Secondary members of the sentence. Main and minor members of a sentence: basic information

42. Minor members of a sentence are members of a sentence that depend on the main members of the sentence or on other minor members, and clarify, clarify or supplement the dominant words. Grammatical categories of minor members:

• definition (and application as a type of definition),
• addition,
• circumstance.

42.1. A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?

Types of definitions:

• agreed rpirepeniv (consistent with the word being defined in number, case, singular - and gender; expressed by an adjective, pronoun-adjective, participle, ordinal number): The washed floors have not yet dried. There was a beautiful vase on the foot. I live on the fifth floor. The second aria from this opera was performed.
• inconsistent definition (connected with the main word by the method of control or adjacency, the connection is devoid of formally expressed agreement; expressed by nouns in indirect cases, personal pronouns, comparative adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, indecomposable phrases): The delegation is expected to arrive today. I really liked her plaid dress. He didn't keep his promise to come.

42.2. An application is a type of definition that is expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case (hero city, rose flower).

A special type of application is inconsistent applications. This:

• names of works of literature, press organs, ships, factories, factories, etc.: the novel “Crime and Punishment”, near the Rossiya Hotel;
• nicknames: about Vsevolod the Big Nest.

Single applications and defined words are written:

Hyphenated if

1. the application is expressed by a common noun (design engineer);
2. the application is expressed by a proper name or geographical name and stands before the main word, which denotes a generic concept (Ivan Tsarevich, Moscow River).

Separately if

1. the application is expressed by a proper name or a geographical name and comes after the main word, which denotes a generic concept (Tsarevich Ivan, the Moscow River);
2. the application that stands before the word being defined can be equated in meaning to the adjective definition (coward hare - cowardly hare);
3. in a combination of two common nouns, the first denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific concept (rose flower);
4. the first elements in the phrase are the words comrade, master, citizen, our brother (=me and others like me): citizen policeman, our brother student.

42.3. A complement is a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object; we explain the word on which it depends and answers the questions of indirect cases.

Types of add-ons:

• direct object (expressed by the nominative case form without a preposition for transitive verbs and words of the state category and the genitive case form for transitive verbs with negation or if the action that the transitive verb expresses is not directed at the entire object, but only at its part): write a letter, it hurts your leg, don’t notice nonsense, drink milk;
• indirect object (all other objects): message about the tragedy, keg of beer, director of the plant.

42.4. A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that explains a word with the meaning of an action or attribute and denotes how or under what circumstances the action is performed. Circumstances are expressed by adverbs, gerunds, nouns in oblique cases (with and without preposition), infinitives, adverbial phraseological units.

Types of circumstances:

• circumstance of time (indicates the temporary indicators of the action being performed): come early, work from morning to evening;
• adverb of place (indicates the place of action or direction of movement): wake up in a room, move forward;
• circumstance of measure and degree (denotes a measure of space, time, quantity or degree of quality): repeat three times, weighing sixty-three kilograms, run three hundred meters:
• circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner of performing the action): laugh loudly, walk quickly;
• circumstance of reason (indicates the reason for the action): turning blue from the cold, not coming due to illness;
• circumstance of the goal (indicates the purpose of the action): go on vacation;
• circumstance of condition (indicates a condition that must be met to complete the action): do not go out of town in case of snowfall;
• circumstance of concession (indicates the condition contrary to which the action is performed): to happen contrary to forecasts, to go despite warnings.

42.5. Two-part and one-part sentences. Based on their composition, simple sentences are divided into:

• one-part (with one main member of the sentence),
• two-part (the sentence has both a subject and a predicate).

One-part sentences are sentences represented by one grammatical structure: either a subject or a predicate.

Types of secondary members of a sentence. Grammar and syntax question

In Russian there are three types of minor members - definition, complement and circumstance.

Definition, ways of expressing it

Definition - a minor member of a sentence, denoting a characteristic of a person or object and answering the question: what? whose?

According to the nature of the connection with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions are likened to the word being defined in the forms of number, case, and in the singular - and gender, i.e. they are associated with it by agreement. The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjective:

I'll wear a white shirt.

2) pronominal adjective (except his, her, them):

Give me your hand.

3) ordinal numbers:

Bring the fifth volume.

4) participle:

There is an unopened letter on the table.

For these parts of speech, agreement is carried out in number, case, gender (in singular):

5) noun; agreement in case and number (if the appendix noun changes in numbers):

The siskin was slammed shut by the villain's trap (I. A. Krylov).

Inconsistent definitions are associated with the control or adjacency defined by the word and are expressed:

1) a noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition (including inconsistent application):

I love Chekhov's plays.

She was wearing a checkered skirt.

We subscribe to the magazine “Behind the Wheel”.

2) a noun in I. p. - an inconsistent application:

I visited Lake Baikal.

2) possessive pronoun his, her, their:

This is his home.

You can't see him at home.

3) unchangeable adjectives:

The net weight of this box is five kilograms.

4) adverb:

We were served soft-boiled eggs and Warsaw-style coffee...

5) with a verb in the infinitive form:

He had a great desire to learn.

Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by a phrase representing

1) phraseologically free phrase:

He has sons aged eight and fifteen.

2) phraseological unit:

Neither fish nor fowl, he nevertheless was somehow attractive to me.

A variety of definitions are applications - definitions expressed by nouns and associated with the word being defined by agreement or adjacency. Applications have the following meanings:

1) quality, property of an object:

The old mother was standing on the porch.

2) age, rank, occupation of the person:

Doctor Gudilin is seeing me today.

3) explanation, more precise name:

A. S. Pushkin, the great Russian poet, laid the foundation for the modern language.

Rose hips grow in the garden - a shrub with large, rose-like flowers.

4) the name of literary works, enterprises, trademarks, etc.:

I love the novel "Eugene Onegin".

5) geographical names:

I want to look at Lake Baikal.

The bulk of the applications are agreed upon definitions, with the exception of application names enclosed in quotation marks, some geographical names and nicknames:

I subscribe to the newspaper “Evening Moscow”.

I live in Moscow.

The historian's message was dedicated to Vsevolod the Big Nest.

Addition, ways of expressing it

A complement is a minor member of a sentence with an objective meaning. The object answers the questions of indirect cases and is expressed by the same parts of speech as the subject:

1) a noun or a pronoun-noun in indirect cases with or without a preposition:

I read the letter and think about you.

2) any part of speech as a noun:

He looked at the newcomer.

3) infinitive:

Everyone asked her to sing.

4) numeral:

Divide ten by two.

5) phraseologically free combination of a numeral with a noun in R. p.:

I bought five books.

6) phraseologically related phrase:

I ask you not to hang your nose.

Additions explain

1) main - verb (see examples above)

2) a noun with the meaning of action or figure:

He is the leader of the circle.

He leads the circle.

3) an adjective in short or - rarely - in full form:

I'm angry at my friend.

4) comparative degree of an adjective or adverb:

Rose is more fragrant than other flowers.

He jumped higher than his father.

If the addition refers to a transitive verb or an adverb, naming the object to which the action is directed, and is expressed in the accusative case form without a preposition, then such an addition is called direct. In addition to the accusative case form without the preposition of words of any nominal part of speech (I have already read these books), the direct object can be expressed:

1) the form of R. p. without a preposition in negative sentences: I have not read these books;

2) the form of R. p. without a preposition with transitive verbs that combine the meaning of achieving a result with a quantitative meaning: I’ll go buy bread;

3) the form of R. p. with some adverbs - predicates of an impersonal sentence: I’m sorry for the time wasted.

All other additions are indirect.

Circumstance, ways of expressing it. Types of circumstances

A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that serves to characterize an action or attribute and indicates the method of performing the action, the time, place, reason, purpose or condition for the occurrence of the action.

Circumstances are distinguished by meaning

1) mode of action (answer the questions how? in what way?):

We walked.

2) time (when? from when? until when?):

We arrived yesterday.

3) places (where? where? from where?):

I ran forward.

4) reasons (why?):

I'm dizzy from fatigue.

5) goals (why?):

I came to make peace.

6) measures and degrees (to what extent, degree?) - these circumstances mainly relate to adjectives, participles, adverbs:

He was very attentive and did everything absolutely correctly.

7) conditions (under what condition?):

You can't go there without calling.

8) concessions (despite what?):

Despite the rain, we still left the house.

Circumstances are expressed

1) adverbs (for adverbs this syntactic function is the main one):

We arrived in the morning.

2) participles (including with dependent words - participial phrases):

He sat basking in the sun.

3) nouns (including those with conjunctions like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. - comparative phrases):

He read poetry with expression like a professional reader.

4) infinitive:

I want to go for a walk

5) stable non-phraseological and phraseological combinations:

I lost my notebook two days ago.

He ran headlong, but still came to a headless analysis.

Every sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate. If the sentence is not widespread, then it consists only of them, and if it is widespread, then minor members of the sentence are added to the grammatical basis. This topic, which is studied in grade 5, is very important for the development of competent oral and written speech and understanding of the structure of language.

What are minor members of a sentence

Secondary members of a sentence are all significant words in a sentence, except for the grammatical basis. Each of them is asked a question - sometimes directly from the subject or predicate, sometimes from other members of the sentence. A table of minor members of a sentence will help you understand the essence of the issue.

Confusion often arises with nouns or pronouns in the indirect case - they are automatically classified as objects, but they can also be adverbs. Therefore, it is very important to correctly ask the question to such a member of the sentence.

Minor members of the sentence during parsing

When parsing a sentence, it is important not only to highlight its grammatical basis, but also to correctly identify all other members, if any. To do this, you need to ask a question about the selected significant word; they usually start with the subject and predicate, then move on to the secondary members of the sentence. Thus, the sentence is conditionally divided into separate parts - phrases.

For example, a definition can extend not only the subject, but also the object, compare: A beautiful face was framed by lush hair. In this sentence, the definition lush spreads the subject hair, and the definition beautiful spreads the subject face.

They are emphasized as follows: addition - with a dotted line, definition - with a wavy line, circumstance - with alternating dotted lines and dots.

Even if the meaning of the preposition is included in a secondary member of the sentence, during analysis it is not emphasized, like other auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own meaning.

What have we learned?

In addition to the main members in the sentence, there are also those that distribute them, that is, secondary ones. There are three of them in the Russian language: definition, circumstance and addition. They answer different questions that are asked both from the subject or predicate, and from other significant words in the sentence. When parsing, they are emphasized with different types of lines for clarity.

All words are sorted by parts of speech. For example, etc. It is quite easy to understand which word belongs to which group - you just need to ask the appropriate question, and everything immediately becomes clear. In addition, words also work in groups. They make sentences. Each word plays its role. It acts as a definite member of the sentence. In this case, words perform their grammatical function and do so in accordance with certain rules and laws. The main information is about who performs the action, what happens, with whom, where and when. The main and minor members of the sentence are responsible for all this. Let's look at them in more detail.

Main members of the proposal

These include subject and predicate. To understand what is what, just ask a question. The subject is “Who?”, “What?”. Predicate - “What does it do?” To be a subject, a word must be in the initial form, the infinitive. Otherwise, it becomes a minor member of the sentence. This grammatical topic is first introduced to children in 3rd grade. The main members of a sentence are quite easy to understand and learn with numerous examples. It is good if they are supplemented with illustrations or tables.

Subject

The question "Who/What?" immediately shows which member of the sentence is the subject. The word that answers it is the main member of the sentence, and it is with it that everything happens in the story. Most often the subject is a noun. can also be arranged in different orders. The subject most often comes forward. It is emphasized in a sentence with one straight line.

Anna waters the flowers.

The book is on the shelf.

The phone rings loudly.

Sometimes the subject can also be an adjective. However, only when there is no suitable noun.

Green is on.

Black is slimming.

Predicate

The question “What does it do?” immediately allows you to determine the predicate in a sentence. It is always paired with a subject and describes what is happening to it. It is difficult to confuse the main and minor members of a sentence with each other if you immediately select the main pair. The predicate in a sentence is expressed by a verb. It can also characterize the state of the subject. In a sentence, the predicate is emphasized by two straight parallel lines.

The house seemed huge against the backdrop of small garages and buildings.

Lena watches TV series every day.

Mom sat down at the house, waiting for the children from school.

Features of minor members of the sentence

They make the meaning of the main part of the sentence more precise, detailed, and complement it with details. From them we can learn about the place, time, mode of action of what is happening to someone or something. They can be identified by characteristic questions. The secondary members of a sentence (grade 3, Russian language textbook by O. D. Ushakova) are a circumstance (place, time, manner of action), a definition (whose/which?) and an addition (whom/what?, etc.). They are not part of the grammatical basis of sentences.

Definition

It can be expressed in several parts of speech. Nouns, adjectives, and even pronouns that replace nouns serve this purpose. The definition describes the subject. Typical questions for identification: “Which?”, “Whose?”. Used for underlining

The full moon came out from behind the clouds.

A large box blocked the road.

Addition

If a noun word does not answer the question “Who/What?”, it can definitely be said to be an object. It is expressed not only by nouns, but also by pronouns. In sentences, cases are used for emphasis to very accurately help to isolate the main and minor members of the sentence.

The neighbors bought a new car.

The grandmother picked up her granddaughter from kindergarten immediately after lunch.

The flowers were cut with a sharp knife.

Circumstance

It indicates the place, time, reason, purpose, course of action, clarifying, explaining and adding details to the description of what is happening. In each case, the circumstance answers the relevant questions. For example:

Place: Where does it happen/Where does it go/Where does it come from?

Mode of action: How did it happen/How did it happen?

Reason: Why did this happen/Why is this happening?

Time: Since when did it start/When did it start/How long will it last/How long to wait?

Purpose: Why is this/What is it for?

The role of adverbial adverb in a sentence can be played by a noun, adverb and pronoun. For underlining, a dash-dotted line consisting of dots and dashes is used.

A bunch of bananas lay on the table in the kitchen.

Friends canceled a trip to the beach due to bad weather.

He constantly reads a lot of books to appear smart.

Table "Main and secondary members of the sentence"

To remember the rules and learn to distinguish between main and minor members of a sentence, it is recommended to perform a number of special exercises in practice. They will give the necessary result in consolidating the skill.

Any sentence in the Russian language can be divided into component parts, which in science are called “members of the sentence.” Among them, major and minor ones are distinguished. Without the main ones, most of the sentences cannot exist; they form its basis, and the secondary ones make the text more informative and rich. What are the main and minor members? offers?

Main

The subject and predicate in a sentence are its main members.

• Subject means the thing that does the action. Questions that will help detect it during parsing are “who?” (if the action is performed by an animate object) or “what?” (if the sentence talks about a phenomenon or an inanimate object).
• The predicate is most often expressed by a verb and means the action that the subject performs. Questions to determine - “what does it do, what will it do?”

Here's an example: A good mood helped the boys overcome difficulties. The question “what” in our example is answered by the word “mood”; it is the subject and during analysis is emphasized by one feature. To find the predicate, we ask the question: “What did the mood do?” It helped. This word is the predicate, expressed by a verb, emphasized by two features. As a result, the sentence with the found main members looks like this: A good (what?) mood (underlined by a solid line) (what did?) helped (underlined by two solid horizontal stripes) the boys to overcome difficulties.

How to find out subject and predicate during parsing

To avoid making a mistake when figuring out what is the subject and what is the predicate, you should use a hint table.

First of all, you should find the actor by asking the question: “Who? What?”, this will be the subject. Next they look for the predicate.

Video on the topic

Minor

To parse a proposal into members, you should be able to find circumstances, definitions and additions. They are the secondary members, the purpose of which is to specify and clarify the main ones (or other minor ones). How to find them?

• Definition. Questions that will help to detect it in a sentence - “which”, “whose”.
• Addition. Most often he is asked questions of indirect cases: “to whom (what)”, “with whom (with what)”, “about whom (about what)” and others. That is, questions of all cases, in addition to the nominative.
• Circumstance. It can be found by asking questions of adverbs or gerunds: “from”, “where”, “why”, “how”, “where” and the like.

Let's give an example. Let's find the main and minor terms. offers:

The little boy hurriedly walked along the path.

If you want to break down the proposal by members, it will look like this:

(what, definition) The little (who, subject) boy (how, circumstance) hurriedly (what he did, predicate) walked (by what, object) along the path.

Each major and minor member. The sentence answers its own question, carries a certain load and plays its own role in the sentence.

How to recognize

To avoid mistakes when identifying additions, definitions and circumstances, you can use this summary table-help.

To identify which member of the sentence is in front of us, we must first ask a question.

Additional tips

To find the main members of a sentence, you must follow the rules. The subject and predicate are not a phrase, they are already a sentence, albeit a very short one. The main members are independent of each other.

Syntactic analysis should begin with identifying the subject, then it becomes clear what the predicate is and how it is expressed. Then you should identify the subject group using questions, and only after that - the predicate group. Each minor member is dependent:

• from one of the main ones;
• from one of the minor ones.

One sentence can have several main and minor parts. offers. If there are several bases, then the sentence is complex - compound or complex. If there are several definitions, additions, circumstances, but the basis is the same, then the sentence is simple common.

You can often come across calls, for example: Katya, go do your homework. Despite the fact that the address “Katya” resembles the subject, it is not a member of the sentence and is designated as an address.

Complex cases

Not all main and minor parts of a sentence look obvious. Complex but interesting cases are varied:

• A one-part sentence has only one main member. It was getting dark(this is a predicate, the sentence is impersonal). Today we were informed(predicate, indefinite personal sentence), that the exam has been cancelled.
• The predicate may include an adjective: The weather was rainy. In this example, the combination “it was rainy” is a compound nominal predicate.
• The predicate can include several verbs: Today Vasya started studying.“I started studying” is a compound verb predicate.

Main and secondary members. sentences must be highlighted correctly when parsing a sentence.