The theme of honor in the works of Russian classics of the 19th century. Honor and dishonor - arguments of the Unified State Examination Honor and dishonor in the work at the bottom

The Russian language is a rather complex subject, but you can’t do without studying it. At the end of school education, every student must pass the Unified State Exam.

The most difficult part of the exam is the essay. You need to prepare for the Unified State Exam every day; to make it easy to write a creative paper, you need to learn cliches, then the work will be minimal. As you know, in an essay it is necessary to present an argument; the problem of honor is very common. It is for this reason that we will examine this topic in detail.

"Captain's daughter"

This is the famous work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, where an argument is found on a given topic. The problem of honor in The Captain's Daughter comes to the fore. Even if we remember the epigraph of this story, we will remember these words: “Take care of your honor from a young age.”

To begin with, let us clarify the decency of the heroes of the work, their moral qualities. Who represents it? Examples include Grinev, the parents of this hero, and the Mironov family. How else can we look at this problem? Let us present an argument (the problem of honor) from the point of view of love for one’s Motherland: Grinev in the story is a man of word and honor. This is reflected both in Masha’s attitude and in relation to loyalty to her homeland.

In addition, in the work “The Captain's Daughter” there is a contrast between the heroes (Grinev and Shvabrin), these are complete antipodes. The first is a man of honor, but the second has neither honor nor conscience. This is very rude and it costs nothing to be rude to a girl or go over to the side of the enemy. Shvabrin has such a quality as egoism, which is incompatible with the concept of “honor”.

How is the highest moral quality of an individual, such as honor, formed? When presenting the “problem of honor” argument, it is necessary to highlight that such a quality is formed from childhood. We see this in the example of the Grinevs; honor is the basis of the character of this family.

"Taras Bulba"

Where else does the problem of honor occur? Arguments can also be found in the famous work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol.

The main character has two sons who are completely opposite in their moral qualities. Ostap was honest and brave. He was not afraid to take the blame on himself, for example, a torn garden. Betrayal is not typical for him, Ostap died in terrible agony, but remained a hero.

Another thing is Andriy. He is light and romantic by nature. Always thinks about himself first. He will be able to deceive or betray without a twinge of conscience. Andriy's biggest betrayal is going over to the side of the enemy out of love. He betrayed all his close people, he died in shame at the hands of his father, who could not survive and forgive his son for his act.

What is instructive about the work? It's very easy to give in to your feelings, but don't forget about those people who care about you. Betrayal in war is the most terrible act, and there is no forgiveness or mercy for the person who committed it.

"War and Peace"

The problem, the arguments we will present now, is found in the novel by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy. The novel is dedicated to the most terrible war, when Russia fought against Napoleon. Who has become the personification of honor here? Heroes such as:

• Andrey Bolkonsky.
• Pierre Bezukhov.
• Natasha Rostova.

This quality was demonstrated by all these heroes on certain occasions. The first distinguished himself in the Battle of Borodino, the second - with his desire to kill the enemy, and Natasha Rostova helped the wounded. Everyone was in the same position, everyone was given their own special tests. But people of honor, patriots of their country were able to defeat the enemy.

"Two captains"

The problem, the arguments of which we will now present, occurs to us on the pages of V. Kaverin’s story. It is worth immediately paying attention to the fact that the work was written in nineteen forty-four, during the war with the Nazis.

In these difficult times for everyone, concepts such as dignity and honor are valued in people above all else. Why is the story called this? The captains in question: Sanya Grigoriev and Tatarinov. Their integrity unites them. The essence of the work is as follows: Sanya became interested in the missing expedition of Tatarinov and defended his good name. He did this, despite the fact that he alienated Katya, whom he had grown to love deeply.

The work teaches the reader that one must always go to the end and not stop halfway, especially when it comes to the honor and dignity of a person. People who live dishonestly will always be punished, it just takes a little time, justice will always prevail.

How will a person prove himself in war - the most difficult test that fate has in store for him? Will he remain true to honor and moral principles, or will he cross the line beyond which - betrayal, meanness, shame, dishonor?

Andrei Sokolov in M. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man” is a generalized image of the Soviet people who survived the war, survived it, in spite of everything and against everything. It is no coincidence that the author gives this title to the story - he writes about a person during the war, about those people who remained faithful to duty and did not tarnish their honor ("That's why you're a man, that's why you're a soldier, to endure everything, to endure everything, if need calls for it.")
Every day in war is already a feat, a struggle for life, expelling enemies from their native land. Wasn’t it a feat when Andrei went on the attack, when he survived German captivity, defeating even his enemies? (“I wanted to show them, the damned one, that even though I’m dying of hunger, I’m not going to choke on their handouts, that I have my own, Russian dignity and pride, and that they haven’t turned me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried.”)
Didn’t he accomplish a moral feat when, after the war, he remained a person who sympathized with others, who adopted the boy Vanyushka? Moral ideals and values, to which he was faithful to the end, helped Andrey remain a man of honor and not lose his human dignity .(“Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented force... Something awaits them ahead? And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will endure, and the one who will grow up near his father’s shoulder , having matured, he will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way, if his Motherland calls him to it."
Unfortunately, the war also revealed the meanness of the souls of some people who, in order to save their lives, became traitors. Survival at any cost was the main thing for them. What honor and conscience can we talk about if death is nearby? This is what they thought in those minutes, crossing the line of decency and humanity. Let us remember the soldier who was ready to hand over his officer to the Germans just to stay alive (the episode in the church when Andrei was captured and killed this traitor: “For the first time in my life I killed, and then it was my own... But what is he like? He’s worse than a stranger, a traitor.”)
In war, a person's character was tested. Honor or dishonor, betrayal or heroism - what a person chose depended on the moral principles and ideals that underlay his position in life. But we won the war because there were much fewer dishonest people. The people were united by the will to win, patriotism, and love for their homeland. The fate of a person and the fate of a country and people merged into one.

The problem of honor has been relevant at all times, but this was especially evident in the literature of the 19th century. The works of different authors of this period covered various aspects of this topic.

The theme of honor is one of the main ones in the novel by A. S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”. The epigraph of the work indicates this topic: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” The father of the main character, Pyotr Grinev, gives his son orders to serve honestly, not to please his superiors, and most importantly, to take care of his noble honor. Peter leaves to serve in the army, where he becomes a direct participant in terrible events - the Pugachev riot.

When Emelyan Pugachev captured the Belogorsk fortress, its defenders refused to swear allegiance to “this robber.” The commandant of the Mironov fortress, his wife and his soldiers were brutally executed. Grinev also refused to swear allegiance to the false emperor. He could not break the oath he gave to Empress Catherine. The code of noble honor required that the hero give his life for the empress, and Grinev was ready for this.

But among the nobles there were also those who forgot about their honor in order to save their own lives. This is Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin, who went over to Pugachev’s side and became one of the commanders of his army. But this hero did not find respect in Pugachev’s camp either. He was condescending and suspicious of this man: if he betrayed him once, he could betray him a second time.

The concept of honor is not alien to Pugachev himself. In relation to this hero, we can talk about the concept of human honor. Pugachev is able to appreciate the nobility of others: he respects Grinev for the fact that he remained true to his word to the end. And Pugachev himself is humanly honest and fair: he rescues Masha Mironova from Shvabrin’s captivity and punishes the villain.

Pushkin claims that the concept of honor is characteristic of all people, regardless of their class. Whether to follow the code of honor or not depends not on origin, but on the personal qualities of each person.

In the novel “Hero of Our Time” by M. Yu. Lermontov, the theme of honor is revealed through the contrast between Grushnitsky and Pechorin. Both heroes are typical representatives of the nobility of that time. Each of them has unique concepts about noble and officer honor, each perceives and interprets it in their own way.

For Pechorin, the personal “I” comes first; all his actions are subordinated to the satisfaction of his desires. To get what he wants, he manipulates people without a twinge of conscience. Having decided to get the Circassian Bela, the hero uses her brother’s passion for good horses and literally forces the young man to steal the girl for him. But, fed up with her love, Pechorin simply forgets about her. He doesn’t even think about the feelings of Bela herself, who selflessly loved him, about her desecrated honor. This confirms that the concept of human dignity for Pechorin is very conditional.

But in the chapter “Princess Mary” we see that Pechorin is no stranger to nobility. During a duel with cadet Grushnitsky, the hero does not want to kill his opponent until the last moment. Knowing that Grushnitsky’s seconds loaded only one pistol, the main character until the last moment gives his opponent a chance to change his mind. Having allowed Grushnitsky to shoot first, the hero is ready for almost inevitable death, but he missed. Pechorin understands that he will kill Grushnitsky, so he gives him the opportunity to apologize. But Grushnitsky is in such despair that he himself asks Grigory Alexandrovich to shoot, because otherwise he will kill him at night from around the corner. And Pechorin shoots.

In another aspect, the theme of honor is revealed in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Idiot.” Using the example of the image of Nastasya Filippovna Barashkina, the writer shows how human and female honor can be violated. In adolescence, the heroine was dishonored by the rich nobleman Totsky. Living with him for a long time, Nastasya Fillipovna fell, first of all, in her own eyes. Being by nature a highly moral and pure being, the heroine began to despise and hate herself, although everything that happened was not her fault. Believing in her depravity and dishonor, she began to behave in an appropriate manner. Nastasya Fillipovna believed that she was unworthy of happiness and sincere love, so she did not marry Prince Myshkin.

We can say that, having lost her honor, the heroine lost her life. Therefore, in the end, she dies at the hands of her admirer, the merchant Rogozhin.

The theme of honor is an important theme in Russian literature of the 19th century. According to Russian writers, honor is one of the main qualities of the human personality. In their works they addressed questions: what is true honor and what is imaginary, what lengths can be taken to protect human honor, is a dishonorable life possible, and so on.

First of all, these are not words, but actions. You can say a thousand times that you are honest, kind and noble, but in reality be a deceitful villain. Real honor rarely comes with grandiloquent speeches. You don't have to flaunt your good deeds to be a noble person. Honor does not require gratitude and recognition. People who put this quality first help just like that, without expecting anything in return. A truly noble person does not pay attention to public opinion, but lives according to the laws and conscience. For him this is above all. Although, of course, an insult to honor was not left unanswered: previously, conflicts related to humiliation of dignity were resolved by a duel. And here public opinion already had some weight, but this was in the past and more often happened to young, impetuous people.

Very subtle and romantic natures. People who are older and more experienced, or simply with a cold and calculating mind, rarely found themselves in such situations, as they were guided by the wisdom of their past years, and the disappointment with society that was established in some souls forced them to take less and less into account the opinions of others. Of course, if they received a challenge, then, as noble individuals, they were obliged to accept it, otherwise the titles of cowards and scoundrels would have been assigned to them, but not a single person attached any importance to the duel itself. All this concerns personal honor, but when the dignity of the weaker, a woman, or relatives was hurt, it was defended by them to the last drop of blood. But, as already said, this is all in the past. But what is real? Duels have long since disappeared; there are fewer and fewer principled and truthful people. What place does honor have in today's society? Perhaps nobility still has an important meaning, although it is not easy to see behind many masks. True, maybe not always, but it triumphs. They also protect the weak, even to their own detriment. And to this day they look not only at a person’s words, but also at his deeds. And those who follow the important rule expressed by the ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus remain: “Do not gain honor for yourself by vanity, nor by the beauty of clothes or horses, nor by decoration, but by courage and wisdom.”

What about dishonor? This is the complete opposite of everything noble. Unfortunately, there have been many people with unclean thoughts at all times. Sweet are the words of dishonor; it easily draws you into its net. He has many faces, but the main ones are lies and betrayal. A dishonest person cannot be truthful. He is always accompanied by deception. Dishonest people will never help just like that, without benefiting themselves. They don't keep their promises. Loyalty to their word and ideals means nothing to them. It happens that dishonest people try to appear principled and noble. They speak beautiful speeches, create the appearance of good deeds, but at the first opportunity they themselves break all their words and vows. Such individuals are essentially cowardly and insignificant. But a large number of them are dangerous. Dishonor is like a plague that must be fought.

Many books have been written about honor. Many great authors have been interested in this question. Who hasn't written about him! This is one of the most numerous and important topics in literature. The question of honor has occupied people at all times.

Story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a work about honor and nobility. Many heroes are living embodiments of these qualities, but there are also those to whom they are alien. Pyotr Grinev is a young officer who came to serve in the Belogorsk fortress. Throughout the entire work, he grew spiritually and performed noble deeds. Grinev, despite the ban, challenged Shvabrin to a duel, defending the honor of Masha Mironova. The young man did not flinch when Pugachev came to the fortress. Grinev refused to come over to his side, despite generous offers of high positions. No wonder the young man’s father said: “Take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age.” Grinev followed this covenant stoically and strictly.

His antagonist is Shvabrin. He is proud and selfish. This man spread false rumors about Masha Mironova only because he could not achieve her love. And then he held the girl captive, forcing her to become his wife. During the capture of the fortress, Shvabrin went over to Pugachev’s side and groveled before him in every possible way. By breaking the oath, the hero gives honor to the officer and shows his cowardice and inability to be faithful to the word once given.

The poem by A.S. Pushkin raises the problem of honor in episodes related to the duel. Lensky, in his ardor, challenges Onegin to a duel, offended by Eugene’s behavior at the ball. The main character cannot refuse. The duel took place - the ending is tragic. Onegin acts, of course, dishonestly towards his friend, but still he does it not intentionally, but by accident, and greatly reproaches himself. Perhaps if Lensky had been less ardent, the tragedy could have been avoided.

As another example, I offer the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". Pechorin, the main character, is an individualist who enjoys playing on the feelings of others, but despite this he is honest in his own way. Knowing that the duel imposed on him was initially a losing one, he accepted it early, defending the honor of Princess Mary. Pechorin gives Grushnitsky the opportunity to retract his words and stop the fight, but he turns out to be too weak and insignificant to admit to deception and accept defeat.

So, honor matters a lot. This is the nobility of man and his moral principles. Without honest people, society cannot exist. They are his support and support. Only with their help can society prosper. Therefore, it is very important that there are always people who have a moral code, live according to their conscience and thereby make the world a better place.

Honor is one of the most significant human values. To act honestly means to listen to the voice of conscience, to live in harmony with oneself. Such a person will always have an advantage over others, since no circumstances can lead him astray from the true path. He values ​​his beliefs and remains true to them to the end. An unscrupulous person, on the contrary, sooner or later suffers defeat, if only because he betrayed himself. A liar loses his dignity and experiences a moral decline, and therefore he does not have the spiritual strength to defend his position to the end. As the famous quote from the movie Brother says, “There is strength in truth.”

In the story “The Captain's Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin, the theme of truth occupies a central place. As an epigraph, the author takes the well-known proverb “Take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age” and develops this idea throughout the entire work. In the story we see a “confrontation” between two heroes - Grinev and Shvabrin, one of whom chose to follow the path of honor, and the other turned away from this path. Petrusha Grinev defends not only the honor of the girl slandered by Shvabrin, he defends the honor of his Motherland and his empress, to whom he swore an oath. Grinev, in love with Masha, challenges Shvabrin to a duel, who has insulted the girl’s honor by allowing himself unacceptable hints towards her. During the duel itself, Shvabrin again acts dishonestly and wounds Grinev when he is distracted. But the reader sees who Masha chooses.

Pugachev's arrival at the fortress is another test for the heroes. Shvabrin, pursuing his own interests, goes over to Pugachev’s side and thereby betrays both himself and his Motherland. And Grinev, even under pain of death, remains true to his convictions. And Pugachev, the robber and revolutionary, leaves Grinev alive because he is able to appreciate such an act.

War is also a test of honor. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov” we again observe two opposing characters - the partisans Sotnikov and Rybak. Sotnikov, despite his illness, volunteers to go in search of food, “because others refused.” He alone fires back at the policemen, while Rybak runs away and abandons his comrade. Even after being captured, during interrogation, under severe torture, he does not reveal the location of his squad. Sotnikov dies on the gallows, but retains both honor and dignity.

The seemingly noble return of Rybak for his lagging comrade has low motives: he is afraid of the condemnation of others and does not know how to explain his treacherous act to the detachment. Then, in captivity, when they are being led to execution, Rybak agrees to go into service with the Germans in order to save his life. However, having lost his last hope of escaping, he comes to the conclusion that death is his only way out. But he fails to commit suicide, and this cowardly, weak-spirited man is forced to suffer under the blows of his conscience all his life.

In conclusion, I would like to say that we must cultivate and preserve the habit of acting honestly and according to our conscience. This is one of the foundations on which society rests. Even now, when the times of knights and duels are long gone, we must not forget the true meaning of the concept of “honor”.