The theme of the common fate of man and nature in modern prose. Essay “Nature and man in modern Russian prose (based on Prishvin’s “Phacelia”) Essays on topics

ANSWER Plan

1. Love for your small homeland. “Farewell to Matera” by V. Rasputin.

2. The separation of the old people from Matera; their pain and suffering.

3. Young heroes of the story. Their position.

4. What will remain for descendants?

5. Cost of transformations.

1. Each person has his own small homeland, that land that is the Universe and everything that Matera became for the heroes of the story by Valentin Rasputin. All V. Rasputin’s books originate from love for his small homeland. It is no coincidence that in the story “Farewell to Matera” one can easily read the fate of the writer’s native village, Atalanka, which fell into a flood zone during the years of construction of the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station.

Matera is both an island and a village of the same name. Russian peasants inhabited this place for three hundred years. Life goes on slowly, without haste, on this island, and over those more than three hundred years, Matera has made many people happy. She accepted everyone, became a mother to everyone and carefully fed her children, and the children responded to her with love. And the residents of Matera did not need comfortable houses with heating, or a kitchen with a gas stove. They did not see happiness in this. If only I had the opportunity to touch my native land, light the stove, drink tea from a samovar, live my whole life next to the graves of my parents, and when the turn comes, lie next to them. But Matera leaves, the soul of this world leaves.

2. They decided to build a powerful power plant on the river. The island fell into a flood zone. The entire village must be relocated to a new village on the banks of the Angara. But this prospect did not please the old people. Grandma Daria’s soul was bleeding, because she was not the only one who grew up in Matera. This is the homeland of her ancestors. And Daria herself considered herself the keeper of the traditions of her people. She sincerely believes that “they only gave Matera to us to keep... so that we could take good care of her and feed her.”

And the mothers stand up to defend their homeland, try to save their village, their history. But what can old men and women do against the almighty boss, who gave the order to flood Matera and wipe it off the face of the earth? For strangers, this island is just a territory, a flood zone. First of all, the newly minted builders tried to demolish the cemetery on the island. Reflecting on the causes of vandalism, Daria comes to the conclusion that people and society have begun to lose a sense of conscience. “There are a lot more people,” she reflects, “but my conscience is the same... But our conscience has grown old, she has become an old woman, no one looks at her... What about conscience, if this is happening!” Rasputin's characters directly associate the loss of conscience with a person's separation from the earth, from his roots, from age-old traditions. Unfortunately, only old men and women remained faithful to Matera. Young people live in the future and calmly part with their small homeland.

3. But the writer makes you wonder whether a person who left his native land, broke with his roots, will be happy, and, by burning bridges, leaving Matera, will he not lose his soul, his moral support? Pavel, Daria's eldest son, has the hardest time of all. He is torn into two houses: he needs to arrange life in a new village, but his mother has not yet been taken out of Matera. Paul's soul is on the island. It’s difficult for him to part with his mother’s hut, with the land of his ancestors: “It doesn’t hurt to lose it only for those who didn’t live here, didn’t work, didn’t water every furrow with their sweat,” he believes. But Paul is not able to rebel against the resettlement. It’s easier for Andrey, Daria’s grandson. He has already tasted something new. He is drawn to change: “Now time is so alive... everything, as they say, is in motion. I want my work to be visible, so that it remains forever...” In his mind, the hydroelectric power station is eternity, and Matera is already something outdated. Andrey's historical memory fails him. By leaving to build a hydroelectric power station, he, wittingly or unwittingly, makes room for his other like-minded people, “newcomers,” who do what is still inconvenient for a native of Matera to do - force people to leave the well-trodden land.

4. The result is deplorable... An entire village disappeared from the map of Siberia, and with it the unique traditions and customs that over the centuries shaped the human soul and its unique character. What will happen now to Andrei, who dreamed of building a power plant and sacrificed the happiness of his small homeland? What will happen to Petrukha, who is ready to sell his house, his village, and renounce his mother for money? What will happen to Pavel, who rushes between village and town, between island and mainland, between moral duty and petty vanity, and at the end of the story remains in a boat in the middle of the Angara, without landing on any of the banks? What will happen to that harmonious world, which for every person becomes a holy place on earth, like on Matera, where the royal foliage has survived, where the inhabitants - righteous old women welcome the Bogodum, unrecognizable anywhere, persecuted by the world, the wanderer, the holy fool, the “man of God”? What will happen to Russia? Rasputin pins his hope that Russia will not lose its roots on his grandmother Daria. It carries within itself those spiritual values ​​that are being lost with the advancing urban civilization: memory, loyalty to the family, devotion to one’s land. She took care of Matera, which she inherited from her ancestors, and wanted to pass it into the hands of her descendants. But the last spring for Matera comes and there is no one to hand over the native land to. And the earth itself will soon cease to exist, turning into the bottom of an artificial sea.

5. Rasputin is not against change, he does not try in his story to protest against everything new, progressive, but makes one think about such transformations in life that would not destroy the humanity in a person. People have the power to preserve their native land, not to let it disappear without a trace, to be not a temporary resident on it, but its eternal guardian, so that later they do not experience bitterness and shame in front of their descendants for the loss of something dear, close to their heart.

M. M. Prishvin is one of those lucky writers whom you can discover at any age: in childhood, in youth, as a mature person, in old age. And this discovery, if it happens, will truly be a miracle. Of particular interest is the deeply personal, philosophical poem “Phacelia”, the first part of “Forest Drop”. There are many secrets in life. And the biggest secret, in my opinion, is your own soul. What depths are hidden in it! Where does the mysterious longing for the unattainable come from? How to satisfy it? Why is the possibility of happiness sometimes frightening, frightening, and suffering is almost voluntarily accepted? This writer helped me discover myself, my inner world and, of course, the world around me.

“Phacelia” is a lyrical and philosophical poem, a song about the “inner star” and about the “evening” star in the writer’s life. In each miniature, true poetic beauty shines, determined by the depth of thought. The composition allows us to trace the growth of general joy. A complex range of human experiences, from melancholy and loneliness to creativity and happiness. A person reveals his thoughts, feelings, thoughts in no other way,

How in close contact with nature, which appears independently, as an active principle, life itself. The key ideas of the poem are expressed in the titles and epigraphs of its three chapters. “Desert”: “In the desert, thoughts can only be your own, that’s why they are afraid of the desert, because they are afraid to be left alone with themselves.” “Rosstan”: “There is a pillar, and from it there are three roads: one, another, the third to go - everywhere there is different trouble, but the same death. Fortunately, I am not going in the direction where the roads diverge, but from there back - for me, the disastrous roads from the pillar do not diverge, but converge. I am glad for the pillar and am returning to my home along the right single path, remembering my misfortunes at Rosstana.” “Joy”: “Sorrow, accumulating more and more in one soul, can one day flare up like hay and burn everything with the fire of extraordinary joy.”

Before us are the stages of the fate of the writer himself and any creatively minded person who is capable of realizing himself, his life. And in the beginning there was desert... loneliness... The pain of loss is still very strong. But you can already feel the approach of unprecedented joy. Two colors, blue and gold, the color of heaven and sun, begin to shine to us from the first lines of the poem.

Prishvin’s connection between man and nature is not only physical, but also more subtle and spiritual. In nature, what is happening to himself is revealed to him, and he calms down. “At night, some kind of unclear thought was in my soul, I went out into the air... And then I recognized in the river my thought about myself, that I, like the river, am not guilty, if I cannot echo with the whole world, closed from him with the dark veils of my longing for the lost Phacelia.” The deep, philosophical content of the miniatures also determines their unique form. Many of them, full of metaphors and aphorisms that help to condense thoughts to the utmost, resemble a parable. The style is laconic, even strict, without any hint of sensitivity or embellishment. Each phrase is unusually capacious and meaningful. “Yesterday, in the open sky, this river echoed with the stars, with the whole world. Today the sky closed, and the river lay under the clouds, like under a blanket, and the pain did not resonate with the world - no! In just two sentences, two different pictures of a winter night are visibly presented, and in context, two different mental states of a person. The word carries a rich semantic load. Thus, through repetition, the impression is strengthened by association: “... still remained a river and shone in the darkness and ran”; “... the fish... splashed much stronger and louder than yesterday, when the stars were shining and it was very cold.” In the final two miniatures of the first chapter, the motif of the abyss appears - as a punishment for omissions in the past and as a test that must be overcome.

But the chapter ends with a life-affirming chord: “...and then it may happen that a person will conquer even death with the last passionate desire for life.” Yes, a person can overcome even death, and, of course, a person can and must overcome his personal grief. All components in the poem are subject to internal rhythm - the movement of the writer’s thoughts. And often the thought is honed into aphorisms: “Sometimes poetry is born from spiritual pain in a strong person, like resin from trees.”

The second chapter, “Rosstan,” is devoted to identifying this hidden creative force. There are especially many aphorisms here. “Creative happiness could become the religion of humanity”; “Uncreative happiness is the contentment of a person living behind three castles”; “Where there is love, there is the soul”; “The quieter you are, the more you notice the movement of life.” The connection with nature is becoming closer. The writer seeks and finds in it “the beautiful sides of the human soul.” Does Prishvin humanize nature? In literary criticism there is no consensus on this matter. Some researchers find anthropomorphism in the writer’s works. Others take the opposite point of view. In man, the best aspects of the life of nature continue, and he can rightfully become its king, but a very clear philosophical formula about the deep connection between man and nature and the special purpose of man:

“I stand and grow—I am a plant.
I stand and grow and walk - I am an animal.
I stand, and grow, and walk, and think - I am a man.

I stand and feel: the earth is under my feet, the whole earth. Leaning on the ground, I rise: and above me is the sky—the whole sky is mine. And Beethoven’s symphony begins, and its theme: the whole sky is mine.” In the writer’s artistic system, detailed comparisons and parallelisms play an important role. The miniature “Old Linden Tree,” which concludes the second chapter, reveals the main feature of this tree—selfless service to people. The third chapter is called “Joy.” And joy is truly generously scattered already in the very names of the miniatures: “Victory”, “Smile of the Earth”, “Sun in the Forest”, “Birds”, “Aeolian Harp”, “First Flower”, “Evening of the Blessing of the Buds”, “Water and Love” ”, “Chamomile”, “Love”, A parable of consolation, a parable of joy opens this chapter: “My friend, neither in the north nor in the south is there a place for you if you yourself are defeated... But if there is victory - and after all, every victory - this is over yourself - if even the wild swamps alone were witnesses of your victory, then they too will flourish with extraordinary beauty, and spring will remain with you forever, one spring, glory to the victory.”

The surrounding world appears not only in all the splendor of colors, but is also sound and fragrant. The range of sounds is unusually wide: from the gentle, barely perceptible ringing of icicles, an aeolian harp, to the powerful blows of a stream in a steep direction. And the writer can convey all the different smells of spring in one or two phrases: “You take one bud, rub it between your fingers, and then for a long time everything smells like the fragrant resin of birch, poplar or the special memorable smell of bird cherry...”.

Integral structural elements in Prishvin’s landscape sketches are artistic time and space. For example, in the miniature “Evening of the Consecration of the Buds” the onset of darkness and the change of pictures of the evening summer are conveyed very clearly, visibly, with the help of words - color designations: “it began to get dark... the buds began to disappear, but the drops on them glowed...”. The perspective is clearly outlined, space is felt: “The drops glowed... only the drops and the sky: the drops took their light from the sky and shone for us in the dark forest.” A person, if he has not violated his agreement with the surrounding world, is inseparable from it. The same tension of all vital forces, as in a blossoming forest, is in his soul. The metaphorical use of the image of a blossoming bud makes this felt in its entirety: “It seemed to me as if I had all gathered into one resinous bud and wanted to open up to meet my only unknown friend, so beautiful that just by waiting for him, all the obstacles to my movement crumble into insignificant dust.”

From a philosophical point of view, the miniature “Forest Stream” is very important. In the natural world, Mikhail Mikhailovich was especially interested in the life of water; in it he saw analogues with human life, with the life of the heart. “Nothing lurks like water, and only a person’s heart sometimes hides in the depths and from there it suddenly illuminates, like the dawn on large, quiet water. A person’s heart is hidden, and that is why there is light,” we read the entry in the diary. Or here’s another: “Do you remember, my friend, the rain? Each drop fell separately, and there were innumerable millions of these drops. While these drops were carried in a cloud and then fell, this was our human life in drops. And after all the drops merge, the water collects in streams and rivers into the ocean, and again, evaporating, the ocean water gives birth to drops, and the drops fall again, merging.” Recorded on October 21, 1943 in Moscow.

“Forest Stream” is truly a symphony of a running stream, it is also a reflection on human life and eternity. The stream is the “soul of the forest”, where “grasses are born to the music”, where “resinous buds open to the sounds of the stream”, “and the tense shadows of the streams run along the trunks”. And the person thinks: sooner or later, he, too, like a stream, will fall into big water and will also be the first there. Water gives life-giving power to everyone. Here, as in “The Pantry of the Sun,” there is a motif of two different paths. The water divided and, having run around a large circle, joyfully came together again. There are no different roads for people who have a warm and honest heart. These roads are to love. The writer’s soul embraces everything alive and healthy that is on earth, and is filled with the highest joy: “... my desired moment came and stopped, and as the last person from the earth, I was the first to enter the blooming world. My stream has come to the ocean."

And the evening star lights up in the sky. A woman comes to the artist, and he talks to her, and not to his dream, about love. Mikhail Mikhailovich attached special importance to love for a woman. “Only through love can you find yourself as a person, and only as a person can you enter the world of human love.”

We are now very alienated from nature, especially city dwellers. Many people have a purely consumer interest in it. And if all people had the same attitude towards nature as M. M. Prishvin, then life would be more meaningful and richer. And nature would be preserved. The poem “Phacelia” shows a person the way out of a dead end in life, out of a state of despair. And it can help not just get on solid ground, but find joy. This is a work for every person, although Mikhail Mikhailovich said that he writes not for everyone, but for his reader. You just need to learn to read and understand Prishvin.

1. Plan. Introduction……………………………………………………. ………………………….. 3 Chapter I Characteristics of Dostoevsky’s worldview. 1. Moral, ethical and religious views of the artist; the question of the “nature” of man…………………………12 2. The writer’s attitude to the Bible; role...
2. In every book, the preface is the first and at the same time the last thing; it either serves as an explanation of the purpose of the essay, or as a justification and response to critics. But...
3. Everyone agrees that no book has ever produced so many varied opinions as Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends. And - what's all...
4. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 “PORTRAIT” CHAPTER 2 “DEAD SOULS” CHAPTER 3 “SELECTED PLACES FROM CORRESPONDENCE WITH FRIENDS” § 1 “Woman in the Light” § 2 “About...
5. Every year there are fewer and fewer of us among us who met the fateful dawn on June 22, 1941. Those who, in the harsh autumn of 1941...
6. My servant, cook and hunting companion, the woodsman Yarmola, entered the room, bent over under a bundle of firewood, threw it onto the floor with a crash and breathed...
7. Biography pages. The work of Belyaev as the founder of Soviet science fiction. Conclusion. Conclusion. Bibliography: Alexander Romanovich Belyaev was born on March 16, 1884 in Smolensk, in the family of a priest. Father...
8. In many works of Soviet literature of the 1960-80s, the attitude towards nature and its perception are the measure of human morality. In the stories “Spring Changelings” by V. Tendryakov, “White Steamer” Ch....
9. L. P. Egorova, P. K. Chekalov Philosophical issues The richness and complexity of the philosophical issues of the novel “The Road to the Ocean”, the originality and unusualness of its form were not understood...

What to think about? Russian classical literature provides fertile material for cultivating in a person a loving attitude towards nature. It is difficult to find other national literature in the world that would pay so much attention to the theme “Nature and Man.”

What to think about? Descriptions of nature in Russian classical literature are not just the background against which the action unfolds, they are important in the overall structure of the work, in the characterization of the character, because in relation to nature, the inner appearance of a person, his spiritual and moral component, is also revealed.

What to think about? The English writer Charles Snow, speaking about the difference between English literature and Russian literature, noted: “In almost all works of Russian literature, and above all by Tolstoy, the English reader feels the breath of vast spaces, endless Russian plains.”

Thesis: “Man and nature are a single whole. We are all a product of nature, part of it” M. Prishvin “The Pantry of the Sun” In the work “The Pantry of the Sun” Prishvin expressed his innermost thoughts about the relationship between man and nature: “We are the masters of our nature, and for us it is the pantry of the sun with great treasures life." Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”

V. Astafiev “The Tsar Fish” In “The Tsar Fish” Viktor Astafiev writes about the life-giving principle of the union of man and nature. The relationship between man and nature, according to Astafiev, should be built on the principles of harmony. Attempts to “conquer” nature can lead to the death of everything. Fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. To avoid death, he is forced to release her. An encounter with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life.

Thesis: “The surrounding nature can change a person, make him happy.” V. Shukshin “The Old Man, the Sun and the Girl” In the story by Vasily Makarovich Shukshin “The Old Man, the Sun and the Girl” we see an example of an attitude towards native nature. The old man, the hero of the work, comes to the same place every evening and watches the sun set. To the girl artist who is next to him, he comments every minute on the changing colors of the sunset. How unexpected the discovery will be for us, the readers, and for the heroine, that the grandfather turns out to be blind! For more than 10 years! How you must love your native land in order to remember its beauty for decades!

Yu. Yakovlev “Awakened by nightingales.” The mischievous, restless Selyuzhonok was once awakened by nightingales in a pioneer camp. Angry, with a stone in his hand, he decides to deal with the birds, but freezes, mesmerized by the song of the nightingale. Something moved in the boy’s soul; he wanted to see and then portray the forest wizard. And even though the bird he sculpted from plasticine does not even remotely resemble a nightingale, Seluzhonok experienced the life-giving power of art. When the nightingale woke him up again, he raised all the children from their beds so that they too could hear the magic trills. The author argues that the comprehension of beauty in nature leads to the comprehension of beauty in art.

V. Shukshin “Zaletny” Sanya Neverov, the hero of V. M. Shukshin’s story “Zaletny,” in his words, “lived wrong all his life.” But when he fell ill and death knocked on his door, he suddenly passionately wanted to live. To live to contemplate the beauty of nature that I simply did not notice before. “I saw spring forty times, forty times! And only now I understand: good. Let me take a look at her, for spring! Let me rejoice!” he says. L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Episodes “Night in Otradnoye”, “Oak”. Natasha Rostova, the heroine of the novel “War and Peace” by Leo Tolstoy, cannot tear herself away from contemplating the beautiful moonlit night. She is so enraptured by the night landscape that she cannot even think about sleep. Andrei Bolkonsky, who also admired the beautiful night scene and accidentally overheard the exclamations of a girl enchanted by the beauty of the night, will suddenly come to the conclusion that “life is not over at thirty-one years old”...

F. Abramov “There is, there is such a medicine” “...Baba Manya stood up. She got up, made it home with difficulty, and fell ill: she developed bilateral pneumonia. Grandma Manya did not get out of bed for more than a month, and the doctors had no doubt: the old woman would die. There is no medicine in the world that can raise an old person from the dead. Yes, there is such a medicine! Starlings brought it to Baba Mana...”

Thesis: It is necessary to take care of nature. Saint-Exupéry “The Little Prince” A very important idea of ​​the fairy tale-parable is ingenuously expressed in the words of the main character - the Little Prince: “Get up, wash your face, put yourself in order and immediately put your planet in order.” Man is not the king of nature, and if he does not follow its laws, then the eternal world order may be disrupted, the author believes. Through the mouth of another hero of the fairy tale - the Fox - the author reminds us, people: “We are responsible for those we have tamed.” B.Sh. Okudzhava "Mouse"

Works-arguments to the thematic block: 1.B.Ekimov “Night Passes” 2.V.Shukshin “The Old Man, the Sun and the Girl” 3.V.Krupin “Drop the Bag” 4.V.Rasputin “Farewell to Matera” 5.B .Shukshin “Zaletny” 6.V.Astafiev “He who does not grow, dies...” 7.V.Degtev “Intelligent beings” 8.V.Degtev “Dandelion” 9. Ch.Aitmatov “Scaffold” 10. V. Astafiev “ Vasyutkino Lake" 11. B. Vasiliev "Don't shoot white swans"

Aphorisms…Quotes…. William Shakespeare: The earth, nature's mother, is also her grave: what she gave birth to, she buried. Mikhail Prishvin: The woman who gives birth is closest to nature: on one side she is even nature itself, and on the other hand, man himself. Mikhail Prishvin: For others, nature is firewood, coal, ore, or a dacha, or just a landscape. For me, nature is the environment from which, like flowers, all our human talents grew. Alexander Herzen: Grandiose things are done with grandiose means. Nature alone does great things for nothing. Nature has taken care of everything so much that everywhere you find something to learn.

Leonardo da Vinci: In nature, everything is wisely thought out and arranged, everyone should do their work, and in this wisdom there is the highest justice of life. Marcus Tullius Cicero: The study and observation of nature gave birth to science. Leonardo da Vinci: Nature has taken care of everything so much that everywhere you find something to learn. Michel Montaigne: There is nothing useless in nature. Jules Renard: God was not bad at nature, but he misfired with man. Karl Marx: Man lives by nature.

Nature itself, this beautiful and tireless mistress, takes care of teaching all youth what love is. (V. Trediakovsky) Marcus Tullius Cicero: *All nature strives for self-preservation. * The main inclination of man is directed towards what corresponds to nature * Every day nature itself reminds us how few, how small things it needs. * The earth never returns without surplus what it has received. * And whatever nature does to a person!!!

From communicating with nature you will get as much light as you want, and as much courage and strength as you need. (F.G. Ranevskaya) Like a great artist, nature knows how to achieve great effects with small means. (Z.I. Godfried ) Forests teach people to understand beauty. (G. Heine) Let us not... be too deluded by our victories over nature. For every such victory she takes revenge on us. (F. Engels)

Nature provides enough to satisfy natural needs. (Seneca) Like a great artist, nature knows how to achieve great effects with small means. (G. Heine) There are many wonderful forces in nature, but none are stronger than man. (Sophocles) Nature... awakens in us the need for love... (I. Turgenev) The great book of nature is open to everyone, and in this great book so far... only the first pages have been read. (D. Pisarev) Everything in nature, without violence, is in accordance with the Tao , and without persuasion is imbued with goodness, every thing in calm joy, without knowing pride, finds harmony. (Huainan Zi)

Even in his most beautiful dreams, a person cannot imagine anything more beautiful than nature. (Alphonse de Lamartine) How could nature be so bright and beautiful if man’s destiny were not the same? (Henry Thoreau) Johann Goethe: Nature is the creator of all creators. (I. Goethe) Marcus Tullius Cicero: The power of nature is great. We know the opinion of the greatest scientists that various branches of knowledge require study and instruction, but the poetic ability is created by nature itself, and the poet creates from his spirit and at the same time, as if inspired from above. Lucretius: Nature perfects everything. (Lucretius)

The earth, nature’s mother, is also her grave: what she gave birth to, she buried. (W. Shakespeare) Mikhail Prishvin: The woman who gives birth is closest to nature: on one side she is even nature itself, and on the other, man himself. For others, nature is firewood, coal, ore, or a dacha, or just a landscape. For me, nature is the environment from which, like flowers, all our human talents grew. Great things are done with great means. Nature alone does great things for free. (A. Herzen) In nature, everything is wisely thought out and arranged, everyone should be engaged in their work, and in this wisdom is the highest justice of life. (L. da Vinci)

The study and observation of nature gave birth to science. (M.T. Cicero) Leonardo da Vinci: Nature has taken care of everything so much that everywhere you find something to learn. (L. da Vinci) There is nothing useless in nature. (Michel Montaigne) God is not bad Nature was a success, but with man it misfired. (Jules Renard)

In nature, everything is wisely thought out and arranged, everyone should mind their own business, and in this wisdom is the highest justice of life. (L. da Vinci) The study and observation of nature gave birth to science. (M. T. Cicero) Nature took care of everything so much that everywhere you find something to learn. (L. da Vinci) There is nothing useless in nature. (Michel Montaigne) God was not bad at nature, but with man he misfired. (Jules Renard)

Nina Valerievna Ryzhkina

I'm the same as I was

And I will be all my life:

Not a slave, not a cattle, not a tree,

But man.

A. Radishchev

NATURE IS NOT A TEMPLE, BUT A WORKSHOP,

AND THE PERSON IN IT IS A WORKER.

I. S. TURGENEV

…SAD NATURE

LYING AROUND, SIGHING HEAVY,

AND WILD FREEDOM IS NOT NICE TO HER,

WHERE EVIL IS INSEPARATED FROM GOOD.

N. ZABOLOTSKY

MAN IS NOT THE KING OF NATURE,

NOT A KING, BUT A SON.

Literature:

V. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”

V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”, “What is in the word, what is behind the word”

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”

N. Nikonov “On the Wolves”

B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”

B. Isaev “The hunter killed the crane”

N. Zabolotsky “Cranes”

G. Troepolsky “White Bim Black Ear”

Yu. Shcherbak “Chernobyl”

V. Gubarev “Sarcophagus”

I. Polyansky “Clean Zone”

1. The problem of “dialogue” between nature and man is growing into a universal human problem. The consumer attitude towards nature “is fraught with a tragic conflict between man and humanity with the primeval source of life” (D. N. Murin)

2. Conversation with the class:

Do you consider the topic “Man and Nature” to be one of the leading ones in modern literature?

What works do you think explore this theme?

Which characters do you remember, what is their relationship with nature?

What environmental disaster “zones” do you know about? Can they be called the result of scientific and technological progress?

- “Nature is not, but a workshop.” Do you agree with this statement?

3. One of the contradictions of the scientific and technological revolution is the discrepancy between the gigantic opportunities that a person armed with technology receives and the often low morality of this person, that is, the use of these opportunities for nature and man for evil. That is why, having discovered this dangerous contradiction, literature, turning on the “loud bells”, turned to collisions that threaten innumerable troubles for the entire planet.

Yesterday's children of nature today felt themselves to be its undivided masters and began to cut it, reshape it, and at the same time poison it, kill it wherever and however they wanted (this was not always explained by an egoistic position - sometimes simply by the inability to foresee long-term consequences). The logical consequence of this process was the bitterness of people, the subordination of themselves to various types of machinery without taking into account the interests of all life on earth, the biosphere as a whole.

Here, for example, is an episode from the story “On the Wolves” by writer Nikolai Nikonov:

“- Chichas what? - continued the huntsman. - technology is everywhere... Just a moment, no one uses a cross-cut saw - only a fool shuffles around. But it’s easier to take an animal with equipment... We have a guy, a driver and a tractor driver... A machine operator, in general... He got the hang of crushing rabbits with a car... At night. Or maybe the badger is in fashion. Women and men wear badger hats. They order. At the flea market, skins are torn by hand. What about fur? Have you seen it? Beauty... It moves in waves... And where can I get it... a badger. He's underground...hiding in a hole. So you take a motorcycle, we have a guy here, Vitka Brynia... You take a motorcycle, put hoses on its exhaust pipes. Well, you drive up to the hole and push the hoses in there. The motorcycle is just standing there. And you wait - the badger, even though it has been hibernating since the fall, comes out. He can’t stand the fumes... You whip him, and that’s it... I recently got a healthy female, and with her a badger, the size of a mitten...

Gggad! – the artist suddenly shouted, frightening everyone, jumping up....- You bastard! Wow... you bastard... I'll kill you! - and climbed at the huntsman with his fists... - I wish... you... with wire...»

In Ch. Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” there is also an episode of the execution of saigas. With the help of a helicopter, they were driven into a trap and shot at point-blank range, because it was necessary to give a plan for meat procurement.

“And then it was truly like thunder from the sky - those helicopters appeared again. This time they flew too quickly and immediately went threateningly low over the alarmed population of saigas, which wildly rushed away from the monstrous misfortune. It happened abruptly and stunningly quickly - more than one hundred frightened antelopes, going mad, having lost their leaders and orientation, succumbed to a disorderly panic, because these harmless animals could not resist the flying technology.”

And another example is the blasphemous praise of powerful technology raised by a malicious poacher in Astafiev’s story “The Tsar Fish”. Having caught a sterlet (fishing is prohibited), the Commander leaves the fishery inspection on a motor boat:

“It’s as if the Whirlwind motor was invented especially for poachers! It’s named – it’s poured in!

Speeds have increased, times have decreased. Just think: just recently they were scraping on poles and blades. Now, briefly in the evening, you’ll jump out onto the river, bypass the slow-moving fishermen, scoop up a fish under their noses, and quickly head off. There is a holiday in the soul, there is a ringing in the pocket, not life - raspberries! Thanks to a smart man for such a motor! No wonder I studied to be an engineer! If I had a drink with him, I’d put up a bucket – it wouldn’t be a shame!”

In the same book, Astafiev speaks directly from himself:

“There was a roar ahead, hasty, gun-slinging, the way a fisherman never shoots. This is how a robber shoots, a thief!.. I was in the war, I saw enough of everything in the heat of the trenches and I know what blood does to a person! That’s why I’m afraid when people go wild in shooting, even at an animal or a bird, and casually, playfully, shed blood. They do not know that, having ceased to be afraid of blood, without reverence for it, hot, living, they imperceptibly cross that fatal line beyond which a person ends, and from distant times filled with cave horror, the fanged mug of a primitive savage stands out and looks, without blinking. "

Radiy Pogodin, a talented children's writer, in the article “Who are you, ruler of the earth?” wrote:

“We have eight million registered sports hunters in our country. Each one has a double-barreled shotgun. How many trunks come out into the forest every spring and autumn? Sixteen million! (For example: Napoleon's army numbered only five hundred thousand soldiers.) Each hunter is allowed to kill five ducks. Where can I get so many ducks? I learned these figures from Nikolai Ivanovich Sladkov. This is truly and straight to the point: “He who increases knowledge increases sorrow.” An aversion to hunting as a sport should be cultivated from childhood, if only because sport presupposes equality in strength. Can such a competition, so to speak, be called a sport, in which on the one hand there is a double-barreled shotgun, on the other there is only fluff and feathers?

Filled with burning pain for nature, saturated with active hatred for its destroyers, literature everywhere acts as a kind of concentrated embodiment of the ideas and morality of the advanced part of our society, of humanity as a whole. Alarm trumpets are sounding everywhere. Literature awakens and awakens public consciousness, calling us to wake up from carelessness, look around us, and think about the moral meaning of the relationship between man and nature.

Despite the similarity of the moral positions of the authors, there are different thematic epicenters. Aitmatov depicts the Mother Deer, the ancestor of the mountain people, in “The White Steamship.” The beauty and power of eternal nature is personified in the strong, mighty, perfect inhabitants of the waters: the whale by Yuri Rytkheu (“Where do the whales go?”), the salmon by Fyodor Abramov (“Once upon a time there was a salmon”), the king sturgeon by Viktor Astafiev.

In other cases, the beauty and defenselessness of nature are embodied in the image of one of the most beautiful inhabitants of the air element - the swan. Boris Vasiliev’s story “Don’t Shoot White Swans” caused a great public outcry. For forester Yegor Polushkin, the swans, which he brings to the remote Black Lake so that this lake becomes Swan Lake, are a symbol of everything pure and lofty that a person should protect.

N. Zabolotsky’s poem “Cranes” is filled with pain and anxiety

A ray of fire struck the bird's heart,

A quick flame flared up and went out,

And a piece of wondrous greatness

It fell on us from above.

Two wings, like two huge griefs,

Embraced the cold wave

And, echoing the sorrowful sob,

The cranes rushed into the heights.

Only where the stars move,

To atone for one's own evil

Nature returned to them again

Then death took with it:

Proud spirit, high aspiration,

An unyielding will to fight, -

Everything from the previous generation

Youth passes on to you.

The same theme is in the poem by Yegor Isaev “The Hunter Killed the Crane”, published in the newspaper “Pravda” (July 24, 1985). The name itself allows us to see in it a concentrated expression of modern public concern both for nature (figuratively speaking, for the crane) and for human morality (figuratively speaking, for the poacher). The passionate, repentant confession of a hunter, whose conscience is poisoned by a cursed intoxicating potion, awakens under the influence of the crime committed - this is the content of the poem.

“Man is the king of all nature”? Is that what is generally accepted?

There would be grub and duckweed - wow!

And conscience

Tell me, why do you, king?

You better get up and order

Another hundred...

This is the beginning, which tells about the origins of a crime in the forest - about a senseless, cruel shot from a gun at the leader of a flock of cranes. And here is the ending of the poem:

Since then I have not been a walker

In that same forest.

There is a trial going on. –

He looked up

Into the empty blue. –

Man is not the king of nature,

Not a king, but a son.

One of the culminating scenes of the poem (and it is built on the principle of increasing tension) is the hunter’s dream:

And from the fog, I see him,

My brother Ivan,

In buttonholes - kubari

On blue.

Goes, touches the dawn

High forehead.

As if from the sky

Where he was shot down.

Because of the Dnieper.

And it looks straight into my heart:

- What are you doing, brother?

Do you hit yours?

Not good.

What are you, a fascist?..-

And he moved away and left,

He died posthumously young,

In the prime of life...

Killed my pilot brother! The crane is a brother! This is what the hunter saw in his dream.

Such is the merciless judgment of conscience, such is the connection of deep associations in the hunter’s consciousness and in our reader’s consciousness.

The number of various living beings in need of our protection and written out by writers on the pages of books, on the screens of cinemas and televisions is growing every year, and this surge itself is extremely symptomatic. “Who needs him, this Vaska?” - Sergei Obraztsov asks from the screens. And it turns out that we need it, all those who want to preserve a living soul within themselves.

The widespread success of the story “White Bim Black Ear” by Gabriel Troepolsky and the film of the same name, based on this story by Stanislav Rostotsky, indicates that the appeal addressed to human conscience is finding the broadest public resonance.

The story of the tragic fate of the setter Bim, betrayed by evil people, ends, as we remember, with a scene in the forest:

“And it was spring.

And drops of heaven on earth.

And it was very quiet.

So quiet, as if there was no evil anywhere.

But... still, in the forest, someone... shot! Shot three times.

Who? For what? In whom?

Maybe an evil man wounded that handsome woodpecker and finished him off with two charges...

Or maybe one of the hunters buried the dog, and she was three years old...

No, it’s not calm in this blue temple with columns made of live oaks,” thought Ivan Ivanovich, standing with his white head bare and looking up at him. And it was like spring prayer.

The forest was silent."

Yes, it’s restless in the blue temple of nature. But if the forest is silent, then its guardians are not silent. Is it possible not to recall here the already classic “Russian Forest” by L. Leonov? The central character of this work, the forester Vikhrov, fighting for scientific forest management, is concerned not only with the health of his people, but also with the future of all humanity. In this work, the struggle for the preservation of nature and the Russian forest is inextricably linked with moral issues.

But perhaps the most alarming and most tragic exposure of the poacher who lives in the human soul was V. Rasputin’s philosophical story “Farewell to Matera.”

The wonderful island of Matera is being destroyed and going under water. This is inevitable, because below it, on the Angara, a colossal dam will be built, which will raise water for the operation of a hydroelectric power station. And this destruction of nature is combined with the unreasonable, senseless destruction of everything human on Matera. It’s scary, barbaric, the graves in the cemetery are being plundered. With some kind of crazy voluptuousness, the huts in which the lives of generations have passed are set on fire.

The only thing that opposes this oppressive, tragic action is the royal foliage, which neither the ax nor the fire can take, and the condemnation of the inhuman Sabbath by the ancient old women. The main one, Daria, tells her grandson, who is aiming to run away to build a state district power plant: “I am not your decree. We have done our share. Only you and you, Andryushenka, will remember after me when you are exhausted. Where were you in a hurry, tell me, what did you manage to do? And he even managed to add some heat to the area. Live... She, your life, look what taxes she takes: Give her Mater, she is hungry. If only Matera alone?! He snatches, grunts and snorts and demands even more strongly than that. Let's sing. And where to go: you will give. Otherwise, you're screwed. You let her go from the reins, now there is no stopping her. Blame it on yourself... But you can’t, you’ve made all sorts of machines... Cut it off and take it where the land is, put it side by side. When the Lord released the land, he did not give anyone an extra fathom. And she has become superfluous to you. Take it away and let it be. It will suit you and will serve your grandchildren. They will thank you.

Grandma, there are no such cars. These were not invented.

We thought we would come up with something.”

This thoughtless attitude towards nature produces results.

Takes revenge on a person. In Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold,” Akbar’s she-wolf steals the child of a Boston shepherd because people stole wolf cubs from her.

“And so Akbara stood in front of the baby. And it is not clear how she discovered that this was a cub, the same as any of her wolf cubs, only human, and when he reached out to her head to stroke the kind dog, Akbara’s heart, exhausted from grief, trembled. She came up to him and licked his cheek. The baby was delighted by her affection, laughed quietly, and hugged the wolf by the neck. And then Akbara got completely tired, lay down at his feet, began to play with him... Akbara licked the cub, and he liked it. The she-wolf poured out the tenderness that had accumulated in her onto him, inhaling his childish smell. How gratifying it would be, she thought, if this human cub lived in her lair under the overhang of the rock ... "

Catching up with the she-wolf, Boston shoots and kills his son. This is the kind of terrible revenge that befalls people. Aitmatov constantly emphasizes in this work: animals are the same living beings as people, they suffer just as much: “At home, he put the baby’s body in a crib, already prepared for the upcoming loading onto the car, and then Gulyumkan fell to the headboard and howled like Akbar howled at night..."

The earth also takes revenge on environmental disasters. In 1986, there was a terrible accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This is the documentary story of Yu. Shcherbak “Chernobyl” (1987). The work is stunning in its sincerity and authenticity. It is based on documents, letters, stories, interviews taken from participants in the terrible events of April 26, 1986. The disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is a catastrophe that shocked the world. “Chernobyl is the last warning to humanity,” warns R. Gale.

To one, nature is a mother, and to another, nature is a stepmother.

The main theme of V. Rasputin’s journalism in recent years is the topic of ecology, the fight for the purity of Baikal, for the preservation of the natural environment, since Rasputin is one of those who are called drowned. According to the writer, talking about ecology means talking about saving lives. And at the same time he emphasizes that talking about salvation is becoming increasingly difficult. We have to reach the minds and hearts of readers in different ways. First of all, it comes from the language - the ambiguity of the word “master”. Changes in nature are associated with the development of funds. The following shows how this money is used.

HOMO – GOMUS – “earth” and “man” are the same root words.

Rasputin talks about raising environmental awareness. We need to experience a disaster to understand the problem.

He writes about nature and strives to form an aesthetic attitude towards nature (essay “Baikal” in the book “What’s in the Word, What’s Behind the Word”). The proof of beauty can be the opinion of a stranger. Beauty is not destroyed, beauty is loved - the main thesis

The question of attitude to nature, to native places is also a question of attitude to the Motherland. This is exactly how patriotic writers put it now. This is a question of what kind of person is and what kind of person he should be.

Nature is both a temple and a workshop, but it must be managed wisely in order not only to preserve the unique treasures of nature, but also to increase them for the benefit of modern and future humanity.

In the 70s and 80s. of our century, the lyre of poets and prose writers sounded powerfully in defense of the environment. Writers went to the microphone, wrote articles for newspapers, putting aside work on works of art. They defended our lakes and rivers, forests and fields. It was a reaction to the dramatic urbanization of our lives. Villages went bankrupt, cities grew. As always in our country, all this was done on a grand scale, and chips flew everywhere. Now the gloomy results of the damage caused by hot heads to our nature have already been summed up.

Writers who are fighters for ecology were all born near nature, know and love it. These are such well-known prose writers here and abroad as Viktor Astafiev and Valentin Rasputin.

Astafiev calls the hero of the story “The Fish Tsar” “master”. Indeed, Ignatyich knows how to do everything better and faster than anyone else. He is distinguished by thrift and accuracy. “Of course, Ignatyich caught fish better than anyone and more than everyone else, and this was not disputed by anyone, it was considered legal, and no one was envious of him, except for the younger brother of the Commander.” The relationship between the brothers was difficult. The commander not only did not hide his hostility towards his brother, but also showed it at the first opportunity. Ignatyich tried not to pay attention to it. Actually, he treated all the residents of the village with some superiority and even condescension. The main character of the story, of course, is far from ideal: he is dominated by greed and a consumerist attitude towards nature. The author brings the main character face to face with nature. For all his sins before her, nature presents Ignatyich with a severe test. It happened like this: Ignatyich goes fishing on the Yenisei and, not content with small fish, waits for sturgeon. “And at that moment the fish announced itself, went to the side, the hooks clicked on the iron, and blue sparks shot out from the side of the boat. Behind the stern, the heavy body of a fish seethed, spun around, rebelled, scattering water like rags of burnt, black rags.” At that moment, Ignatyich saw a fish at the very side of the boat. “I saw it and was taken aback: there was something rare, primitive not only in the size of the fish, but also in the shape of its body - it looked like a prehistoric lizard...” The fish immediately seemed ominous to Ignatich. His soul seemed to be split in two: one half was telling him to let the fish go and thereby save himself, but the other half did not want to let such a sturgeon go, because the king fish comes only once in a lifetime. The fisherman's passion takes precedence over prudence. Ignatyich decides to catch the sturgeon at any cost. But due to carelessness, he ends up in the water, on the hook of his own gear. Ignatyich feels that he is drowning, that the fish is pulling him to the bottom, but he can do nothing to save himself. In the face of death, the fish becomes a kind of creature for him. The hero, who has never believed in God, at this moment turns to him for help. Ignatyich remembers what he tried to forget throughout his life: a disgraced girl who was doomed to eternal suffering. It turned out that nature, also in a sense a “woman,” took revenge on him for the harm he had caused. Nature took cruel revenge on man. Ignatyich, “not having control of his mouth, but still hoping that at least someone would hear him, hissed intermittently and raggedly: “Gla-a-asha-a-a, forgive-ti-i-i. ..” And when the fish lets go of Ignatyich, he feels that his soul is freed from the sin that has weighed on him throughout his life. It turned out that nature fulfilled the divine task: it called the sinner to repentance and for this absolved him of his sin. The author leaves hope for a life without sin not only to his hero, but also to all of us, because no one on earth is immune from conflicts with nature, and therefore with their own soul.

In his own way, the writer Valentin Rasputin reveals the same topic in the story “Fire”. The heroes of the story are engaged in logging. They “seemed to be wandering from place to place, stopped to wait out the bad weather, and ended up stuck.” The epigraph of the story: “The village is burning, the native is burning” - prepares the reader in advance for the events of the story. Rasputin revealed the soul of each hero of his work through the fire: “In all the way people behaved - how they ran around the yard, how they lined up chains to pass packages and bundles from hand to hand, how they teased the fire, risking themselves to the last - in all of this was something unreal, foolish, done in excitement and disordered passion.” In the confusion at the fire, people were divided into two camps: those who do good and those who do evil. The main character of the story, Ivan Petrovich Egorov, is a citizen lawyer, as the Arkharovites call him. The author dubbed careless, unhardworking people Arkharovites. During a fire, these Arkharovites behave in accordance with their usual everyday behavior: “They are dragging everything! Strigunov's office filled his pockets full with small boxes. And they probably don’t have irons in them, they have something like that in them!... They push you in the shank, in your bosom! And these bottles, bottles!” Ivan Petrovich cannot bear to feel his helplessness in front of these people. But disorder reigns not only around him, but also in his soul. The hero realizes that “a person has four supports in life: a home with a family, work, people and the land on which your house stands. Someone limps - the whole world is tilted." In this case, the earth “limped”. After all, the residents of the village had no roots anywhere, they were “nomadic.” And the earth suffered silently from this. But the moment of punishment has come. In this case, the role of retribution was played by fire, which is also a force of nature, a force of destruction. It seems to me that it is no coincidence that the author completed the story almost according to Gogol: “Why are you our silent land, how long are you silent? And are you silent? Perhaps these words will serve our homeland well now.