Eternal Sonechka Marmeladova why. Essay “Eternal Sonechka. “The sun must first of all be the sun...”

Municipal educational institution gymnasium No. 59.

Ulyanovsk region, Ulyanovsk.

Literature 10th grade.

“Sonechka...

Eternal Sonechka!

prepared

Kashtankina Svetlana Nikolaevna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

highest qualification category.

Ulyanovsk

Topic: “Sonechka... Eternal Sonechka!”

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

determine what the “truth” of Sonya Marmeladova is;

trace how Raskolnikov’s view of Sonechka’s “crime” changes throughout the novel;

how Raskolnikov’s Christian values ​​are discovered through Sonechka’s “truth”;

comprehend Dostoevsky’s words in the epigraph of the lesson.

Educational:

developing students’ communicative competence, the ability to critically analyze, systematize and evaluate information; find cause-and-effect relationships; work with text;

develop students’ creative abilities and oral speech;

expand your horizons.

Educators:

education of moral concepts (love, pity, compassion, faith);

improving individual and group work skills.

Tasks:

show what the writer sees as the source of renewal of life, how he solves the question of what to do to change the existing world order;

analyze scenes in which the writer protests against the inhumanity of society;

cultivate tolerance towards different religions.

During the classes.

1. Teacher's opening speech.

It has become customary to talk about Turgenev’s women. But what elemental power of protest are endowed with the female images of F.M. Dostoevsky.

A large place in his novels is given to the female theme, since Fyodor Mikhailovich believes that it is in a woman that there is a high moral force that can change life for the better. All the writer’s sympathies are on the side of those heroines who were bent and broken by life, who defended their rights and dignity. His heroines are rebellious, they have not come to terms with reality.

In the novel “Crime and Punishment”, female characters help not only to more fully understand the main character Rodion Raskolnikov, but also to help him comprehend life in a new way.

2. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Today our lesson will be dedicated to Sonya Marmeladova, since she, according to F. Dostoevsky, is almost the main character after Raskolnikov.

“Sonechka... Eternal Sonechka!”

How do you understand this phrase?

(Eternal means always existing. These words contain a symbol. Eternal Sonechka is a symbol of sacrifice and human suffering.)

3. Working with the epigraph.

A woman... if she is morally worthy,

Equal to everyone, equal to kings.

F.M. Dostoevsky.

What does F.M. mean in the concept of morality? Dostoevsky?

(F. Dostoevsky puts into the concept of morality the eternal Christian commandments that should guide a person through life.)

What does the expression “equal to kings” mean?

(A king is a ruler, which means “equal to kings” - one in power.)

In this lesson we need to find out: Is Sonya Marmeladova morally worthy, what does she sacrifice and in whose name, “is she equal to kings”?

4. The idea of ​​​​creating the image of Sonya Marmeladova.

Performance by the group "Researchers".

1) The image of Sonya Marmeladova was not immediately determined. The earliest records mention only "the official's daughter", "she". F. Dostoevsky, obviously, initially intended to emphasize the professional traits of this heroine: “Once upon a time he meets her as a professional. Scandal on the street. She stole."

At the end of the same notebook there are reflections on the nature of this image: “The official’s daughter is casually, a little more original. A simple and downtrodden creature. Or better yet, dirty and drunk with fish.”

“Drunk with Fish” is obviously an image of a drunken, beaten prostitute, thrown out into the street and pounding salted fish on the stairs, the image that was painted by the hero of “Notes from Underground.”

2) But already in the next notebook, Sonya Marmeladova appears before readers as in the final text of the novel - the embodiment of the Christian idea: “She constantly considers herself a deep sinner, a fallen debauchee, who cannot beg for salvation.” Life for Sonya is unthinkable without faith in God and the immortality of the soul: “What was I without God.” This idea was also very clearly expressed by Marmeladov in the rough drafts for the novel.

The idea f. Dostoevsky’s attitude towards Sonya has changed, because “drunk with fish” is a fallen woman who has fallen morally. He decided to show a woman illuminated with an aura of purity and even holiness. By selling her body, she earned money to feed Katerina Ivanovna’s hungry children. The contrast of her pure spiritual appearance and dirty profession, the terrible fate of the girl-child is strong evidence of the criminality of society.

5. Psychological portrait of Sonya Marmeladova.

Speech by psychologists.

In the novels of F. Dostoevsky, every detail, every stroke, every proper name has its own meaning. In Dostoevsky, “even punctuation marks must be taken into account.”

1) Proper names reflect the personality of his heroes.

Sonya Marmeladova.

Sophia is “wisdom”, “listening to God”, helping people.

The surname Marmeladov is opposed to the surname Raskolnikov. Marmalade is a sweet viscous mass that has the ability to stick together into a single whole. Sonya seems to glue the separate halves of Raskolnikov’s soul into a single whole. The surname indicates the integrity of Sonya’s nature.

2) We learn about the inner world of heroes not only from the description of their actions, feelings, and experiences. Dostoevsky is a master of psychological portraiture; he reveals to us a portrait of a personality, consisting of actions and thoughts hidden behind the face.

Sonya Marmeladova is a thin, fragile, timid girl, a small, blue-eyed creature with blond curly hair. She is all so bright, pure, gentle, submissive.

When Sonya is angry, she looks like a little bird. But as soon as Raskolnikov dared to doubt God, her eyes sparkled with anger and that intoxicating awareness of the power of her own soul, led by God, awoke.

The phrase “sparkling with anger” F.M. Dostoevsky does not use it in vain, since only people obsessed with an idea, with faith, can have their eyes sparkle with anger. There is so much passion in her face when they touch on faith in God. This girl “with a modest, decent manner,” with a clear, but seemingly somewhat intimidated face, has enormous patience and moral strength.

What most attracts attention in Sonya's face are her clear, blue eyes. Blue color symbolizes constancy, devotion, peace, truth. Clear eyes symbolize the purity of the soul. Sonechka has all these qualities. At 18, she looks like a child. And an important semantic line is connected with the image of children in the novel. It is in them that all the best that is in human nature is revealed. The portrait of Sonya emphasizes her childishness, defenselessness, fragility and great moral strength: “... a thin, pale and exhausted face.”

“A girl of about 18, thin, but quite pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes... a kind and simple-minded expression on her face, which involuntarily attracted people to her.”

6. Sonya Marmeladova’s path to meeting Rodion Raskolnikov.

What path did Sonya take before meeting Raskolnikov?

Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova is the daughter of an official, a man who has sunk to the extreme, driven by poverty to the point that he has “nowhere else to go.” Sonya did not receive any upbringing or education. She tries to earn money by honest work, but it is not even enough for food. This modest girl is forced to sell her body for the survival of her family. She receives a “yellow ticket”, so she cannot stay with her family. Sonechka is ashamed of her profession and considers herself a great sinner. He comes to Katerina Ivanovna and his father only at dusk. He lives in terrible poverty in Kapernaumov’s apartment. “God, God will not allow...” is the only thing that serves this girl as support and protection in life. But even at the very “bottom” of her life, Sonya maintains moral purity and continues to live for the sake of her family.

7. Analytical conversation with selective reading of the text.

The path of Sonya Marmeladova after her meeting with Raskolnikov.

Why did Raskolnikov come to Sonya after committing the crime?

Raskolnikov is looking for an ally, a kindred spirit. And Sonya, in his opinion, also overstepped and ruined her life. He believes that she has nowhere else to go. Raskolnikov thought to see a man focused on his troubles, exhausted, doomed, ready to grab hold of the slightest hope, but he saw something else that gave rise to a question.

What did Raskolnikov see? What struck him so much?

This meeting awakens his curiosity. Sonya looks at life differently, sees the good in people, feels sorry for them, and tries to understand.

“Her pale cheeks flushed again, anguish was expressed in her eyes. It was clear that she had been touched terribly, that she terribly wanted to express something, to say something, to intercede. Some kind of insatiable suffering, so to speak, was depicted in all the features of her face.”

What questions does Raskolnikov ask Sonya? For what?

Raskolnikov's questions drive Sonya into a frenzy. The whole conversation is going on at the breaking point, at the limit of human capabilities. Raskolnikov deliberately tortures Sonya in order to test the depth of her “human patience”, her fortitude, the origins of which are incomprehensible to him.

What attracted Raskolnikov to Sonya?

Raskolnikov was attracted to Sonya by the power that allowed her to live.

What is the source of this power?

In caring for other people's children and their unhappy mother. Raskolnikov could not understand where Sonya got such strength and purity of spirit in such a terrible life. He is tormented by the question: why was she able to remain in this position for too long and not go crazy? All this seems strange to him. He saw the unusualness and originality of Sonya, who, according to his theory, belongs to the category of ordinary people.

“...Still, the question arose for him: why was she able to remain in this position for too long and not go crazy, if she was not able to throw herself into the water? Of course, he understood that Sonya’s position is a random phenomenon in society, although, unfortunately, it is far from isolated and not exceptional...”

“What kept her going? Isn't it debauchery? All this shame obviously affected her only mechanically; real depravity has not yet penetrated a single drop into her heart; he saw it; she stood before him in reality..."

“But is this really true,” he exclaimed to himself, “is it really possible that this creature, who still retains the purity of spirit, will finally be consciously drawn into this vile, stinking pit?...”

Raskolnikov continues to test Sonya, peering intently at her. “Fool! Holy fool! - he repeated to himself.

What did he mean by the concept of “holy fool”?

Holy fool means insane or has taken on the appearance of being insane.

When Raskolnikov saw Sonya’s meek blue eyes sparkling with fire and her small body trembling with indignation and anger, all this seemed impossible to him. A man who lived for the sake of others, forgetting about himself, seemed like a holy fool in a world where evil and injustice were happening.

Why did Raskolnikov bow before this small, timid, frightened girl?

“I didn’t bow to you, I bowed to all human suffering,” he said somehow wildly and walked away to the window...”

Raskolnikov bowed to Sonya the sufferer, the victim - all human suffering. He sat the disgraced, trampled, expelled girl next to her mother and sister, believing that he had done them honor.

Raskolnikov believes that Sonechka sacrifices herself to some insatiable suffering and always to a “hungry deity.” “Eternal Sonechka,” while the world stands, is a sacrifice, the horror of which is all the more bottomless because it is meaningless, unnecessary, does not change anything, does not correct anything. Raskolnikov understands Sonya as a symbol of eternal sacrifice. Sonya killed herself, but did she save anyone?

8. Drawing up a reference outline of “Sonya Marmeladova”.

Do you agree with Raskolnikov that Sonya destroyed herself, but did not save anyone?

“The sun must first of all be the sun...”

Sonya.

Marmeladov Raskolnikov

Convicts

Katerina Ivanovna

Porfiry Petrovich, during a conversation with Raskolnikov, advises him: “Become the sun, everyone will see you.” The sun must first of all be a sun, that is, not only to shine, but also to warm. Sonya Marmeladova is such a sun; she warms people’s souls with her warm light. Although, at first glance, she seems to be far from this moral height, her place is at the foot, on the panel. Sonya not only radiates kindness and compassion, she helps those who suffer. Sonya's stepmother, Katerina Ivanovna, condemns her to live on a “yellow” ticket. But after committing the sin, “Katerina Ivanovna... went up to Sonya’s bed and stood on her knees all evening, kissed her feet, didn’t want to get up...” For the children exhausted by hunger, who, thanks to Sonya, were able to survive, for herself, who was terminally ill, Katerina Ivanovna thanked her stepdaughter, who was helped in a difficult moment of her life. Even a moment before her death, she sincerely pitied her: “We sucked you dry, Sonya...”

Sonya’s sacrifice penetrates his father’s soul with warmth. She probes his conscience, showing endless compassion, giving him her last “sinful” pennies for his obscene drunkenness in the tavern. After the death of her father and the death of her stepmother, Sonya takes care of the children. Not only the children are grateful to her, but also the people around her, to whom such an act seems truly Christian, and even the fall in this case seems holy.

The sun's rays saved Sonya's soul and helped Raskolnikov to be reborn.

9. Analysis of the episode “Reading the Gospel by Sonya” by 1 group of analysts.

What would I be without God?..

God, God will not allow such horror!..

These words reveal the entire spiritual essence of Sonya. The Gospel story about the resurrection of Lazarus expresses the essence of her personality, her secret.

It was hard for Sonya to reveal and expose everything that was hers; she did not want to reveal the secret of her soul - this is the only thing she had left.

Sonya read at first quietly and bashfully, and then with passion and strength she confessed her conviction in the words of John.

“Sonya unfolded the book and found the place. Her hands were shaking, her voice was lacking. She started twice, and still couldn’t pronounce the first syllable...”

“She was already trembling all over in a real, real fever... Her voice became ringing, like metal, triumph and joy sounded in it and strengthened it.”

“... she read loudly and enthusiastically, trembling and growing cold, as if she had seen it with her own eyes...”

Teacher's question.

Why did Sonya read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus with such excitement and trembling?

Sonya believes in what seems completely impossible to a limited rational view - she believes in a miracle. Faith in the resurrection of Lazarus, Sonya believes in man. Subsequently, she will believe in the resurrection of Raskolnikov. She believes that you cannot live without faith, you cannot move forward through doubt to repentance, to love. The Gospel parable is refracted in the destinies of Sonya and Raskolnikov.

10. Analysis of the episode “Raskolnikov’s Confession of a Crime” by 2 groups of analysts.

The more Raskolnikov gets to know Sonya, the more he is surprised at how patiently and almost resignedly she endures all the hardships of life, without even trying to protect herself. After a humiliating and terrible scene (Luzhin’s attempt to accuse her of theft), Raskolnikov asks her a question: “...Should Luzhin live and do abominations, or should Katerina Ivanovna die? How would you decide: which of them should die?..”

Sonya answers Raskolnikov’s question: “But I can’t know God’s providence... And why are you asking what you can’t ask? Why such empty questions? How can it happen that it depends on my decision? And who made me the judge here: who should live and who should not live?”

Sonya is unable to resolve such issues; she trusts only in God: he alone can dispose of people’s lives, he alone knows the highest justice. Sonya bows before the great meaning of existence, sometimes inaccessible to her mind. She simply strives for life, affirms its positive meaning.

Teacher's question.

Why does Sonya Raskolnikov confess to the murder?

Raskolnikov is unhappy, exhausted, he goes with his confessions to Sonya with the desire to “bow to all human suffering.” As he himself says on the eve of his confession: “You should have at least caught on something, slowed down, looked at the person.” He saw in Sonya exactly the Man. Each of them has their own truth, their own path. Both of them have transgressed the moral norms of the society in which they live.

Yu. Koryakin argues that Sonya’s truth not only wins, but that Raskolnikov’s iron logic turns out to be broken by Sonya’s elementary logic. But for a person obsessed with the desire to be right at all costs, one of the most humiliating states is when all the ingenious syllogisms are broken by the elementary logic of life.

The only possible, natural, from Sonya’s point of view, explanation of the motives for the murder sounds like this:

You were hungry! Are you... to help your mother? Yes?

Raskolnikov puts forward various explanations. But all the arguments of reason, which previously seemed so obvious to him, fall away one after another. If before he believed in his theory, now before Sonya, before her truth, all his “arithmetic” crumbles to dust. There is no logic, calculation, or even convincing arguments in Sonya’s words. Sonya opposes Raskolnikov’s theory with one simple argument, with which he is forced to agree.

What feelings does Sonya experience after Raskolnikov’s confession?

The criminal inspires not disgust, not horror, but compassion. Sonya uses the word “unhappy.” She exclaims: “No, there is no one more unhappy than you in the whole world now!..” More unhappy, not meaner, more criminal, more disgusting. She passionately, painfully sympathizes with Raskolnikov and understands how he suffers. Sonya hands the cross to the killer with the words: “Together we will go to suffer, together we will bear the cross!..” Raskolnikov understands that now Sonya is with him forever.

Why does Sonya's truth win?

The basis of Sonya's truth is love. Alienated from people, having abandoned even those closest to him, Raskolnikov felt that he needed love, that Sonya was right when she said: “Well, how can one live without a person!” Sonya helped Raskolnikov find the man within himself and resurrected his spirit. Therefore, Raskolnikov is spiritually resurrected not as a result of renouncing his idea, but through suffering, faith, and love. Through Sonya's fate, he realizes all human suffering and worships it.

11. Dealing with criticism.

G.M. Bridlener notes that Raskolnikov, who fell in love with him with the love of both his beloved and his sister, leads Raskolnikov “to moral rebirth” through his confession.”

Can you agree that Sonya loves Raskolnikov with the love of a “lover and sister”?

Dostoevsky’s love acts as the main factor of Christian morality, and it must be understood in the Christian sense, for it is said in the Gospel: “Love endures for a long time, is merciful, covers everything, believes everything, hopes everything, endures everything.”

Sonya does not leave Raskolnikov even in Siberia. Now Sonya's religious beliefs have become Raskolnikov's beliefs. The suffering they endured opened the way to happiness; love resurrected them. It is love for a specific person that leads heroes to spiritual resurrection, “living life.” Therefore, we can agree with Bridlener’s thought that Sonya fell in love with Raskolnikov with the love of a sister in the Christian sense and a lover.

Teacher: It is very important that Raskolnikov fell in love with Sonya. On the one hand, she is a victim of a godless world order, and on the other, she carries the idea of ​​Orthodox Christianity. Raskolnikov's love carries within it not an earthly, but a spiritual feeling, which leads to a complete change in his life. The divine principle, love and moral consciousness won. This means that we can say with complete confidence that Sonya also saved Raskolnikov.

Why did the convicts, these sometimes cruel, finished people, fall in love with Sonya so much?

They felt in this fragile girl great moral strength, kindness, selflessness, purity and power of soul.

“And when she appeared at work, coming to Raskolnikov, or met with a party of prisoners going to work, everyone took off their hats, everyone bowed: “Mother, Sofya Semyonovna, you are our mother, tender, sick!” - these rude, branded convicts said to this small and thin creature...” The convicts also enter Sonya’s solar circle.

Conclusion.

According to Dostoevsky, conscious self-sacrifice of oneself for the benefit of everyone is a sign of the greatest development of personality, the highest power of the soul. Sonya did not change society, evil still exists, but she still made her contribution, saving Katerina Ivanovna, her children, and Raskolnikov. And I want to believe that there are people who are capable of compassion and can give a helping hand to those in need. Sonya is the personification of kindness, self-sacrifice, meekness and forgiveness. Her image embodies one of the main ideas of Dostoevsky’s work: the path to happiness and moral rebirth of a person passes through suffering, Christian humility, and faith in “God’s providence.” The sun's rays saved Sonya's soul and helped the people around her to be reborn. She not only radiated kindness and compassion, but also really helped the unfortunate and disadvantaged.

personality). Raskolnikov to hard labor.

5. Justice, honesty. Manifests itself in all actions.

6. Faith in “God’s providence” and people. Believes in the resurrection of Lazarus, Raskolnikov,

fallen convicts.

7. Moral fortitude and strength. I didn’t sink morally when I went out to

panel for the sake of the family.

8. Love. Brotherly love for people (Liza, convicts)

The love of a lover and sister for Raskolnikov.

9. The power of the soul. Faith, love and understanding of people.

Sonya Road- Christian humility,

eternal peace, eternal rest.

Sonya's mission- rid the world of evil.

Those in power = kings.

Is Sonya morally worthy?

Can we say that Sonya is equal to kings?

We can claim that Sonya is the ruler of the world, as she strives to rid the world of evil, of pain, by healing the souls of people. Her faith, hope, love help not only her, but also her family and Raskolnikov to live.

13. Reflection.

Student performance.

Sonya Marmeladova has a beautiful and pure soul. She is forced to sell her body to help Katerina Ivanovna and her children, but her soul still remains pure. I envy Raskolnikov because next to him is a girl who sacrificed part of her life to save him. Sonya is an extraordinary person. It is easier for her to take on suffering rather than see the pain of others. At F.I. Tyutchev has a poem that, in my opinion, reflects the inner essence of Sonya.

Whatever life teaches us,

But the heart believes in miracles,

There is endless strength

There is also imperishable beauty.

And the withering of the earth

He will not touch unearthly flowers,

And from the midday heat

The dew will not dry on them.

And this faith will not deceive

The one who only lives by it,

Not everything that bloomed here will fade,

Not everything that happened here will pass away.

But this faith is for few

Grace is available only to those

Who is in the strict temptations of life,

How you knew how to suffer in love.

Healing the ailments of others

With his suffering he was able to

Who laid down his soul for others

And he endured everything to the end.

The opera of the same name by Eduard Artemyev based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". (Sonya's part.)

Used Books.

1. Lesson developments in literature. 10th grade, Moscow “Wako”, 2003
2. Belov S.V. Heroes of Dostoevsky. - “Neva”, 1983, No. 11, p.195-200
3. INTERNET addresses

The image of the “eternal” Sonechka (based on F. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”)

The embodiment of the humanistic philosophy of F. M. Dostoevsky, implying selfless service to people, the implementation of Christian morality, which brings undivided good, was the image of Sonechka Marmeladova. It was she who managed to resist the world of evil and violence surrounding her thanks to the strength and purity of her soul. Already in the description of the heroine, the author’s attitude towards her is revealed: “... She was a modestly and even poorly dressed girl, very young... with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but seemingly somewhat intimidated face.” Warmth and cordiality are inherent in these words.

Like all the poor people presented in the novel, the Marmeladov family is mired in terrible poverty. Always drunk, having lost self-respect, resigned to the injustice of life, Marmeladov, sick Katerina Ivanovna, helpless children - all of them, born of their time, are deeply unhappy people, pathetic in their helplessness. And they would not have escaped death if not for seventeen-year-old Sonechka, who found the only way out to save her family - to sell her own body. For a girl with deep Christian convictions, such an act is the biggest sacrifice. After all, by violating the Christian commandments, she commits a terrible sin and dooms her soul to eternal suffering. But Sonya did it for the sake of her loved ones. The mercy and compassion of this girl knows no bounds. Even having come into contact with the very bottom, having experienced all the baseness and abomination of humanity, she retained her endless love of humanity, faith in goodness, survived and was not like those who sell and buy human bodies and souls, without suffering from pangs of conscience.

That is why Raskolnikov comes to Sonechka to open his ailing soul to her. But in the hero’s opinion, Sonya’s sin is no less, and maybe even more, terrible than his. Raskolnikov considers her sacrifice senseless, not understanding or accepting the idea of ​​responsibility for the lives of loved ones. And only this thought helps Sonechka come to terms with her fall, forget about her suffering, because the awareness of her own sinfulness pushed Sonya to commit suicide, which could save her from shame and moral torment.

Believing that Sonechka, by not saving anyone, only “ruined” herself, Raskolnikov hopes to find his reflection in her, to make her believe in his idea. He asks her a question: what is better - for a scoundrel to “live and do abominations” or for an honest man to die? To which Sonechka responds with all her characteristic spontaneity: “But I can’t know God’s providence... And who made me the judge here: who should live and who should not live?” Raskolnikov's hopes were not justified. Sonechka is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of others, but cannot accept the murder of one person for the benefit of others. That is why she became Raskolnikov’s main opponent, directing all her forces to destroy his immoral theory.

Fragile, meek Sonechka shows remarkable strength in her own humility. “Eternal” Sonechka sacrifices herself, and in her actions it is impossible to find the boundaries between good and evil. Just as, forgetting herself, she saved her family, she strives to save Raskolnikov, who is “terribly, infinitely unhappy.” She tries to lead him to the basics of the Christian faith, which preaches humility and repentance. This is what the writer says through the mouth of Soniechka, which helps to cleanse the soul of the evil that destroys it. Thanks to her Christian beliefs, the girl survived in this cruel world, keeping hope for a bright future.

Sonechka helps Raskolnikov understand the unnaturalness, inhumanity of his theory, and accept the sprouts of goodness and love into his heart. Sonechka's love and her ability for self-sacrifice lead the hero to moral rebirth, to the first step on the path to saving his soul. “Can her convictions not now also be my convictions?” thinks Raskolnikov, realizing that only “with endless love will he now atone for all her suffering.”

You can be great in humility.

F. M. Dostoevsky

The image of Sonechka Marmeladova in the novel “Crime and Punishment” is for Dostoevsky the embodiment of the eternal humility and suffering of the female soul with its compassion for loved ones, love for people and boundless self-sacrifice. The meek and quiet Sonechka Marmeladova, weak, timid, unrequited, in order to save her family and relatives from hunger, decides to do something terrible for a woman. We understand that her decision is an inevitable, inexorable result of the conditions in which she lives, but at the same time it is an example of active action in the name of saving the perishing. She has nothing but her body, and therefore the only possible way for her to save the little Marmeladovs from starvation is to engage in prostitution. Seventeen-year-old Sonya made her own choice, decided on her own, chose the path herself, feeling neither resentment nor anger towards Katerina Ivanovna, whose words were the final push that brought Sonya to the panel. Therefore, her soul did not become bitter, did not hate the world hostile to her, the dirt of street life did not touch her soul. Her endless love for humanity saves her. Sonechka's whole life is an eternal sacrifice, a selfless and endless sacrifice. But for Sonya this is the meaning of life, her happiness, her joy, she cannot live otherwise. Her love for people, like an eternal spring, feeds her tormented soul, gives her strength to walk along the thorny path that is her whole life. She even thought about suicide to get rid of shame and torment. Raskolnikov also believed that “it would be fairer and wiser to dive straight into the water and end it all at once!” But suicide for Sonya would be too selfish an option, and she thought about “them” - the hungry children, and therefore consciously and humbly accepted the fate prepared for her. Humility, submission, Christian all-forgiving love for people, self-denial are the main things in Sonya’s character.

Raskolnikov believes that Sonya’s sacrifice was in vain, that she did not save anyone, but only “ruined” herself. But life refutes these words of Raskolnikov. It is to Sonya that Raskolnikov comes to confess his sin - the murder he committed. It is she who forces Raskolnikov to confess to the crime, proving that the true meaning of life is repentance and suffering. She believes that no person has the right to take the life of another: “And who made me a judge: who should live, who should die?” Raskolnikov's beliefs terrify her, but she does not push him away from her. Great compassion makes her strive to convince, to morally cleanse Raskolnikov’s ruined soul. Sonya saves Raskolnikov, her love resurrects him to life.

Love helped Sonya understand that he was unhappy, that, despite all his visible pride, he needed help and support. Love helped to overcome such an obstacle as a double murder in order to try to resurrect and save the killer. Sonya goes to get Raskolnikov to hard labor. Sonya's love and sacrifice cleanse her from her shameful and sad past. Sacrifice in love is an eternal trait characteristic of Russian women.

Sonya finds salvation for herself and for Raskolnikov in faith in God. Her faith in God is her last self-affirmation, giving her the opportunity to do good in the name of those to whom she sacrifices herself, her argument in favor of the fact that her sacrifice will not be useless, that life will soon find its outcome in universal justice. Hence her inner strength and resilience, which help her get through the “circles of hell” of her joyless and tragic life. A lot can be said about Sonya. She can be considered a heroine or an eternal martyr, but it is simply impossible not to admire her courage, her inner strength, her patience.

F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” was written in 1866 based on modern events as a “psychological report on a crime.” The main character of this work is former law student Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov. The title of the novel suggests that the center of the book is the psychological life and fate of this person.

Raskolnikov commits a crime by killing an old pawnbroker, and in the epilogue he serves his sentence in hard labor. But an even greater punishment for him is separation from people, pangs of conscience and the consciousness of his failure as a great man.

The central idea of ​​the novel is the idea of ​​the resurrection of the soul, of its rebirth to a new life. If Sonya Marmeladova had not been next to Raskolnikov, he would not have been able to resurrect himself for a new life.

Sonya is conceived by the author not only as the protagonist’s double in fate (she also “overstepped”), but she also acts as Raskolnikov’s antipode in terms of the truth that she follows in life. At the end of the novel, Sonya's truth becomes the hero's truth.

Before us is a psychological and ideological work in which each of the heroes has “a special point of view on the world and on himself,” as the literary critic M. M. Bakhtin puts it. Each hero of Dostoevsky lives in accordance with his idea. Raskolnikov’s idea is the right of a proud person to transform the world, to eliminate suffering in it. Sonya's idea is infinite love for one's neighbor, in “insatiable compassion” and self-sacrifice, in faith in God, who “will not allow” more suffering than a person can bear.

Dostoevsky is convinced that a person has no right to demand happiness. Happiness is not given so easily, it must be earned through suffering.

The image of Sonechka carries the main idea of ​​the novel. This heroine is the moral ideal of the author.

Let's look at why Sonechka is called “eternal” in Dostoevsky’s work.

We first learn about this girl from the story of her father Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov. After the “test,” Raskolnikov leaves the apartment of his future victim “in decisive embarrassment.” He realizes that the planned murder is “dirty, dirty, disgusting”, and goes into the tavern. Here he listens to the story of the family of the former official Marmeladov. The native daughter of this drunken and degenerate man was forced to go on a yellow ticket to save hungry children. She was pushed to this by her stepmother Katerina Ivanovna, “generous, but unfair,” “a hot-blooded, proud and unyielding lady.” When the children once again began to cry from hunger, Katerina Ivanovna began to reproach Sonya for being a “parasite.” The meek stepdaughter quietly asked: “Well, Katerina Ivanovna, should I really do this?” The stepmother, sick with consumption, “with excited feelings”, “with the crying of children who did not eat,” said “in a mockery”, “more for the sake of insult than in the exact sense”: “Well... why take care of it? Eco treasure! It was then that the poor girl went out into the street for the first time, and after a while she brought her stepmother 30 rubles as a sign that she had betrayed herself for the sake of her family.

Even then, listening to Marmeladov’s painful story about his daughter, Raskolnikov, who has not yet killed the old woman, but is only plotting a terrible crime, decides that he will tell only Sonya about everything. Even then he decides that the girl will understand him and will not leave him.

After visiting the Marmeladovs' beggarly corner, the young man experiences conflicting feelings. On the one hand, he condemns poor people reduced to extreme poverty: “Oh yes Sonya! What a well, however, they managed to dig! And they use it! That's why they use it! And we got used to it. We cried and got used to it. A scoundrel gets used to everything!” But on the other hand, he feels compassion for these humiliated and insulted, who have “nowhere else to go.” A desire arises in him to change the world, a desire to act, and he calls all his moral hesitations “prejudice”, “feigned fears”: “... and there are no barriers, and this is how it should be!”

The next day after meeting Marmeladov, Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother. From it he learns that his sister Dunya decides to marry a respectable, wealthy lawyer Luzhin. The young man understands that his sister is sacrificing the failure for his well-being. In his thoughts, the image of the “eternal Sonechka” appears as a symbol of self-sacrifice for the sake of loved ones: “Sonechka, Sonechka Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands!”

Creating the image of the “eternal Sonechka”, the author attaches great importance to the portrait of his heroine. For the first time, the appearance of this fragile girl appears in the confession of her father: “... she is unrequited, and her voice is so meek... blonde, her face is always pale, thin.”

Three portrait details create gospel motifs and make us see in the heroine a prototype of the Mother of God. Firstly, this is the family’s large green draped shawl, which Sonya covered herself with when returning from the street. This is a symbolic detail. Green is the color of the Virgin Mary. Dradedam - thin cloth. This word sounds like Notre Dam - the French name for the Virgin Mary. Secondly, “burnusik” is “a cape and outerwear of various types, men’s and women’s, as if based on an Arabic model.” Such clothes were worn during the time of Christ. But the most important detail is psychological. When Marmeladov comes to his daughter to ask for money “for a hangover,” Sonya’s look is described in detail: “She didn’t say anything, she just looked at me silently... It’s not like that on earth, but there... they grieve for people, cry, but don’t reproach, don’t reproach!” Sonya does not condemn her father for sin, she loves him endlessly and has compassion for her lost father. Sonya's gaze is the gaze of the Mother of God, who looks at people from heaven and yearns for their soul.

Raskolnikov first sees Sonya at the bedside of her dying father. A girl in a “penny outfit”, but “decorated in a street style, according to the tastes and rules that have developed in her own special world with a brightly and shamefully outstanding goal.” Only before his death did Marmeladov realize how immeasurably guilty he was towards his daughter when he saw her “humiliated, murdered, dishonored and ashamed, humbly waiting for her turn to say goodbye to her dying father.” Only before his death did he ask his daughter for forgiveness.

The portrait detail – “remarkably blue eyes” – emphasizes Sonya’s inner beauty.

If the first portrait conveys the abnormality, unnaturalness, and ugliness of the girl’s existence, then the second portrait, given in the episode of her visit to Raskolnikov’s apartment, reveals the inner essence of the “eternal Sonechka.” The truth is revealed in Rodion Romanovich’s reflections on the girl’s fate: “All this shame, obviously, affected her only mechanically; real depravity has not yet penetrated a single drop into her heart.” in the second portrait, the heroine’s “childishness” stands out. Before us is “a modestly and even poorly dressed girl, still very young, almost like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but seemingly somewhat intimidated face.”

The central place in the novel is occupied by the episode of reading the Gospel. Sonya, at Raskolnikov's request, reads to him about the resurrection of Lazarus. Conveying the excitement of a girl reading the most dear and intimate, the author reveals to readers the main secret of her life - the hope of resurrection. The young man failed to make Sonya his like-minded person. Fragile and small Sonya turned out to be spiritually strong and resilient. In this scene, the author conveys the inner strength of his heroine with the help of portrait details: “her weak chest was all swaying with excitement”; “she suddenly cried out, looking sternly and angrily at him,” “meek blue eyes that could sparkle with such fire, such a stern energetic feeling,” “small body, still trembling with indignation and anger.”