Information about the pseudonyms of Russian writers. Pseudonyms of famous writers, which many consider to be their real names and surnames. II. Exotic aliases and hoaxes

Did you know that behind the big names of famous personalities there can be hidden lesser-known, not always easy to remember and beautiful names and surnames. Some people have to take a pseudonym solely for security reasons, others believe that they can achieve fame only with a short or original pseudonym, and some change their last name or first name just like that, in the hope that this will change their life. Here is a small list of pseudonyms and real names of famous writers.

Boris Akunin - Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili (b. 1956). Russian writer, literary critic, translator. All 90s of the XX century. writing popular books of the “low genre”, that is, detective stories and thrillers, was considered an activity unworthy of an intelligent person: the author should not be smarter than his works. Moreover, as the writer himself admitted in an interview, bookstore merchandisers would never have pronounced Chkhartishvili’s name anyway. But Boris Akunin speaks easily and immediately sets the school-graduated reader in the mood for the classics of the 19th century. "Aku-nin" in Japanese means "bad person", "scoundrel". According to another version, this pseudonym was chosen in honor of the famous Russian anarchist Bakunin.
In 2012, Boris Akunin confirmed in his LiveJournal blog that he is the author, hiding under the pseudonym Anatoly Brusnikin. Three historical novels were published under this name: “The Ninth Savior”, “Hero of Another Time” and “Bellona”. In addition, he revealed that he is also the author of novels under the female pseudonym Anna Borisova: “There ...”, “Creative” and “Vremenagoda

Eduard Bagritsky - Eduard Grigorievich Dzyubin (1895−1934).

Russian poet, translator and playwright. Author of works: “The Birdcatcher”, “Till Eulenspiegel”, “The Thought of Opanas”, “Smugglers”, “The Death of a Pioneer” and others. Since 1915, he wrote under the pseudonym “Eduard Bagritsky” and the female mask “Nina Voskresenskaya” and began publishing his poems in Odessa literary almanacs. He was published in Odessa newspapers and humor magazines under the pseudonyms “Someone Vasya”, “Nina Voskresenskaya”, “Rabkor Gortsev”. The author apparently took the pseudonym Bagritsky in honor of his partisan past in Budyonny’s 1st Cavalry Army. He himself characterized his pseudonym as follows: “It sounds like wartime. There is something in it from my poems.”

Demyan Bedny - Pridvorov Efim Alekseevich (1883−19,450).

Russian and Soviet poet. He wrote a large number of fables, songs, ditties and poems of other genres. A major bibliophile, well versed in the history of books, collected one of the largest private libraries in the USSR (over 30 thousand volumes). The history of the origin of his pseudonym is as follows: one day the poet brought to the printing house a poem “About Demyan the Poor, a harmful man” and his next arrival was greeted by the printing house workers with exclamations: “Demyan the Poor is coming!” This nickname stuck with Pridvorov and later became his pseudonym. By the way, the poet’s uncle, a really poor peasant from the Kherson region, was called Demyan.

By the way, Demyan Bedny became one of the prototypes of Ivan Bezdomny in Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”.

Andrei Bely - Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (1880−1934).

Russian writer, poet, prose writer, critic, memoirist. One of the leading figures of symbolism.

The pseudonym “Andrei Bely”, by B. N. Bugaev’s own admission, was invented for him by the father of his friend Mikhail Solovyov, who was the son of the famous historian, author of the multi-volume “History of Russia from Ancient Times” Sergei Solovyov. White is a sacred, comforting color, representing a harmonious combination of all colors - the favorite color of Vladimir Solovyov.

Kir (Kirill) Bulychev - Igor Mozheiko (1934−2003). Science fiction writer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The author of more than 200 works, including: a cycle about the girl Alice, a cycle about the great city of Guslyar, the adventures of Doctor Pavlysh and many others. Winner of the Aelita Science Fiction Prize, Knight of the Order of the Knights of Fantasy.

He published his fantastic works exclusively under a pseudonym, which was composed of the name of his wife (Kira) and the maiden name of the writer’s mother. The writer kept his real name a secret until 1982, because he believed that the leadership of the Institute of Oriental Studies would not consider science fiction a serious activity, and was afraid that after revealing his pseudonym he would be fired. Sometimes he used other pseudonyms: Mints Lev Khristoforovich, Lozhkin Nikolai, Maung Sein Ji.

Agatha Christie
Mary Westmacott (Westmacott) is the pseudonym of the English writer, master of detective stories, Agatha Christie, under which she published 6 psychological novels: “The Bread of Giants”, “An Unfinished Portrait”, “Separated in the Spring” (“Lost in the Spring”), “The Rose and the Yew” , “Daughter is Daughter”, “Burden” (“Burden of Love”).

Volodin Alexander Moiseevich - Lifshits Alexander Moiseevich (1919 - 2001).

Playwright, prose writer, film screenwriter. Based on his scripts, plays were staged and films were made: “Five Evenings”, “Elder Sister”, “Assignment”, “Do not part with your loved ones”, “Dulcinea of ​​Toboso”, “Two Arrows” and many others.

The pseudonym was formed from the name of Volodya’s son.

Arkady Gaidar - Golikov Arkady Petrovich (1904−1941). Soviet children's writer, one of the founders of modern children's literature, author of the stories “Timur and his team”, “Chuk and Gek”, “The Fate of the Drummer”, etc. An active participant in the Civil War. During the Great Patriotic War, Gaidar was in the active army, as a correspondent for Komsomolskaya Pravda, was a machine gunner in a partisan detachment, and died in battle.

There are two versions of the origin of the pseudonym Gaidar. The first one, which has become widespread, is “gaidar” - in Mongolian “a horseman galloping in front”. According to another version, Arkady Golikov could take the name Gaidar as his own: in Bashkiria and Khakassia, where he visited, the names Gaidar (Geidar, Haydar, etc.) are found very often. This version was supported by the writer himself.

Galperin
Nora Gal - Galperina Eleonora Yakovlevna (1912−1991). Russian translator. She translated over 1000 works from English and French - “The Little Prince” and “Planet of Men” by Saint-Exupéry, “The Stranger” by A. Camus, stories by R. Bradbury, J. London, S. Maugham, Edgar Allan Poe, etc.

Galperina herself explained the origin of the pseudonym as follows: “There are a lot of Galperins, the surname is so common that at the institute and graduate school I turned out to be the namesake of my supervisor, and began to publish in that magazine. This would have been very unpleasant for her, but, fortunately, even earlier and in another As a matter of fact, I was already published under the school “nickname” - an abbreviation, as was common in the 20s, and so it went: Gal.”

Rasul Gamzatov - Tsadasa Rasul Gamzatovich (1923−2003).

Avar poet, people's poet of Dagestan.

I chose the pseudonym after my father, also a poet, Gamzat Tsadasa. At first, Rasul signed poems with his father’s pseudonym - Tsadas. But one day a mountaineer, who did not know that Rasul wrote poetry, said to him: “Listen, what happened to your respected father? Previously, having read his poems just once, I immediately memorized them by heart, but now I can’t even understand! " And then Rasul decided to make his father’s name his surname and began to sign Rasul Gamzatov.

Maxim Gorky - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov (1868−1936). Russian and Soviet writer. Author of the well-known works “Song of the Petrel”, “Mother”, “The Life of Klim Samgin”, etc.

He associated himself and his work with the bitterness of life and the bitterness of truth - hence the pseudonym. At the very beginning of his literary activity, he also wrote feuilletons in the Samara Gazeta under the pseudonym Yehudiel Khlamida. M. Gorky himself emphasized that the correct pronunciation of his last name is Peshkov, although almost everyone pronounces it as Peshkov.

Alexander Green - Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky (1880−1932).

Russian writer, prose writer, representative of the movement of romantic realism, author of the novels “Scarlet Sails”, “Running on the Waves”, “Golden Chain”, etc.

The writer's pseudonym became his childhood nickname Green - this is how the school shortened the long surname Grinevsky.

Daniel Defoe - Daniel Faux (1660−1731).

English writer and publicist, best known as the author of “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe...”. De Foe is the surname of Daniel's ancestors. After several generations, the prefix De was lost, the family surname was transformed into the English manner, and the former Defoe began to be called simply Fo. In 1695, the aspiring writer returned it to its place. The reason was that Daniel decides to hide under a different name, because he had to hide from the authorities for participating in the uprising. And then from Daniel Foe he becomes Daniel Defoe. Although this surname is not completely alien, it is still not the same as what belongs to his parents.

Musa Jalil - Musa Mustafovich Zalilov (1906−1944).

Tatar Soviet poet. The most famous work is the Maobit Notebook.

For his participation in an underground organization, Musa was executed in a military prison in Berlin. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Jalil translated from the Tatar language means: “great”, “respected”, “famous”.

Elena Ilyina - Liya Yakovlevna Preis (1901−1964).

Soviet writer, sister of S. Ya. Marshak. She wrote a lot for children, the author of poems, poetic tales, stories, and essays. Author of the story “The Fourth Height.”

She took the pseudonym out of solidarity with her brother, who for some time wrote under the pseudonym M. Ilyin.

Ilya Arnoldovich Ilf - Ilya Fainzilberg (1897−1937).

The pseudonym is formed from part of the first name and the first letter of the last name: ILYA Fainzilberg.

Veniamin Kaverin - Veniamin Zilber (1902−1989).

The writer said about his pseudonym that “he took the surname Kaverin... meaning Pushkin’s friend, the dashing hussar. I was impressed by his courage and boldness.”

Kozma (Petrovich) Prutkov (1803−1863) is a literary mask under which they appeared in the magazines Sovremennik, Iskra and others in the 50s and 60s. XIX century Poets Alexey Tolstoy, brothers Alexey, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov, as well as Pyotr Ershov.

Carlo Collodi - Carlo Lorenzini (1826−1890).

Lorenzini participated in the national liberation movement, so he needed a pseudonym. He began signing his works “Carlo Collodi” - after the name of the town where his mother was born.

Janusz Korczak - Ersch Henryk Goldschmit (1878−1942).

An outstanding Polish teacher, writer, doctor and public figure. In the fascist Treblinka concentration camp, he refused the freedom offered at the last minute and chose to stay with his children, accepting death with them in the gas chamber.

G. Goldschmit borrowed his pseudonym from the hero of the novel by Y. Kraszewski “The Story of Janasz Korczak and the Daughter of the Sword Bearer.” At the printing house, the typesetter accidentally changed Janash to Janusz; the writer liked this name and stayed with him for the rest of his life.

Lewis Carroll - Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832−1898).

The pseudonym is formed on the principle of “translation” of the real name into Latin and reverse “translation” from Latin into English. Lewis Carroll signed all his mathematical and logical works under his real name, and all his literary works under a pseudonym.

Lazar Iosifovich Lagin - Ginzburg Lazar Iosifovich (1903−1979).

Jack London - John Griffith Cheney (1876−1916).

Max Frei is the literary pseudonym of two authors - writer Svetlana Martynchik (b. 1965) and artist Igor Stepin (b. 1967).

The series “Labyrinths of Echo” and “Chronicles of Echo” includes about 40 stories, which tell in the first person the adventures of an ordinary, at first glance, young man who dramatically changes his life by agreeing to the proposal of his new acquaintance from dreams - to move to another world and enter its service.
Thus, Max Fry is both a pseudonym and the main character

Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak (1887−1964).

Russian Soviet poet, playwright, translator, literary critic.
The surname "Marshak" is an abbreviation meaning "Our teacher Rabbi Aharon Shmuel Kaydanover" and belongs to the descendants of this famous rabbi.

In his work, S. Ya. Marshak used the following pseudonyms: Doctor Fricken, Weller, S. Kuchumov, S. Yakovlev. The last pseudonym is a patronym formed after the poet’s father. Marshak used the pseudonym “Weller” in his youth. Weller is the surname of the cheerful servant Mr. Pickwick, a character in Charles Dickens's novel The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club.

O. Henry - William Sidney Porter (1862−1910).

American short story writer. While serving his prison sentence, Porter worked in the infirmary and wrote stories, looking for a pseudonym. In the end, he chose the version of O. Henry (often incorrectly spelled like the Irish surname - O'Henry). Its origin is not entirely clear. The writer himself claimed in an interview that the name Henry was taken from the society news column in the newspaper, and the initial O. was chosen as the simplest letter. He told one of the newspapers that O. stands for Oliver (the French name Olivier), and indeed, he published several stories there under the name Oliver Henry. According to other sources, this is the name of the famous French pharmacist Etienne Océan Henri, whose medical reference book was popular at that time.

Leonid Panteleev - Alexey Ivanovich Eremeev (1908−1987).

Russian writer, author of the works “Republic of SHKID”, “Lyonka Panteleev”.
While in an orphanage, Alexey was distinguished by such a tough disposition that he received the nickname Lyonka Panteleev, after the famous Petrograd raider of those years. He left it as a literary pseudonym.

Evgeny Petrov - Evgeny Petrovich Kataev.

Russian writer who co-wrote with Ilf “12 Chairs” and “The Golden Calf”.
The younger brother of the writer Valentin Kataev did not want to take advantage of his literary fame, and therefore came up with a pseudonym derived from his father’s name.

Boris Polevoy - Borukh (Boris) Nikolaevich Kampov (1908−1981).

Soviet writer, whose fame was brought to him by The Tale of a Real Man.
The pseudonym Polevoy was born as a result of the proposal of one of the editors to “translate the surname Kampov from Latin” (campus - field) into Russian.

Joanna Kathleen Rowling (J.K. Rowling) - Joanna Murray Rowling (b. 1965).

English writer, author of the Harry Potter series of novels.
Before its first publication, the publisher feared that boys would be reluctant to buy a book written by a woman. Therefore, Rowling was asked to use initials instead of her full name. At the same time, the publishing house wanted the initials to consist of two letters. Rowling chose her grandmother's name, Kathleen, for her middle initial.

Other pseudonyms for JK Rowling: NewtScamander, KennilworthyWisp.

Rybakov Anatoly Naumovich - Aronov Anatoly Naumovich (1911−1998).

George Sand - Amanda Aurore Dupin (1804−1876).

Svetlov Mikhail - Sheinkman Mikhail Arkadyevich (1903−1964).

Igor Severyanin - Lotarev Igor Vladimirovich (1887−1941).

Poet of the "Silver Age".
The pseudonym Northerner emphasizes the poet’s “northern” origin (he was born in the Vologda province).

According to another version, in his youth he went with his father on a trip to the Far East. This trip inspired the poet - hence the pseudonym Northerner.

Sef Roman Semyonovich - Roald Semyonovich Firemark (1931−2009).

Children's poet, writer, playwright, translator.
Sef is the party pseudonym of the writer’s father, Semyon Efimovich Firemark.

Tim Sobakin - Andrey Viktorovich Ivanov (b. 1958).

Russian writer, author of prose and poems for children.
Andrey Ivanov has a lot of pseudonyms. The writer explained their appearance as follows: “When I felt that my poems might be published today or tomorrow, I thought about a pseudonym. But nothing worthwhile came to my mind. And then on May 1, 1983, I accidentally saw a children’s film on TV. According to stories Gaidar. There, at the end, the boy stands in front of the squadron, so thin... And the commander solemnly: “For the courage and heroism shown, I express my gratitude to Grigory... what’s your last name?” And I immediately realized: this is mine. Especially when my mother reminded me that I was born in the year of the Dog. Moreover, I love these faithful creatures who do not betray. In Japan, a dog is a symbol of justice. Psov, and Savva Bakin, Nika Bosmith (Tim Sobakin on the contrary), AndrushkaYvanov, Sidor Tyaff, Stepan Timokhin, Sim Tobakin and others."

Mark Twain - Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835−1910).

American writer, journalist and public figure, author of the novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Clemens claimed that the pseudonym "Mark Twain" was taken by him in his youth from river navigation terms. Then he was an assistant pilot on the Mississippi, and the cry “mark twain” (“marktwain” literally means “mark two fathoms”) meant that, according to the mark on the lotline, the minimum depth suitable for the passage of river vessels had been reached.
In addition to “Mark Twain,” Clemens signed himself once in 1896 as “Sieur Louis de Comte” (under this name he published his novel “Personal Memoirs of Joan of Arcsières of Louis de Comte, Her Page and Secretary”).

Pamela (Lyndon) Travers (P.L. Travers) - Helen Lyndon Goff (1899−1996).

English writer, mainly known as the author of the Mary Poppins series of children's books.
At first she tried herself on stage (Pamela is a stage name), playing exclusively in Shakespeare’s plays, but then her passion for literature won out, and she devoted herself entirely to writing, publishing her works under the pseudonym “P. L. Travers” (the first two initials were used to hide the woman’s name - a common practice for English-speaking writers).

Teffi - Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Lokhvitskaya (1872−1952).

Russian writer, poetess, author of satirical poems and feuilletons.
She explained the origin of her pseudonym as follows: she knew a certain stupid man named Stefan, whom the servant called Steffy. Believing that stupid people are usually happy, she took this nickname for herself as a pseudonym, shortening it “for the sake of delicacy” to “Taffy.”

Another version of the origin of the pseudonym is offered by researchers of Teffi’s creativity, according to whom the pseudonym for Nadezhda Alexandrovna, who loved hoaxes and jokes, and was also the author of literary parodies and feuilletons, became part of a literary game aimed at creating an appropriate image of the author. There is also a version that Teffi took her pseudonym because her sister, the poetess Mirra Lokhvitskaya, who was called the “Russian Sappho,” was published under her real name.

Erin Hunter is the common pseudonym of four British writers, authors of the Warrior Cats, Wanderers and Survivors book series.

Cherith Baldry (1947), author of The Forest of Secrets, The Dangerous Path, The Battle for the Forest, The Message, Midnight, Moonrise, Starlight, Twilight, Sunset, "Les Miserables", "Long Shadows" and "Sunrise" from the "Warrior Cats" series, as well as books from the "Wanderers" series.

Victoria Holmes (b. 1975), editor and author of the book “Tribal Heroes” (Warrior Cats series).

Daniil Kharms - Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev (1905−1942).

Russian writer and poet.
In the writer's manuscripts there are about 40 different pseudonyms: Kharms, Haarms, Dandan, Charms, Karl Ivanovich Shusterling and others.

The pseudonym “Kharms” (a combination of the French “charme” - charm, charm and the English “harm” - harm) most accurately reflected the essence of the writer’s attitude to life and work.

Joanna Khmelevskaya - Irena Barbara Joanna Becker (b. 1932)

Famous Polish writer, author of female ironic detective stories (more than 60: “Wedge with wedge”, “What the dead man said”, “Everything is red or crime in Allerod”, “Forest”, “Harpies”, “Wells of the ancestors” and many others.) and the founder of this genre for Russian readers.
Pseudonym - great-grandmother's surname.

Sasha Cherny - Glikberg Alexander Mikhailovich (1880−1932).

Poet.
The family had five children, two of whom were named Sasha. The blonde was called "White", the brunette - "Black". Hence the pseudonym.

Korney Chukovsky - Korneychukov Nikolai Vasilievich (1882−1969).

Russian writer, poet, translator, literary critic.
The poet's pseudonym is formed from the division of the surname: Korneychukov Korney Chukovsky

Writers, especially beginners, often take pseudonyms for themselves; their reasons for this can be very different. And it often happens that these pseudonyms “grow together” with the authors so much that for many they replace real names and surnames in life.

A.P. Chekhov and his pseudonyms

The greatest master of inventing pseudonyms was Chekhov. He had more than forty of them.

And the most famous, which everyone knows about from school, of course, was “Antosha Chekhonte”. It was under this pseudonym, while still a medical student, that Chekhov sent his first humorous stories to magazines. One of the gymnasium teachers jokingly called the young student Chekhov Antosha Chekhonte.

And it’s all the more surprising that out of so many pseudonyms, not one “caught on.” For everyone, Chekhov was and remains Chekhov.

Green Alexander - Grinevsky Alexander Stefanovich

At school, the guys addressed Alexander briefly - “Green!”, and one of his childhood nicknames was “Green-damn.” Therefore, he chose exactly this pseudonym for himself, without much thought. " I feel like only Green, and it seems strange to me when someone says: Grinevsky. This is someone stranger to me" Even his third wife received a passport in the name of Nina Green when she changed her last name.

Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich - Korneychukov Nikolay Vasilievich

The fact that he was illegitimate weighed heavily on Chukovsky in his youth. And having taken up literary activity, he began to use a pseudonym, which was his last name, divided into two parts: Korneychukov = Korney + Chukov + sky.

Subsequently, without further ado, he also came up with a middle name for him - “Ivanovich”. After the revolution, having changed his real name, patronymic and surname to a pseudonym, he became Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky also according to his passport.

Anna Akhmatova - according to her passport Anna Gorenko

After her divorce from Gumilyov, Anna took the name Akhmatova as a pseudonym. Her mother's female branch descended from the Tatar Khan Akhmat. She later recalled: “ Only a seventeen-year-old crazy girl could choose a Tatar surname for a Russian poetess... That’s why it came to my mind to take a pseudonym because my dad, having learned about my poems, said: “Don’t disgrace my name.” - “And I don’t need your name!” - I said…»

Ilya Ilf - Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg

There are several versions regarding the origin of this pseudonym, and one of them is:
In his youth, Ilya Fainzilberg worked as a journalist, writing articles for newspapers. But his last name was not very suitable for a signature - it was too long and difficult to pronounce. Therefore, Ilya often abbreviated it - sometimes “Ilya F”, sometimes “IF”, sometimes “Falberg”. And, in the end, it turned out - “Ilf”.

Evgeny Petrov - Evgeny Petrovich Kataev

Evgeny was the younger brother of the then famous writer Valentin Kataev. Not wanting to enjoy the fruits of his fame, he came up with a literary pseudonym for himself, forming it from the name of his father, that is, from his patronymic. So Evgeny Kataev became Evgeny Petrov.

Arkady Gaidar - Golikov Arkady Petrovich

Arkady Golikov, under his real name, wrote only the first book - “In the days of defeats and victories.” All the others were published under the pseudonym Gaidar, under which he became a widely known writer.
As for the origin of this pseudonym, we can only guess.
Perhaps it came from the Mongolian "gaidar" - "horseman galloping in front."

According to another version, while on duty in Khakassia, Gaidar often had to ask local residents - “haidar”? ("where to go"?). Perhaps this is how this word stuck to him - “haidar”.

Daniil Kharms - Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev

The writer Daniil Yuvachev also invented many pseudonyms for himself (Kharms, Haarms, Dandan, Charms, Karl Ivanovich Shusterling, etc.), signing himself first with one of them, then with another. Until I finally settled on one thing - Daniil Kharms. However, its meaning is interpreted ambiguously. "Charm" in French means "charm", while "charm" in English means "harm", "suffering". But based on what Kharms once wrote in his diary: “ Yesterday dad told me that as long as I am Kharms, I will be haunted by needs", then the English version is still preferable. The writer adored this pseudonym to such an extent that he even manually added it to his last name in his passport.

There are also many examples in Western literature where pseudonyms have replaced the real names of authors:

O. Henry - William Sydney Porter
Lewis Carroll - Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
Voltaire - Francois-Marie Arouet
Stendhal - Marie-Henri Bayle
Mark Twain - Samuel Langhorne Clemens

Pseudonyms are also widespread in Eastern literature. So, everyone has heard the name of the Japanese poet who lived in the 17th century - Basho.

But this is also a pseudonym, and it means “ banana tree O". The poet planted a banana tree near his house, which he took care of. The neighbors began to call him “basyonoo” - an old man living near a banana tree. Few people know his real name - Matsuo Munzfusa.

And in continuation of the literary theme.

I. Nicknames “with meaning”

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Perhaps the most important pseudonym for Russia of the 20th century - Maksim Gorky. It belonged to Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov (1868-1936), a writer and playwright who came from the very bottom of society. The Soviet government loved Gorky not so much for his talent as for his background and life experience: a gifted self-taught man from Nizhny Novgorod spent his youth wandering around Russia and participated in several underground Marxist circles. In 1892, 24-year-old Peshkov published his first story “Makar Chudra” in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” and signed it “M. Bitter". Subsequently, the letter "M." became the name "Maxim", probably in honor of the writer's father.

The meaning of the fictitious surname “Gorky” is clear to any reader of the young author’s first collection of stories and essays (1898): he wrote about thieves and drunkards, sailors and workers, about what he later called “the wild music of labor” and “the leaden abominations of wild Russian life.” " The success of Gorky's stories was stunning: according to the biographical dictionary "Russian Writers", in just eight years - from 1896 to 1904 - more than 1860 materials were published about the writer. And he had a long life and colossal glory ahead of him. In particular, his native Nizhny Novgorod was renamed Gorky in 1932, that is, during the author’s lifetime. And the huge city bore the name of the writer, or rather, his pseudonym until 1990.

It should be noted that Alexey Maksimovich did not use a pseudonym for long in his youth Yehudiel Chlamida. Under this name, he wrote several satirical feuilletons on local topics in Samara Gazeta in 1895.

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The first novels of Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977) were published under a pseudonym V. Sirin. In 1920, the future writer came with his parents to Berlin. Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov (1869-1922) was a major political figure, one of the founders of the Constitutional Democratic Party, and in post-revolutionary emigration he continued to be involved in politics, in particular, he published the newspaper “Rul” in Berlin. It is not surprising that Nabokov Jr. began publishing under an assumed name, otherwise the reading public would have been completely bewildered by the abundance of V. Nabokov in periodicals. Under the pseudonym Sirin, “Mashenka”, “Luzhin’s Defense”, “King, Queen, Jack”, a magazine version of “The Gift” and several other works were published. The meaning of the word “Sirin” was beyond doubt among readers: a sad, beautiful-voiced bird of paradise.

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Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (1880-1934) abandoned his own name and surname, entering the annals of Russian poetry, prose (and poetry) as Andrey Bely. A symbolist pseudonym for the young Bugaev was invented by Mikhail Sergeevich Solovyov, brother of the famous philosopher Vladimir Solovyov. It is believed that the name Andrei was supposed to remind of the first of the called apostles of Christ, and Bely - of the white color, in which all the colors of the spectrum are dissolved.

***
In the 1910s, Efim Pridvorov (1883-1945), a native of the Kherson province, began publishing poems under the name Demyan Bedny. The success of his writings was so great that in honor of this “Bolshevik of the poetic weapon” (as Leon Trotsky spoke of him), the old city of Spassk in the Penza province was renamed Bednodemyanovsk in 1925, and under this name, which long outlived the glory of the proletarian poet, the city existed until 2005.

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Writer Nikolai Kochkurov (1899-1938) chose a self-explanatory pseudonym with a sarcastic undertone: under the name Artem Vesely in the late 1920s and early 1930s, he published several popular books about the revolution and the Civil War in those decades (the novel “Russia, Washed in Blood”, the story “Rivers of Fire”, the play “We”).

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A student of Maxim Gorky, Alexey Silych Novikov (1877-1944), who served in the Russo-Japanese War as a sailor, added one thematic word to his own surname and became known as a marine painter. Novikov-Priboy. He wrote the novel “Tsushima” (1932), one of the most popular military-historical novels in the USSR, and a number of short stories and novellas. It is noteworthy that Novikov-Priboi made his debut as the author of two essays about the Battle of Tsushima, published under the pseudonym A. Worn out.

II. Exotic aliases and hoaxes

One of the most famous literary hoaxes of the early 20th century was Cherubina de Gabriac. Under this name, in 1909, Elizaveta Ivanovna (Lilya) Dmitrieva (married Vasilyeva, 1887-1928) published her poems in the symbolist magazine Apollo. She was patronized by Maximilian Voloshin (whose, by the way, real name is Kireenko-Voloshin). Together they managed to create a charming and mysterious literary mask, and Apollo, led by Sergei Makovsky, published two cycles of poems by the young and noble Spanish recluse Cherubina. Soon the hoax was revealed, one of the unexpected consequences of this exposure was a duel between Nikolai Gumilyov, who had previously courted Vasilyeva, and Maximilian Voloshin on the Black River (of all places in St. Petersburg!). Fortunately for Russian poetry, this fight ended bloodlessly. It is interesting that Vyacheslav Ivanov, in the “Tower” where Dmitrieva herself visited, according to Voloshin’s memoirs, said: “I really appreciate Cherubina’s poems. They are talented. But if this is a hoax, then it’s brilliant.”

***
In the mid-1910s, Moscow publications regularly published poems, feuilletons and parodies of caustic Don Aminado. This exotic name was chosen for himself by Aminad Petrovich Shpolyansky (1888-1957), lawyer and writer, memoirist. His parodies of famous poets of the beginning of the century, including Balmont and Akhmatova, enjoyed great success. After the revolution, Shpolyansky emigrated. His aphorisms, popular among readers of emigrant Russian-language periodicals, were included in the collection “Neskuchny Sad” as a single cycle entitled “New Kozma Prutkov”.

***
The pseudonym of Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky (1880-1932) should go into the exotic category: the author of the timeless romantic stories “Scarlet Sails” and “Running on the Waves”, the creator of the sonorous fictional cities of Zurbagan and Liss signed his books with a short foreign surname Green.

***
The name of Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Buchinskaya, née Lokhvitskaya (1872-1952) says little to the modern reader, but her pseudonym is Teffi- is known much better. Teffi is one of the most caustic authors in Russian literature, the author of the inimitable “Demonic Woman” and a long-term employee of “Satyricon”, the main humorous magazine of pre-revolutionary Russia. In the story “Pseudonym,” Teffi explained the origin of this name from “one fool,” because “fools are always happy.” In addition, by choosing a strange, meaningless, but sonorous and memorable word, the writer bypassed the traditional situation when female writers hide behind male pseudonyms.

***
Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev (1905-1942) used dozens of pseudonyms, but the most famous of them is Kharms. The questionnaire that the poet filled out in 1925 has been preserved. He gave his last name as Yuvachev-Kharms, and when asked if he had a pseudonym, he replied: “No, I’m writing Kharms.” Researchers have linked this short, memorable word to English harm(“harm”), French charme(“charm”), Sanskrit dharma(“religious duty, cosmic law and order”) and even Sherlock Holmes.

***
You just have to get into the section of exotic pseudonyms Grivadiy Gorpozhaks. Unfortunately, this author penned only one work - a parody of a spy novel called “Gene Green - Untouchable” (1972). Three authors were hiding behind the impossible Grivadiy: poet and screenwriter Grigory Pozhenyan (1922-2005), military intelligence officer and writer Ovid Gorchakov (1924-2000) and none other than Vasily Aksenov himself (1932-2009). Perhaps, after Kozma Prutkov, this is the most striking collective literary pseudonym.

III. Translated surnames, or anagrams

Almost certainly the most popular author of the 20th century who wrote in Russian is Korney Chukovsky: in Russia it is difficult to grow up without Aibolit and Telefon, Mukha-Tsokotukha and Moidodyr. The author of these immortal children's fairy tales was named Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov (1882-1969) at birth. In his youth, he created a fictitious first and last name from his surname, and a few years later he added the patronymic Ivanovich to them. The children of this remarkable poet, translator, critic and memoirist received the middle names Korneevichi and the surname Chukovsky: such a “deep” use of a pseudonym is not often encountered.

***
Making up pseudonyms by rearranging the letters of your own name is an old literary game. For example, the famous fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769-1844) several times used the wild but cute signature Navi Volyrk. In the 20th century, Mark Aleksandrovich Landau (1886-1957), better known as Mark Aldanov, author of the tetralogy “The Thinker” about the French Revolution, a trilogy about the Russian Revolution (“The Key”, “The Flight”, “The Cave”) and several other large and small works.

***
Alias ​​meaning Gaidar, taken by Arkady Petrovich Golikov (1904-1941), a classic of Soviet children's literature, still raises questions. According to Timur Arkadyevich, the writer’s son, the answer is this: ““G” is the first letter of the Golikov surname; “ay” - the first and last letters of the name; “d” - in French “from”; “ar” are the first letters of the name of the hometown. G-AY-D-AR: Golikov Arkady from Arzamas.”

IV. Pseudonyms for journalism

Internet Archive Digital Library Publishing under a pseudonym as a literary critic is a long-standing magazine tradition, even by modest (chronologically, not qualitatively) Russian standards. And the sun of Russian poetry did not disdain to sign with a fictitious name (Feofilakt Kosichkin). So by the beginning of the 20th century, pseudonyms for publicists had just become optional. For example, Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev (1886-1921), publishing in his own magazine “Sirius”, used the pseudonym. Anatoly Grant And Yuri Karlovich Olesha (1899-1960), collaborating in the famous satirical department of the Gudok newspaper, signed as

***
The journalistic pseudonym had to be catchy, otherwise readers might not pay attention to it. Thus, the poetess and writer Zinaida Gippius (1869-1945) signed critical articles in the magazines “Scales” and “Russian Thought” as Anton Krainy. Among the guises of Valery Bryusov (1873-1924) were Aurelius, And Harmody, And Pentaur. And the author of popular stories for young people at the beginning of the 20th century, book historian and memoirist Sigismund Feliksovich Librovich (1855-1918) was published in the “Bulletin of Literature”, signing Lucian the Strong.

V. Pseudonyms “according to circumstances”

Seventeen-year-old Anna Andreevna Gorenko (1889-1966) did not dare to publish her first poems under her own name and took her great-grandmother’s surname as a pseudonym - Akhmatova. Under the Tatar name she remained in literature. In her autobiographical essay “Budka,” written in 1964, she focused on the importance of this name for history: “My ancestor Khan Akhmat was killed at night in his tent by a bribed Russian killer, and with this, as Karamzin narrates, the Mongol yoke ended in Rus'.”

***
Both authors of The Twelve Chairs and The Golden Calf wrote under pseudonyms. Evgenia Petrova(1902-1942) was actually named Evgeniy Petrovich Kataev, he was the younger brother of Valentin Kataev (1897-1986) and chose to become famous under a fictitious (semi-fictitious in his case) name. Ilya Ilf(1897-1937) at birth received the name Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg, but shortened it almost to the initials - Il-f.

***
A separate chapter in the story about pseudonyms should be written by writers who changed their German, Polish, Jewish surnames to Russian ones. Thus, the author of “The Naked Year” and “The Tale of the Unextinguished Moon” Boris Pilnyak(1894-1938) at birth bore the surname Vogau, but changed it for the publication of his first youthful works and subsequently published only under a fictitious surname, meaning a resident of a village where wood was cut.

***
Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev(1867-1945), author of the timeless "Notes of a Doctor", came from the old noble family of Smidovich; a major figure in the Bolshevik movement and party leader in Soviet times, Pyotr Smidovich, is the writer’s second cousin.

***
The traveler Vasily Yanchevetsky (1874-1954), having taken up historical fiction and succeeded in this field, shortened his surname to Jan. Readers of “Lights on the Mounds,” “Genghis Khan,” and “Batu” know him by this name.

***
Author of "Two Captains" Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin(1902-1989) was born into the Zilber family, but, having entered the literary field, he borrowed the name from a friend of A.S. Pushkin, the daring hussar and rake Pyotr Kaverin. It is remarkable that Zilber defended his dissertation at Leningrad University on Osip Senkovsky, the most popular writer in the mid-19th century, who became famous under the pseudonym Baron Brambeus. And Osip Ivanovich was a master of pseudonyms: he signed, among other things, “Ivan Ivanov, son of Khokhotenko-Khlopotunov-Pustyakovsky, retired second lieutenant, landowner of various provinces and cavalier of integrity” and “Dr. Karl von Bitterwasser.” 

Behind the big names of personalities known to us, there may be lesser-known, not always easy to remember and beautiful names and surnames. Some people have to take a pseudonym solely for security reasons, others believe that they can achieve fame only with a short or original pseudonym, and some change their last name or first name just like that, in the hope that this will change their life. Literary pseudonyms are popular among many authors, both domestic and foreign. Moreover, not only writers starting their careers hide behind fictitious names, but also recognized writers, such as JK Rowling and the “great and terrible” Stephen King himself.

Municipal educational institution of the city of Noyabrsk

"Secondary school No. 5"

Research

Mysteries of pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets

Completed by: students of grades 6B, 9B

Project Manager:

Sabinina I.A., teacher

Russian language and literature

2016

Content:

I. Introduction. From the history of pseudonyms……………………………………………………..3

II. Main part……………………………………………………………………………4

1. Theoretical aspect of the study of pseudonyms……………………………………..5

1.1. The science of anthroponymy…………………………………………………………………...6

1.2. Definition of the concept of “pseudonym”. Different approaches to definition…………7

1.3. Types of pseudonyms. Methods of their formation, classification. Causes

appearance and use of pseudonyms………………………………………………………8

1.4. Reasons for the appearance and use of pseudonyms …………………………………9

2. Literary pseudonyms………………………………………………………………10

2.1. Pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets…………………………………………………………….11

3. Pseudonyms in the modern world………………………………………………………..12

III. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………… 13

IY. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..14

Y. Applications……………………………………………………………………………...15

The motive for choosing the research topic and the relevance of the study.

One of the most important sections of modern Russian onomastics is anthroponymics - the science of naming person, which includes personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc. First names, patronymics, and last names have long been the subject of interested attention of scientists; they are collected, described and studied in various aspects. Pseudonyms are a large layer of unofficial naming– have not yet been sufficiently studied from the point of view language theories, so they represent a special linguistic interest.

By researching this topic and focusing only on writers and poets, we hope that some of our peers will look at such a subject as a book in a completely different way, and perhaps that a teenager who has never read anything will want to read something. Therefore we believe that subject our research quite relevant .

The purpose of the research work is:

research of a significant layer of literary pseudonyms used by Russian writers and poets;

study of the reasons for the appearance of pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets, their classification according to methods of education ;

finding out the reasons why people give up their real name and take pseudonyms.

Research objectives:

1) consider different approaches to defining the concept pseudonym;

2) study the origins and reasons for the emergence of pseudonyms;

3) determine ways to form pseudonyms;

4) identify the most popular literary pseudonyms of Russian writers

and poets;

5) having studied the biography of poets and writers, find out with what pseudonyms they signed their works;

6) find out the main reasons that prompt them to take a pseudonym;

7) find out how relevant the use of pseudonyms is in modern times. The object of the study is section of the science of anthroponymy - pseudonymy (the science of false names), the names of famous Russian writers.

Subject of study : pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets, whose work is studied in grades 5-11 according to the program by V.Ya. Korovina.

During the work the following were used research methods :

theoretical (analysis of facts from literary and Internet sources, generalization of material);

mathematical (statistical processing of material).

Practical significance of the research work: materials and results of the work can be used in lessons in the course of teaching Russian language and literature at school.

Hypothesis: Pseudonyms allow you to more fully imagine the history of literature and become more familiar with the biography and work of writers.

1. Introduction.

From early childhood and throughout life, a person does not hear a single word as often as his name. What is a name, why is it needed and how does it affect our lives? After all, the name is what remains after us.

The person's name is shrouded in secrecy. Maria, Elena, Anna, Dmitry, Anton, Oleg... What is this? Are they just names that allow us not to get lost in the crowd, or is there something more – our own path, winding, not entirely clear?

What is hidden behind the name we receive at birth, like a fragile and expensive gift, and is it possible, knowing the name, to highlight from the darkness at least an outline of a person’s life path? There is no consensus on this matter - there are only assumptions and versions.

People have had personal names at all times. Each person can be called only by name; thanks to the name, all his good and bad deeds become known.

Choosing a name is a serious task, because it is given to a person for the rest of his life.

In our country, it is customary for a person, immediately after birth, to receive a first name, patronymic and last name. But throughout our lives, many of us acquire second names: pseudonyms, nicknames or nicknames.

Sometimes, additional names take first place in terms of frequency of use, thereby displacing the first, middle and last names given by parents at the birth of their child. Previously, people were proud of their first and last names because they associated them with their ancestors and their great achievements. Why do many of us try to forget about this? Why do we give ourselves a new additional name?

Who first came up with pseudonyms, not known for certain. But there is a widespread opinion on this topic. Our ancestors believed in the mysterious power of a name over a person’s destiny.

It was believed that the name could protect a person from evil spirits, therefore

it turns out that the first pseudonyms appeared along with the name. The child was given two names: one, which everyone called him, and a second, real one, which only the priests (clergy), parents and the person himself knew. Thus, all the names that were in use were actually pseudonyms.

2. What is a pseudonym? From the history of pseudonyms.

In linguistics, there is a special section devoted to the “art of giving names” - onomastics and its “daughter” - anthroponymy, the science of human names.

“A name is the sweetest sound for a person in any language,” wrote famous psychologist Dale Carnegie. All people in all civilizations had personal names. What he said remains true to this day. Every person has a name, and every name, whether its owner likes it or not, stores a huge amount of information about its bearer.
The results of the study indicate that most of the writers whose works are offered for study in the school curriculum had pseudonyms. Why did they do this? What are their motives?

Nickname (pseudos -lie, onyma - Name; Greek) – a fictitious name or symbol with which the author signs his work. A pseudonym replaces the author's real name or surname, sometimes both.

The law does not allow the disclosure of a pseudonym without the consent of the author, except in cases where the pseudonym is used for the purpose of falsifying authorship.The science of pseudonyms is sometimes called pseudonomastics.

The custom of replacing one's name with another arose long ago, even before the invention of printing. It is not known for certain who was the first writer to use a pseudonym. But nicknames are even older than pseudonyms. Sometimes nicknames became literary names regardless of the will of their bearers.

The real names of the creators of many wonderful epic works have not reached us, but we know the nicknames of their authors.

Thus, one of the first Indian poets who wrote the Ramayana (5th century BC) is known as Valmiki, i.e. “anthill” (in Sanskrit). Where does such a strange nickname come from? Legend says that in his youth he was engaged in robbery, and in his old age, having repented and become a hermit, he sat so motionless for many years that the ants built their home on him...

We do not know the real name of the ancient Indian poet, whose drama “Shakuntala” (about love

king and a simple girl) gained worldwide fame. We only know the author's nickname -

Kalidasa, that is, the slave of Kali, the goddess who personified the birth and death of all living things.

Some nicknames were associated with the author's appearance. Thus, the first ancient Roman poet whose works have survived to our time is known not as Appius Claudius, but as Appius Claudius the Blind.

The name of the famous Roman orator - Cicero - was a nickname received for a wart (cicero - pea). The ancient Roman poets Ovid and Horace also had third names that marked the features of their appearance: the first - Naso (nosed); the second is Flaccus (lop-eared).

Sometimes a nickname emphasized some feature in the author’s character, his life or work. Thus, the Roman fabulist, who first introduced the genre of satire into literature, where people were depicted under the guise of animals, was nicknamed Phaedrus (in Greek - cheerful). He lived in the first century AD. e.

In ancient times, when surnames did not yet exist, the names of the authors could be the same, which caused confusion. Thus, in ancient Greek literature there are as many as four Philostratas, who have to be distinguished by numbers: Philostratus I, Philostratus II, etc.

To avoid confusion, various methods have been used. One of them was based on the use of the name of the father or grandfather. The famous scientist of the 11th-12th centuries, who lived in Bukhara, went down in history as Ibn Sina, that is, the son of Sina (in the Latinized form this name became Avicenna). Essentially, this was the germ of a surname: after all, among us, the Ivanovs and Petrovs appeared because one of our more or less distant ancestors was called Ivan or Peter.

The first dictionaries of pseudonyms appeared in the 17th century. At the same time, the Frenchman Andrien Bayeux wrote a treatise in which for the first time he described the reasons why writers replaced their names with others, as well as the methods by which these replacements were made.

In Russia, they began to study this issue a little later. In 1874, the “List of Russian anonymous books with the names of their authors and translators,” compiled by N. Golitsyn, appeared.

The most authoritative Russian source on this topic to this day is considered to be Masanov’s dictionary, the last (four-volume) edition of which dates back to 1956-1960. It contains over 80 thousand pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures. Relatively recently, the works of another Russian researcher V.G. Dmitriev were written: “Hidden their name” (1977) and “Invented names” (1986). The main attention is paid to precisely those questions that are at the forefront of our research .

Dmitriev proposes the most universal scheme for the classification of pseudonyms, basing it on the method of formation of pseudonyms and dividing them into two large groups: those associated with true names and those not associated with them. In the first case, the author's name can be deciphered, in the second - not.

3. Classification of pseudonyms: types (types) of pseudonyms.

All pseudonyms, whatever they may be, are divided into certain groups, which are based on the principle of their formation. According to researchers, there are now over fifty different types of pseudonyms. So, Dmitriev V.G. in the book “Hidden Their Names” he identifies 57 classification groups of pseudonyms.

*aliases – characteristics

*literary masks

*comic nicknames

*collective pseudonyms

*not invented by ourselves

An acrostic is a poem in which the initial letters of the lines form a word or phrase.

Allonym or heteronym is the surname or first name of a real person adopted as a pseudonym.

An anagram is a cryptonym obtained by rearranging letters. I don’t know why the classics liked this group of pseudonyms, but the lion’s share of them refers specifically to them.

Anonymous is a literary work published without indicating the name of the author.

An antionym is a pseudonym formed by contrast, by the opposite meaning, with the true surname of the author or with the surname (pseudonym) of some famous person.

Apokonym is a cryptonym obtained by discarding the beginning or end of the first and last name.

ON THE. Dobrolyubov N.-bov signed the famous article “The Dark Kingdom”

Sometimes only the final letters of the first and last name were left.

Comic nicknames are made from the first syllables of the first and last names: Nik-Nek -ON THE. Nekrasova .

Aristonym - a signature with the addition of a title, most often not actually belonging to the author.

Astronim – a signature consisting of one or more asterisks.

These are a kind of pseudonyms-riddles. The number of stars in these signatures varied (from one to seven), as did the location (in one row, in a triangle, in a diamond). They put asterisks instead of their last nameON THE. Nekrasov, S.N. Turgenev, F.I. Tyutchev (Derzhavin, Baratynsky, Pushkin, Odoevsky, Gogol, etc.).

Athelonim – a cryptonym obtained by omitting part of the letters of the first and last name.

More often, however, the beginning and end of the surname were left out, and the middle was replaced with dots or dashes. At the same time, there were coincidences: for example, the same signature T...v stands under the poems of F.I. Tyutchev in “Galatea” (1829), and under the letter of I.S. Turgenev about the death of Gogol in Moskovskie Vedomosti (1852).

Geonym or troponym - a pseudonym associated with a geographical location. The geonym can serve as an addition to the real surname: Mamin - Sibiryak.

Geronim – the surname of a literary character or mythological creature adopted as a pseudonym.

Hydronym – a special case of a geonym – a signature based on the name of a river, sea, or lake.

Zoonym – a signature based on the name of the animal.

Initials – the initial letters of the first and last names (or first and patronymic, or first, patronymic and last names).

Incognitonym – a signature emphasizing that the author wishes to remain anonymous.

The signatures N. and N.N. were very common, which were abbreviations of the Latin words nemo (nobody) and nomen nescio (I don’t know the name, but in a figurative sense - a certain person). Dozens of authors, both Russian and foreign, put these pseudonyms under their works, since this was the simplest way to remain incognito, without bothering with either inventing a pseudonym or encrypting their last name. Signature N.N. putON THE. Nekrasov (Derzhavin, Karamzin, Griboyedov, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Kuprin ).

Ichthyonym is a signature based on the name of the fish.

Tracing paper is a pseudonym formed by translating a first and last name into another language.

Koinonym is a common pseudonym adopted by several authors writing together.

Contamination is the combination of two or more words into one.

Latinism is a pseudonym formed by altering the first and last names in the Latin manner.

A literary mask is a signature that gives deliberately incorrect information about the author, characterizing the fictitious person to whom he attributes authorship.

Matronym is a pseudonym formed from the first or last name of the author’s mother.

A mesostich is a poem in which the letters taken from the middle of each line form a word or phrase.

Metagram is a rearrangement of the initial syllables in adjacent words.

A metonym is a pseudonym formed by analogy, by the similarity of meaning with a real surname.

So, N.G. Chernyshevsky signed Ethiopian (Ethiopian - Negro - black - Chernyshevsky).

An imaginary pseudonym is the surname of the plagiarist or a surname mistakenly put instead of the real one.

Negatonym is a signature that denies the author’s belonging to a particular profession, party, etc. or contrasting it with this or that writer.

Neutronim is a fictitious surname that does not evoke any associations and is placed as a signature.

Ornithonym is a signature based on the name of a bird.

Paizonym is a comic pseudonym intended to produce a comic effect.

Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve a comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide one’s name faded into the background here.

The tradition of funny pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine’s time (“All sorts of things”, “Neither this nor that”, “Drone”, “Mail of Spirits”).

ON THE. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky,.

I.S. Turgenev

Palinonym is a cryptonym formed by reading the first and last name from right to left.

Paronym is a pseudonym formed by the similarity of sound to the real surname.

Patronym is a pseudonym formed from the name of the author’s father.

So prosaic talesL.N. Tolstoy were signed Mirza-Turgen. This pseudonym goes back to the legendary forefather of the Turgenev family, from which the author came from his mother’s side, Alexandra Leontyevna, née Turgeneva.

A polyonym is a signature that gives an idea of ​​the number of authors writing together under it.

Semi-allonym is a pseudonym consisting of a combination of a surname belonging to a real person with another name, not his name.

Prenonim - a signature consisting of one name of the author.

Proxonym is a pseudonym formed from the names of persons close to the author.

Pseudoandronym is a male first and last name adopted by a female author.

A pseudogeonym is a signature that masks the true place of birth or residence of the author.

Pseudogynism is a female first and last name adopted by a male author.

Pseudo-initials are letters that do not correspond to the author’s true initials. Some encrypted title names may look like initials.

Pseudo-title - a signature indicating the position, title or profession of the author that does not correspond to the true ones.

Pseudophrenonym is a signature that gives information about the author’s character that goes against the content of the work.

Pseudo-ethnonym is a signature that masks the true nationality of the author.

Stigmonym is a signature consisting of punctuation marks or mathematical symbols.

Tahallus is a literary name of the phrenonym type among writers of the peoples of the East.

A telestich is a poem in which the last letters of the lines form a word or phrase.

Title name - a signature indicating the title or position of the author.

A physionym is a pseudonym based on the name of a natural phenomenon.

Phytonym is a pseudonym based on the name of a plant.

Frenonim is a pseudonym that indicates the main character trait of the author or the main feature of his work.

Chromatonim is a pseudonym based on the name of a color.

A digital name is a surname or initials encrypted by replacing letters with numbers. This group of pseudonyms has been awarded the title of the most rare among known pseudonyms.

For example, the Roman numeral X was used to signON THE. Dobrolyubov.

Eidonym is a pseudonym or nickname that characterizes the author’s appearance.

An entomonym is a pseudonym based on the name of an insect.

Ethnonym is a pseudonym indicating the nationality of the author.

Among the Russian writers and poets whose work is studied at school, 17 groups of pseudonyms were identified according to the method of their formation. Here are some of them:

*aliases – characteristics

*literary masks

*comic nicknames

*collective pseudonyms

*not invented by ourselves

*a pseudonym that does not evoke any associations

*aliases associated with the real name

*pseudonyms not related to the real name

*pseudonyms that displace the real name.

As a result of studying the types of pseudonyms, we found that the pseudonyms of these people can be classified as follows:

A. P. Chekhov Apokonym: Anche; Paronym: Antosha Chekhonte

Paizonym: Man without a spleen, Doctor without patients, Champagne, Nut No. 6

M. Gorky - real name - A.M. Peshkov.Paizonym: Yehudiel Chlamys

Rasul Gamzatov - real name: Tsadasa Rasul Gamzatovich:Patronymic

Anna Akhmatova - real name: Anna Gorenko:Matronym

Sasha Cherny - real name - Glikberg A. M.:Chromatonym

Georges Sand - real name - Aurora Dudevant:Pseudoandronym

Erich Maria Remarque - real name - E. Kramer: Palinonym

4 . Reasons for the appearance of pseudonyms

Most literary works have an author whose name appears on the cover. But this is not always the true name of the writer.

There are cases when works are not signed, are passed off as finds or translations, or are attributed to another person, but more often, in order to hide authorship, they resort to a pseudonym. Why is a pseudonym needed? Why are people not satisfied with their own first and last names? There are many reasons for this phenomenon. Here are some of them:

*Silent, funny surname, the commonness of a real surname;

*trying out the pen (fear of debut);

* fear of censorship ( the desire to avoid persecution for writings of an accusatory *character);

*social status;

*presence of namesakes;

*desire to mystify the reader;

*writing under a pseudonym was fashionable;

*on the advice of other people;

*comic effect.

We have compiled a table to understand whether the reasons for using pseudonyms were the same at all times. For analysis, we chose the pseudonyms of fifteen famous writers and poets of the 19th and 20th centuries.

19th century

XX century

Alexander N.k.sh.p –

A. S. Pushkin

L.- M. Yu. Lermontov

V. Alov –

N.V. Gogol

Antosha Ch.-

A. P. Chekhov

Nikolay Shchedrin –

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

Friend of Kuzma Prutkov - F.M.Dostoevsky

N.N. - N. A. Nekrasov

T.L. – I.S. Turgenev

L.N.- L. N. Tolstoy

Maksim Gorky –

A. M. Peshkov

Anna Akhmatova -

A.A. Gorenko

Alexander Green –

A. S. Grinevsky

Andrey Bely –

B. N. Bugaev

Demyan Bedny -

E. A. Pridvorov

A.A.B.- A. A. Blok

Igor Severyanin -

Igor Lotarev

Found out whythe authors of the works addressed the choice of pseudonyms:

1 . Attempt at writing

Perhaps one of the most common cases. It is a rare beginning author who is one hundred percent confident in his success. Why not use a pseudonym or not sign up at all.

Below are the names of the poets who fall into this category and their pseudonyms that are relevant to the case.

S.A. Yesenin - 1) Meteor 2) Ariston
N.V. Gogol - V. Alov
I.A. Krylov - 1) without signature 2) I.Kr. 3) Kr.
M.Yu. Lermontov - L.
V.V. Mayakovsky - 1) -ъ 2) V. 3) M. 4) V.M.
ON THE. Nekrasov - N.N.
A.S. Pushkin -1) Alexander N.k.sh.p. 2) P 3) 1…14-16
M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin - St.
I.S. Turgenev - 1) ... in 2) T.L.
A.A.Fet - A.F.

2. Comic effect

Another case that occurs among poets is pseudonyms, the purpose of which was to create a comic effect, called paizonyms (from the Greek paizein - to joke). As a rule, they were temporary and arose not so much to hide the real name, but as a joke, or to emphasize the satirical nature of the work.

V.A. Zhukovsky - Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratovsky house, author of the cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of the old vegetable garden, gentleman of three livers and commander of Nonsense.
N.A. Nekrasov - Feklist Bob, Ivan Wartkin, Naum

A.S. Pushkin - Theophylact Kosichkin.

They decided to combine the material in a table and find out the percentage of reasons that prompted the authors of works to use pseudonyms.

Alexander N.K.Sh.P. -

A. S. Pushkin The first poem by Pushkin (then a 15-year-old lyceum student) to appear in print, “To a Poet Friend,” was secretly sent to the Vestnik Evropy by his lyceum friend Delvig, secretly from the author. There was no signature.

In 1814-1816. Pushkin encrypted his last name, signing Alexander N.K.Sh.P., or – II -, or 1...14-16.

V. Alov - N.V. Gogol

Antosha Ch. - A. P. Chekhov

The 19-year-old did exactly the same Nekrasov, on the first book of poems “Dreams and Sounds” (1840) who put only his initials N.N., following the advice of V.A. Zhukovsky, to whom he brought the manuscript to get his opinion. Zhukovsky positively assessed only two poems, saying: “If you want to publish, then publish without a name, later you will write better, and you will be ashamed of these poems.”

My first fable Ivan Andreevich Krylov signed I. Kr., then either did not sign the fables at all, or put one letter under them TO. And only at the age of 37 he began to sign his last name.

Below the first printed linesI.S. Turgenev (he was 20 years old at the time) - the poems “Evening” and “To the Venus of Medicine” in Sovremennik (1838) - stood ... in. Then the future author of “Notes of a Hunter” signed himself T.L. for a number of years, i.e. Turgenev - Lutovinov (his mother was born Lutovinova). His first book, the poem “Parasha” (1843), was published under these initials.

20 year old A.A. Fet hid his first and last name on the first book of poems - “Lyrical Pantheon” (1840) underinitials A.F.

22 year old ON THE. Dobrolyubov In Sovremennik he published his 6 poems under the pseudonym Volgin, this was the first publication of his poetic heritage.

24 year old L.N. Tolstoy , then an officer, signed his first work, “Stories of My Childhood” (so the editors of Sovremennik, without the knowledge of the author, changed the title of “Childhood”), signed it in 1852.L.N., those. Lev Nikolaevich.

A. M. Peshkov-

M. Gorky

Alexander Green-

A. S. Grinevsky

A.A.B.-

A. A. Blok

Andrey Bely-

B. N. Bugaev

Censorship

A.N. Radishchev

N. G. Chernyshevsky

Nikolay Shchedrin -

M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

T.L. – I.S. Turgenev

Dr. Fricken-

S. Ya. Marshak

Class prejudices

K.G. Paustovsky I had not yet finished high school when I brought my first story, “On the Water,” to the Kiev magazine “Lights.” This was in 1912. “Did you sign the story with your real name? – they asked the young author. - Yes. - In vain! Our magazine is leftist, and you are a high school student. There may be trouble, come up with a pseudonym.” Paustovsky followed this advice and appeared in print under the name K. Balagin, which he subsequently never resorted to again.

Friend of Kuzma Prutkov-

F.M. Dostoevsky

A. A. Akhmatova-

A.A. Gorenko

Anna Akhmatova

Other profession

A. I. Kuprin

A. A. Perovsky

Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky served as a trustee of the educational district. His novels were published under the signature of Anthony Pogorelsky , after the name of his estate Pogoreltsy.

L.- Lermontov

Alexander Green

Andrey Bely-

B. N. Bugaev

Comic effect

A. P. Chekhov

A. S. Pushkin

Among the journalistic pseudonyms of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the most expressive and significant is Feofilakt Kosichkin.

N. A. Nekrasov - Feklist Bob, Ivan Wartkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen, literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.

ON THE. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky,Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.

I.S. Turgenev the feuilleton “The Six-Year-Old Accuser” was signed by: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov.

Demyan Bedny-

E.A. Pridvorov

Presence of namesakes.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

In the 80s of the 19th century, stories began to appear in the satirical magazines “Alarm Clock”, “Dragonfly”, “Oskolki”, signed by Antosha Chekhonte, A Doctor Without Patients, Nut No. 6, Akaki Tarantulov, Someone, My Brother’s Brother, Nettle, A Hot-tempered Man .

Many do not know that Anton Pavlovich had brothers Mikhail and Alexander, who also performed in the literary field. (Mikhail signed

M. Bogemsky (under the influence of the legend that the Chekhovs were from the Czech Republic), in addition - Maxim Khalyava, Captain Cook, S. Vershinin, K. Treplev.

Alexander used other pseudonyms - A. Sedoy, A. Chekhov-Sedoy, Agafond Unititsyn.)

We didn’t come up with it ourselves.

This is, for example, one of the signatures ON THE. Nekrasova, concealing a hint of censorship harassment. The poet was not allowed to release the second edition of his poems for a long time. Finally, in 1860, one of the courtiers, Count Adlerberg, who enjoyed great influence, obtained the necessary visa from the censorship department, but on the condition that numerous bills were paid. “But still, they cut you off and put a muzzle on you! - he said to the poet. “You can now sign your comic poems like this: Muzzle.” Nekrasov followed this advice, signing his satirical poems Savva Namordnikov.

Sometimes its creator, in order to convince the public that the author he had invented in reality existed, described his appearance in the preface (on behalf of the publisher) or even attached to the book his portrait, supposedly painted from life. A classic example is Belkin's Tales. Acting as their publisher, Pushkin in the preface gives a verbal portrait I.P. Belkina, provides information about his parents, his character, lifestyle, activities, circumstances of his death...

So Pushkin tried to assure readers of the reality of the existence of the author he had invented, whose name he put on the book instead of his own with the addition: “Published by A.P.”

2. LITERARY PSEUDONYMS

2.1. Pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets

As already indicated, pseudonyms used by writers and poets, politicians and criminals, actors, directors and other people who would not want their autonym (the real name of the person hiding under pseudonym).

In this section we will consider the pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets.

Akhmatova Anna(1889-1966). In Anna Akhmatova’s notebooks there are entries: “Everyone considers me Ukrainian. Firstly, because my father’s last name is Gorenko, secondly, because I was born in Odessa and graduated from the Fundukleevsky gymnasium, thirdly, and mainly because N.S. Gumilyov wrote: “From the city of Kiev , // from Zmiev’s lair, // I took not a wife, but a sorceress...” Soon after the wedding in 1910, Nikolai Stepanovich and Anna Andreevna settled in Tsarskoye Selo in the house of Gumilyov’s mother. In St. Petersburg, N. Gumilev introduced his young wife to famous poets. She read poetry in their circle and began publishing under the pseudonym Anna Akhmatova, which later became her surname. In short autobiographical notes, Anna Akhmatova writes: “They named me in honor of my grandmother Anna Egorovna Motovilova. Her mother was the Tatar princess Akhmatova, whose surname, not realizing that I was going to be a Russian poet, I made my literary name.” So Anna Gorenko, who was considered Ukrainian, became a Russian poet with a Tatar surname.

Yesenin Sergey(1895-1925). He signed his first poetic experiments Meteor. And for his first publication (the poem “Birch” in the magazine “Mirok”, 1914) he chose a different pseudonym Ariston, although he was dissuaded from this in every possible way. In the future I did not use pseudonyms.

Krylov Ivan(1769-1844). The future great fabulist signed his first work - an epigram in the magazine “A Cure for Boredom and Worries” (1786) I.Kr. And he printed the first fables without a signature at all, then put the letter under them TO. or Navi Volyrk. He began to sign his full surname only at the age of 37.

Lermontov Mikhail(1814-1841). Lermontov's first publication, the poem “Spring,” dates back to 1830. Under the poem there was a letter L. For the first time, the full name of the author appears five years later - “Hadji Abrek” was published in the “Library for Reading”. But this happened without the knowledge of the author: the poem was taken to the editor by one of his comrades at the cadet school.

Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich(1799-1837). Alexander Sergeevich also often used pseudonyms, especially at the dawn of his creative biography.

Several more pseudonyms of Pushkin are associated with his lyceum past. This Arz. under the epigram in “Northern Flowers for 1830” And Art.ar. under one article in the Moscow Telegraph (1825) - Arzamasets and Old Arzamasets, respectively (in 1815-1818 Pushkin was a member of the Arzamas literary circle). And Sv...h.k under the poem “To the Dreamer” in “Son of the Fatherland” (1818) and Cattle under the poems “Kalmychka” and “Answer” in the “Literary Gazette” (1830). The first stands for Cricket (the nickname of Pushkin the lyceum student), the second is an abbreviated palinonym. The poet signed the poem “Skull” in “Northern Flowers for 1828” I.. Another humorous pseudonym of Pushkin is known, with which he signed two articles in Telescope: Feofilakt Kosichkin.

Nekrasov Nikolay(1821-1877/78). Nekrasov’s first book of poems, “Dreams and Sounds” (1840), signed with initials NN. was met very coldly, in particular by Zhukovsky and Belinsky. Nekrasov acted like Gogol: he collected all the unsold copies from bookstores and burned them. Nekrasov actively resorted to pseudonyms while working at Literaturnaya Gazeta: he signed most of his articles Naum Perepelsky. He also used such comic pseudonyms as St. Petersburg resident F. A. Belopyatkin(in the satirical poem “Talker”), Feklist Bob, Ivan Wartkin, Churmen(probably from “mind me!”), Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.

Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Efgrafovich(1826-1889) also began as a poet - with the poem “Lyre”, signing it with initials S-v. He was 15 years old then. The writer also had other pseudonyms - M. Nepanov(the first story “Contradictions”) and M.S.(story “A Confused Affair”).

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich(1820-1892). Under the first published poems of Turgenev (Sovremennik, 1838) there was ...in. Then he started signing T.L., i.e. Turgenev-Lutovinov (his mother nee Lutovinova). His first book, the poem “Parasha” (1843), was published under these initials.

Chukovsky Korney(1882-1969). The poet's pseudonym is very close to his real name (in fact, it was derived from it): Korneychukov Nikolai Vasilievich. Anna Akhmatova once told how this pseudonym appeared: allegedly, in the heat of controversy, someone used the phrase “Korneichuk’s approach.”

Maksim Gorky (1868-1936) published his first story in 1892 under a pseudonym Bitter, which characterized the difficult life of the writer, this pseudonym was used in the future. At the very beginning of his literary career, he also wrote feuilletons in Samara Gazeta under the pseudonym Yehudiel Chlamys. M. Gorky himself emphasized that the correct pronunciation of his last name is Peshkov, although almost everyone pronounces it as Peshkov.

The most inventive in coming up with pseudonyms was Anton Pavlovich Chekhov(1860-1904). In total, over 50 are known .

In the index of Chekhov's pseudonyms there are: A.P.; Antosha; Antosha Chekhonte; A-n Ch-te; An. Ch.; An, Ch-e; Anche; An. Che-v; A.Ch; A. Che; A. Chekhonte; G. Baldastov; Makar Baldastov; My brother's brother; Doctor without patients; Hot-tempered person; Nut No. 6; Nut No. 9; Rook; Don Antonio Cehonte; Uncle; Kislyaev; M. Kovrov; Nettle; Laertes; Prose poet; Colonel Kochkarev, Purselepetanov; Rover; Roover and Revour; S.B.Ch.; Ulysses; C; Ch. B. S.; Ch. without S.; A person without a spleen; C. Honte; Champagne; Young Elder; "...v"; Z. Humorous signatures and pseudonyms of Chekhov: Akaki Tarantulov, Nekto, Schiller Shakespeareovich Goethe, Arkhip Indeikin; Vasily Spiridonov Svolachev; Famous; Indeykin; N. Zakharyeva; Petukhov; Smirnova.

First place in a row takes signature Antosha Chekhonte. It became the main pseudonym of Chekhov the humorist. It was with this signature that the young medical student sent his first works to humorous magazines. He not only used this pseudonym in magazines and newspapers, but also put it on the cover of his first two collections (“Tales of Melpomene”, 1884; “Motley Stories”, 1886). Researchers of the writer's literary heritage believe that the pseudonym Antosha Chekhonte(options: Antosha Ch***, A-n Ch-te, Anche, A. Chekhonte, Chekhonte, Don Antonio Chekhonte, Ch. Khonte etc.) arose when Chekhov studied at the Taganrog gymnasium, where the law teacher of the gymnasium, Pokrovsky, liked to change the names of his students.

Chekhov signed a comic letter to the editor of Oskolkov Colonel Kochkarev(a hybrid of Colonel Koshkarev from “Dead Souls” and Kochkarev from Gogol’s “Marriage”).

Origin of the nickname My brother's brother researchers attribute it to the fact that from 1883 Chekhov began to publish in the same humorous magazines in which his older brother Alexander appeared before him. In order to avoid creating confusion, Chekhov wrote his last name with specified initials on the title page of his book “At Twilight” (1887): An. P. Chekhov. And then I started signing My brother's brother.

Chekhov's remaining pseudonyms were, as a rule, short-lived and were used solely for comic effect. And only a pseudonym had a serious semantic component of a “medical” nature. Chekhov used it for more than ten years. Under this pseudonym (and its variants: Ch. without S., Ch.B.S., S.B.Ch.) 119 stories and humoresques and 5 articles and feuilletons were published. The unusual Chekhov pseudonym, scientists believe, originated at the medical faculty of Moscow University, where the anatomy course was considered the most difficult course, with which the combination may be associated Man without a spleen

Thus, there are many reasons for the appearance and methods of forming pseudonyms of writers and poets; their study and “decoding” is of particular interest.

3. Pseudonyms in the modern world.

Most people have never heard of pseudonyms in their lives and don't need them. Only a narrow part - writers, poets, artists, scientists - know, use and understand pseudonyms. It is they who are always talked about by the media - TV, radio, the press, they are always in sight, and as they have now begun to say: “by ear!” With the spread of the Internet, the use of pseudonyms has become more common than ever.relevant : Almost every Internet user has a pseudonym, which is usually called .

Conclusion

There is a Latin proverb: “H abent sua fata libelli” - “Every book has its own destiny.” We can say that each pseudonym has its own destiny. Often his life was short: the fictitious name under which the aspiring author, out of caution or for other reasons, entered the literary field turned out to be unnecessary and was discarded. But sometimes, and not so rarely, a literary surname completely replaced the real one, both on the pages of books and in the lives of their authors.

Pseudonyms deserve study as one of the important factors in the literary life of all times and peoples. We think that getting to know such an interesting topic will broaden the horizons of literature lovers.

The name has a greater impact on the life and character of its bearer. And when adopting false names, a certain personality is formed, associated with the combination of last name, first name and patronymic. That is, it turns out that by choosing a pseudonym, the writer himself chooses his own destiny, first of all, in writing. For some, changing their name will bring success and fame, for others, on the contrary, it will be a fatal step in their career.

Hearing a person's nickname, we learn much more about him than hearing just his name. After all, a pseudonym characterizes a person and carries a large flow of information about him.

It was very interesting for us to conduct this research; it makes us want to look into the mystery of the name, to understand the reasons that prompt people to take this or that pseudonym.

Based on the example of studying the pseudonyms of some Russian writers, we can draw the following conclusions.

The main reasons by which people use pseudonyms are:

1) In the 19th century, these were, first of all, censorship, the first literary experience and class prejudices.

2) In the 20th century - fear of persecution, trial of writing, cacophony of a first or last name.

3) In the 21st century - the influence of social status, a different profession, the first literary experience.

4) For satirists and humorists at all times - to produce a comic effect.

Through the definition of classification, we learned what an amazing variety of nicknames there is in a world that we had no idea about.

12. http://litosphere.aspu.ru/sections/

13.

24.

APPENDIX No. 1

Comparative table “Reasons for using pseudonyms in different periods of time”

The first poem by Pushkin (then a 15-year-old lyceum student) to appear in print, “To a Poet Friend,” was secretly sent to the Vestnik Evropy by his lyceum friend Delvig, secretly from the author. There was no signature. In 1814-1816. Pushkin encrypted his last name, signing Alexander N.K.Sh.P., or – II -, or 1...14-16.

N.V. Gogol

20-year-old Gogol, entering the literary path as a poet, released the idyll “Ganz Küchelgarten” signed by V. Alov. But when negative reviews appeared in the Northern Bee and the Moscow Telegraph, Gogol bought all the remaining copies of the idyll from booksellers and destroyed them.

A. P. Chekhov

20-year-old A.P. Chekhov's humoresques in "Dragonfly", "Spectator" and in "Alarm Clock" were signed by Antosha Ch., An. Ch. and A. Chekhonte. And Chekhov signed a comic letter to the editor of Oskolki “Colonel Kochkarev.”

M. Gorky

M. Gorky wrote Pacatus (peaceful) under his notes in Samara Newspaper and Nizhegorodsky Listok (1896), and in the collection of the Red Panorama (1928) he signed Unicus (the only one). In the Samara Gazeta, the feuilletons “Samara in all respects” with the subtitle “Letters of a Knight Errant” were signed by Don Quixote (1896). In his captions to feuilletons, Gorky often used the incognitonym N. Kh., which should have read: “Someone X.”

A. Gaidar

The author himself did not write unambiguously and clearly about the origin of the pseudonym “Gaidar”. The name “Gaidar” reminded the writer of his school years, bearing in mind that the “G” in this name meant “Golikov”, the “ai” meant “Arkady”, and the “gift”, as if echoing the hero of Alexandre Dumas, D’Artagnan, “in the French manner” meant “from Arzamas.” Thus, the name “Gaidar” stands for “Golikov Arkady from Arzamas.”

A. S. Grinevsky

Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky, inventing a pseudonym for himself, shortened his surname so that it acquired a foreign, exotic sound, like the names of many of his characters, like the names of the alluring cities and lands that he describes. He also called himself Grin Grinych Grinevsky: “I am three times as I am.”

Kir Bulychev

Mozheiko Igor Vsevolodovich (1934-2003)
Russian science fiction writer, film scriptwriter, historian-orientalist (PhD in Historical Sciences). Author of scientific works on the history of Southeast Asia (signed with his real surname), numerous science fiction stories, short stories (often combined into cycles), and the collection “Some Poems” (2000). The pseudonym is composed of the name of his wife (Kira) and the maiden name of the writer’s mother. As the writer admitted, the idea of ​​a pseudonym arose a long time ago, when he was still a graduate student at the Institute of Oriental Studies and wrote his first science fiction story. He was afraid of criticism and ridicule: “I skipped the vegetable depot! He didn’t show up to the trade union meeting... And he also indulges in fantastic stories.” Subsequently, the name “Kirill” on the covers of books began to be written in abbreviation - “Kir.”, and then the period was shortened, and this is how the now famous “Kir Bulychev” turned out.

Grigory Gorin

Ofshtein Grigory Izrailevich (1910-2000)

Russian satirist writer, as well as the author of feuilletons, plays, and monologues. To questions about the reason for choosing such a pseudonym, Grigory Izrailevich answered that it was just an abbreviation: “Grisha Ofshtein Decided to Change Nationality".

Censorship

A.N. Radishchev

The first book that exposed the horrors and barbarism of the serfdom, the famous “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A.N. Radishchev was published in 1790. Without indicating the name of the author, under a deliberately innocuous title. But never before has such a bold protest against slavery been issued in Russia. The book remained banned and “dangerous” for over 100 years.

P. V. Dolgorukov

Prince Pyotr Vladimirovich Dolgorukov published in Paris in French, on behalf of Count Almagro, the brochure “Notes on Noble Russian Families,” which contained incriminating materials about high-ranking persons. The pseudonym did not help the author: upon returning to Russia, he was arrested and, by order of Nicholas I, exiled to Vyatka. Subsequently he became a political emigrant.

N. G. Chernyshevsky

N.G. Chernyshevsky, the author of the novel What Is To Be Done?, which was famous in its time, sent by the authorities to hard labor, and then into exile with a ban on appearing in print, still sometimes managed to transport his works to the outside world and abroad. Thus, in the London printing house of Russian emigrants, the first part of the novel “Prologue”, written by Chernyshevsky in hard labor, was anonymously published. After his exile, the disgraced writer, whose name was forbidden to be mentioned, was able to publish a number of articles under the pseudonyms Andreev and Old Transformist.

S. Ya. Marshak

Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak, while on the territory of the White Guards during the Civil War, was published in the magazine “Morning of the South” under the pseudonym Doctor Fricken. Only a pseudonym, carefully guarded by the editors, helped Marshak avoid reprisals for ridiculing the tyrant generals.

Yuliy Kim - Yuliy Mikhailov
In the late 60s, Russian poet, composer, playwright, screenwriter, bard.
due to participation in the human rights movement, Yuli Chersanovich Kim was “recommended” to stop public concerts; His name disappeared from play posters and from the credits of television and films where his songs were used. Later, Kim was allowed to collaborate with cinema and theater, provided that he used a pseudonym. And right up to perestroika, he signed his name as Yuliy Mikhailov.

Arkady Arkanov

Steinbock Arkady Mikhailovich (born 1933)

Russian satirist writer. In the early 1960s, Arkady Steinbock began to engage in literary activities, but not everyone liked his last name - it was too Jewish. As a child, Arkady's name was simply Arkan - hence the pseudonym.

Eduard Limonov

Savenko Eduard Veniaminovich (born 1943)

Infamous writer, journalist, social and political figure, founder and head of the liquidated National Bolshevik Party. Since July 2006, he has been an active participant in the “Other Russia” movement in opposition to the Kremlin, the organizer of a number of “Dissent Marches”. The pseudonym Limonov was invented for him by the artist VagrichBakhchanyan (according to other sources - Sergei Dovlatov).

Class prejudices

A.M. Beloselsky-Belozersky

Prince A.M. Beloselsky-Belozersky - Unprinceetranger. Under this name (“Foreign Prince”) he released in 1789. his French poems.

E. P. Rastopchina

K. K. Romanov

K.R. is the literary pseudonym of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov. This pseudonym first appeared in 1882 in the “Bulletin of Europe” under the poem “The Psalmist David”, and then entered Russian poetry for three decades.

Anna Akhmatova Gorenko Anna Andreevna (1889-1966)

Russian poet. For her pseudonym, Anna Gorenko chose the surname of her great-grandmother, who descended from the Tatar Khan Akhmat. Later she said: “Only a seventeen-year-old crazy girl could choose a Tatar surname for a Russian poetess... That’s why it occurred to me to take a pseudonym for myself because my dad, having learned about my poems, said: “Don’t disgrace my name.” - “And I don’t need yours.” name!" I said..."

Other profession

A. I. Kuprin

Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin at the age of nineteen, being a cadet at the Alexander Military School, published the story “The Last Debut”, signing it Al. future officer by scribbling paper."

A. A. Bestuzhev

The stories of the Decembrist Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev were published under the pseudonym Marlinsky (after the name of the Marley Palace in Peterhof, where his regiment was stationed). Marlinsky enjoyed great success as a novelist; in him, according to Belinsky, “they thought to see Pushkin in prose.”

A. A. Perovsky

Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky served as a trustee of the educational district. His novels were published under the signature of Antony Pogorelsky, after the name of his estate Pogoreltsy.

B. Bugaev

The son of a Moscow mathematics professor, Boris Bugaev, while a student, decided to publish his poems and encountered opposition from his father. The pseudonym Andrei Bely was invented for him by Mikhail Sergeevich Solovyov, guided only by a combination of sounds.

K. Bulychev

Kir (Kirill) Bulychev - Igor Mozheiko. Science fiction writer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

He published his fantastic works exclusively under a pseudonym, which was combined from the name of his wife (Kira) and the maiden name of the writer’s mother. The writer kept his real name a secret until 1982, because he believed that the leadership of the Institute of Oriental Studies would not consider science fiction a serious activity, and was afraid that after revealing his pseudonym he would be fired.

Irina Grekova

Elena Sergeevna Ventzel (1907 - 2002).
Russian prose writer, mathematician. Doctor of Technical Sciences, author of numerous scientific works on problems of applied mathematics Pridvorov Efim Alekseevich (1883-1945), a university textbook on probability theory, a book on game theory, etc. Like Lewis Carroll, she published her scientific works under her real name, and her novels and stories under a “mathematical” pseudonym (from the name of the French letter “y”). As a writer, she began publishing in 1957 and immediately became famous and loved; her novel “The Pulpit” was literally read to the gills.

Alexander Green

G. N. Kurilov

He began writing his first poems in 1961. He wrote under the pseudonym UluroAdo.

D. Dontsova

Journalist Agrippina Vasilyeva, after getting married, changed her occupation, her last name and first name, and became Daria Dontsova.

Cacophony of first or last name

F.K. Teternikov

At the editorial office, where he submitted his first works, he was advised to choose a pseudonym. And immediately Teternikova was given a pseudonym - Fyodor Sologub. With one “l”, so as not to be confused with the author of “Tarantas”.

Sasha Cherny - Glikberg Alexander Mikhailovich.
1880-1932.
Poet.
The family had 5 children, two of whom were named Sasha. The blond was called "White", the brunette - "Black". Hence the pseudonym.

Demyan Bedny

Pridvorov Efim Alekseevich (1883-1945)

Russian and Soviet poet. Efim Alekseevich’s surname is in no way suitable for a proletarian writer. The pseudonym Demyan Bedny is the village nickname of his uncle, a people's fighter for justice.

B. Akunin

Boris Akunin - Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili. As the writer himself admitted in an interview, bookstore merchandisers would never have pronounced Chkhartishvili’s name anyway. But Boris Akunin speaks easily and immediately sets the school-graduated reader in the mood for the classics of the 19th century.

Comic effect

A. P. Chekhov

Numerous pseudonyms of Chekhov, used exclusively for comic effect: G. Baldastov; Makar Baldastov; Doctor without patients; Hot-tempered person; Nut No. 6; Nut No. 9 and others.

A. S. Pushkin

Among the journalistic pseudonyms of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the most expressive and significant is Feofilakt Kosichkin.

N. A. Nekrasov

ON THE. Nekrasov - Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen, literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.

M. Gorky

To make his readers laugh, Gorky came up with comic pseudonyms, choosing old, long-out-of-use names in combination with an intricate surname. He signed himself Yehudiel Chlamida, Polycarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of his home handwritten journal “Sorrento Truth” (1924), he signed himself Metranpage Goryachkin, Invalid Mus, Osip Tikhovoyev, Aristide Balyk.

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