Turgenev read the everyday rule. A brief analysis of Turgenev's prose poems. “Poems in prose” by I.S. Turgenev

Life Rule (I)

“If you want to really annoy and even harm your enemy,” one old scoundrel told me, “then reproach him for the very shortcoming or vice that you feel in yourself.” Be indignant... and reproach!

Firstly, it will make others think that you do not have this vice.

Secondly, your indignation may even be sincere... You can take advantage of the reproaches of your own conscience.

If you, for example, are a renegade, reproach your opponent for having no convictions!

If you yourself are a lackey at heart, tell him reproachfully that he is a lackey... a lackey of civilization, Europe, socialism!

“You could even say: lackey without lackey!” - I noticed.

“And this is possible,” said the rascal.

February, 1878

Notes

The poem is directed against the critics who annoyed Turgenev. It is very likely that B. M. Markevich was meant here, as in the poem “Gad,” excluded from the cycle due to its greater transparency and resemblance to the face that Turgenev portrayed with strong hostility. - see below, p. 520. “The Rule of Life” was not at first one of the fifty poems sent to the “Bulletin of Europe”. Turgenev sent it later, simultaneously with the proofs he had corrected, instead of the withdrawn “Threshold” (see letter to Stasyulevich dated October 4 (16), 1882). However, in a letter to him dated October 13 (25), Turgenev asks to throw out “The Threshold” without replacing it with a newly sent poem (“it doesn’t match the others in tone”). And yet, the “Life Rule” was printed, and with the wrong date: instead of “October 1882” in the white manuscript - “April 1878” (the date of another “Life Rule” - see below, p. 520) and therefore placed chronologically incorrectly, in a series of poems in 1878.

Like all the poems of 1881-1882 (with the exception of “Prayer” and “Russian Language”, which were in the typesetting manuscript of “Bulletin of Europe”), “The Everyday Rule” has only one autograph, written down in rough form in a notebook of white autographs. Compared to this autograph, the text in “Bulletin of Europe” is sharper and sharper: for example, instead of “drunkard” it became “renegade”, instead of “lackey... of enlightenment” - “lackey... of socialism.”

V.I. Lenin, in his polemical articles, more than once recalled this poem in prose and cited individual phrases from it (see: Lenin V.I. Full. collection cit., vol. 6, p. 11, 14, 15, 22; For a complete summary of these references, see: Hippolytus I. Lenin about Turgenev. M., 1934, p. 11, 20-21).

Introduction

The personality of the writer, his perception of the world and attitude to reality, emotional and life experience give rise to the uniqueness of creativity. Creative individuality is expressed through the nature of his figurative vision, creative goals, artistic method and style. The originality of a writer can be revealed by comparing his works with the creations of his contemporaries and predecessors, through the poetics of his works and the features of his artistic method. This study is an attempt to comprehend artistic skill I.S. Turgenev, penetrate into the unique world of his images, the individuality of his style.

I.S. Turgenev is a major artist who managed to discover so many extraordinary things in the ordinary, everyday world. This is one of those writers who are distinguished by an unusually subtle and organic fusion of realistically concrete epic images with lyricism.

The contrast in the works of the great artist of words is a psychological detail: contrasting are such motifs and images that are not indifferent to all or many people: youth and old age, love and hate, faith and hopelessness, struggle and humility, tragic and joyful, light and dark, life and death , moment and eternity. This work is characterized by aesthetic and philosophical aspect studying the problem indicated in the title.

As object research served “Poems in prose” by I.S. Turgenev. An appeal to the writer’s work is not only personally significant for the author of the work, but also relevant for several reasons. Poems from this cycle are little studied at school, although they attract readers with the depth of their content and their philosophical fullness. Works are perceived differently by readers and have different effects on them: emotional, aesthetic, psychological, moral. In the last years of his life, the writer was worried about the fundamental questions of existence, the “eternal” questions of life, which he poses and tries to comprehend in his prose poems. They reflect almost all the themes and motives of I.S.’s work. Turgenev, again comprehended and felt by the writer in his declining years. There is a lot of sadness in them, but a light sadness; the most vivid and artistically perfect miniatures are permeated with life-affirming notes, full of faith in man. From here target of this study: to establish that the cross-cutting motive of the Turgenev cycle is contrast, manifested both at the level of the entire cycle and at the level of one work. The real goal determined the setting next tasks:

1. analyze theoretical material related to the study of “Prose Poems” by I.S. Turgenev;
2. identify the specifics and features of the “prose poem” genre;
3. analyze individual works and identify in them the main contrasting motifs and images inherent in this cycle;
4. consider the influence of philosophical understanding of life facts on a person’s spiritual life.

When solving the above problems, the following were used methods and techniques:

1. contextual;
2. descriptive method;
3. component analysis;
4. method of internal interpretation (method of taxonomy and classification).

1. Topic of “Prose Poems” by I.S. Turgenev

The themes of the poems are extremely diverse. The researchers carefully read 77 prose poems by I.S. Turgenev and systematized them according to the principle of contrast, namely: it was noticed that among the main contrasting motifs of the works the following can be distinguished:

1. Love and friendship- “Rose”, “Azure Kingdom”, “Two Brothers”, “How beautiful, how fresh the roses were”, “The Path to Love”, “Love”, “Sparrow”.
2. Compassion, sacrifice- “In Memory of Yu. Vrevskaya”, “Threshold”, “Two Rich Men”, “You Cried”.
3. Transience of life, life and death, the meaning of life, loneliness– “Conversation”, “Masha”, “In Memory of Yu. Vrevskaya”, “Insect”, “Shchi”, “Nymphs”, “Tomorrow! Tomorrow!”, “What will I think?”, “N.N.”, “Stop!”, “Meeting”, “When I’m not there”, “When I’m alone”, “Phrase”, “Monk”, “ We will fight again”, “Drozd 1”, “Drozd 2”, “Hourglass”, “U – A...U – A!” – “Dog”, “Pigeons”, “Without a nest”, “U – A...U - Ah!”, “Old Woman”, “Two Quatrains”, “Necessity, Strength, Freedom”, “Double”.
4. All living beings are the same before mother nature– “Dog”, “Rival”, “Drozd 1”, “Sea swimming”.
5. Morality, ethics; human dignity of the Russian peasant- “A Contented Man”, “Everyday Rule”, “Fool”, “Eastern Legend”, “Gad”, “Writer and Critic”, “Beggar”, “Last Date”, “Shchi”, “Hang Him”.
6. Contradictions of the world: truth and lies; With part and tears past life, love; love and death; youth, beauty; old age- “Alms”, “Selfish”, “Feast at the Supreme Being”, “Enemy and friend”, “Prayer”, “I’m sorry”, “Curse”, “Life’s rule”, “Who to argue with”, “Brahmin”, “Truth and Truth”, “Partridges”, “My Trees”, “Rival”, “Skulls”, “Prayer”, “Cup”, “Rose”, “Alms”, “Visit”, “Thrush”, “I Arose” at night”, “Sparrow”, “Visit”, “Azure Kingdom”, “Whose fault?”, “Oh my youth”, “Stone”, “Tomorrow! Tomorrow!”, “Whose fault?”, “Oh my youth”, “When I’m gone”, “I got up at night”, “When I’m alone”, “Caught under a wheel”, “Old man”.
7. Admiration for the Russian language –"Russian language".

Researchers have noticed the frequent use of I.S. Turgenev in miniatures contrasting descriptions of nature: sky, dawn, sea, sun, clouds, clouds; The author pays close attention to description of eyes(in 12 poems); a person's appearance;in three poems the artist, using antithesis, describes dreams; image sounds. N Plants also help convey the mood in a particular work: smells, appearance, the reader’s ideas of where these flowers and trees grow: wormwood, lily of the valley, rose, mignonette, linden, poplar, rye.

2. 1. Contrast as the main motive of lyrical miniatures

All works by I.S. Turgenev is united by consideration of eternal problems that have always worried, are worried and will continue to worry society. According to L.A. Ozerova, “The collection contains many so-called eternal themes and motifs that stand before all generations and unite people of different times...” (Ozerov L.A. “Turgenev I.S. Poems in prose”, M., 1967, p. .11) Let's look at some themes and poems.

I.S. Turgenev always admired the beauty and “endless harmony” of nature. He was convinced that a person is only strong when he “leans” on it. Throughout his life, the writer was concerned with questions about man’s place in nature. He was frightened by its power and authority, the need to obey its cruel laws, before which everyone is equally equal, he was horrified by the “law” according to which, upon being born, a person was already sentenced to death. In a poem "Nature" We read that nature “knows neither good nor evil.” In response to a person’s babbling about justice, she replies: “Reason is not my law - what is justice? I gave you life - I’ll take it away and give it to others, worms and people... I don’t care... In the meantime, defend yourself - and don’t bother me!” She doesn’t care whether a person or a worm is the same creature. Everyone has one life - the greatest value.

2.1.1. All living beings are the same before mother nature

In poems "Dog", “Drozd 1”, “Sea swimming" is being considered a matter of life and death, the fleeting nature of human life, the insignificance of each individual life in the face of death. The author compares life to a flickering flame that will go out at the first “raid” of a storm. This is a timid, separate being who feels the approach of death, and “One life fearfully presses against another.” These poems again show the idea of ​​the equality and insignificance of all living beings before the “law” of nature: “two pairs of identical eyes”, “I took her hand - she stopped squeaking and rushing about.” The author puts a human and an animal side by side to emphasize the difference, but at the same time the relatedness of the hero and animals. It is for this purpose that he introduces pleonasms: “there is no difference” and “we are identical”, “We are all children of the same mother” are close in meaning and emphasize the equivalence of man and animal in the face of death and life’s trials. For the same purpose, the text uses repetition of the same phrases: the same feeling, the same light, the same life, the same unconscious thought. With the help of tropes, Turgenev revives death, gives it “life”: “a terrible, furious storm howls,” “sounds of eternity” are heard.

And the main thing in life, what you need to take care of, catch and not let go of, is youth and love. After all human life is so beautiful and so small, so instantaneous in comparison with the life of nature. This contradiction, the conflict between human life and the life of nature remains insoluble for Turgenev. “Don’t let life slip between your fingers.” This is the main philosophical thought and instruction of the writer, expressed in many “Poems...”.

2.1.2. Contradictions of the world: truth and lies; happiness and tears past life, love; love and death; youth, beauty; old age

In the language of “Prose Poems” by I.S. Turgenev strove for harmony of life and words, for naturalness, for the truth of feelings embodied in language. In this thematic group, the author widely used anaphora: “Honesty was his capital”, “Honesty gave him the right”; rhetorical questions: “What does it mean to forgive?”; rhetorical exclamations: “Yes, I am worthy, I am a moral person!”; parallelism: “I’m sorry...I’m sorry...”.

The poem “I'm Sorry”, striking in content, is built on the author's use of parallelism and antithesis (“ugliness and beauty”, “children and old people”). The contrasting tones in the poems of this thematic group very subtly replace one another, prompt the reader to think, and force him to re-read the works again and again in order to understand them more deeply. It feels as if the author knows and doubts at the same time what he is telling us about.

In poems “Visit”, “Azure Kingdom”, "Whose guilt?", “Oh my youth”“youth, feminine, virgin beauty”, “the kingdom of azure, light, youth and happiness”, “oh my youth!, my freshness” is contrasted with losses gnawing with a “silent gnawing”, “I am old age”, “the azure kingdom I saw you in a dream”, “you can only shine in front of me for a moment - in the early morning of early spring.” A large number of epithets: “the gentle scarlet of a blooming rose”, “the boundless azure sky”, “the gentle sun”, “severe rudeness”; personifications: “the fog did not rise, the breeze did not wander,” metaphors: “small ripples of golden scales”, “diving on soft waves”, “a pure soul does not understand” - in the utmost brevity of each poem, they help the writer to establish a deeply intimate contact with the reader, demonstrate sensitivity and humanity when solving various issues posed in this or that poem.

Lyrical miniatures : "Stone", "Tomorrow! Tomorrow!", "Whose guilt?", “Oh my youth”, “When I'm gone”, “I got up at night”, “When I'm alone”, “Caught under wheel", "Old man"- full of gloomy, dark colors. Turgenev contrasts these poems with bright, rosy poems imbued with optimistic moods (“Azure Kingdom”, “Village”). Usually they are all about the same love, beauty, its power. In these poems one feels that the author still believes in the power of beauty, in a happy life, which he, unfortunately, did not have (“Sparrow”). Memories of a past life (“young female souls recently poured into my old heart from all sides... it glowed with traces of an old fire”, “almost every day I lived was empty and languid - he (the person) values ​​life, hopes for it”, “you - youth, I am old”), bright, rich colors allow you to momentarily feel a surge of vitality, to experience the feelings of happiness that once excited the hero.

2.1.3. Morality, ethics; human dignity of the Russian peasant

Turgenev captured the best features of the Russian people, their warmth, responsiveness to the suffering of their neighbors in poems “Two Rich Men”, “Masha”, “Soup soup”, “Hang him!”. Here, as in “Notes of a Hunter,” the moral superiority of the simple Russian peasant over representatives of the ruling classes is shown.

Satirical pathos pervades that part of the prose poems in which money-grubbing, slander, and self-interest are debunked. Such human vices as selfishness, greed, anger are sharply exposed in the poems: “A Contented Man”, “Writer and Critic”, “Fool”, “Egoist”, “Enemy and Friend”, “Verget”, “Correspondent”, “ Everyday rule."

Some of these poems are based on facts of life. For example, the poem “Gad” depicts the corrupt reactionary journalist B.M. Markevich. A number of prose poems are imbued with sad thoughts and pessimistic moods inspired by the writer’s long illness.

However, no matter how sad and painful the impressions of the writer’s personal life were, they did not obscure the world before him.

2.1.4. Love and friendship Often, in order to show the fleeting nature of life, I.S. Turgenev compares the present and the past. After all, it is at such moments, remembering his past, that a person begins to value his life...("Double" ). Indeed, how masterfully Turgenev creates the image of jubilant youth - “the kingdom of azure, light, youth and happiness” - in the poem“Azure Kingdom” he contrasts this bright kingdom with “dark, difficult days, the cold and darkness of old age”... And everywhere, everywhere this philosophical idea, which was already mentioned a little earlier: to show all the contradictions and overcome them. And this was fully reflected in“Prayer”:

“Great God, make sure that two and two are not four!” “Oh the ugliness...of cheaply acquired virtue.”

In this thematic group there are contrasts: rose and tears, the azure kingdom and sleep, love and hatred, love can kill the human “I”.

The use of participial phrases, used mainly in written speech, seemed interesting; they fill the works with nobility and tenderness: “returning to the living room, suddenly stopping.” Poem"Sparrow"

Love occupied an exceptional place in the writer’s work. For Turgenev, love is always a strong passion, a powerful force. She is able to withstand everything, even death: “Only by her, only by love does life hold and move.” It can make a person strong and strong-willed, capable of heroic deeds. For Turgenev, there is only love - sacrifice. He is sure that only such love can bring true happiness. In all his works, I.S. Turgenev presents love as a great test of life, as a test of human strength. Every person, every living creature is obliged to make this sacrifice. Even a bird that has lost its nest, for which death seemed inevitable, can be saved by love, which is stronger than will. Only she, love, can give strength to fight and sacrifice herself.

In this poem you can see an allegory. The dog here is “fate”, an evil fate weighing down on each of us, that powerful and seemingly invincible force. She was approaching the chick just as slowly, like that spot from the poem “The Old Woman,” but simply put, death is slowly creeping up, “creeping” right towards us. And here the old woman’s phrase “You won’t leave!” is refuted. You will leave, even as you leave, love is stronger than you, it will “close” the “toothed open mouth” and even fate, even this huge monster can be pacified. Even it can stop, back away...recognize the power, the power of love...

Using the example of this poem, we can confirm the words written earlier: “Poems in prose” is a cycle of oppositions. In this case, the power of love opposes the power of evil, death.

2.1.5. Compassion, sacrifice

One of the best political prose poems is rightfully considered "Threshold". “The Threshold” was published for the first time in September 1883. It was written under the impression of the trial of Vera Zasulich, an honest and selfless Russian girl who shot the St. Petersburg mayor F.F. Trepov. She is on the threshold of a new life. The writer creates a noble image of a revolutionary woman, ready to endure any suffering and hardship in the name of the happiness and freedom of the people. And she steps over this symbolic threshold.

“... and the heavy curtain fell behind her.

Stupid! – someone rasped from behind.

Holy! - flashed back from somewhere.”

With what contrast is conveyed the attitude to the same fact, phenomenon, event on the part of two completely different people!

“Threshold” makes every reader think about his life, comprehend and, if necessary, rethink it.

2.1.6. Transience of life, life and death, the meaning of life, loneliness, fate

“Poems in Prose” is a cycle - a contrast, a contrast between life and death, youth and old age, good and evil, past and present. These motives “come into conflict” with each other. I.S. Turgenev often collides them, intertwines them, and in the end the author strives to merge everything contradictory (“Double”).

ON THE. Dobrolyubov wrote about Turgenev’s prose: “...this feeling is both sad and joyful: there are bright memories of childhood, irrevocably flashed, there are the proud and joyful hopes of youth. Everything has passed and will not happen again; but the person who, even in memory, can return to these bright dreams has not yet disappeared... And it is good for him who knows how to awaken such memories, to evoke such a mood of the soul.” (Dobrolyubov N.A. Collected works in three volumes, vol. 3, M., 1952, p. 48.) Indeed, it can be noted that many prose poems, which at first glance are pessimistic and gloomy, actually awaken in a person “a state of spiritual height and enlightenment.” The so-called Turgenev lyricism gives the writer’s works an extraordinary sincerity. We write all this to the fact that it is in such poems, where the past and present collide, that this lyricism is fully manifested.

The poems of this group are so rich in content that researchers have placed them in different groups.

2.1.7. Admiration for the Russian language

Among prose poems, patriotic miniatures occupy a prominent place "Russian language". The great artist of words treated the Russian language with extraordinary subtlety and tenderness. I.S. Turgenev has a wonderful formula: language = people. Having spent most of his life abroad, an expert in many foreign languages, I.S. Turgenev never ceased to admire the Russian language, calling it “great and powerful,” pinning hopes on it for a bright future for Russia: “but one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people.” The writer called to protect our beautiful language. He believed that the future belongs to the Russian language, that with the help of such a language one can create great works.

2. 2. Contrast as a means of penetration into the images of the heroes of “Prose Poems”

In the history of Russian literature, there was, perhaps, no other such major writer as Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, who would have loved the nature of his native land so sincerely and tenderly and reflected it so fully and variably in his work. Having spent many years abroad, separated from Russia, the writer suffered not only because of illness, but also because he could not visit his Spassky-Lutovinovo. With enormous artistic power reflected I.S. Turgenev’s dim and inconspicuous beauty of the nature of the middle zone in “Poems in Prose.”

Description of eyes:

“Alms” - “the eyes are not radiant, but light; the gaze is piercing, but not evil.”

“Visit” - “huge, black, light eyes laughed.”

“Shchi” - “the eyes are red and swollen.”

“Two brothers” - “brown eyes, glazed, with thick eyelashes; insinuating look”; huge, round, pale gray eyes.”

“Sphinx” - “your eyes – these colorless, but deep eyes also speak... And their speeches are just as silent and mysterious.”

“How beautiful, how fresh the roses were...” - “how simple-hearted and inspired the thoughtful eyes are,” “they look briskly at me with their bright eyes.”

“Stop!” - “your gaze is deep.”

“Thrush” - “iridescent sounds... breathed eternity.”

“I got up at night” - “a plaintive sound arose in the distance.”

“When I’m alone” - “not a sound...”.

“Caught under a wheel” - “this splashing and moaning of yours are the same sounds, and nothing more.”

“U-ah... U-ah!” - “strange, not immediately understood by me, but alive... human sound...”

“Nature” - “the earth around me groaned dully and trembled.”

“There is no greater sorrow” - “sweet sounds of a young voice.”

“Village” - “the whole sky is filled with an even blue.”

“Conversation” - “a pale green, light, silent sky above the mountains.”

“The end of the world” - “the gray, monochromatic sky hangs over her like a canopy.”

“Visit” - “the milky white sky quietly turned red.”

“Azure Kingdom” - “above your head there is a boundless, same azure sky.”

“Nymphs” - “the southern sky was transparently blue above him.”

“Pigeons” - “red, low, clouds rushing, like clouds torn to shreds.”

Description of the person's appearance:

“Village” - “brown-haired guys, in clean, low-belted shirts...”, “curly children’s heads.”

“Masha” - “tall, stately, well done.”

“Beggar” - “poor, decrepit old man.”

“Last date” - “yellow, dried out...”

“Visitation” - “winged little woman; a wreath of lilies of the valley covered the scattered curls of the round head.”

Harmony and tenderness of tones, a skillful and subtle combination of light and shadow characterize Turgenev’s style both in depicting people and paintings of nature. He connects his landscapes with a person’s mood, with his spiritual appearance. In miniatures, the landscape either highlights the hero’s state of mind, or the landscape sketch is permeated with philosophical reflections. There are more bright, joyful, hopeful colors than sad, melancholy ones.

The themes of Turgenev's prose poems are completely different. They reflect social problems, concern moral categories and affect universal human values. From time to time it is useful to re-read these texts, to note something important and significant in them for yourself. That's why they are still relevant today. Analysis of Turgenev's prose poems allows us to better understand the problems of his works, to be imbued with touching texts that teach goodness, justice and responsibility.

When you get to know them, you get a feeling of light sadness. One of the most interesting and memorable are Turgenev’s short notes. The genre of prose poems appeared precisely from the moment of the creation of these amazing mini-stories. Ivan Sergeevich became its founder. Let's take a closer look at individual texts.

"Two Rich Men"

Here the author compares examples of generosity of soul. One man, wealthy in every way, donates huge sums of money to help the sick and disadvantaged. Another - a poor peasant - denies himself the most necessary things. His main goal is to take care of his orphan niece. He does not spare money for someone else’s child and does not even think about how much he has to sacrifice. Turgenev emphasizes the idea that true good always comes from compassion, the ability to give up something important in the name of the well-being of another.

"Sparrow"

This work presents a discussion about the noble impulse of a bird, which the author witnessed. He admires the sincere dedication of an adult sparrow, which rushed to protect the chick. Here one involuntarily draws a comparison with human destinies and needs. Turgenev’s “Sparrow” is aimed at revealing moral values: the ability to sacrifice oneself, to take responsibility for what is happening.

After all, every threatening situation has its own solution. You just need to look hard for it inside yourself, to discover your inner resources. In many cases, Turgenev’s “Sparrow” is remembered more than other texts. He is included in the school curriculum, quoted, and admired even by those who have nothing to do with literature.

"Shchi"

A very touching story that leaves an impression. The author shows the feelings of a simple peasant woman - a widow whose only son died. The elderly woman can barely control herself from grief, but she is faced with misunderstanding from the lady: she thinks that she is not worried enough. The “rude feelings” of the peasant woman actually hide the need to take care of their daily bread. While the lady easily received any benefits. That’s why she could afford to grieve for a long time, refusing not only food, but also any other pleasures. “Shchi” is an indicative story about the fact that everyone has different values, and what is difficult for one is easy for another.

"Russian language"

A wonderful text that you want to read and re-read periodically. The author praises his native speech, considering it a standard of beauty and grace. Turgenev’s prose poem “The Russian Language” makes you think about a lot: about choosing your individual path, about where you can always find support and support. The author feels the consonance of his soul with his native speech and sincerely admires it. Turgenev’s prose poem “The Russian Language” is filled with unprecedented tenderness and imbued with innermost feelings. This text awakens good memories in the heart.

"Enemy and Friend"

The theme of this work is quite ambiguous, making it difficult to immediately understand what its enduring meaning is. And a friend can accidentally destroy, and an enemy at some point tell the truth. The author emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the problem itself.

"Pigeons"

An amazing life-affirming work that helps you feel how great the diversity of life is. It is filled with unimaginable love for everything that exists, which is what distinguishes it from other poems in Turgenev’s prose. “Doves” is a real hymn to life. The work helps us understand how sometimes we are mistaken about some manifestations of reality. According to the author, the most important thing in life is love and compassion.

Observing the behavior of birds, the writer admires their selfless manifestations, desire to help and be needed by each other. He probably compares this picture with human relationships, which are not always so harmonious and beautiful.

"What will I think"

A work filled with a gloomy mood before the inevitable approach of death. The writer has a presentiment that the end of his life's journey will soon come and therefore suffers greatly.

He is afraid of the unknown, as well as the prospect that life is not lived in the best way. It seems that nothing good awaits ahead, and the heart is slowly filled with melancholy. “What will I think” is one big question that cannot be answered without going into detail and looking at specific circumstances. An analysis of Turgenev's prose poems emphasizes how a person himself, being in old age, can ask serious questions, thereby depriving himself of peace of mind and confidence.

Summing up, you can not only miss a lot, but also evaluate it biasedly.

"Hourglass"

A work that carries within itself sorrow for a life lived uselessly. The author states in every sentence that every moment is priceless, but we waste time on sheer nonsense! Essentially, people live it as if they have no other options or alternatives. The transience of each individual path makes it difficult to understand the meaning of one’s destiny.

"Writer and Critic"

Here we are talking about what real talent means in life and how it is measured. The writer sees the meaning of life in true dedication and the greatest desire to convey to readers some bright idea of ​​lasting value. The critic discovers something unworthy in such an existence, but he himself only knows how to reason and evaluate. The author shows that a real writer and critic lives in each of us. One is obsessed with the dream of creativity, the other constantly scolds him, returning him to the harsh, unsightly reality. Their dispute can continue until one of them gives in to the other and gives up their own positions.

"Dog"

In this work, the author tries to comprehend the enduring value of life. The animal’s gaze seems to reflect its own fears, which have become unbearable and overly intrusive. Turgenev’s prose poem “Dog” shows the connection between the life of a pet and the thoughts and feelings of its owner.

If a person is not in a very positive mood, then the animal begins to behave in a similar way: it worries, looks pitifully into the eyes. In all this one can trace the interconnection of close souls. Turgenev’s prose poem “Dog” is aimed at revealing feelings that a person hid from himself, fearing new disappointments.

"Tomorrow! Tomorrow!"

A work that makes you think about the meaning of life. People tend to bring tomorrow closer and make plans, but they miss the present moment. Even those who have achieved success in life and have managed to fully express their talent will undoubtedly regret unrealized opportunities before they die.

Thus, an analysis of Turgenev’s prose poems shows that the author thought a lot about the essence and value of his existence. His own life seemed to him a deliberately lost game. The writer's individual experiences are embodied in exquisite and concise stories that are easy to read. An analysis of Turgenev's prose poems shows how difficult the last years of Ivan Sergeevich's life were. He constantly turns to his memories and finds no consolation in them. In many individual works, the idea of ​​the meaninglessness of further life can be traced; the theme of disappointment sounds a hysterical note. The prose poems themselves are quite succinct, filled with wisdom, although not optimistic.

1) The history of the creation of the cycle “Poems in Prose” by I.S. Turgenev.

In the last years of the life of the seriously ill I.S. Turgenev is increasingly beginning to be visited by philosophical reflections on the meaning of human existence, on life and death. The writer rethinks his works in his own way, and the result of this rethinking of the leading motives of creativity is the cycle of miniatures “Poems in Prose”, which became a kind of summary of the life of I.S. Turgenev and his latest works.

2) Features of the genre. By genre, these are “poems in prose”, and not just philosophical stories, since sounds are too harmoniously combined, they melodiously merge into words and phrases... “this is a fusion of poetry and prose, melody and rhythm, marked with the stamp of extraordinary stylistic grace.” “Poems in Prose” is a collection of original philosophical statements, life conclusions... This is a kind of result, a feature, a point that Turgenev puts at the end of all his works at the end of his life. Everything that was “spilled” throughout all the writer’s works was reflected here. Turgenev created a unique genre, one of a kind.

Why I.S. Does Turgenev call his small miniatures “Prose Poems”? (the main thing for a writer is to convey feelings)

3) Topic of “Prose Poems” by I.S. Turgenev . The themes of the poems are extremely diverse, but at the same time they are all inextricably linked, connected into one common motif. The main, predominant themes of “Prose Poems”:

Memories of old love;

Reflections on the inevitability of death;

Reflections on the insignificance of human life before the eternity of nature. This cycle is a contrast, a contrast between life and death, youth and old age, good and evil, past and present. These motives “come into conflict” with each other. Turgenev often collides them and intertwines them. In general, the entire development of thought, the “unfolding of the narrative” is very reminiscent of the development of themes in the musical works of Chopin, Mozart and others. “Prose poems” are a kind of sonatas, but not in music, but in literature. All Turgenev’s works are united by consideration of eternal problems that, in principle, concern society at this time. L. Ozerov: “The collection contains many so-called eternal themes and motifs that face all generations and unite people of different times.” For example, an image of a nature theme. I.S. Turgenev always admired the beauty and “endless harmony” of nature. He was convinced that a person is only strong when he “leans” on it. Throughout his life, the writer was concerned with questions about man’s place in nature. He was outraged and at the same time frightened by her power and authority, the need to obey her cruel laws, before which everyone is equally equal. The thought that “matter remains, individuals disappear” tormented Turgenev. After all, human life is so beautiful and so small, so instantaneous in comparison with the life of nature. This contradiction, the conflict between human life and the life of nature remains insoluble for Turgenev. “Don’t let life slip between your fingers.” This is the main philosophical thought and instruction of the writer, expressed in many “Poems...”. That is why Turgenev’s lyrical hero often recalls his life, analyzes it, and often from his lips you can hear the phrase: “Oh life, life, where have you gone so without a trace? Did you deceive me, did I not know how to take advantage of your gifts? Turgenev tells us over and over again that life is only a moment, it must be lived in such a way that at the end you do not look back with horror, do not write: “Burn yourself out, useless life.” Often, in order to show the fleeting nature of life, Turgenev compares the present and the past. After all, it is at such moments, remembering his past, that a person begins to value his life.

4) Analysis of the prose poem "". In this lyrical etude I.S. Turgenev reflects on the essence of the Russian language, on the necessity of the native language, especially “in days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of... the homeland.” Russian is support and support for the author, who is far from his homeland. While writing lyrical miniatures I.S. Turgenev lived abroad. The writer characterizes the Russian language using the following epithets: “great, powerful, truthful and free.” Reflecting on the plight of his people, I.S. Turgenev writes: “...how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home.” But the ending of the prose poem is not tragic; the writer believes in the spiritual strength, moral strength, and spiritual resilience of his people: “But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!” people is directly related to the development of the Russian language, which amazes with its depth and beauty.

What epitisms does the writer give to the Russian language? (“great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language”)

What feeling is imbued with this work by I.S. Turgenev? (a feeling of deep love for one’s native country and its language)

5) Analysis of the prose poem “Twins”.

How did you understand the meaning of the miniature? (When scolding another, we do not notice our own shortcomings.)

6) Analysis of the prose poem “Two Rich Men.”

The lyrical miniature “Two Rich Men” compares the generosity of the rich Rothschild, “who from his enormous income devotes whole thousands to raising children, treating the sick, caring for the elderly,” with one wretched peasant family, “who accepted an orphan niece into their ruined little house.” . Touched by the rich man’s action, the author writes: “Rothschild is far from being like this guy.” Indeed, the charity of a rich person does not affect his personal material well-being. The poor peasant family agrees to give their last pennies to raise Katka the orphan. Now the poor don't even have enough to buy salt. Thus, the man and woman turn out to be more generous, since they are ready to give their last. In the work, the writer compares two types of wealth: Rothschild’s huge income and his material expenses for charity and the spiritual wealth of the peasant family.

Why is the rich Rothschild, who allocates a lot of money to charity, far from the poor peasant family who took in an orphan niece? (A poor man, having taken in an orphan niece, must deny himself the most necessary things.)

7) Analysis of the prose poem “Sparrow”.

She occupied an exceptional place in the writer’s work. For Turgenev, love is by no means an intimate feeling. It is always a strong passion, a powerful force. She is able to withstand anything, even death. “For him, love is almost the only thing in which the human personality finds its highest affirmation.” “Only by her, only by love does life hold and move” (“Sparrow”). It can make a person strong and strong-willed, capable of heroic deeds. For Turgenev, there is only sacrificial love, love that “breaks egoism.” He is sure that only such love can bring true happiness. Love-pleasure is rejected by him. Every person, every living creature is obliged to make this sacrifice. All of the above written by I.S. Turgenev expressed it in his poem “Sparrow”. Even a bird that has lost its nest, for which death seemed inevitable, can be saved by love, which is stronger than will. Only she, love, can give strength to fight and sacrifice herself. In this poem you can see an allegory. The dog here is “fate”, an evil fate weighing down on each of us, that powerful and seemingly invincible force.

Undoubtedly, Russian poets have made a huge contribution to world literature. For example, Pushkin is a genius of Russian literature, who is famous for his works throughout the world. His poems are read in many countries.

We must not forget about Lomonosov’s contribution to world literature. After all, it was he who discovered the theory of three calms, which is also important. After all, to this day they are studied in schools and universities. They read odes written according to Lomonosov's theory. All this means that by making a contribution to Russian literature, every writer or poet makes an incomprehensible contribution to world literature.

Thus, we can conclude that every Russian author has made a useful and invaluable contribution to world literature through writing works. A large world is open to the reader into the past of peoples and events, which he can only learn by immersing himself in their works, analyzing every line and comprehending philosophical themes. Also, the reader can make a comparison between Russian and foreign literature, correctly and equally evaluate each phenomenon.

“Poems in prose” by I.S. Turgenev

“Poems in prose” by I.S. Turgenev

Along with works devoted to abstract ethical problems, “Poems in Prose” appeared. They were created over four years (from 1878 to 1882); they were written, as the writer claimed, for himself and for a small circle of people who sympathize with this kind of thing.

“Poems in Prose” consists of two sections “Senile” and “New Poems in Prose”. The first section (51 poems) was published in the magazine “Bulletin of Europe” No. 12 for 1882. “New Poems in Prose” were not published during Turgenev’s lifetime.

Turgenev created an entire book of prose poems, expressively identifying their characteristic features.

Lyricism, recreating the spiritual structure and mood of the author. In most cases - direct autobiography and first-person narrative. Increased expressiveness of the voice, conveying sometimes joy, sometimes sadness, sometimes delight, sometimes confusion. A diary of a confessional nature.

The content of the cycle of “Poems in Prose” is very diverse. A significant part of the “poems” touches on socio-political problems and is devoted to the writer’s thoughts about the Russian people, about the homeland, about happiness and beauty, about the humanity of human relations. When solving them, deeply intimate contact with the reader, sensitivity and humanity, no matter what issue is being resolved - purely personal, social or planetary.

A prose poem makes it possible to condense and flatten enormous temporal and spatial quantities into the size of a single phrase. The keenest powers of observation allow one to transform ordinary household items into symbols.

The rhythm of prose poems is each time new, varied, and subject to the author’s intonation. Each phrase, line, paragraph, the whole thing is designed in a certain musical key. In Turgenev this melody sometimes reaches the point of sweetness, rapturous bel canto, as beautiful, flowing singing is called in Italy.

Each prose poem, like a pebble of a certain color, is placed by the artist in its place, and if you step away and look at the whole from a distance, the pebbles collected together seem like a mosaic, creating a whole picture.

“The Threshold” is rightfully considered one of the best political prose poems. “The Threshold” was published for the first time in September 1883. It was written under the impression of the trial of Vera Zasulich, an honest and selfless Russian girl who shot at the St. Petersburg mayor F.F. Trepov. She is on the threshold of a new life. The writer creates a noble image of a revolutionary woman, ready to endure any suffering and hardship in the name of the happiness and freedom of the people. And she steps over this symbolic threshold...

“... and the heavy curtain fell behind her.

- Stupid! – someone rasped from behind.

- Holy! - flashed back from somewhere.”

With what contrast is conveyed the attitude to the same fact, phenomenon, event on the part of two completely different people!

There are not only two directly opposite statements here. There are two views on the world, on life, on people. On the question of how a person can live

A salesman and a romantic (aka Citizen with a capital C, a man of honor and high social consciousness) collided in their lives. To the heroine who has decided to sacrifice her life, the average person says “Fool!”, the romantic says “Saint!”. There are two philosophies behind these short words. The average person reasons, it would seem, soberly: everyone lives in the world only once, and therefore - live for your own pleasure, eat, drink, be merry; he reasons this way, without thinking about the fact that the benefits he takes, no, he doesn’t take, are enough, they came to him at the cost of sacrifices made by strong and brave people. The romantic calls the heroine a saint. A romantic is a person who sees in life not only small deeds and small goals, but also big deeds and big goals, ready to do beautiful and heroic things in the name of the common good.

“Threshold” makes every reader think about his life, comprehend and, if necessary, rethink it.

This prose poem says to each of us, especially in our youth: take a closer look at the destinies of people and direct your life towards a high goal worthy of a person!

Turgenev also responded to the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. During these years, as in the era of the creation of the novel “On the Eve,” he thinks a lot about the newly emerging Eastern question, about the liberation movement of the Slavic peoples. The writer sympathizes with the rebel Bulgarians and calls on the Russian people to help them. He condemns the bloody massacre that pulled thousands of people into the “yawning jaws of death.” Condemning the senselessness of bloodshed and the madness of military leaders, Turgenev speaks with warm sympathy about the victims of the war. One of these victims was Yulia Petrovna Vrevskaya, the widow of General I.A. Vrevsky, who was killed in the Caucasus in 1858. In 1874, she visited Turgenev in Spassky-Lutovino from June 21 to 26. Forty-eight letters from Turgenev to Vrevskaya have survived. Already in the spring of 1874, Turgenev wrote to her about his feeling for love, “somewhat strange, but sincere and good.” He's almost in love with her. In 1877, he writes to her another revelation: “Ever since I met you, I have loved you as a friend and at the same time had a persistent desire to possess you.”

For Vrevskaya, Turgenev became one of her closest friends. Maybe she liked him more than a friend. But she did not think about marriage. She dreamed of some feat in the name of humanity; She had dreams of going to India, obviously to help the poor.

The war has begun. Vrevskaya informed Turgenev that she was going as a nurse to Bulgaria. “I wish with all my heart that the feat taken upon you does not turn out to be unbearable,” the writer answered.

In 1878, Vrevskaya died of typhus in a Bulgarian hospital. The poem “In Memory of Yu.P. Vrevskaya” was, as Turgenev put it, a flower that he laid on her grave.

Turgenev captured the best features of the Russian people, their warmth, responsiveness to the suffering of their neighbors in the poems “Two Rich Men”, “Masha”, “Shchi”, “Hang Him!”. Here, as in “Notes of a Hunter,” the moral superiority of the simple Russian peasant over representatives of the ruling classes is shown.

In “Poems in Prose” Turgenev writes about his homeland with particular warmth. Having sounded for the first time, this theme never disappeared from the writer’s work.

Among the prose poems, the patriotic miniature “Russian Language” occupies a prominent place. The great artist of words treated the Russian language with extraordinary subtlety and tenderness. The writer called to protect our beautiful language. He believed that the future belongs to the Russian language, that with the help of such a language one can create great works.

Satirical pathos pervades that part of the prose poems in which money-grubbing, slander, and self-interest are debunked. Such human vices as selfishness, greed, anger are sharply exposed in the poems: “A Contented Man”, “Writer and Critic”, “Fool”, “Egoist”, “Enemy and Friend”, “Verget”, “Correspondent”, “ Everyday rule." Some of these poems are based on facts of life. For example, the poem “Gad” depicts the corrupt reactionary journalist B.M. Markevich. A number of prose poems are imbued with sad thoughts and pessimistic moods, inspired by the writer’s long illness.

However, no matter how sad and painful the impressions of the writer’s personal life were, they did not obscure the world before him. Exhausted by illness, Turgenev still sought his own suffering, a pessimistic mood. He did not lose faith in the future of the people, in the triumph of progress and humanity. The writer contrasted personal suffering with thoughts that affirmed faith in man. The poems “Sparrow” and “We will fight again!” are imbued with the pathos of humanity and optimism.

“Love... is stronger than death and the fear of death. Only by her, only by love does life hold and move” - this is the idea of ​​the poem “Sparrow”. In the poem “We will fight again!” life affirmation is expressed even more clearly: let a deadly hawk circle menacingly over a family of playful sparrows. They are cheerful and carefree, life triumphs in them. Let death be inevitable. But one should not bow to it prematurely. We have to fight. Fighters are not afraid of death. In the finale, the author, driving away the gloomy thoughts, exclaims “We will still fight, damn it!”

In “Poems in Prose” Turgenev’s talent flashed with new facets. Most of these lyrical miniatures are musical and romantic; They contain expressive landscape sketches, executed either in a realistic or in a romantic manner, and often with the introduction of a fantastic flavor.

To this day, Turgenev’s “Poems in Prose” remain an example of masterful command of the Russian style. The writer knew the secret of both artistic and ethical suggestion and knew how to excite not only with beauty, but also with the conscience of his talent. Miserly restraint of style with a generosity of thoughts and colors, the elimination of everything superfluous and interfering with the holistic perception of the work, simplicity with depth - the reader finds all this in “Poems in Prose”.

In terms of genre, the cycle of “Prose Poems” has many faces: there are such genre varieties as a dream, a vision, a miniature story, a dialogue, a monologue, a legend, an elegy, a message, a satire, and even an obituary. This variety of form, combined with the beauty and grace of the style, testifies to the high skill of the artist. Turgenev enriched Russian literature with new visual means and paved the way for such writers as I. Bunin, V. Korolenko and others who continued the development of this genre.

1. The path to Turgenev V. Afanasyev, P. Bogolepetov.

2. Turgenev’s creative path. P.G. Pustovoit.

3. “Poems in prose” by Turgenev. L.A. Ozerov

Many Russian poets touched on the topic of freedom, equality, honesty, of course, not the first, but only they were able to convey this to their readers so gracefully and accurately, which is why they became so popular.

For example, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace” described in detail the events of that time: serfdom, the war with the French, the moral guidelines of the Russians. In his heroes he showed typical representatives of Russia, without hiding their negative traits. Through his novels, the reader not only learns something new for himself, learns moral lessons, but can also see the picture of the past. And foreign writers devoted their works to the description of certain events, which allows us to study historical phenomena from two sides.

“Notes of a Hunter. Stories. Poems in prose" Ivan Turgenev

Notes of a hunter. Stories. Poems in prose

Description: The cycle of stories “Notes of a Hunter” (1847-1852), which had a significant influence on Russian literature, became one of the most notable works in Turgenev’s work.
Thanks to the Notes, the author gained worldwide fame, and his collaboration with Sovremennik began with them.
You will hear stories from the series “Notes of a Hunter”, the stories “Mumu”, “Asya” and “First Love”, as well as prose poems.

Content:
1. Stories
Mu Mu
Asya
First love
2. From the series “Notes of a Hunter”
Bezhin meadow
Khor and Kalinich
Singers
Biryuk
Forest and steppe
Two landowners
Office
District doctor
3. Prose poems
List of poems
To the reader
Village
Talk
Old woman
Dog
Rival
Beggar
You will hear the judgment of a fool...
Satisfied man
Everyday rule
End of the world
Masha
Fool
Eastern legend
Two quatrains
Sparrow
Skulls
The Laborer and the White Hand
Rose
In memory of Yu.P. Vrevskoy
Last date
Threshold
Visit
Necessitas, vis, libertas
Alms
Insect
Cabbage soup
Azure Kingdom
Two rich men
Old man
Correspondent
Two brothers
Egoist
Feast at the Supreme Being
Sphinx
Nymphs
Enemy and friend
Christ
Stone
Pigeons
Tomorrow, tomorrow!
Nature
Hang him!
What will I think?
How beautiful, how fresh the roses were...
Sea sailing
N.N.
Stop!
Monk
We will fight again!
Prayer
Russian language
Meeting
I'm sorry…
A curse
Twins
Thrush. Part 1-2
Without nest
Cup
Whose fault?
Gad
Writer and critic
Who to argue with...
Oh my youth! Oh my freshness!
K *** (That’s not a swallow chirping...)
I walked among the high mountains...
When I'm gone...
Hourglass
I got up at night...
When I'm alone...
The path to love
Phrase
Simplicity
Brahmin
You cried...
Love
Truth and truth
Partridges
Nessun maggior dolore
Caught under a wheel
Uh-ah...Uh-ah!
My trees

But the series also has a subtitle ‒ "Poems in Prose". Turgenev gave an indication of the genre in it, using a kind of oxymoron.

Before us is lyrical prose, the true creators of which were Walt Whitman (“Leaves of Grass”) and Charles Baudelaire (“Little Prose Poems”) in the 19th century. Turgenev knew both works, and even translated Whitman into Russian. It was the high appreciation of such prose performed by others that pushed him to create his own. Thus, at the first stage of the work, we consider the cycle in the context of European literature. You can read several texts of these works by Baudelaire and Whitman to feel the similarities.

What makes Turgenev's prose poetry?

Brevity. From 3 (“Everyday Rule”), 4 ‒ 5 (“You cried”, “Simplicity”, “Love”) lines up to 1.5 ‒ 2 pages (“Hang Him”, “Thrush”, “Trees”, etc.). No more…

Lyricism, autobiography. Lack of plot (event) development; sometimes feelings and experiences become the main event. The story is told in the first person, with the pronoun “I” often used, and it is clearly defined that this is an incident from the author’s life, his vision, his dream.

The abundance of tropes and means of speech expression (anaphors, inversions, repetitions), which makes the works poetic, melodic, and rhythmic. Students give numerous examples.

So, before us is poetry, although the absence of rhymes and graphic design brings them closer to prose.

But these are not just poems, but ‒ combined into a cycle. What connects them?

Genre forms are varied, but repeatable, and there are favorite ones.

a) dreams, visions (“End of the World”, “Insect”, “Nature”, “Meeting” ‒ dreams; “Skulls”, “Threshold”, “Christ”, etc. ‒ vision);

b) memories (“Rival”, “Masha”, “Sparrow”, “Hang him!”, “We will fight again”, etc.);

c) legends, parables, fairy tales ‒ "Fool", "Eastern Legend" "Enemy and Friend").

d) philosophical and psychological reflections ‒ “Old Man”, “Sphinx”, Stone”, “Stop!” and etc.).

There is unity at the level of theme, issues, and ideological content.

a) Socio-political issues:

about the relations between the Russian people and the intelligentsia (“The Threshold”, “The Laborer and the White Hand”);

about the moral superiority of the simple Russian peasant, his heartfelt sensitivity, responsiveness (“Masha”, “Two Rich Men”, “Hang Him!”).

b) Moral issues:

There are a lot of satirical miniatures here ‒ “Satisfied man”, “Fool”, “Selfish” “Vevil”, “Everyday rule”.

c) Philosophical issues:

There is especially a lot of thinking about death. Students identify the motives of death, old age, and loneliness as cross-cutting in the poems: “What will I think?”, “Dog,” “Last Date,” “Old Man,” “Tomorrow! Tomorrow!" and etc.

Death appears in the allegorical images of the Old Woman, skulls converging on a social event, and in the image of a terrible insect, fly, the end of the world, darkness.

Reflections on the greatness and eternity of nature (space) and the frailty of life are also one of the cross-cutting themes. It sounds in the poems “Conversation”, “Nature”, “My Trees”, “Sea Sailing”.

A meditation on the transience and eternal power of beauty: “Visit”, “Stop!”.

Faith in the all-conquering power of life, in the greatness of love is heard in the poems “Sparrow”, “We Will Fight Again”, “Wa-Wa!”, “Azure Kingdom”.

The mood is sad, melancholic, set by poems about old age, loneliness, death, and is replaced by a life-affirming, optimistic one. Is it a coincidence that Turgenev placed it after “Hourglass” ‒ “Wa-Wa!”, and after “Sparrow” ‒ "Skulls"? No, not by chance. This is an affirmation of the cyclical nature of our feelings and experiences. Cyclicality ‒ the basic law of development; in this cycle of poems it characterizes the state of the soul of the lyrical hero.

What is he like, the lyrical hero of the cycle?

Wise in life, disillusioned in many ways, but also in love with life, awaiting death, lonely, but also able to love and appreciate beauty...

All this ‒ Turgenev, his soul!

Do not forget that the cycle was created in the late 70s, the writer at that time was no longer young, lived in France, far from his homeland, and did not have his own family.

I.S. Turgenev “Poems in Prose”: a holistic analysis of the cycle

Exercise. Find and correct as thoroughly as possible lexical, grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors in your academic essay. Add your own version of the conclusion to the essay.

“What kind of humanity, what a warm word with simplicity and rainbow colors, what sadness, resignation to fate and joy for human existence,” ‒ wrote P.V. Annenkov about one of Turgenev’s last works, “Poems in Prose” (“Senilia«).

At the end of the 70s, when this cycle was created, the already middle-aged writer was lonely. Living abroad, he felt longing for his native nature and people. Without creating his own family, he lived with the troubles and joys of Pauline Viardot’s family. But the main thing was that in his soul there was that nagging feeling of loneliness that he experienced in the face of approaching death.

Read the series “Poems in Prose” ‒ means to penetrate the soul of an old person. It was not for nothing that Turgenev chose a second name for it ‒ « Senilia"("Senile"). What's in this soul?

Wisdom born of years of life and reflection, admiring the beauty of life, fear of death, memories of life. Indignation and sarcasm are replaced by joy and peace, but more often by elegiac sadness and sadness. The person leaving this life thinks about the eternal, but these thoughts are sad.

The motif of death becomes the main one in the works of the cycle. Then she appears in allegorical images: an old woman (“Old Woman”), “small and hunched,” with a “yellow, wrinkled, sharp-nosed, toothless face,” a fly (“Insect”) that bit the most carefree person, skulls (“Skulls”) , converging on a social event. It appears in the image of the end of the world, the darkness that no one can escape (“The End of the World”).

The theme of the greatness and eternity of nature, which established death as the law of development, is also connected with the motive of death. In the poems “Nature” and “Sea Voyage” the thought is heard: “We are all children of one mother - Nature.” All! It doesn't matter whether you are a person or a bird, a flea or an animal. All are perishable in the face of eternity. Mountains (“Conversation”) and trees (“My Trees”) become symbols of eternity. The two Alpine peaks Jungfrau and Finsteraarhorn live in a different space-time dimension than the people (“black boogers”) at their feet. For them, thousands of years of human life are one minute. After talking for several minutes, an entire human civilization passed by. In the poem “My Trees,” the “stunted, crooked” owner of a rich estate, who welcomed “his guest on my hereditary land, under the shade of my centuries-old trees, receives a sentence: a “half-dead worm” cannot call his own that which is more eternal than him. The old oak becomes a symbol of eternity. Reflecting on the eternal, the lyrical hero experiences sadness, sometimes reaching the point of pessimism. But this mood is replaced by a joyful, triumphant one in those verses where faith in the power of life, in the greatness of love is palpable - “Sparrow”, “We will fight again!”, “Wa-wa!”

The tousled black-breasted sparrow “with a desperate and pitiful squeak defended its chick from a dog, toothy, with an open mouth.” The force that moved the little bird to this feat is called love. Turgenev sees love as an overcoming of death and the fear of death. “Only love holds and moves life,” he asserts. Overcoming death is also about affirming the beautiful. Yes, everything beautiful passes instantly. But meeting the beautiful gives a feeling of the eternity of this moment.

Turgenev's everyday rule

Here you can watch online and download the cartoon “Mu-Mu.”
Poetic adaptation of the story by I.S. Turgenev. KrasnoeTV, Mumu, “MU-MU” Soyuzmultfilm, 1987 Film adaptation of the story by I.S. Turgenev. . Audiobook. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich. "Mumu" Read by: Dmitry Savin Etu
The story can rightfully be called one of the most... . Movie. Download HTTP link: mumu.avi, Fragment Preview. Download Torrent link:
mumu.avi.torrent Seeders:1 Leechers:0. Download ED2K link .

The sad story “Mu-mu” about the deaf-mute janitor Gerasim, told by I.S. Turgenev, known since her school years. Contrasting the world. Screen adaptation of the story of the same name by I. S. Turgenev. A touching film based on the story of I. S. Turgenev about a mute serf and man's faithful friend. Voiceovers of the book “Mumu” ​​by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev mumu. If after the page has fully loaded you continue to see this message instead.

Download Ivan Turgenev - torrent download for free Notes of a Hunter. Stories. Poems in prose.

School Library" invites you to listen to the series of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1. Turgenev. Thanks to "Notes" the author gained worldwide fame, and with them began his collaboration with N. Sovremennik.

A. Nekrasova. You will hear stories from the series “Notes of a Hunter”, the stories “Mumu”, “Asya” and “First Love”, as well as prose poems. Contents: 1. Stories. Mu Mu. Asya. First love. From the series & Notes of a Hunter & Bezhin Meadow. Khor and Kalinich. Singers. Biryuk. Forest and steppe. Two landowners. Office.

District doctor. 3. Poems in prose.

To the reader. Village. Talk. Old woman.

Dog. Rival. Beggar. You will hear the judgment of a fool... A satisfied man. Everyday rule. End of the world. Masha. Fool. Eastern legend. Two quatrains.

Sparrow. Skulls. The laborer and the white-handed woman. Rose. In memory of Yu. P. Vrevskaya. Last date. Threshold. Visit.

Necessitas, vis, libertas. Alms. Insect. Cabbage soup Azure Kingdom. Two rich men. Old man. Correspondent. Two brothers. Egoist. Feast at the Supreme Being. Sphinx. Nymphs. Enemy and friend.

Christ. Stone. Pigeons. Tomorrow, tomorrow! Nature. Hang him! What will I think? How beautiful, how fresh the roses were... Sea swimming. N.N. Stop! Monk. We will fight again! Prayer.

Russian language. Meeting. I'm sorry.. Damn. Twins. Thrush. Part 1- 2. Without a nest. Cup. Whose fault? Gad. Writer and critic. Who to argue with.. Oh my youth!

Oh my freshness! To *** (That’s not the chirping swallow..) I walked among the high mountains.. When I’m gone.. Hourglass. I got up at night.. When I was alone.. The path to love. Phrase. Simplicity. Brahmin.

You cried.. Love. Truth and truth. Partridges. Nessun maggior dolore. Caught under a wheel. U-ah.. U-ah! My trees.

1.Prose by I.S. Turgenev.

2.Creative path o.E. Mandelstam.

3. Emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary and phraseology of the modern Russian language.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (1818 – 1883). Noble family, from the Oryol province. Studied at the Faculty of Philosophy in Pitersk. and Berlinsk. un-tah, after meeting the singer Polina Viardot, mainly. lived abroad.

Evolution. Turgenev the writer very interesting. He started out as a poet, but as a poet who knew how. write lyrically poems, but also poems with a plot, in the spirit of “sensible” literature (stories in verse “Parasha”, “Conversation”, “Andrey”; story in verse “Landowner”). In the 40s the literati itself. situation put forward forward prose, the reader's interest in poetry noticeably decreases. It cannot be said that it was this process that caused Turg. switched to prose, but also did not pay attention to this trend. it is forbidden. Be that as it may, from Wednesday. 40s Turg. writes prose.

"Notes of a Hunter"(1847-1852, “Contemporary”).. It was as a prose writer that Turgenev became famous because of his series of stories “Notes of a Hunter.” The first works of the cycle (especially “Khor and Kalinich”, “Ermolai and the Miller’s Wife”) have features in common with the physiological genre. essay. But in difference. from essays by Dahl, Grigorovich and others will be presented. nature schools, which are usually absent. the plot, and the hero was introduced. generalization of workshops. signs (organ grinder, janitor, etc.), for the essay Turg. character typification of the hero (i.e. the expression of characteristic traits in a specific image), creation of a situation that contributes. identifying and revealing character. In the 70s Turg. additional “Z. O." 3 more stories: “The End of Tchertopkhanov”, “Living Relics”, “Knocking!”. Analysis of production "Khor and Kalinich." In "Z. O." narrator, accompanied by cross-hunter Ermolai or alone, wandering with a gun through the forests of Orlovsk. and Kaluzhsk. province and indulges in observations in the spirit of physiological. essays. Turgenev’s “physiologism” manifested itself quite clearly in the first story of the cycle (it was written first) “Khor and Kalinich.” The story begins. with compare descriptions of Orlovsk men. and Kaluzhsk. provinces. This description is quite in the spirit of nature. schools, because the author draws a generalized image of an Orlovsky peasant and a Kaluga peasant (Orlovsky is gloomy, short in stature, lives in a bad aspen hut, wears bast shoes; Kaluga is cheerful, tall, lives in a good aspen hut, wears boots on holidays) and a generalized image of the area , in which this guy lives, i.e. The subtext is this: the environment influences the character and living conditions (Oryol village - no trees, huts are crowded, etc.; Kaluga - vice versa). It seems that it is not two neighboring ones that are being described. regions, and different climates. belts But this sketchy beginning is not given for the sake of description; the author needs it in order to move on to the story about how the landowner Pyotr Petrovich sent. for hunting from the premises. Polutykin and as a result. met 2 of his peasants. In physical In the essay we feel the presence of the author-observer, but there is no hero as such. In "Z. O." the author-observer is personified in the image of the hunter Pyotr Petrovich, which removes the sketchy detachment and the almost complete absence of plot. The images of Khor and Kalinich are individual images, not generalized, but represent different types of personality: Khor is a rationalist (Turg. Compare him with Socrates), Kalinich is an idealist. Descriptions some. moments in the life of peasants (selling scythes and sickles, buying rags) are given not as an observation by the author, but as information gleaned from a conversation with the crosses. After talking. with Horem, the author concludes that Peter the Great was a Russian person. in their transformations (controversy with the Slavophiles, who considered Peter’s transformations harmful), because Russian people is not averse to adopting from Europe what is useful to him. "Two landowners." The influence of nat is much brighter. school appeared in the story “Two Landowners”. The hero's goal is a sign. reader with 2 landowners with whom he often hunted. The story can be divided. into 2 parts - an essay about landowners and everyday scenes in the house of the 2nd landowner, Mardarius Apollonych. 1st part of the presentation is a detailed, detailed description of the habits, manners, portrait characteristics of characters, which in themselves are types. The landowners have telling names. – Khvalynsky and Stegunov. This entire part is an introduction to the everyday scenes that are demonstrated. landlord lawlessness in relation to to everyone around. (ordering the priest to drink vodka, scene with chickens: peasant chickens wandered into the manor's yard, Mardariy first ordered them to be driven away, and when he found out whose chickens he took away; treating the peasants like cattle: “Fruiting, damned !”, etc.), and also peasant. humility and joy that the master is still “not like that.” You won’t find such a gentleman in the whole province.” The plot is minimally expressed, the main thing is to come to the conclusion: “Here it is, old Rus'.” "Living Relics". The story was written later, in 1874, and is quite different. from early stories. The sketchiness has been eliminated, the complete ending has been completed. The plot, the main narrator, is quite long. cession time place of Lukerye, who hanged. about your existence. Although the narrator remains an observer, this is expressed less clearly (in the portrait character of Lukerya, when he was surprised at the form in which the story of Joan of Arc reached Lukerya, when he asked the salesman in the village about Lukerya). An interesting detail is Lukerya’s dreams, they are very vivid and appear as an expression. redemptive ideas suffering, and very true psychological. character (an immobilized person lives and rests only in his dreams, dreams compensate for the lack of events in real life). This story – one of the most insightful.

In general, Turgenev faces one important problem: to stop being a poet and become a prose writer. It's harder than it might seem. In search of a new manner, Turgenev writes a story "The Diary of an Extra Man" (1850). The self-name of the hero of this work - “an extra person” - is picked up by criticism, and all the heroes like Onegin, Pechorin, and then Turgenev’s Rudin, appeared. later, are now called superfluous people.

In 1852 – 1853, being in position. exile in his native estate Spassky-Lutovinovo, Turg. cont. work on developing new creativity. manners. The novel “Two Generations”, which he worked on. at this time, remained unfinished. 1st completed and published novel - "Rudin" (1855), then - “The Noble Nest” (1858), “On the Eve” (1860), “Fathers and Sons” (1862). During the same period he wrote stories "Mumu" (1852) And "Asya" (1857), a story in letters "Correspondence" (1854).

Prose Turg. – not “predicting” the appearance of new people in Russian. society (Dobrolyubov believed that Turg. somehow guesses the emergence of new social types in society), it is not limited to social motives alone. Each of his stories and novels is tragic. love, and often a situation of a love triangle or its likeness arises (“Fathers and Sons”: Pavel Kirsanov - Countess R. - her husband; Bazarov - Anna Odintsova - death; “The Noble Nest”: Lavretsky - his wife Varvara Pavlovna - Liza; “ The day before": Elena - Insarov - death again).

Another layer of Turgenev’s prose is the solution to the eternal vital Russian. the question “what to do?” They are trying to resolve it in their socio-political disputes. issues of Rudin and Pigasov, Bazarov and Pavel Kirsanov, Lavretsky and Panshin, in the late novel “Smoke” - Sozont Potugin and Grigory Litvinov (and others).

The philosophical component is also important, and it is especially vivid in “Fathers and Sons.” Researchers have proven that reminiscence. from Pascal's works was actively used in Bazarov's dying monologue.

The image of a “new” person. Turgenev's novels "Rudin" and "On the Eve".

Turgenev. 2 types of “new” person – Rudin and Insarov (“On the Eve”). The first one never did anything, cr. death on the barricades in Fr (later inserted final episode. Rudin wants to achieve at least something, to accomplish at least some great deed). The second does not make it in time and dies of consumption. Insarov in the novel is called. "hero". Rudin is a typical coward, he grabs onto everything, doesn’t follow through on anything, doesn’t love anyone, incl. homeland, which, according to Lezhnev, leads to his collapse. Rudin was not created. his own, only feeds on other people's ideas. Ins. Turgenev loves, the image is close to him. fighter, hero, but Ins. – Bulgarian, not Russian. => fuss Question: when will heroes appear in Rus'? Ins. First of all, he loves his country, but is also capable of feelings for a woman. However, this sample Turgenev has not been fully worked out. Women: Critics considered Elena (Nak., Insarov’s wife) to be an emancipe, they considered expression. the will of women. New a person, including a woman, is a thinking, doubting, possessing person. freedom of choice and conscience, but Turg. believes (in these novels) that he has not yet appeared, there are only preparations.

"Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev. The image of a nihilist. Controversy surrounding the image of the main character.

The controversy surrounding the mod. Ch. hero began immediately after the novel was published. In "Let's make it up." for March 1862 – Antonovich's article - A. claims that the nihilist Bazarov is based on Dobrolyubov. Chernyshevsky- considers the images of all nihilists in the novel to be caricatures, including, naturally, Bazarov. Pisarev publishes an article “Bazarov” in “Russian Word”. He notes that T does not like Bazarov, that despite all T’s attempts to denigrate him, B is likable, his extraordinary mind is visible, “thought and deed merge into one whole.” By Pisarev's definition, T loves neither fathers nor children. Without having a possibility. show B's life, T shows his dignified death. Pis. concludes: B is not bad, the conditions are bad. Herzen believes that T, out of dislike for B, makes him absurd from the very beginning, makes him say absurdities, etc. Strakhov(Time magazine) Bazarov is a titan who rebelled against mother earth, he is shown by T with all his poetic force. art. Everyone agrees that only the result is shown, the synthesis, the work of thought, is not visible. led Bazarov to this way of life and understanding of the environment. peace.

Turgenev's last novels were “Smoke” (started in 1862, published in 1867), “New” (1876).

Last Turg novels. “Smoke” (published in 1867) and “Nov” (1876) stand somewhat apart from his novels. They are testimonies. about noticeable changes in worldview. Action of the novel "Smoke" origin in 1862 The date is given on the first line, reference to time: it seems that the reforms have passed, nothing has changed, there is abyss under our feet, freedom above our heads (Salenko), people are in limbo. The novel is democratic. direction. Criticism defined it as “a short story + 2 pamphlets + political. allusion." The action took place. abroad, in Baden, two local Russian-speaking clubs. societies parody politics. Russian circles (liberals-conservatives). Ch. the hero is Litvinov, a young man, a poor landowner, images. and pleasant. The hero is not reasoning, the hero-ideologist of Turgenev is over, L speaks to the point, often falls under the influence (of the bride, the bride's aunt, Irina). Former and newfound love L - Irina. They wanted to run away together, but she refused. Now I seems to agree to this, although L has a fiancée - Tatyana. Irina plays according to the laws of the Baden community, L does not want to play these games. Litvinov is a wingman, he obeys Irina, like the other hero - Potugin (almost an ideologist, a supporter of reforms, with I is connected by a terrible secret: she begged him to take the child of her deceased friend, but the girl died), like her rich husband (version - I sacrificed herself in order to extend the family, married the old general, but nothing is completely clear). It’s not clear whether I’m passionate or cold. and calculated that there is a mystical quality in her image, she is beautiful. Bride L sincerely admires her. In the end, when it became clear that I was only playing, and T seemed to have forgiven Lithuania, he decides to return to his homeland, and goes to Russia by train. In the landscape there is an image of smoke. Its direction depends on the wind. Smoke without fire... Russia is smoke, love is smoke. Baden - smoke.

Poems in prose (Senilia. 50 prose poems). In the drafts of the sketches from 1877, the first name is Posthuma (posthumous, lat.), so it is assumed that Turg. did not intend to print at first. them during their lifetime. But in 1883 50 verses in prose are published in Vestnik Evropy. At the end of the 20s of the XX century. in the Turg manuscripts. 31 more prose poems were found. Now they are published in 2 parts: in the 1st - 50 verses, in the 2nd - 31 verses. Genres. especially"Poem. in the ave." introduced new prosaic genre of small form in Russian. literary There were many imitations and productions, developments. this genre (Garshin, Balmont, Bunin). The genre of verse in prose itself arose in France. (the term arose after the publication of Charles Baudelaire’s collection “Little Poems in Prose”). The term “poem” chosen by Baudelaire was most likely a compromise, defining something new. genre as intermediate. between prose and poetry. Baudelaire was attracted to the genre. convenience of the form, he wrote in one of his letters that this form is very suitable for describing the interior. we will modernize the world. people, and besides, this genre was the embodiment of the dream of creating “poetic prose, musical without rhyme and without rhythm.” Turg. not mentioned anywhere. that he was familiar with these works by Baudelaire, but it is assumed that he knew them well. And although the theme of the poems is Baudelaire and Turg. different, in relation to genre can be observed known. similarity. Nekot. researchers also put forward the idea that prose verse is “Turgenev’s last poem.” Disputes regarding genres. especially “Poem in Prose” continues. Subject. In “Poems in Prose” a number of motifs can be distinguished. Dedicated to some topics. groups of verses, others - one or two. Main motives. 1) Village: Village, Shchi. The image of a village arose. and in other prose poems, but it does not become a motive - only a background. 2) Man and nature: Conversation, Dog, Sparrow, Nymphs, Pigeons, Nature, Sea swimming. The person is delighted. a contemplator of nature, then of the senses. his unity with her, then she appears before him in the form of a terrible thing. ruthless. a figure for which the main thing is balance, and does not care about insignificant things. human ideas like good, etc. 3) Death: Old Woman, Rival, Skulls, Last Date, Insect, Tomorrow! Tomorrow!, What will I think?, How beautiful, how fresh the roses were. Death is often personified (either an old woman, or a beautiful woman, reconciling enemies, or a terrible insect). Often a person does not think about death, but it is very close. 4) Christian. motives: Beggar, In memory of Yu.P. Vrevskaya, Threshold, Alms, Two rich men, Christ, “Hang him!” The images of sufferers, all-forgiving, and compassionate people are subtly and vividly presented. 5) Russia / Russian. actions and morals: “You will hear the judgment of a fool”, Contented man, Everyday rule, Fool, Two quatrains, Laborer and white-handed woman, Correspondent, Sphinx, Enemy and friend, Russian language. Perhaps this motive is the most common, but not itself. important. These poems are often ironic and even sarcastic. character 6) The end of the world: The end of the world. 7) Love: Masha, Rose, Stone, Stop! 8) Old age and youth: Visit, Azure Kingdom, Old Man. It is often difficult to identify one central element in a poem. motive, since nature and death, nature and love, death and love, etc. are intertwined together.

Self-sufficient. line in Turgenev's work is represented by. yourself "strange stories"(mystical fiction; “Faust”, 1856; “Ghosts”, 1864; “Dog”, 1870; “Klara Milich”, 1883, etc.). Many times attempts have been made to prove that this direction is something uncharacteristic for Turgenev (but since he wrote this, then why is it uncharacteristic?). In short, his need, apparently, was this: from realism to mysticism. And philosophical interests play an important role here.

Another line - cultural-historical stories in Turgenev’s prose (“Brigadier”, 1866; “The History of Lieutenant Ergunov”, 1868; “Old Portraits”, 1881, etc.). The writer's interest in the fatherland. history, especially of the 18th century, also makes itself felt in the novel “Nov” (the figures of the old men Fomushka and Fimushka - Foma Lavrentievich and Evfemia Pavlovna, pictures of their noble life organized in the old fashioned way). Turgenev is masterfully recreated. the era depicted, in “The Brigadier” he even introduces poems and stylization written by the hero. to the poetry of the late 18th century.

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