought and soul, awakened a thirst for searching for truth. It is no coincidence that the author draws a parallel between today and the distant past. In the search for truth, Bulgakov sees the eternal desire of man, but for two millennia humanity has not matured to understand the truth, and everyone who thinks about it, who comes close to understanding it, involuntarily stands above the crowd and becomes lonely.

Pilate's loneliness is not only proof that he has moved away from everyday vanity and has come closer to understanding the truth. It's also a punishment. Punishment for the fact that he neglected his Conscience and chose to fulfill the law of Yershalaim, breaking the higher law. Doesn’t Raskolnikov’s state after the crime remind him of his pangs of conscience, his loneliness?! Pilate became higher than the crowd, but at the same time he blocked his own path to God.

“...The extraordinary, unprecedented loneliness in the eyes” of Margarita, at first glance, has a completely different nature. Her heart demands love, sublime, pure, eternal love. And she finds her, she “fills” the Master’s soul and is ready to do anything for him. But the truth, in the understanding of Yeshua himself, is nothing more than the kingdom of goodness, justice, for which Yeshua sacrifices himself. Love is also boundless kindness, readiness for self-sacrifice. Having given her soul to the devil, Margarita also made the greatest sacrifice in the name of saving her love.

Yeshua sees the kingdom of truth, its beginning, precisely in love. And in order to “love your neighbor,” to love all of humanity, even greater strength is required than the spiritual strength of Margarita. The more people there are capable of all-consuming love, the sooner we will get closer to the “kingdom of truth and justice.” Margarita’s loneliness speaks of how few such people Bulgakov met.

Speaking of loneliness, one cannot fail to mention Ivan Bezdomny. At the beginning of the novel we see a poet weaving poetry for the needs of an atheistic society. At the end of the novel, he abandons “writing”; we see a lonely man who, having understood the injustice and falsity of the world around him, is on the path to knowledge of the truth. Using the example of the fate of this poet, Bulgakov showed the inability of an unbeliever to resist evil.

It is in the search for truth, in the struggle for justice, in the struggle between good and evil that Bulgakov sees the meaning of human life. But the author is worried that people do not change, that for two thousand years they have not come one step closer to understanding the meaning of their lives (the author declares this through the mouth of Woland: “...People are like people. They love money, but this has always been the case...”) . The writer showed the tragedy of a creative personality doomed to misunderstanding.

In the ban on the Master's novel, one can guess the fate of many works that did not see the light when they were especially needed, one can guess the fate of many poets and writers who did not receive deserved recognition. But Bulgakov sees the loneliness of Conscience and Love, Sincerity and Kindness, on which the “kingdom of truth and justice” is based, as an even more terrible sign of the times. Only by knowing truth and love, listening to the voice of conscience, does a person, according to Bulgakov, find peace. And at the end of the novel, the author expresses the hope that people will find peace and meet understanding. The hope that people who have comprehended eternal values, the highest categories of existence, the inviolability of which is affirmed by the Gospel, will not be alone.

Since the eternal judge gave me a prophet, I read in the eyes of people the Pages of malice and vice. I began to proclaim the pure teachings of love and truth: All my neighbors madly threw stones at me.
M. Lermontov. "Prophet"
Truly the pearl of Bulgakov’s work was his novel “The Master and Margarita.” It not only allows you to feel the atmosphere of life in the twenties and thirties, not only, following Gogol’s traditions, exposes the vices and shortcomings of his contemporaries, but the reader can think about questions such as good and evil, truth, justice, freedom. It is no coincidence that it was during the years of “construction” (which is Woland’s name, since it was an excellent soil for his experiments) of the state that Bulgakov turns to The writer finds for himself answers to the questions of human existence. But will it be successful in conveying it to people? Won't he be left alone?
The novel deeply comprehends the problem of loneliness. Not so, the loneliness of the main characters (the Master, Margarita, Pilate) is obvious. What caused this?
The Chief Master in his unexpected, sincere, bold novel about Pilate and Yeshua expressed

The author's understanding of truth. broadly covers the problem of Masteya’s relationship with the loneliness of a creative personality. The novel's entire meaning is not accepted by society. Moreover, it is criticized even when unpublished. What can Master say to people? He wanted to convey to them the need for faith, the need to seek truth. But she (like himself) is alien to Society from thinking about truth, about truth - about those higher categories, the significance of which everyone must realize for himself. People are busy satisfying petty needs (but “they don’t fight their weaknesses and shortcomings with bread, they easily succumb to what the black magic session so eloquently speaks of. That in such a society a creative person, but finds
In the novel there is a path that the Master repeats to a certain extent. This is Yeshua (Jesus), who, just like the Master, was rejected by ardor. The truth that he preached was also rejected. But Yeshua does not feel alone, although he says: “I am alone in the world.” Yeshua believes that God is always with him; he is ready to fight for his beliefs and even give his own for them. But the Master turns out to be incapable of fighting, he burns, thereby renouncing the truth. If only the Master would not be lonely. But the Master, having moved away from love above them in his understanding of life, at the same time not following the truly right path, did not turn to God. And in this I see the reason for it. The loneliness of the Master is consonant with the loneliness of Pontius Pilate. He has, it would seem, a happy life: money, power, fame. This is exactly what should encourage people around him to communicate with him. But even at the first acquaintance with Pilate, we felt some kind of longing in his soul. He has not yet felt lonely, but it is not Yeshua who tells him: “The truth, first of all, is that you are in pain. Yeshua sees in him Conscience, sees indifference to people (after all, the expression “headache” also has a figurative meaning). The meeting between Pilate and Yeshua was short-lived, but they managed to talk about the truth, Yeshua awakened Pilate’s thought and soul
Come on, I thirst for the search for truth. It is no coincidence that the author draws a parallel between today and the distant one. In the search for truth, Bulgakov sees the eternal desire of man, but for two millennia humanity has not matured to understand the truth, and everyone who thinks about it, who comes close to understanding it, involuntarily stands above the crowd and becomes lonely
Pilate's loneliness is not only proof that he has moved away from everyday vanity and has come closer to understanding the truth. It's also a punishment. Punishment for the fact that he neglected his Conscience and chose to fulfill the law of Yershalaim, breaking the highest law. Isn’t it his torment of conscience, his loneliness, Raskolnikov’s state after the crime?! Pilate became taller, but at the same time he blocked his own path to God. At first glance, the unprecedented loneliness in Margarita’s eyes has a completely different nature. Her heart demands love, sublime, pure, eternal love. AND
She finds her, she “fills” the Master’s soul and will do anything for him. But the truth, in the understanding of Yeshua himself, is nothing more than the kingdom of goodness, justice, for which Yeshua sacrifices himself. Love is also boundless kindness, readiness for self-sacrifice. Having given her soul to the devil, Margarita also made the greatest sacrifice in the name of saving her love.
Yeshua sees the kingdom of truth, its beginning, precisely in love. And in order to “love your neighbor,” to love all of humanity, even greater strength is required than the spiritual strength of Margarita. The more people there are capable of all-consuming love, the sooner we will get closer to the “kingdom of truth and justice.” Margarita’s loneliness speaks of how few such people Bulgakov met.
Speaking of loneliness, one cannot mention Ivan Bezdomny. At the beginning of the novel we see a poet, for the needs of an atheistic society. At the end of the novel, he refuses; we see a lonely man who, having understood the injustice and falsity of those around him, is on the path to knowing the truth. Using the example of the fate of this poet, Bulgakov showed the inability of an unbeliever to resist evil.
It is in the search for truth, in the struggle for justice, in the struggle between good and evil that Bulgakov sees the meaning of human life. But the author is worried that people do not change, that for two thousand years they have not come one step closer to understanding the meaning of their lives (the author declares this through the mouth of Woland: like people. They love money, but this is always the Writer showed the tragedy of a creative personality, doomed for misunderstanding.
In the ban on the Master's novel, one can guess the fate of many works that did not see the light when they were especially needed, one can guess the fate of many poets and writers who did not receive deserved recognition. But Bulgakov sees even more as a sign of the times the loneliness of Conscience and Love, Sincerity and Kindness, on which “the kingdom of truth and justice” is based. Only by knowing truth and love, listening to the voice of conscience, a person, according to Bulgakov, finds peace. And at the end of the novel, the author expresses the hope that people will find peace and meet understanding. The hope that people who have comprehended eternal values, the highest categories of existence, the inviolability of which is affirmed by the Gospel, will not be alone.

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The peak of Bulgakov’s creativity was his novel “The Master and Margarita.” The main theme of the novel is loneliness, the loneliness of the main characters: the Master, Margarita and Pilate.

The main character, the Master, tried to convey to people the need for faith, the search for truth and love, but people are busy satisfying only petty needs, and not the most important and spiritual.
In the novel there is a path that the Master repeats - this is Jesus, who at one time, just like the Master, was rejected. The truth that he tried to convey to people and that he preached was rejected. However, under pressure from the forces of evil, the Master turns out to be unable to fight, thereby renouncing the truth.

The loneliness of the Master is put on the same scale as the loneliness of Pontius Pilate. It would seem that the latter has everything for happiness: money, fame, strength, power, etc. These things should encourage the people around him to communicate with him, but he is still lonely.
It is no coincidence that the author compares today and the distant past. In search of truth, Bulgakov sees the eternal wandering and striving of man, but for two millennia humanity has not grown to understand the truth. Anyone who comes even a little closer to understanding it involuntarily stands above the crowd, which inevitably leads to loneliness.

Pilate's loneliness is not only proof that he neglected his conscience and transgressed the highest law. He became taller, but at that very moment he blocked his path to God. Margarita has another side, her heart demands love, pure and eternal love, sublime love. She finds that same love, fills the Master’s soul.

Truth, in Yeshua’s understanding, is the kingdom of goodness and justice, for which he sacrifices himself. Love is boundless kindness, readiness for self-sacrifice. Having sold her soul to the devil, Margarita also made a sacrifice in the name of her love.
The more people on earth who are capable of self-sacrifice for the sake of love, the faster we will come to the “kingdom of truth and justice.”

It is in the search for truth, in the struggle between good and evil that the writer sees the meaning of human existence; the author is concerned that people do not betray.
The novel ends with the author expressing the hope that people will still find peace through the truth, which they will certainly find.

In texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, the problem of loneliness is often raised. All its facets were highlighted by us in the process of painstaking work. Each of them corresponds to arguments from the literature. All of them are available for download, link at the end of the article.

Often people cannot understand those who have an opposing opinion. Main character novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" doomed to loneliness because of his views on the world. Evgeny Bazarov is a nihilist. For his time, such a position was something radical. Even now in modern society, love, family, religion, etc. are valued. Denial of such values leads to the fact that a person may be considered crazy. Of course, Bazarov has many followers. But in the end, we see that even his friend Arkady eventually abandons these views. Feeling a misunderstanding, Bazarov goes to his village, where he dies. And only his parents come to his grave.
Many writers have tried to explore the theme of loneliness. M.Yu. Lermontov in the novel “Hero of Our Time” tells us about the fate of a completely lonely person in his soul. Pechorin was born into a rich and noble family, was handsome and smart, and was also surrounded by many women and false friends. But he never really tried to get close to them. It seemed to Gregory that his entire existence was meaningless. He saw no interest in the individuals around him, or in the whole world in general. Pechorin often thinks about life, trying to understand his suffering. Experiencing pain, he repeatedly inflicted it on other people, always remaining alone.
Many of us are afraid to stand out with something, because sometimes it ends in condemnation from society. So, in Comedy "Woe from Wit", A. S. Griboedov tells about the life of a misunderstood person. The main character is endowed with the traits of an honest, independent thinker and even a prophet: he predicts the inevitable collapse of the world of the Moscow nobility, because it is based on lies and pretense. Alexander Chatsky is trying to fight the injustice of this world. He refuses to build a career in Russia because of the corruption system and opposes serfdom. However, his views are not accepted in the “Famus society”, where money and social status are primarily important. The hero is not accepted and is considered crazy. And Sophia’s betrayal forces him to leave the Famusovs’ house forever. And so it happened that the desire for truth and justice led Alexander to the fact that he became a stranger in his homeland.

Forced loneliness

We never want to feel alone. However, circumstances often decide for us. Yes, and in the work M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man” Andrei Sokolov remains alone not of his own free will. Members of his family die in the war. First, the wife and daughters are killed by a shell that fell on their house. Then, at the end of the terrible, tragic war, his son also dies, shot by a sniper’s bullet. On the ninth of May, when for many the carnage was over. As a result, the main character is left without relatives and without a home. Alone in this world. At the end of the story, Andrei is given strength to live by Vanya, a little boy left without parents. Sokolov takes him into his care, saving another lonely soul.
Loneliness is inherently scary, especially when it is forced. Samson Vyrin, main character stories by A.S. Pushkin "Station Warden", lives happily with her daughter until Dunya runs away from home, leaving her poor father. Over the course of four years, loneliness instantly ages the hero, turning him from a lively and vigorous man into a frail old man. The desire to see his daughter forces Samson to walk to St. Petersburg. But there he receives only the contempt of the groom. Seeing her father, the girl faints. Because of this, the old caretaker is kicked out of his own daughter’s new life. Without seeing his daughter again, Samson dies. And Dunya realizes the full gravity of her act only when standing at her father’s grave.

Loneliness as a lifestyle

Sometimes a person creates an atmosphere of loneliness for himself. Central character novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" acts as one of the brightest characters in Russian literature. His life is limited to the confines of one room. Ilya prefers to lie on the sofa, sleep and occasionally call his servant, rather than move around in society in search of profitable connections and pleasant entertainment. Many people visit the hero, including his friend Stolz, who is trying to get Oblomov out of the house. But does the hero need this? For himself, Ilya Ilyich had long ago decided that a lonely, unencumbered existence was much more convenient and calm for him.
“Whoever lived and thought cannot help but despise people in his soul” - this is what the main character said novel by A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. He sees no meaning in his existence. For a secular rake, the lives of other people are not interesting, but their own does not give much pleasure either. He has all the resources to live happily: money, friends, going to the theater and the attention of ladies. However, instead the hero prefers to suffer and still hopes to find decent entertainment. Over the years, Evgeniy has lost his sense of love for his neighbors. With his behavior, he ruins Lensky and Tatyana, not suspecting that he is also ruining himself.

Loneliness in fame

We often hear from show business stars that they are lonely. But it’s hard to believe in such things when a person has fame and money, when many people love you. Tried to raise this issue Jack London in the novel Martin Eden. Until the main character became famous and got rich, no one wanted to communicate with him. Many did not believe in him and considered the hero a failure. Nobody supported him in his creative endeavors. Even the hero's beloved, Ruth, turned away from him. However, when fame came to Martin, and everyone began to talk about him, they immediately began to invite him to visit and show attention. Even Ruth tried to return to him with a plea for forgiveness. But Martin understood that this no longer meant anything to him. He knew that he had not changed since then and continued to feel lonely. And the world around him became disgusting to him.
Great opportunities do not save a person from loneliness. Thinks about it D. Keyes in the work “Flowers for Algernon”. At the beginning of the novel, Charlie Gordon appears to the reader as a weak-minded man, whom everyone laughs at. Scientists offer him surgery to improve his intellectual abilities. After her, Charlie Gordon becomes smarter and smarter. As he develops, he realizes that his work friends were actually mocking him, and were not showing friendly concern, as he had previously thought. Moreover, people still misunderstand “smart” Charlie, revealing envy and resentment at his new opportunities. Now his colleagues consider the hero an egoist and an upstart. The hero becomes even more lonely. Paradoxically, it is much more difficult for Charlie the intellectual to live in society. Although initially it seemed to Gordon that society was more willing to find a common language with an educated person. However, in reality, everything turned out to be the opposite.

M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” is called “the pinnacle novel of Russian literature of the 20th century.” This work illuminates almost all philosophical problems that have ever worried humanity and people. One of the most important issues of this kind is the problem of loneliness, which runs through the entire novel as a leitmotif.
It is interesting that one of the first characters we meet in “The Master and Margarita” is the poet Ivan Ponyrev, who has the pseudonym Bezdomny. His name is not only a tribute to the era (Poor, Gorky, etc.), but also an important symbol. After the revolution of 1917, people lost their former Home, their former homeland, their former selves, but were unable to find new ones. And therefore, they are all extremely lonely.
Of course, from a philosophical point of view, any person is initially lonely, by definition. Each bears his own personal cross, each makes his own individual earthly journey from birth to death. But there are things that unite people - love, friendship, spiritual intimacy, home.
Bulgakov's heroes do not have all this. So, they are all deprived of Home in the ancient sense of this concept. They hate temporary shelter: Pontius Pilate avoids being in the inner chambers of Herod’s palace, Margarita suffers in her part of a luxurious mansion on the Arbat. The writers' house of Griboyedov, the house of suffering of Dr. Stravinsky, the house of the secret service with unfading windows - they all deny the original meaning of earthly human habitation.
The motive of homelessness in the novel is strengthened by the fact that only the “inhuman” Woland and his retinue settled in a temporary apartment “like a human being”: here he rests, has dinner, receives treatment, receives guests, and talks. We no longer see anyone at home against the backdrop of our native walls, doing ordinary everyday, family activities. People live subject to the strange law of homelessness, but they wage a fierce struggle for the possession of apartments and rooms, trying to fill the spiritual emptiness.
This feature is also noted by Woland, who utters words about the housing issue that has spoiled people in the new Moscow. Indeed, “these poor people got everything mixed up,” mistaking apartment passions for the construction of a New House.
Only the master and Margarita receive their eternal home as eternal rest, leaving the Earth and its temporary shelters forever.
Existence and homelessness in Bulgakov's novel are all-encompassing. The main events in it take place on a garden bench, in an empty alley, in a covered colonnade “between the two wings of the palace,” on Bald Mountain and Sparrow Hills, but never in the house.
Moreover, none of the characters in the novel are related to each other by ties of kinship, warm family or friendships. So, Yeshua doesn’t remember his father, and the master doesn’t even remember his wife’s name (he was married “to this... Varenka, Manechka... no, Varenka... also a striped dress... a museum... however, I don’t remember "). Social relations between the characters are not revealed; on the contrary, their marginality and restlessness are emphasized.
Levi Matthew, for example, is a Jew, but serves Rome, so he is a stranger both to his own people and to the Romans. His borderline position helps him “step even further” - to become, like Yeshua, a poor wanderer. “The ragged tramp Levi Matvey,” it is said about this hero. Yeshua is also called a “tramp” or “wandering philosopher” in the novel.
Beggar, homeless, wandering, not remembering kinship, powerless to save himself from reprisal, Ga-Notsri is like millions of people who have passed and are walking the earth, deprived of shelter, family, business, lonely, “thrown to the surface.” This hero does not have a retinue of disciples, he does not declare himself the son of God, remaining “a foundling, the son of unknown parents” and a prophet from a remote province, ridiculed, despised, crucified.
But it was Yeshua who was ready to help those like him to find a true home, shelter, family, dignity and wealth. Persistently, patiently, sacrificially, the poor philosopher called for the main thing - for a “change of thought”, which would entail a change in life and the world.
And some of the novel's lonely heroes eventually hear Yeshua's call and follow it. This is Pontius Pilate, who only after death, in eternal punishment, found himself a friend and teacher - Yeshua. Such is the master who wrote a novel about a wandering philosopher and is in many ways similar to him. This hero, like Ha-Notsri, is poor (“I am a beggar”), lonely (he lived “without relatives and almost no acquaintances in Moscow”), homeless (“I had nowhere to go,” “cold and fear drove me to the point of frenzy").
Having written the novel, the master abandoned his name, “like everything else in life.” He found his home only after death.
Such is Margarita, who found her happiness after abandoning earthly goods (“I lost my nature and replaced it with a new one”) in exchange for true love.