Tariff methods. Tariff and non-tariff methods of regulating foreign trade - abstract

Instruments of government regulation are divided into: tariff (those based on the use of customs tariffs) and non-tariff (all other methods).

A customs tariff is 1) an instrument of trade policy and government regulation of the country’s foreign market in its interaction with the world market; 2) a set of rates of customs duties applied to goods transported across the customs border.

Customs duty is a mandatory fee collected by customs authorities when importing or exporting goods and is a condition for import and export.

Non-tariff methods of regulating international trade: quantitative, hidden, financial.

18.Types of customs tariffs and their classifications.

Functions of customs duties: fiscal, protectionist (protective), balancing.

Classification of customs duties:

Ad valorem (charged as a percentage of the value of taxable goods)

Special (charged in the established amount per unit of taxable goods)

Combined (combine both types)

Alternative (applied in accordance with the decision of the local authorities. The ad valorem and special rate is usually chosen to be the one that ensures the collection of the most absolute amount for each specific case.

Customs cost of goods - price of goods, warehouses. on an open market between independent seller and buyer by which it can be sold in the country of destination at the time of filing there. declarations.

By object of taxation: import, export, import, transit.

By bet type: constant (there are tariffs, the rates of which are established at a time by government bodies and cannot be changed depending on the circumstances), variable (there are tariff rates of which can change in cases established by government bodies)

By calculation method: nominal (tariff rates specified in the customs tariff), effective (real level of local duties on final goods, calculated taking into account the level of duties imposed on imported components and parts of these goods)

By origin: autonomous, conventional (contractual), preferential.

19. Non-tariff methods of regulation. Foreign trade.

Quantitative restrictions are an administrative form of non-tariff. state Product regulation. turnover, which determines the quantity and range of goods allowed for export and import.

Quotas are a restriction in quantitative or value terms on the volume of products allowed to be imported into the country (imported) or exported from the country (exported) beyond a certain point. period.

According to the direction of action, quotas are divided: export and import

By scope of action: global individual

Licensing – regulation of foreign economics. activities through a permit issued by the state. authorities for the export or import of goods.

License forms:

One-time license

General

Global

Automatic.

“Voluntary” export restriction is a quantitative restriction on exports based on the commitment of one of the trading partners to limit or at least not expand the volume of exports, adopted within the official framework. agreements.

Methods of hidden protectionism:

Technical barriers

Domestic taxes and fees

Politics within the state procurement

Local content requirements

Financial methods of foreign trade. politicians:

Subsidies - money. payment aimed at supporting national Manufacturers. There are: direct and indirect.

A trade embargo is a state prohibition of the import into or export of goods from any country.

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FSBEI HPE "Bryansk State University named after Academician I. G. Petrovsky"

Institute of Economics and Law

Faculty of Finance and Economics

Department of Customs Affairs and Marketing

specialty 38.05.02 "Customs" full-time study

on completing customs (research) practice

Research topic:

TARIFF AND NON-TARIFF METHODS OF REGULATING FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Head of Practice Associate Professor of the Department

TDM, Ph.D. Rebrina Tatyana Gennadievna

Introduction

1. The role, forms and significance of foreign trade regulation

2. Tariff methods

3. Non-tariff methods

4. Dynamics of prices for individual goods on world commodity markets

5. Brief description of Rusta-Broker LLC

Conclusion

Used sources

Introduction

The topic of this work is “Tariff and non-tariff methods of regulating foreign economic activity.”

In addition, foreign economic activity refers to production cooperation aimed at interaction with foreign agents in relation to the exchange of information, provision of services or trade.

Foreign economic activity is extremely important for Russia. Thanks to trade, our country receives huge incomes, which form its budget thanks to trade. Control over such a flow is extremely important and necessary in our country.

Control over foreign economic activity is partly carried out by customs authorities. Customs statistics are the result of the work of customs authorities with foreign trade activities and the creation of an information base for this industry. Customs authorities directly influence foreign trade activities using a special system in which tariff and non-tariff control methods interact.

The relevance of this topic is due to the role played by foreign economic activity, influencing budget revenues, thanks to tariff and non-tariff methods of regulation. It is important to study the operation of this mechanism on a national scale.

The purpose of this work is to study tariff and non-tariff methods of regulating foreign trade activities.

The following tasks are set:

* Consider the role, forms and significance of foreign trade regulation

* Study tariff methods for regulating foreign trade activities

* Study non-tariff methods of regulating foreign trade activities

* Analyze the dynamics of prices for individual goods on world commodity markets

ѕ Give a brief overview of the company Rusta-Broker LLC

1. The role, forms and significance of foreign trade regulation

State regulation of foreign economic relations is a system of economic and political measures carried out by government bodies to deepen and expand the country's participation in the international division of labor in order to increase the efficiency of social production and optimize the consumption structure.

* Protectionism. This is a policy aimed at protecting the domestic market from foreign goods. By stimulating domestic production, the state stimulates economic life in the country. Manufacturers, receiving large profits with low competition, begin to create new jobs, which in turn increases the buyer's market.

However, this policy is vicious and leads to higher prices for goods and reduces their quality.

Tariff methods of regulation are a system of customs duties, which are a mandatory payment on imported/exported goods. The amount of duties is regulated by the state, but may be limited by international treaties and agreements.

It is difficult to overestimate the role of control over foreign trade activities. 70% of the Russian budget is formed thanks to duties. Any change in fees directly affects the budget.

At the same time, we note that the main source of duties is the sale of energy and fuel resources. Companies that supply these resources already have a significant tax burden and the state will not increase it.

In addition, the companies are mostly state-owned, so you can increase their income by requesting larger dividends without changing the amount of duties.

Accession to the WTO imposed certain restrictions on Russia in changing the amount of duties. Now duties are set in accordance with agreements with this organization. The full package will begin to operate in 2019, which imposes certain restrictions on the regulation of foreign trade activities.

In addition, the WTO agreement delimits certain methods of non-tariff regulation, creating restrictions on subsidies for domestic agriculture.

The latest event that caused a significant change in customs policy was the introduction of sanctions on the import of European agricultural products. Such a measure is called an embargo and, despite its political reasons, takes place as a policy of protectionism.

2. Tariff methods

Tariff methods of regulation involve customs taxation of the import and export of goods through customs duties. The duty system can be represented as follows (Fig. 1):

Figure 1 - Classification of customs duties

Tariff policy involves various instruments of influence on foreign trade activities, as can be seen in the figure, for a certain economic situation:

* ad valorem - duties are collected as a certain percentage of the cost of the goods, for example, 5% of the cost per kilogram. They are one of the most common types of duties. Ad valorem duties may vary from country to country. So for the CU countries, a zero rate is assumed;

* specific duties - collection occurs in the form of a fixed amount per unit of goods. Units can be different, in the form of kilograms, grams, volume and quantity, for example, 5 euros per piece;

* combined duties - collection occurs as a percentage of the cost of the goods and a certain amount is charged per unit of goods, for example 5 euros and 3% of the cost of the goods for a pair of shoes;

By purpose, duties are divided into:

* seasonal - established for a period of no more than six months from the date of their application;

* special - are a protective measure against the trade policy of another state. Most often, this is a response to stimulating trade in another country, for example, state credit policy, to stimulating agriculture in one country and, as a response, special high duties. These duties are designed to increase the competitiveness of domestic goods in the domestic market;

* anti-dumping - is also a retaliatory measure. The reason is a significant difference in price between foreign and domestic goods. To increase competitiveness, these duties increase the price of goods to domestic ones;

* compensation - another response to foreign policy. It is used to reduce the effectiveness of a foreign country’s policy to stimulate its production by making its goods cheaper compared to domestic ones. The most striking example is subsidies from EU countries for the industrial production of automobiles and high duties on them in Russia.

Export regulation occupies a special place in Russian customs policy.

Export duties are used in relation to a certain group of goods, such as:

* ferrous and non-ferrous metals;

* chemicals;

* aluminum;

* valuable wood species.

Despite the small list of goods, duties on them make up the majority of revenues to the Russian budget and, accordingly, fulfill the following purposes:

* formation of budget revenues;

* formation of the trade balance;

* regulation of the export of national wealth;

* formation of foreign exchange income.

3. Non-tariff methods

Non-tariff methods of regulating foreign trade activities are special systems that restrict or stimulate trade activities using administrative resources, without the use of duties.

The system of non-tariff regulation can be imagined as follows (Fig. 2)

Provided that there are certain trade agreements between Russia and countries that regulate the amount of duties, a means of influencing foreign trade activities may be required without affecting the terms of these agreements.

The reasons for this are divided into political and economic. An example of a policy would be the introduction of a phytosanitary ban on the import of goods from countries that have imposed sanctions on Russia.

Economic reasons are simpler. Due to daily changes in the market, the situation around the product may change radically and then it may need to be limited. This can be accomplished through non-tariff methods.

Non-tariff methods include a wide range of restrictive policies.

Figure 2 - The role of non-tariff methods of regulation

Non-tariff methods of regulation are divided into the following groups:

* Licensing. The product requires special licenses from many authorities, which may not provide this license for certain reasons, or may revoke it;

* Quotas. Establishing a certain quantity of goods for import into the country.

These groups are the most numerous and cover more than half of all:

Customs formalities;

Technical standards and norms (on product safety for consumers);

Sanitary and veterinary requirements;

Packaging and labeling standards for bottling drinks;

Information about the country of origin of imported goods, etc.

The named methods are not directly aimed at restricting foreign trade and relate more to administrative bureaucratic procedures, the action of which, nevertheless, restricts trade:

Currency restrictions, in particular on the transfer of profits, dividends, tax and other payments;

Regulation of capital inflows (maximum percentage of foreign capital and local personnel in foreign enterprises; preferential conditions for local firms participating in international tenders for the construction of facilities, etc.).

The last two groups of methods are not directly aimed at limiting imports or stimulating exports, but their action often leads to exactly this result.

Non-tariff methods are more expensive and provide more opportunities for bureaucracy, red tape, and abuse than economic methods that are simpler in their implementation mechanism.

4. Dynamics of prices for individual goods on world commodity markets

Understanding price changes in global markets is very important for trading. Forecasting a rise or fall in prices allows you to adjust the economic policy of an entire country or individual private enterprises that are dependent on a particular product. The relevance of this topic is high due to the high benefits from creating an understanding of the market and understanding the logical connection of price dynamics, which allows you to make profit from it at all levels, be it a fall or rise in price.

Prices for goods change every year. This depends on many factors that depend on the consumer, manufacturer and countries in which the product is produced and sold. Let us trace the dynamics of prices for individual goods (Table 1) and the prices of these goods on the Russian market (Table 2).

We will be able to trace global trends and see that they are directly related to the impact on the Russian market, moving from the general to the specific.

Table 1 - Average prices for selected goods in trade (USD per ton) on the world market

We monitored the dynamics of prices for the following goods: fresh and frozen meat (without poultry), coffee, cars. These are products that are in high demand and are in demand in any market.

It is worth noting the main trends for all products that affect price dynamics:

1. An increase in the consumption of goods in the world causes an increase in demand, and therefore an increase in prices;

2. Inflation increases the prices of goods;

Table 2 - Average prices for individual goods in trade (US dollars per ton) on the Russian market

It can be noted that prices for these goods are higher on the Russian market than on the world market, there are many reasons for this:

* Russian meat producers have a weak basis to cover domestic consumption and need to cover it through imports. Incoming products come mostly from Latin American countries, which increases the price in accordance with logistics costs. Meat from the EU is expensive compared to cheap Latin meat. The last year’s difference of $600 per ton compared to last year’s result is explained by the introduction of sanctions, which means turning to other sources, which reduces competition and causes prices to rise.

* Coffee comes primarily from Latin America and the Pacific, making shipping costs very high. Despite the crisis drop in coffee prices, they did not fall as much in Russia as in the world, which is explained by an increase in logistics fees.

ѕ The price of passenger cars is high in Russia due to high excise taxes and import duties. Most countries, forming the automotive industry market thanks to their production, set low prices, which increase when crossing the border of the Russian Federation. Actually, the price of cars in the world grew slightly, thanks to the creation of lines of cheap cars and rising prices for gasoline, while in Russia there was low demand due to the general economic situation.

We can say that any event that influenced the world market also influenced the Russian one, especially for the coffee and meat in question, due to the high dependence on the supply of these products in Russia. There is a situation with cars in which excise duties play a role, which form the main price. Actually, the entire increase in demand for the goods in question was reflected in Russia, taking into account the markup for logistics.

In general, prices on the world market grew dynamically before and after the crisis, slowing down their growth by 2015. (Table 3)

Table 3 - Share of price dynamics on world markets compared to last year’s figures in %

Meat prices had a positive trend until 2009 and were in line with global growth. Over 9 years, the price has almost tripled, which is quite significant. This is due to the growing demand for meat due to the increase in its consumption in Russia and the world. Consumption increased due to the growing prosperity of the population. In 2008, the global financial crisis erupted, which reduced household incomes and caused savings in the consumption of certain products, including meat.

By 2011, a situation had arisen in which domestic meat production was declining and this trend has been observed to this day, and imports were increasing, but at the same time, the supply of meat in the world was becoming highly saturated, which reduced meat prices in general. Only 2010 turned out to be a year of high supply; subsequently it decreased, which caused a new increase in prices. From 2009 to 2011, the price decreased by $291 per ton, which is a small amount, but the decrease itself is significant in one year.

From 2012 to 2015, the price of imported meat increased. This is a consequence of the trends in 2011. The growth was insignificant, at 150-200 US dollars per ton, until 2014, when the price increased by 250 US dollars, when, first of all, the reasons for the increase were inflation in Russia, which amounted to more than 16% and the introduction of retaliatory sanctions from Russia, which has reduced the possible supply of meat and increased prices due to complex and expensive logistics from other countries, such as Argentina.

In the future, the price of meat in the world will only increase. In Russia, there will also be an increase in these products and it will take time for it to develop its own meat production, when the industry has been in deep crisis for many years, but this time can be spent on supporting farms, which will reduce dependence on imports and lower prices. For now, this decision is long-term and the following situation arises in this sector:

* Meat prices are rising due to high inflation

* Price increases due to logistics

* The price rises due to free space on the supply market

* The price falls as the level of consumption in Russia falls and the standard of living declines in general

Which in the future causes positive dynamics in meat prices.

The situation with coffee prices was different. Even despite the crisis, which caused a drop in prices for many goods, coffee prices only grew, thanks to increased consumption. Naturally, it is impossible to produce coffee in Russia, which means consumption will only grow, without it being possible to replenish it with internal resources. The growth occurred until 2012, after which we see a significant decrease in the price of coffee. Coffee became oversupplied and, thanks to large harvests, the price began to fall. In addition, coffee producers fell for the constant rise in prices and began to produce more than was necessary for the market. The crisis in the coffee market affected the whole world, reducing coffee prices in all world markets.

A situation arose when the price of coffee fell by $1,000 per ton in 2 years, a quarter of the entire price, which greatly affected coffee production in general.

By 2015, the price of coffee, after a sharp drop, began to rise slightly. This is a normal response after a two-year fall. Future dynamics are expected to be positive, with rising prices due to inflation, a general increase in prices for consumer products in Russia and a gradual recovery in the price of coffee in the world in general.

Passenger cars showed steady growth until 2009. Over 9 years, a 2.2-fold increase in price turned out to be an excellent result until the demand for cars fell sharply. The drop was so high that the price decline easily offset the increase in excise taxes and inflation. Even in 2010, when Russia had already strengthened after the crisis, demand was low, which left prices in negative dynamics.

After 2011, we see an increase in prices until 2015, although quite small. This is due to the establishment of high import duties and the transfer of car production to Russia in order to circumvent these duties. The volume of supplies of passenger cars to Russia is decreasing.

In 2015, there is a slight drop in prices, with a significant increase in inflation. The prevailing trends of high barriers to trade, relocation of production and declining demand have hit the price of cars hard. Prices are expected to decrease in the future if inflation is not too high.

In general, we can say that prices in Russia for most goods will rise, especially those that are on the list of sanctions. There is an increase in the consumption of goods on the world market at all levels, especially after the fall during the crisis years, however, this growth is slowing down. The dynamics are positive, but are losing momentum, driven only by inflation.

In conclusion, we can say that any change in the world price market is reflected in the Russian market. By studying the global market, you can thereby find out the situation in other markets of the world, because events affect all countries, but with different strength. Thus, during the crisis in coffee production, negative price dynamics were observed in all countries, but in all countries with different speed and strength. The considered prices for goods differed from Russian ones only due to logistics and higher demand, however, after the events of 2015, other factors intervened, such as the introduction of sanctions, due to which it is necessary to find new suppliers and prices will be higher in Russia and rising inflation. In general, prices for goods in Russia are ahead of global prices and this will continue. foreign economic commodity tariff

5. Brief description of Rusta-Broker LLC "

Full name of the organization: Limited Liability Company "Rusto-Broker".

Organizational and legal form: Limited liability company.

Short name: LLC "Rusto-Broker".

Location of the enterprise: Bryansk, st. 128 Rifle Division, no.6.

Postal code: 180017

Organizational structure of the LLC enterprise "Rusto-Broker" is presented in the figure (Fig. 3). This system is hierarchical. This means creating a system of direct subordination from higher to lower.

Analyzing the figure we can say that:

* The director is the head of this company;

* After the director there are four persons - financial director, chief accountant, chief marketer, head of the sales department;

* The basis of the system is the staff of declarants and accountants;

Services provided as FEA LLC "Rusto-Broker":

ѕ determination of customs value;

ѕ preparation of necessary documents for registration of a cargo customs declaration;

ѕ registration of cargo customs declaration;

* unloading, unloading cargo to temporary storage warehouse;

Figure 3 - Organizational structure of the LLC enterprise "Rusto-Broker"

* Representative. Both when performing customs operations and when obtaining special licenses;

* Carrying out operations in the field of foreign economic activity;

* Grouping and assigning codes to products by product range;

* Preliminary calculation of customs duties and fees;

* storage of goods at a temporary storage warehouse.

To determine the company’s place in the customs system, consider the size of its monthly net profit (Table 4)

Looking at this table, we can say the following:

* The profit may seem small, but you need to understand that the company began its activities relatively recently (in 2013) and has not yet managed to develop the market;

* The profit is net and the company breaks even, which is already a good indicator;

* We can notice how significantly profits decreased in March-April 2014, this is due to the seasonality of transportation (at this time the volume decreases) and the introduction of sanctions. Then the company lost a significant part of its contacts with Europe;

* You can see how the profit of 2015 increased compared to 2014. Losses from the introduction of sanctions were overcome, and there was a reorientation to other markets. Transportation to the Republic of Belarus and Kazakhstan has especially increased;

* In December 2015, we recorded a peak in net profit of 1.8 million rubles, which is associated with pre-New Year deliveries.

The company's profit comes from a variety of services. There are certain tariffs for each service. Let's consider the tariffs for services provided by LLC "Rusto-Broker"(Table 5)

Table 4 - Profit received by the LLC company "Rusto-Broker" during the period 2014-2015

Based on these data, we can say that the company is small and young on a Russian scale. There are many companies with much larger net profits, however, on the scale of the Bryansk region, this company is the largest and fastest growing.

Rusto-Broker LLC has contacts for supplies to such European countries as: Germany, France, Italy, Estonia, Latvia, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Austria.

The company sends the largest flow of goods from Germany, Poland and Hungary. The company orders most of its goods to the Baltic countries.

As a result, we conclude that:

Table 5 - Tariffs of the LLC company "Rusto-Broker"

Conclusion

We studied the broad topic "Tariff and non-tariff methods of regulating foreign economic activity."

Foreign economic activity (FEA) is the activity of a company, state or private person that has a connection with a foreign party, provided that this activity is aimed at economic purposes.

State regulation of foreign economic relations is measures aimed at creating a favorable economic situation in the country, while stimulating the economy and revenues from foreign economic activity to the country's budget.

Regulation involves two policies for controlling foreign trade activities, which directly affects tariff and non-tariff methods:

* Protectionism. This is a policy aimed at protecting the domestic market from foreign goods. By stimulating domestic production, the state stimulates economic life in the country. Manufacturers, receiving large profits with low competition, begin to create new jobs, which in turn increases the buyer's market. However, this policy is vicious and leads to higher prices for goods and reduces their quality.

* Free trading. Policies aimed at trade liberalization. Duties are set at a low level, which reduces the final price of imports on the market. This increases the competitive environment, and hence the quality of the product. A greater variety of goods appears on the market and it becomes possible to plug the shortage of goods. However, domestic production is declining, which may be replaced by imports.

Ideally, it is necessary to maintain a balance, but government policy is increasingly influenced by globalization and economic integration (WTO), which means the world is moving towards free trade.

Options for these policies are tariff and non-tariff methods of regulation.

Non-tariff methods are divided into direct and indirect.

* Direct means a system of quotas (restrictions on the quantity of imports) and licensing (special documentation for goods);

* Indirect means the creation of a barrier from phytosanitary control, administrative barriers (long terms for obtaining licenses) and measures to stimulate exports (cheap loans for production).

Tariff methods of regulation are a system of customs duties, which are a mandatory payment on imported/exported goods. The amount of duties is regulated by the state, but may be limited by international treaties and agreements.

A study of price dynamics for individual goods (meat, fresh, frozen, except chicken, coffee and cars) showed different results:

* The dynamics of meat prices were positive before the 2008 crisis, but after a short fall they are beginning to grow rapidly. Growth has further prospects;

* Coffee grew until 2011, when a crisis broke out in this industry and prices fell until 2015. Since 2016, there has been a gradual increase in the price of coffee;

* Prices for passenger cars rose until the crisis year of 2008, but the industry could not recover from losses until 2011, responding with a slight drop. In 2016, there is a new wave of price declines, which will continue in the future.

Having given a brief description of Rustro-Broker LLC, we concluded that:

* Rusto-Broker LLC is a successful company on the Russian market and is the largest customs broker in the Bryansk brokerage services market;

* Rusto-Broker LLC has always provided net profit;

* This company provides cargo flows to most of Europe and Asia;

* The company declares all types of goods, but is mainly in partnership with companies that supply electrical appliances to the Russian market;

* The company and its profits are expected to grow in the future.

Used sources

1. Customs Code of the Customs Union (annex to the Agreement on the Customs Code of the Customs Union, adopted by the Decision of the Interstate Council of the EurAsEC at the level of heads of state dated November 27, 2009 N 17) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2010. N 50. Art. 6615.

2. Federal Law of December 8, 2003 No. 164-FZ “On the fundamentals of state regulation of foreign economic activity” (as amended from December 2010) // ConsultantPlus

4. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2010 N 311-FZ “On customs regulation in the Russian Federation // ConsultantPlus

5. Bakaeva, O. Yu., Customs law: a course of lectures / O. Yu. Bakaeva, G. V. Matvienko. - M.: RAP, Eksmo, 2012. - 272 p.

6. Bekyashev, K.A., Customs law: textbook / K.A.Bekyashev, E.G.Moiseev. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Prospekt, 2013. - 360 p.

7. Commentary on the Customs Code of the Customs Union (item-by-item), ed. A.N. Kozyrina. - M.: "Prospekt", 2013.

8.www.consultant.ru - Consultant Plus help system

9. www.customs - Official website of the Federal Customs Service.

10.www.garant.ru - reference legal system "GARANT".

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The meaning and essence of interstate regulation of foreign economic activity. Tariff regulation of foreign trade. Non-tariff restrictions on foreign trade activities. Monetary regulation. International organizations in foreign economic activity.

Under non-tariff regulation measures refers to a system of methods used by the state to regulate foreign economic activity, but not related to tariff instruments. Despite the fact that customs tariffs continue to be a key tool, their role is weakening. Non-tariff measures are less open and therefore give the government more room for arbitrary action.

Why are non-tariff measures introduced?

The possibility of integrating non-tariff measures is provided for by a number of international agreements if there is a need for:

• Restrictions on the import or export of a product that can harm the health of citizens or the environment.

• Import restrictions to support domestically produced goods.

• Protection of the cultural values ​​of the state, as well as generally accepted morality.

• Ensuring internal security.

• Introduction of anti-dumping measures (imported goods have a much lower market value, which threatens to undermine competition and result in an industry monopoly).

Classification of non-tariff measures

The UN classification is generally accepted, which provides for the division of all methods of non-tariff regulation into 3 groups:

Let's look at each of the groups.

Direct restriction measures

Direct restriction measures include:

• . Quotas are the most common non-tariff regulatory measure. Under quota refers to a restriction in the value or quantity of goods imported and exported from the country. In Russia, such a measure is used - it is established every year by the Government of the Russian Federation.

There are several types of quotas:

- Global. Used in 60% of cases. Limits the amount of imports for a certain period, while the quota is not broken down by importing countries.

- Individual. This quota provides a restriction for a specific product or a specific importer. As a rule, individual quotas are negotiable and bilateral.

- Seasonal. They provide for import limits at certain times of the year. The object of seasonal quotas is most often agricultural products.

- Tariffs. With such a quota, a certain volume of products can be introduced duty-free or with a minimum fee - a standard tariff is applied to goods in excess of the established volume.

Quotas have their advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of quotas include the support provided to local enterprises through the distribution of quotas, while the disadvantages include the promotion of the formation of a monopoly in the industry.

• Licensing- this is the regulation of the quantity of imported and exported goods with the help of special permits issued by the competent government authorities - licenses. Lack of a license is grounds for prohibiting the import of products. There are 3 types of licenses:

- One-time, the validity period of which does not exceed a year. Such a license is issued for a specific foreign trade transaction.

- General provided to the importer for each type of imported product. The validity period of this license is also one year.

- Exceptional- gives the owner an exceptional experience. The validity period of this license is not established by law and is determined on an individual basis.

Special measures of non-tariff regulation

The group of special non-tariff regulation measures includes:

• Special duties. The application of special duties is due to the threat of damage to the industry in the event of import or export of a particular product. Special duties are imposed only after investigation by the competent authorities. The duration of the measure is established by the state (until the damage is completely eliminated), however, it cannot exceed 4 years.

• Anti-dumping duties. If an imported product poses a threat to the industry because the price is too low, it is subject to additional duty. The duration of anti-dumping duties is limited to 5 years.

• Countervailing duties. If a manufacturer is subsidized by the state, then the importer applies countervailing duties to the products he exports, designed to neutralize subsidies in order to equalize the rights of exporters. The period for introducing such duties is a maximum of 5 years.

Administrative measures

Administrative measures of non-tariff regulation include:

• Import taxes. This type of fee should not be confused with import duties. Such fees include, for example, border taxes (paid when goods cross the border), port and statistical fees. One of the specific forms of import tax is considered import deposit– according to this measure, before importing products, he must deposit a certain amount into the account of an authorized bank, determined depending on the cost of delivery.

• Certification. A certificate is issued to a product only if it meets all technical, sanitary and environmental requirements established in the territory of the importing country. If there is no certificate, the delivery will simply not be allowed through.

• Pre-shipment inspection. In order to protect itself from the risk of distortion by the exporter of data about the goods imported into the country (primarily about the cost), the state has the right to conduct a pre-shipment inspection. Upon successful completion, the exporter is issued a certificate.

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Introduction

There are two economic concepts in the approach to world relations and, accordingly, two directions in state foreign economic policy - protectionism and free trade (free trade concept). Proponents of protectionism defend the need for government protection of their country's industry from foreign competition. Proponents of free trade believe that ideally, not the state, but the market should shape the structure of exports and imports. The combination of these approaches in varying proportions distinguishes the foreign economic policies of states in different periods of their development.

For national economies, greater openness and trade liberalization are typical for periods of high economic growth and strong export potential. And, on the contrary, during periods of economic recession and weakening export potential, as a rule, they listen to the arguments of protectionist supporters.

Foreign economic policy is an activity that regulates a country's economic relations with other states. It plays a significant role in ensuring the effective use of external factors in the national economy. With the evolution of international economic relations, an extensive toolkit of foreign economic policy has been formed.

The entire variety of instruments that the state has at its disposal to regulate foreign economic activity can be divided into three large groups:

Customs tariffs;

Non-tariff restrictions;

Forms of export promotion.

Already from the name it is clear that they all initially have a protectionist orientation. The state increases or decreases this focus depending on external and internal circumstances, prevailing ideas about national interests in a given period, and current international rules. This also applies to such an important component of state regulation of the foreign economic sphere as tariff regulation.

1.Regulation of foreign trade

Countries, occupying different positions in the world economy in general and in various commodity markets in particular, pursue certain foreign trade policies to protect their interests.

Under foreign trade policy state refers to the purposeful influence of the state on trade relations with other countries.

Main foreign trade policy goals are:

ensuring economic growth;

changing the method and degree of inclusion of a given country in the international division of labor;

alignment of the structure of the balance of payments;

ensuring the stability of the national currency;

maintaining the political and economic independence of the country;

providing the country with the necessary resources.

Modern foreign trade policy is interaction two forms:

protectionism- policies aimed at protecting the domestic market from foreign competition and often at capturing foreign markets; in its extreme form, protectionism takes the form of economic autarky, in which countries seek to limit imports only to those goods that cannot be produced in a given country.

liberalization related to the reduction of barriers to the development of foreign economic relations; pursuing a free trade policy ( free trade) allows you to get the greatest benefit from international economic exchange.

In reality, the policy of free trade, just like the policy of protectionism, is not carried out in its pure form, but acts as a tendency. World trade is dominated by mixed forms of foreign trade policy, suggesting the interaction of the two above-mentioned trends, each of which prevails during certain periods of development of regional and world trade.

In the 50-60s. tendencies towards liberalization prevailed, and in the 70-80s. wave marked "new" protectionism. Neoprotectionism refers to restrictions on international trade imposed by countries in addition to traditional forms of restricting unwanted imports of goods. Among the methods of additional pressure on exporters of goods to a given country, contractual and economic mechanisms of “voluntary export restrictions” and “orderly trade agreements” imposed on exporting firms are used. In the 90s free trade policies dominated world trade.

If we talk about the resultant trend, the result is the liberalization of international trade with greater flexibility of protectionist barriers.

But protectionist tendencies are also developing:

Protectionism is becoming regional. The groups are liberalizing exchange, introducing special conditions for intraregional foreign trade exchange, which strengthens the discriminatory regime against third countries.

New trends in the development of government export support policies are focused on less noticeable measures of indirect support for individual industries and groups of goods while abandoning traditional schemes of direct export subsidies and subsidies.

The combination of protectionism and free trade in foreign trade policy in the field of exports is complemented by modifications of government export promotion programs.

Industrialized countries use:

direct subsidies for exports (for example, for agricultural goods);

export lending (goods of significant value, covering up to 15% of export volume);

insurance of export supplies (up to 10% of the transaction value, including expected profit, insurance against political, military, and other risks). Depending on the specific goals of foreign trade policy, states use various instruments or different combinations of the latter. The instruments used in foreign trade are combined into:

2 main groups

tariff restrictions (customs duties);

2. Tariff and non-tariff methods of regulating foreign trade

Tariff methods regulation of foreign trade is the establishment of tariff quotas and customs duties (primarily imports are regulated). All other methods - non-tariff.

A trade regime is considered relatively open when the average level of import customs duties is less than 10%, and quota taxes are less than 25% of imports.

Non-tariff methods are divided into quantitative - quotas, licensing, restrictions; hidden - government procurement, technical barriers, taxes and fees, requirement for the content of local components; financial - subsidies, loans, dumping (for export).

Customs tariff - a list of goods and the system of rates at which they are subject to duties.

Customs duty is a mandatory fee collected by customs authorities when importing or exporting goods and is a condition of import or export.

Customs duties perform three main functions:

fiscal;

protectionist;

balancing (to prevent the export of unwanted goods).

Classifications of customs duties.

By payment method:

Ad valorem - calculated as a percentage of the customs value of taxed goods (for example, 20% of the customs value);

Specific - charged in a set amount per unit of taxable goods (for example, $10 per 1t);

Combined - combine both named types of customs taxation (for example, 20% of the customs value, but not more than $10 per ton).

Ad valorem duties are similar to a proportional sales tax and are usually used when taxing goods that have different qualitative characteristics within the same product group. The strength of ad valorem duties is that they maintain the same level of protection for the domestic market regardless of fluctuations in product prices, only budget revenues change. For example, if the duty is 20% of the price of a product, then with a product price of $200, budget revenues will be $40. If the price of a product increases to $300, budget revenues will increase to $60; if the price of a product drops to $100, it will decrease to $20 dollars. But regardless of the price, an ad valorem duty increases the price of an imported product by 20%. The weakness of ad valorem duties is that they require customs assessment of the value of the goods for the purpose of imposing duties. Since the price of a product can fluctuate under the influence of numerous economic (exchange rate, interest rate, etc.) and administrative (customs regulation) factors, the application of ad valorem duties is associated with subjective assessments, which leaves room for abuse. Specific duties are usually imposed on standardized goods and have the undeniable advantage of being easy to administer and, in most cases, leaving no room for abuse. However, the level of customs protection through specific duties is highly dependent on fluctuations in product prices. For example, a specific duty of $1,000 on one imported car restricts the import of a $8,000 car much more strongly, since it is 12.5% ​​of its price, than a $12,000 car, since it is only 8.3% of its price. As a result, when import prices rise, the level of protection of the domestic market through a specific tariff falls. But, on the other hand, during an economic downturn and falling import prices, a specific tariff increases the level of protection of national producers.

By object of taxation:

Import - duties that are imposed on imported goods when they are released for free circulation on the domestic market of the country. They are the predominant form of duties applied by all countries of the world to protect national producers from foreign competition;

Export - duties that are imposed on export goods when they are released outside the customs territory of the state. They are used extremely rarely by individual countries, usually in the case of large differences in the level of domestic regulated prices and free prices on the world market for certain goods, and are intended to reduce exports and replenish the budget;

Transit - duties that are imposed on goods transported in transit through the territory of a given country. They are extremely rare and are used primarily as a means of trade war.

The nature:

Seasonal - duties that are used to quickly regulate international trade in seasonal products, primarily agricultural. Typically, their validity period cannot exceed several months per year, and for this period the normal customs tariff on these goods is suspended;

Anti-dumping duties that are applied when goods are imported into a country at a price lower than their normal price in the exporting country, if such import causes damage to local producers of such goods or interferes with the organization and expansion of national production of such goods;

Countervailing duties are duties imposed on the import of those goods in the production of which subsidies were directly or indirectly used, if their import causes damage to national producers of such goods. Typically, these special types of duties are applied by a country either unilaterally for purely protective purposes against attempts at unfair competition on the part of its trading partners, or as a response to discriminatory and other actions that infringe on the interests of the country on the part of other states and their unions. The introduction of special duties is usually preceded by an investigation, commissioned by the government or parliament, into specific cases of abuse of market power by trading partners. During the investigation process, bilateral negotiations are held, positions are determined, possible explanations for the situation are considered, and other attempts are made to resolve differences politically. The introduction of a special tariff usually becomes a last resort, which countries resort to when all other means of resolving trade disputes have been exhausted.

By origin:

Autonomous - duties imposed on the basis of unilateral decisions of government authorities of the country. Typically, the decision to introduce a customs tariff is made into law by the state's parliament, and specific rates of customs duties are established by the relevant department (usually the ministry of trade, finance or economy) and approved by the government;

Conventional (negotiated) duties established on the basis of a bilateral or multilateral agreement, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), or customs union agreements;

Preferential - duties at lower rates than the usual customs tariff, which are imposed on the basis of multilateral agreements on goods originating from developing countries. The purpose of preferential tariffs is to support the economic development of these countries by expanding their exports. Since 1971, a general system of preferences has been in force, providing for a significant reduction in import tariffs of developed countries on imports of finished products from developing countries. Russia, like many other countries, does not charge customs duties at all on imports from developing countries.

By bet type:

Constant - a customs tariff, the rates of which are established at a time by government authorities and cannot be changed depending on the circumstances. The vast majority of countries in the world have fixed rate tariffs;

Variables - customs tariff, the rates of which can change as established by government bodies. authorities cases (when the level of world or domestic prices changes, the level of government subsidies). Such tariffs are quite rare.

By calculation method:

Nominal - tariff rates specified in the customs tariff. They can give only the most general idea of ​​the level of customs taxation to which a country subjects its imports or exports;

Effective - the real level of customs duties on final goods, calculated taking into account the level of duties imposed on imported components and parts of these goods.

The duty is imposed on the customs value of the goods.

The customs value of a product is the normal price of a product, determined on the open market between an independent seller and a buyer, at which it can be sold in the country of destination at the time of filing a customs declaration.

The customs value of goods imported into the United States is calculated based on the FOB price, i.e., the price at which they are sold in the country of origin.

In the EU, the customs value of goods is assessed on the basis of CIF, i.e. the duty on the price of goods includes the cost of transportation to the port of destination and the price of insurance.

In the Russian Federation, the customs tariff is based on the system of classification of goods accepted in international practice.

The customs value is determined by the declarant under the control of the customs authorities. The main method for determining customs value is the method based on the transaction price of the imported goods.

When determining the customs value, the transaction price, in addition to the price of the goods itself, includes:

costs of delivering goods to the place of import;

buyer's expenses;

the price of raw materials, materials, etc., provided by the buyer to the seller for the production of export goods;

royalties for the use of intellectual property that the buyer must make as a condition of the sale of imported goods;

the seller’s income from subsequent resales, transfer or use of imported goods in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Tariff escalation - increasing the level of customs taxation of goods as the degree of their processing increases - is used to protect national producers of finished products and stimulate the import of raw materials and semi-finished products. Developing countries are characterized by a market for raw materials, the customs duties of which are minimal compared to finished goods.

As a result of the introduction of a tariff by any country, economic effects of redistribution (effects of income and redistribution) and losses (effects of protection and consumption) arise.

Income effect - increase in budget revenues: there is a transfer of income from the private sector to the public sector.

Redistribution effect - redistribution of income from consumers to producers of products that compete with imports.

Protection effect - economic losses of the country arising from the need for domestic production, under the protection of a tariff, of additional quantities of goods at higher costs.

Consumption effect arises as a result of a reduction in consumption of a product due to an increase in its price in the domestic market.

Typical for a large country effect of conditions torus gowli - redistribution of income from foreign producers to the budget of this country as a result of improved terms of trade.

An import tariff has a potential impact on the economy of a large country if the terms of trade effect in value terms is greater than the sum of the losses resulting from the lower efficiency of domestic production relative to world production and the reduction in domestic consumption of the good. Only a large country can influence the level of world prices and secure some economic benefit for itself by improving its terms of trade. In any case, an optimal tariff rate is required.

The optimal tariff rate is the tariff level that maximizes national economic welfare.

This rate is always relatively small. The optimal tariff leads to an economic gain for one country and to losses for the world economy as a whole, since it serves to redistribute income from one country to another.

Countries can use tariff quotas, a type of variable customs duties whose rates depend on the volume of goods imported. When imported within a certain quantity, it is taxed at the basic intra-quota tariff rate; when exceeding a certain volume, imports are taxed at a higher, above-quota tariff rate.

Proponents of tariffs justify their introduction by the need to protect fragile sectors of national industry, stimulate domestic production, increase budget revenues and ensure national security. Opponents argue that tariffs reduce a country's economic well-being and undermine the global economy, leading to trade wars, increasing taxes, reducing exports and reducing employment.

The administrative form of non-tariff state regulation of trade turnover is quantitative restrictions, including quotas (provisioning), licensing and voluntary export restrictions.

Quota - a quantitative measure of export restriction
or import of goods of a certain quality or amount
for a certain period of time.

Based on their focus, quotas are divided into export and import. Based on their scope, quotas are divided into global, which are established for a certain period of time to ensure the required level of domestic consumption, and individual - established within the framework of a global quota, which are temporary in nature.

Licensing is the regulation of foreign economic activity through permits issued
government agencies for the export or import of goods in specified quantities for a certain period of time.

Licenses can be one-time - for a period of up to 1 year per transaction; general - for a period of up to 1 year without limiting the number of transactions; global - for a certain period for the import or export of goods to any country in the world; automatic (issued immediately).

The mechanisms for distributing licenses are varied: auctions; a system of explicit preferences - assigning licenses to firms according to their share of imports; distribution of licenses on a non-price basis - the government issuing licenses to the most efficient firms.

Voluntary export restriction is a quantitative restriction based on a commitment to limit or not expand the volume of exports under political pressure from the importer.

There are many methods of hidden protectionism, including: technical barriers - the requirement to comply with national standards; internal taxes and fees; government procurement policy (requirement to purchase goods from national firms); requirement for the content of local components (establishes the share of the product produced by national producers for sale on the domestic market); requirement to comply with certain sanitary and hygienic standards, etc.

The most common financial methods of trade policy are subsidies, lending and dumping.

Subsidies are cash payments aimed at supporting national exporters and indirectly discriminating against imports.

Subsidizing domestic production is considered a preferable form of tax policy compared to import tariffs and quotas.

An extreme case of export subsidies is dumping - the promotion of goods to foreign markets by reducing export prices below the normal price level existing in importing countries.

Conclusion

Within the WTO, the recognized basis of international trade is the most favored nation treatment.

The world economy is the most dynamic area of ​​the economy. However, Russia is not yet sufficiently “integrated” into the system of the international division of labor and international trade.

The protection of the national economy from the excessive onslaught of imported goods is carried out primarily by customs regulation of commodity flows.

Today there are two main methods of regulating foreign trade: tariffs and non-tariffs. The main difference between the tariff method is its permanence, that is, tariff duties are always in effect. Non-tariff methods are used periodically when the state needs it.

Bibliography

Simionov Yu.F. World economy and international economic relations / Yu.F. Simonov, O.A. Lykova. - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2006. - 504 p.

International economic relations: Textbook / A.I. Evdokimov and others - M.: TK Velby, 2003. - 552 p.

World Economy: Textbook / Ed.

Prof. A.S. Bulatova. - M.: Economist, 2005. - 734 p.

World Economy: Textbook. allowance / Ed. prof. Nikolaeva I.P. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2000. - 575 p. Regulation (4)external

trade Abstract >> Economics Union. 1.2 Non-tariff and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2000. - 575 p. Regulation methods regulation Compared with tariff Compared with Non-tariff methods , the most extended forms and foreign trade activities are

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Tariff methods tariff

methods. involve the use of customs tariffs.

customs tariff

is a systematic list of customs duties imposed on goods imported into or exported from the country. In this case, the list of goods is systematized according to certain criteria and one or more customs duty rates are indicated for each product. There are two types of customs tariffs: simple and complex.

Simple tariff involves determining two or more customs duty rates for each product. It is often used in the foreign trade policy of states, as it allows one to put pressure on some countries, imposing higher duties on their goods, and provide benefits to other states, developing closer economic cooperation with them. Within the framework of a complex tariff, there are: autonomous, conventional and preferential rates. Autonomous rates are introduced on the basis of unilateral decisions of government authorities, are the highest and are applied to goods imported from countries with which trade treaties and agreements have not been concluded. Conventional rates have a lower tariff rate than stand-alone rates. They are determined on the basis of a bilateral or multilateral agreement, and apply to goods from countries that have entered into trade agreements. Preferential rates provide the lowest rates that are established in accordance with multilateral agreements and are used to create closed economic groupings, association regimes, and in trade with developing countries.

Since customs duties are associated with goods crossing the border, they are divided primarily into import, export and transit.

Import duties goods imported into the country are taxed. They perform mainly a fiscal function, providing a significant portion of tax revenues to the budget.

Export duties- These are taxes levied on goods exported outside the country. They are designed to limit the export of those goods that are needed by the domestic market (for example, oil), as well as to replenish budget revenues.

Transit duties are levied on goods that cross the territory of the state in transit. In world practice, they are rarely used, as they hinder commodity flows.

According to the form of taxation, duties are distinguished: ad valorem, which are levied as a percentage of the price of the product (for example, 10% of the price of a car); specific, charged in the form of a certain amount of money per volume, weight or piece of goods (for example, 15 US dollars for each ton of metal); mixed, in which goods can be subject to both ad valorem and specific duties.

Additional duties include: anti-dumping, countervailing and cartel duties.

Anti-dumping duties apply in the case of goods imported into the country at prices lower than domestic prices, if such imports cause economic damage to national producers.

Countervailing duties apply to those imported goods in the production of which subsidies were directly or indirectly used, if this import causes damage to national producers of similar products.

Cartel duties are used against goods imported from those countries that carry out discrimination, unfriendly acts, etc. against a given state.

Under non-tariff methods regulation of trade turnover understand administrative quantitative restrictions on the volume of imports and exports.

Quantitative restrictions on imports and exports are understood as an administrative form of non-tariff regulation of trade turnover that determines the quantity and range of goods allowed for export or import. These include: quotas; licensing; voluntary export restrictions and market regulation agreements; embargo.

Non-tariff methods of regulation are the most effective element of the implementation of foreign trade policy, because: they, as a rule, are not bound by any international obligations; more convenient in achieving the desired result in foreign economic policy; allow us to take into account the specific situation developing in the global economy and apply adequate measures to protect the national market within a specifically defined period; do not constitute an additional tax burden for the population.

When classifying non-tariff methods, they use a methodology developed by the WTO Secretariat, according to which they are divided into five main groups: quantitative restrictions on imports and exports; customs and administrative import-export formalities; standards and requirements for the quality of goods; restrictions inherent in the payment mechanism; state participation in foreign trade operations.