Report: Environmental problems of industrial production development. Environmental problems of industry

Industrial development means not only strengthening the economy, but also polluting the surrounding country. Nowadays they have become global. For example, in recent decades, the problem of shortage drinking water. There are still problems of air, soil, and water pollution from various industrial wastes and emissions. Certain types of industry also contribute to the destruction of flora and fauna.

Increase in harmful emissions into the natural environment

An increase in the volume of work and the number of products produced leads to increased consumption of natural resources, as well as an increase in harmful emissions into the natural environment. Poses a very big threat to the environment chemical industry. Emergency situations, outdated equipment, non-compliance with safety rules, design and installation errors are dangerous. Various types of problems in an enterprise occur due to human fault. The consequences of this could be explosions and natural disasters.

Oil industry

Another threat is the oil industry. Extraction, processing and transportation of natural resources contribute to water and soil pollution. Another sector of the economy that worsens the environment is the fuel, energy and metallurgical industry. Emissions of harmful substances and waste that enter the atmosphere and water cause damage to nature. The natural landscape is destroyed and they fall out. The light and food industries are also a constant source of hazardous waste that pollutes the environment.

Processing of wood raw materials

The cutting down of trees and the processing of wood raw materials causes great harm to the environment. As a result, not only a large amount of waste is generated, but also a large number of plants are destroyed. In turn, this leads to a decrease in oxygen production and an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Also the birds that lived in the forest. The absence of trees contributes to climate change: temperature changes become sharp, humidity changes, and soils change. All this leads to the fact that the territory becomes uninhabitable for people, and they become environmental refugees.

So, environmental problems of industry today have reached a global scale. Development various fields economy leads to pollution environment and depletion of natural resources. And all this will soon lead to a global catastrophe, a deterioration in the life of all life on the planet.

The sustainability rationale seems integral

Food industry enterprises process a huge amount of agricultural, river and sea products.

Just like other industries that release pollutants into the atmosphere, the food industry emits solid, liquid and gaseous substances. However, with the exception of aerosols, emissions from the food industry generally do not form an orderly system. Pollutants such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are not typical except for emissions from auxiliary systems. The problem of emissions from the food industry is more concerned with a variety of processes associated mainly with the emissions of strong-smelling substances. Many different technological operations are associated with the processing of bulk products (sugar, salt, grain, flour, tea, starch, etc.), when working with which it is necessary to resort to dust removal.

Many industrial processes of cooking, frying, and smoking are associated with visible and odorous emissions. Odors are often associated with visible emissions, but there are a number of food industry operations where odors are released without visually detectable contamination (cooking tomatoes, processing spices, cutting and processing fish, production of confectionery products).

The main sources of formation of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere in the industry are peelers, neutralizers, separators, flour silos, technological ovens, filling machines, tobacco cutting machines, perfume production lines, meat processing plants, instant coffee and chicory factories, production of meat and bone meal and organic based adhesives.

Sewage treatment plants do not provide adequate treatment, and outdated process equipment makes it difficult to prevent pollution (in particular, ammonia emissions from refrigeration plants).

For their own needs, food industry enterprises annually use about 60 million m3 of water, the volume of discharges is 46 million m3. The share of contaminated wastewater in the total volume of water reaches about 77%, which indicates the low efficiency of existing treatment facilities.

During the production cycle, various pollutants enter the water, among which production waste and components of raw materials carried away by water predominate. These are mainly organic substances of animal origin. Wastewater contains food residues, table salt, detergents, disinfectants, nitrites, phosphates, alkalis, acids, and the possible presence of pathogenic microorganisms.

Numerous enterprises that process agricultural products (canning, alcohol, dairies, meat processing plants, etc.), equipped, as a rule, with primitive treatment facilities, and in many cases without any facilities at all, make a certain contribution to environmental pollution.

The main harmful environmental impact of canning enterprises is associated with waste from processing plant raw materials and gaseous emissions into the atmosphere of food varnish solvents when varnishing tinplate.

Production waste averages 20-22% of the mass of processed plant materials (about 200 thousand tons of apple pomace, vegetable peelings, fruit seeds, grape marc, tomato seeds, etc.).

Many save waste beneficial features primary raw materials and can be used as secondary resources for the production of feed, food and technical products.

Due to the fact that the mass of canning production waste is not dried in the required time frame and is not processed, in the areas where canneries, especially large ones, during the season a large amount of waste and spoiled raw materials pollutes the environment.

Canning factories use a large amount of water (washing and cleaning raw materials, washing containers, etc.). The water becomes heavily polluted and, when drained, worsens the condition of water resources.

In the starch industry (99 enterprises for processing potatoes and grain raw materials), 4% of starch by weight of grain dry matter and 38% by weight of potato dry matter are transferred into by-products and waste. The issue of disposal of by-products and waste is acute, since a large number of enterprises dump them into water bodies, greatly worsening the environmental situation around the factories.

Basically, the environmental problems of the industry are associated with wastewater treatment, which are divided into three categories: I - water used in heat exchangers, barometric, condensation, after cooling products, vacuum pumps, compressors; II - water after washing potatoes, discharged from hydraulic conveyors, stone traps, sand traps, potato water pumps; III - water removed from all technological processes where it comes into contact with products and semi-finished products, as well as water from washing equipment, laboratory floors, purge boilers of equipment, and napkin washing machines.

Based on the above, we can assume that the food industry makes a minor contribution to air pollution in Russia. This is y i 0 of all emissions in Russia from industrial stationary sources. The most significant share of the industry in emissions of lead compounds is 6.1% of the industrial volume of emissions of these substances. The industry's share in the use of fresh water and the discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies is insignificant and amounts to 2.8 and 2.0%, respectively.

Light industry includes enterprises for the primary processing of flax, hemp, jute, wool, silk and cotton, textile production enterprises, tanneries and factories for the production of consumer goods.

The main sources of air pollution in the industry are electrolysis baths, places for loading and transferring raw materials, crushing and mill equipment, mixers, drying drums, scattering units, grinding machines, spinning and carding machines, equipment for dyeing products, drums for special processing of fur blanks and products.

Emissions from light industry enterprises include sulfur dioxide (31% of total emissions into the atmosphere), carbon monoxide (29.4%), solids (21.8%), nitrogen oxides (8.9%), gasoline (2.3% ), ethyl acetate (1.9%), butyl acetate (0.65%), ammonia (0.3%), acetone (0.2%), benzene (0.2%), toluene (0.18%), hydrogen sulfide (0.09%), vanadium (V) oxide (0.04%) and other substances.

Light industry has the main negative impact on water bodies. Saving fresh water through the use of recirculating systems across the industry is 73%. Of the total volume of wastewater discharge, 97% is discharged into surface water bodies, 87% of which is discharged into water bodies as polluted.

The main sources of pollution of water bodies are textile factories and combines, as well as leather tanning processes. Textile industry wastewater is characterized by the presence of suspended solids, sulfates, chlorides, phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, nitrates, surfactants, iron, zinc, nickel, chromium and other substances. Leather industry wastewater contains nitrogen compounds, phenol, surfactants, fats and oils, chromium, aluminum, hydrogen sulfide, methanol, and formaldehyde.

Light industry makes a minor contribution to air pollution in Russia (less than 1% of emissions in the Russian Federation from industrial stationary sources).

The coal industry, from the point of view of environmental impact, is one of the most complex industries. The main consumers of coal are: electric power industry - 39%, industry and household sector - 27, coke-chemical enterprises - 14, population - 8, Agriculture - 5%.

Mined coal contains many impurities and non-combustible materials. The composition and amount of impurities depend on the type of deposit, mining methods and type of coal. In its natural state, coal contains clay, rock fragments, pyrites and other materials classified as ash. Mining and mining operations add other types of impurities - ore mass, rock fragments, wood and occasional iron impurities.

The main areas of negative impact are the following:

Withdrawal from land use and land disturbance;

Depletion of water resources and disruption of the hydrological regime of ground and surface waters;

Pollution of underground and surface water bodies by industrial and domestic wastewater discharged into them from enterprises and settlements;

Air pollution with solid and gaseous harmful substances when using existing technological processes of extraction, processing and combustion solid fuel;

Pollution of the earth's surface with waste from coal and oil shale mining and processing.

The activities of industry enterprises contribute to the deterioration of atmospheric air quality (numerous boiler houses, smoking waste heaps, etc.).

The main problems of coal basins are the treatment of acidic and mineralized wastewater from the Ural deposits and wastewater with a high content of chlorides and sulfates from the Moscow region, the elimination of small boiler houses and land reclamation for deposits in Eastern Siberia - treatment of mine waters and domestic waters, land reclamation for deposits Far East- construction of treatment facilities for mine and quarry waters containing difficult-to-sediment dispersed suspension, increasing the efficiency of existing facilities and land reclamation.

The volume of harmful substances emitted by industry enterprises is relatively small and amounts to 1.7% of the total emissions from industry in the Russian Federation. The emissions, along with solids (28.2% of total emissions into the atmosphere), carbon monoxide (16.4%), sulfur dioxide (14.5%) and nitrogen oxides (3.9%), contain hydrogen sulfide (0.05% ), fluorides (0.01%) and other substances that have Negative influence on the state of atmospheric air in places of coal mining. The most water-intensive technological processes in the industry are the process of hydrocoal mining in hydraulic mines and hydromechanized stripping in open-pit mines, as well as the process of wet enrichment of coal and shale in factories.

In the specified production processes water is used as a technological and transport medium. The water supply for these processes is organized using a recirculating system, the source of replenishment of which is groundwater, incidentally taken during coal mining.

Water saving due to recycling water supply industrial purposes is about 76%. Industry enterprises discharge an average of about 81% of contaminated wastewater that requires treatment into surface water bodies (mainly mineralized mine water with a high content of iron and suspended particles). With wastewater from coal industry enterprises, large amounts of suspended substances, sulfates, chlorides, petroleum products, iron, copper, nickel, aluminum, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, formaldehyde, etc. enter water bodies.

INTRODUCTION

At all stages of his development, man was closely connected with the world around him. But since the emergence of a highly industrialized society, dangerous human intervention in nature has sharply increased, the scope of this intervention has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy as cities and factories are built on it. Man has to increasingly intervene in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently subject to increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several of the most significant processes can be identified, any of which does not improve the environmental situation on the planet. The most widespread and significant is chemical pollution of the environment with substances of a chemical nature that are unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and domestic origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. The further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also concerned about the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and petroleum products, which has already reached almost half of its total surface. Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruptions in gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the factors considered that can be attributed to the polluting effect have a noticeable impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere. As humanity develops, it begins to use more and more new types of resources (nuclear and geothermal energy, solar, tidal hydropower, wind and other non-traditional sources). However, fuel resources today play a major role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy. This is clearly reflected in the structure of the fuel and energy balance.

Structure of the world's energy demand for 1993

The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of funds are spent on its development. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets.

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

The 20th century brought humanity many benefits associated with the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, and at the same time brought life on Earth to the brink of an environmental disaster. Population growth, intensification of production and emissions that pollute the Earth lead to fundamental changes in nature and affect the very existence of man. Some of these changes are extremely strong and so widespread that global environmental problems arise. There are serious problems of pollution (atmosphere, water, soil), acid rain, radiation damage to the territory, as well as the loss of certain species of plants and living organisms, depletion of biological resources, deforestation and desertification of territories.

Problems arise as a result of such interaction between nature and man, in which the anthropogenic load on the territory (it is determined through the technogenic load and population density) exceeds the ecological capabilities of this territory, due mainly to its natural resource potential and the general stability of natural landscapes (complexes, geosystems) to anthropogenic impacts.

GENERAL TRENDS IN PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT

The main sources of air pollution in our country are machines and installations using sulfur-containing coals, oil, and gas.

Significantly polluting the atmosphere are motor transport, thermal power plants, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and gas refining, chemical and forestry industries. A large amount of harmful substances enter the atmosphere with vehicle exhaust gases, and their share in air pollution is constantly growing; According to some estimates, in Russia - more than 30%, and in the USA - more than 60% of the total emission of pollutants into the atmosphere.

With the growth of industrial production and its industrialization, environmental protection measures based on MPC standards and their derivatives become insufficient to reduce already formed pollution. Therefore, it is natural to turn to the search for integrated characteristics that, reflecting the real state of the environment, would help to choose the environmentally and economically optimal option, and in contaminated (disturbed) conditions, determine the order of restoration and health measures.

With the transition to the path of intensive economic development, an important role is given to the system of economic indicators endowed with the most important functions of economic activity: planning, accounting, evaluation, control and incentives. Like any systemic formation, which is not an arbitrary set, but interconnected elements in a certain integrity, economic indicators are designed to express the final result, taking into account all phases of the reproduction process.

One of the important reasons for the increase in the environmental intensity of the economy was the wear and tear of equipment exceeding all acceptable standards. In basic industries and transport, wear and tear on equipment, including wastewater treatment equipment, reaches 70-80%. With the continued operation of such equipment, the likelihood of environmental disasters increases sharply.

Typical in this regard was the oil pipeline accident in the Arctic region of Komi near Usinsk. As a result, up to 100 thousand tons of oil spilled onto the fragile ecosystems of the North, according to various estimates. This environmental disaster became one of the largest in the world in the 90s, and it was caused by the extreme deterioration of the pipeline. The accident received worldwide publicity, although according to some Russian experts, it is one of many - others were simply hidden. For example, in the same Komi region in 1992, according to the interdepartmental commission on environmental safety, 890 accidents occurred.

The economic damage of environmental disasters is colossal. With the funds saved as a result of preventing accidents, it would be possible to reconstruct the fuel and energy complex over the course of several years and significantly reduce the energy intensity of the entire economy.

Damage caused to nature during the production and consumption of products is the result of irrational environmental management. An objective need has arisen to establish relationships between the results of economic activity and the environmental friendliness of manufactured products and the technology of their production. In accordance with the law, this requires additional costs from work collectives, which must be taken into account when planning. At an enterprise, it is advisable to distinguish between environmental protection costs associated with the production of products and with bringing the product to a certain level of environmental quality, or with replacing it with another, more environmentally friendly one.

There is a connection between product quality and environmental quality: the higher the quality of the product (taking into account the environmental assessment of the use of waste and the results of environmental protection activities in the production process), the higher the quality of the environment.

How can society's needs for adequate environmental quality be met? Overcoming negative impacts using a well-founded system of norms and standards, linking calculation methods of maximum permissible limits, maximum permissible limits and environmental protection measures; reasonable (integrated, economical) use of natural resources that meets the environmental characteristics of a certain territory; environmental orientation of economic activity, planning and justification of management decisions, expressed in progressive directions of interaction between nature and society, environmental certification of workplaces, technology of manufactured products.

Justification for environmental friendliness seems to be an integral part of the management system, influencing the choice of priorities in ensuring National economy natural resources and services within the planned volumes of consumption.

In April 1993, an explosion occurred at the Siberian Chemical Plant, as a result of which the plutonium and uranium extraction apparatus was seriously damaged. Most of plutonium and other chemical and radioactive substances entered the atmosphere. Nearby areas were exposed to radioactive contamination: coniferous forests, agricultural lands, and neighboring industrial areas. About 2,000 people were exposed to radiation, primarily those involved in firefighting and damage control.

The chemical industry poses a serious potential danger to the natural environment, human health and life. The most dangerous situations are emergency situations at chemical enterprises and facilities, as well as their consequences. Most often they happen due to human fault. This may be non-compliance with safety regulations, a violation of the technological process, faulty equipment and/or its exceeded service life, design or installation errors, or employee negligence. In addition, the reason may be natural phenomena and natural disasters, but still the bulk of accidents occur due to human fault.

Frequent cases are accidents during transportation, neutralization, processing and disposal of hazardous chemicals and waste. It is known that the processing and neutralization of chemicals is not a simple process that requires large material investments, therefore unauthorized emissions into the atmosphere, discharges with wastewater and removal to conventional solid waste landfills are much cheaper for enterprises and take place. The environmental damage caused by such violations is colossal. The atmospheric air becomes toxic, massive fish deaths occur in water bodies, and the soil loses its basic properties. Problems of this nature exist not only in the chemical industry.

On April 27, 2011, at the Khimprom plant in the city of Novocheboksarsk, an accident occurred with the release of electrochlorine gas in the electrolysis workshop and subsequent entry into the production premises. As a result, 5 people were poisoned.

On September 29, 1957, in the closed town of Chelyabinsk-40 at the Mayak chemical plant, a tank with 80 cubic meters of highly radioactive waste exploded, the force of which was estimated in tens of tons of TNT equivalent. Approximately 20 million curies of radioactive components were released to a height of 2 km. 270,000 people in the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions ended up in the contaminated zone.

On April 26, 1986, on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR, the world-famous, largest nuclear power accident (in terms of the amount of damage caused, as well as the number of dead and injured as a result of the accident itself and its consequences) took place - the Chernobyl accident (catastrophe). Several hundred thousand people took part in efforts to eliminate the consequences of the disaster. Due to the explosion in the 4th power unit nuclear power plant A huge amount of radioactive substances entered the environment: isotopes of uranium, plutonium, strontium-90, cesium-137, iodine-131. In addition to the accident liquidators, a large number of people within the contamination radius were injured, but no one has accurate data. It is known that thousands of cases of deformities in newborns have been recorded in Europe, as well as oncological diseases thyroid gland.

The main features of environmental pollution by the oil industry are the unevenness of contaminated areas, contamination of the top layer of soil and groundwater, and the existence of petroleum products in various chemical forms. This feature characterize emergency and periodic or passive leaks of oil and petroleum products. An important environmental role is played by the penetration of oil industry products into groundwater, which causes further spread of pollution from the source.

The problems of the coal industry are large volumes of untreated wastewater, destruction of the geological environment, changes in the hydrological regime, pollution of surface and groundwater, methane emissions into the atmosphere, destruction of the natural landscape, vegetation and soil cover. A peculiarity of the mining and coal industry is that after the closure of an enterprise, environmental problems do not disappear, but on the contrary, they persist for another ten years or more.

Wood processing, light and food industries are characterized by formations large quantity waste that pollutes the environment. The main problem in the timber industry, deforestation remains - natural suppliers of oxygen, in particular the destruction of rare tree species in conjunction with cheap labor force, make this industry quite profitable. Due to deforestation, the long-established ecosystem suffers, the vegetation and animal composition changes.

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