Finno-Ugric tribes territory. Finno-Ugric peoples

Peoples speaking Finno-Ugric (Finnish Ugric) languages. Finno-Ugric languages. constitute one of the two branches (along with the Samoyed) level. language families. According to the linguistic principle of F.U.N. are divided into groups: Baltic Finnish (Finns, Karelians, Estonians... Ural Historical Encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological Dictionary

FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- the peoples of our country (Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Sami, Karelians), living in the north of the European part, in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals and descending from the Ananino archaeological culture(VII III... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Finno-Ugric Taxon: branch Area: Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, etc. Classification ... Wikipedia

Finno-Hungarian peoples (Finno-Ugrians) are a group of peoples speaking Finno-Hungarian languages, living in stripes in Western Siberia, Central and Eastern Europe. Contents 1 Representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples 2 History 3 Links ... Wikipedia

Finno-Ugric languages- Finno-Ugric languages are a family of languages that are part of a larger genetic group of languages called the Uralic languages. Before the genetic relationship of the Samoyed languages with the Finno-Ugric languages was proven, the F.-u. I. was considered... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Finno-Ugric (or Finno-Ugric) peoples- population speaking Finno-Ugric languages. Finno group Ugric languages, one of two branches of the Uralic language family. Divided into language groups (ethnic groups corresponding to them): Baltic Finnish (Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Ludyk, ... ... Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.

Books

Leningrad region. Did you know? , . Leningrad region- edge with rich history. Did you know that its territory has long been inhabited by the Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples, who together created Northern Rus'? The great…
Monuments of the Fatherland. Almanac, No. 33 (1-2/1995). Complete description of Russia. Udmurtia, . Different peoples have lived on our land as good neighbors for centuries. The ancient Finno-Ugric tribes left traces of their high culture and art here. Their descendants, the Udmurts, preserved the marching...

1. Title

The Finno-Ugric people were an autochthonous population between the Oka and Volga rivers; their tribes, the Estonians, All, Merya, Mordovians, and Cheremis, were part of the Gothic kingdom of Germanaric in the 4th century. The chronicler Nestor in the Ipatiev Chronicle indicates about twenty tribes of the Ural group (Ugric Finians): Chud, Livs, Vodi, Yam (Ӕm), all (also Severo ѿ of them on Belya ѡzerѣ sѣdѧt Vѣs), Karelians, Yugra, caves, Samoyeds, Permyaks (Perm ), Cheremis, casting, Zimgola, Cors, Norom, Mordovians, Meria (and on the Rostov ѡzer, on the tick and ѡzer - the same), Murom (and ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ mesh. The Muscovites called all local tribes Chud from the indigenous Chud, and accompanied this name with irony, explaining it through the Muscovite weird, weird, strange. Now these peoples have been completely assimilated by Russians, they have disappeared from the ethnic map of modern Russia forever, adding to the number of Russians and leaving only a wide range of their ethnic geographical names.

These are all the names of rivers from ending-wa: Moscow, Protva, Kosva, Silva, Sosva, Izva, etc. The Kama River has about 20 tributaries, the names of which end in na-va, means "water" in Finnish. From the very beginning, the Muscovite tribes felt their superiority over the local Finno-Ugric peoples. However, Finno-Ugric place names are found not only where these peoples today make up a significant part of the population, forming autonomous republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much larger, for example, Moscow.

According to archaeological data, the settlement area of the Chud tribes in Eastern Europe remained unchanged for 2 thousand years. Since the 9th century, the Finno-Ugric tribes of the European part of today's Russia gradually assimilated by Slavic colonists who came from Kievan Rus. This process formed the basis for the formation of modern Russian nation.

The Finno-Ugric tribes belong to the Ural-Altai group and a thousand years ago they were close to the Pechenegs, Cumans and Khazars, but were at a significantly lower level of social development than the others; in fact, the ancestors of the Russians were the same Pechenegs, only forest ones. At that time, these were the primitive and culturally most backward tribes of Europe. Not only in the distant past, but even at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia they were cannibals. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) called them androphages (eaters of people), and the chronicler Nestor, already during the period of the Russian state, called Samoyeds (Samoyed) .

Finno-Ugric tribes of a primitive gathering-hunting culture were the ancestors of the Russians. Scientists claim that the Moscow people received the greatest admixture of the Mongoloid race through the assimilation of the Finno-Ugric people, who came to Europe from Asia and partially absorbed the Caucasoid admixture even before the arrival of the Slavs. A mixture of Finno-Ugric, Mongolian and Tatar ethnic components contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Russians, which was formed with the participation of the Slavic tribes of the Radimichi and Vyatichi. Due to ethnic mixing with the Ugrofinans, and later with the Tatars and partly with the Mongols, Russians have an anthropological type that is different from the Kiev-Russian (Ukrainian). The Ukrainian diaspora jokes about this: “The eyes are narrow, the nose is plus - completely Russian.” Under the influence of the Finno-Ugric language environment, the formation of the Russian phonetic system (akanye, gekanya, ticking) took place. Today, “Ural” features are inherent to one degree or another in all the peoples of Russia: average height, wide face, nose, called “snub-nosed,” and sparse beard. The Mari and Udmurts often have eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus; they have very wide cheekbones and a thin beard. But at the same time she has blond and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians and Karelians. Komi are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages As they grow older, they are dark-haired and have slanted hair, while others are more reminiscent of Scandinavians, but with a slightly wider face.

According to the research of Meryanist Orest Tkachenko, “In the Russian people, connected on the maternal side to the Slavic ancestral home, the father was a Finn. On the paternal side, Russians descended from the Finno-Ugric peoples.” It should be noted that according to modern studies of Y-chromosome halotypes, in fact the situation was the opposite - Slavic men married women of the local Finno-Ugric population. According to Mikhail Pokrovsky, Russians are an ethnic mixture, in which Finns belong to 4/5, and Slavs -1/5. Remnants of Finno-Ugric culture in Russian culture can be traced in such features that are not found among other Slavic peoples: women's kokoshnik and sundress , men's shirt-shirt, bast shoes (bast shoes) in national costume, dumplings in dishes, style of folk architecture (tent buildings, porch), Russian bathhouse, sacred animal - bear, 5-tone singing scale, a-touch and vowel reduction, paired words like stitches-paths, arms-legs, alive and well, so-and-so, turnover I have(instead of I, characteristic of other Slavs) a fairytale beginning “once upon a time,” the absence of a rusal cycle, carols, the cult of Perun, the presence of a cult of birch rather than oak.

Not everyone knows that there is nothing Slavic in the surnames of Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, but they come from the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the war goddess Vedeno Ala, and the pre-Christian name Piyash. Thus, a significant part of the Finno-Ugrians was assimilated by the Slavs, and some, having converted to Islam, mixed with the Turks. Therefore, today Ugrofins do not make up the majority of the population even in the republics to which they gave their name. But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians (Rus. Russians), Ugrofins have retained their anthropological type, which is now perceived as typically Russian (Rus. Russian ) .

According to the vast majority of historians, the Finnish tribes had an extremely peaceful and gentle disposition. This is how the Muscovites themselves explain the peaceful nature of colonization, declaring that there were no military clashes, because written sources do not remember anything like that. However, as the same V.O. Klyuchevsky notes, “in the legends of Great Russia, some vague memories of the struggle that broke out in some places survived.”

3. Toponymy

Toponyms of Meryan-Erzyan origin in Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vologda, Tver, Vladimir, Moscow regions account for 70-80% (Vexa, Voksenga, Elenga, Kovonga, Koloksa, Kukoboy, lekht, Melexa, Nadoxa, Nero (Inero), Nux, Nuksha, Palenga, Peleng, Pelenda, Peksoma, Puzhbol, Pulokhta, Sara, Seleksha, Sonokhta, Tolgobol, otherwise, Sheksheboy, Shekhroma, Shileksha, Shoksha, Shopsha, Yakhrenga, Yakhrobol(Yaroslavl region, 70-80%), Andoba, Vandoga, Vokhma, Vokhtoga, Voroksa, Lynger, Mezenda, Meremsha, Monza, Nerekhta (flicker), Neya, Notelga, Onga, Pechegda, Picherga, Poksha, Pong, Simonga, Sudolga, Toekhta, Urma, Shunga, Yakshanga(Kostroma region, 90-100%), Vazopol, Vichuga, Kineshma, Kistega, Kokhma, Ksty, Landeh, Nodoga, Paks, Palekh, Parsha, Pokshenga, Reshma, Sarokhta, Ukhtoma, Ukhtokhma, Shacha, Shizhegda, Shileksa, Shuya, Yukhma etc. (Ivanovo region), Vokhtoga, Selma, Senga, Solokhta, Sot, Tolshma, Shuya and others. (Vologda region),"" Valdai, Koy, Koksha, Koivushka, Lama, Maksatikha, Palenga, Palenka, Raida, Seliger, Siksha, Syshko, Talalga, Udomlya, Urdoma, Shomushka, Shosha, Yakhroma etc. (Tver region), Arsemaki, Velga, Voininga, Vorsha, Ineksha, Kirzhach, Klyazma, Koloksha, Mstera, Moloksha, Mothra, Nerl, Peksha, Pichegino, Soima, Sudogda, Suzdal, Tumonga, Undol etc. (Vladimir region), Vereya, Vorya, Volgusha, Lama,

). This time we'll talk about the Finno-Ugric peoples, i.e. peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages. This branch of languages is included in the Uralic language family, another branch of which is the Samoyed languages (currently spoken by the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Selkups).
Finno-Ugric languages are divided into 2 groups: Finno-Permian and Ugric. The Finno-Permian group includes the following peoples: Finns (sometimes Ingrian Finns are considered an independent ethnic group), Estonians, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Livs, Vods, Sami, Mordovians (this people are actually two different people: Erzyans and Mokshans), Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permyaks. The Ugric group includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi.
Currently there are 3 independent Finno-Ugric states: Hungary, Finland and Estonia. There are several Finno-Ugric national autonomies in Russia, but in all of them the Finno-Ugric nations are inferior in number to the Russians.
The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is 25 million people, of which more than half are Hungarians (14.5 million). The second largest population is occupied by Finns (6.5 million), third by Estonians (1 million). The most numerous Finno-Ugric people in Russia are the Mordovians (744 thousand).
The ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples is Western Siberia, from where the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugric peoples settled throughout Eastern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Finno-Ugrians influenced the ethnogenesis of the Russian people, this influence was especially great on the northern Russians (the territory of the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions). Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Our Great Russian physiognomy does not quite accurately reproduce the common Slavic features. Other Slavs, recognizing these features in it, however, also notice some foreign admixture: namely, the Great Russian’s cheekbones, the predominance dark color face and hair, and especially the typical Great Russian nose, resting on a wide base, are highly likely to be attributed to Finnish influence.".

The most beautiful Finnish- model Emilia Järvelä. She is known as the face of the Finnish cosmetics company Lumene. Height 180 cm, body measurements 86-60-87.

The most beautiful Ingrian - Russian actress, Honored Artist Russian Federation Elena Kondulainen(born April 9, 1958, Toksovo village, Leningrad region).

The most beautiful Lapp - Berit-Anne Juuso. In 2012, she won the Hymytyttö (Girl's Smile) competition, held annually by the Finnish Internet portal hymy.fi. Born and lives in the Finnish province of Lapland. Her father is Sami, her mother is Finnish.

The most beautiful Hungarian - Catherine Schell / Catherine Schell(born July 17, 1944, Budapest) is a British actress of Hungarian origin. Real name -Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott. Despite German surname(inherited to her from her German great-grandfather), Catherine Schell is almost entirely Hungarian by blood, her parents belonged to the Hungarian nobility: her father bore the title of baron, and her mother a countess.

The most famous films with her participation: the 6th Bond film “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” (1969, role of Nancy), “Moon 02” (1969, role of Clementine), “Return of the Pink Panther” (1975, role of Lady Claudine Lytton) . In the UK, the actress is best known for her role as Maya in the 1970s sci-fi series Space: 1999.

Catherine Schell in the film "Moon 02" (1969):

The most beautiful Estonian- singer (born September 24, 1988, Kohila, Estonia). Represented Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.

The most beautiful mokshaka -Svetlana Khorkina(born January 19, 1979, Belgorod) - Russian gymnast, two-time Olympic champion in parallel bars (1996, 2000), three-time absolute world champion and three-time absolute European champion. In an interview he calls himself a Mordovian: “My parents are Mordovians, and since their blood flows in me, I consider myself a purebred Mordovian.”

The most beautiful Erzyanka -Olga Kaniskina(born January 19, 1985, Saransk) - track and field athlete, Olympic champion in 2008, the first three-time world champion in the history of race walking (2007, 2009 and 2011), European champion in 2010, two-time Russian champion.

The most beautiful Komi-Permyachka - Tatyana Totmyanina(born November 2, 1981, Perm) - figure skater, Olympic champion of Turin paired with Maxim Marinin. The same couple won the World Championship twice and the European Championship 5 times.

The most beautiful Udmurtka- singer Svetlana (Sveti) Ruchkina(born September 25, 1988). She is the vocalist of the Udmurt-language rock band Silent Woo Goore.

The most beautiful Karelian - Maria Kalinina. Winner of the contest "Miss Student Finno-Ugria 2015".

5 170

The classification of Finno-Ugric languages began in the 17th century, when the German scientist Martin Vogel proved the kinship of the Finnish, Sami and Hungarian languages. This classification was substantiated more fully and thoroughly in the 18th century. In the works of the Swedish scientist Philipp Johann von Stralenberg, a former Poltava officer-prisoner.

Having described in detail the peoples known in Western Europe from a number of works under the general name “Tatars,” F. Stralenberg showed that some of them living in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia are incorrectly considered Tatars. He attached a table to the book, grouping all these peoples, including the Tatar, according to linguistic principles, into six language classes: 1) Finno-Ugric; 2) Turkic; 3) Samoyed; 4) Kalmyk, Manchu and Tangut; 5) Tunguska; 6) Caucasian. Strahlenberg included Finnish, Hungarian, Mordovian, Mari, Permyak, Udmurt, Khanty and Mansi into the class of Finno-Ugric languages, noting that the ancestors of the peoples speaking these languages and living partly in Europe, partly in Asia (in Siberia), in ancient times lived in one place and were one people.

The conclusions of M. Vogel and F. Stralenberg about the kinship of the Finno-Ugric languages, their origin from the “universal beginning”, “one beginning” were supported and further developed in the works of Russian scientists of the 18th century. V. N. Tatishcheva, P. I. Rychkova, M. V. Lomonosova and others.

A very interesting conclusion about the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples was made by Professor of the University of Helsingfors I.R. Aspelin based on the results of expeditions of the Finnish Archaeological Society to Orkhon. Below I provide a brief overview of these studies.

According to Chinese sources, the Wusun people (aka Turks) are known - blue-eyed (green-eyed) red-bearded cattle breeders of the Country of the Turks, similar in life and blood to the khans (Huns, Huns).

Turk and Ugor means “highlander” in the modern sense.

These are Aryan pastoral peoples Afanasyevskaya culture. Moreover, “Turk” should be considered a derivative of the branch of the Aryan people of Turan, mentioned in the Avesta ( academic history considers the Turans to be less cultured than the original branch of the RACE, the Mongols themselves from Skitia).

Academicians from history also talk about the Power of the Turks in the 61st (6) century from China to Byzantium.

After the Khans (Huns) left for Skitia in the warm period of Years 6023-6323 (515-815), in Summer 6060 (552) the Turkic Kaganate (state) was created.

In Summer 6253 (745) the Ugric Kaganate was formed.

After 25 years, fair-haired, blue-eyed Kirghiz came from the North to Orkhon and settled.

The Kirghiz are a Slavic-Aryan militarized class of cattle breeders, / moreover, sedentary, raising mainly cows and pigs /. That is, like the Cossacks - who were a militarized class of farmers, who were actually Asami - they are also khans (Huns), they are also monasteries, they are Russians...

With the arrival of the Kyrgyz in Summer 6348 (840), the Turks (Ugric) living in the Orkhon region began to move due to overpopulation:

* to the South, to the Chinese wall (they were completely destroyed in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by Kalmyks who came from China);

* to the southwest (they were ethnically destroyed - partly in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by the Kalmyks who came because Chinese wall who created Dzungaria from Myanmar to modern Kalmykia, and finally after the occupation by the Chinese in Summer 7225-7266 (1717-1758), immediately after climate warming);

*not the West, those Ugrians who today preserved their primogeniture went to the Kola Peninsula - these Ugrians today call themselves Finns.

Official history tells of the wild khans (Huns) who tormented Venea (Europe.)

In fact, on the contrary, the settlers in Venea - the Ases (from Asia, Asia) gave Europe modern culture, based on “Odinism” (God Odin).

One can draw a conclusion about ethnic roots using the example of the most numerous Finno-Ugric people - the Hungarians.

According to legend, the Hungarians are a union of seven tribes, two of which were Ugric, and the rest were Turks and Indo-Iranians.

Despite the fact that the Hungarian language belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, the Hungarians themselves consider themselves Magyars, and prefer to call their country Magyaristan. That is, the Hungarians believe that in culture they are closer to the ancient Hunnic-Turkic tribes Central Asia. And since the Sarmatians, the Huns, the Magyars, and the Kipchaks come from the Kazakh steppes, the Hungarians half-jokingly call themselves the most western of the Kazakhs, and the Kazakhs the most eastern of the Hungarians. Hence the Magyars’ craving for everything nomadic, for the Turkic in particular, and for their ancestral home – Kazakhstan. Regularly public organization“Turan-Hungary” organizes the traditional Kurultai of the Hunnic-Turkic peoples in the camp:

Modern linguists pay attention to the fact that there are a lot of ancient Turkic borrowings in the Hungarian language. This is evidenced by the phonetic and morphological similarities of these languages. Linguists believe that the Turkic influence on the Hungarian language dates back to ancient times, when at the beginning of our era the ancestors of the Hungarians lived in the vicinity of the middle reaches of the Volga and Kama.

In the 4th century. n. e. part of the Ugric tribes moved to the south of Eastern Europe, while part of the more western tribes remained and gradually dissolved into Turkic tribes. At the end of the 9th century. n. e. The Ugro-Hungarians entered the territory of their current homeland, occupied mainly by the Slavs and the remnants of the Avar tribes, where they managed to firmly establish themselves.

Hungarian ethnologist Andras Biro, who studies Bashkir-Hungarian and Turkic-Hungarian connections, claims that the ancient Magyars and Bashkirs lived together in the Southern Urals. More than a thousand years ago, the Magyars went to the West, to Central Europe, but they are still united by ancient culture nomads, language grammar and even national cuisine.

Many researchers are amazed at the similarity between the Northern Altaians and the Finns. Thus, in the notes of the traveler G.P. von Helmersen, who visited Altai in 1834, we read about the similarity between the Kumandins and the Finns that struck him. Their appearance and culture are so close that the author of the notes sometimes forgot which lake it was located at - Teletskoye or Ladyzhskoye. In Kumandin clothes, he saw a resemblance to Mordovian and Cheremis costumes, and in appearance, he saw a resemblance to the Chukhons: beardless, high-cheekboned faces with straight blond hair and half-closed eyes.

It is very interesting that the famous onomastic scientist V. A. Nikonov comes to the same conclusions, but on the basis of... cosmonyms. “Cosmononyms,” he writes, are the names of space objects... They can tell a lot about the previous movements of peoples and their connections.

How different peoples saw the same space object differently is shown by the names of the Milky Way. For some it is the Ski Trail, for others it is the Silver River... With such a variety of names (even within the same language they are called differently), the coincidence of its names among neighboring peoples is incredible.

And in the Volga region, not two or three, but most neighboring peoples have semantically homogeneous names for the Milky Way.

Turkic: Tatar Kiek kaz yuly ‘ wild geese put’, Bashkir Kaz yuly and Chuvash Khurkaynak sule - with the same etymological meaning; Finno-Ugric; Mari Kayykkombo Korno is the same, Erzya and Moksha Kargon ki ‘crane path’, Moksha also has Narmon ki ‘bird path’.

It is easy to assume that neighbors adopted cosmonyms from each other.

To determine which of them has it originally, you need to find out what the Milky Way is called in related languages. There's a surprise here. Among the Suomi Finns, Linnunrata, among the Estonians, Linnunree also meant “bird path”; it is preserved among the Komi and in the dialects of the Mansi language; among the Hungarians, after their resettlement to the Danube, it still held on for several centuries.

In Turkic languages, names with the same meaning are known among the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Turkmens. An amazing unity was revealed from the Finns of the Baltic to the Kyrgyz of the Tien Shan, who did not touch anywhere. This means that the distant ancestors of both the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples either descended from the same source or lived nearby in close, long-term contact.”

The question of the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples is being put to rest today by scientists of the modern science of DNA genealogy, whose conclusions are confirmed by the research of other scientists cited above.

The fact is that human DNA has a mark of an ancient family, called “snip,” which defines a haplogroup, which is the definition of an ancient family.

Moreover, unlike the nationality written in the passport, which can always be changed, unlike the language, which adapts to the environment over time, unlike ethnographic factors, which are subject to fairly rapid changes, the haplogroup does not assimilate. It is determined by the “pattern” of mutations in the male Y chromosome of DNA, which is passed from father to son over hundreds and thousands of generations.

As a result of fairly simple and reliable tests, it is possible to determine to what genus any person belongs. So: All Finno-Ugric and Slavic peoples have one clan, but the tribes are different.

Finno-Ugrians who came from Siberia to the Russian northwest 3500 - 2700 BC.

(??here the archaeological dating is given earlier than the dating of geneticists)

Unfortunately, scientists find it difficult to accurately establish the age of the common ancestral ethnic group of the Finno-Ugrians and Slavic tribes. Presumably, this age should be about 10-12 thousand years or more. It takes us far beyond the boundaries of written history.

But it turned out to be more accurate to determine that the Slavic ancestor Eastern Slavs, lived 5000±200 years ago, and the common ancestor of the Slavic Finno-Ugric haplotypes lived approximately 3700±200 years ago (a thousand years later). Other genealogical lines later came from him (Finns, Estonians, Hungarians, Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, Chuvashs).

What are the genetic differences between these tribes?

Today's genetics can easily determine the history of the descendants of one chromosome - the one in which a rare point mutation once occurred. So, among the Finns - the closest relatives of some ethnic groups of the Urals - a high frequency of Y-chromosomes was discovered containing a replacement of thymidine (T-allele) with cytosine (C-allele) in a certain place on the chromosome. This replacement is not found in other countries of Western Europe, nor in North America, nor in Australia.

But chromosomes with the C allele are found in some other Asian ethnic groups, for example, among the Buryats. The common Y chromosome, found with noticeable frequency in both peoples, indicates an obvious genetic relationship. Is it possible? It turns out that there is a lot of evidence of this, which we find in cultural and territorial factors. For example, between Finland and Buryatia you can find territories inhabited by various nationalities related to the Finns and Buryats.

The presence of a significant proportion of Y chromosomes carrying the C allele was also shown by a genetic study of the Ural populations belonging to the Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. But perhaps most unexpected fact was that the proportion of this chromosome turned out to be unusually high among the Yakuts - about 80 percent!

This means that somewhere at the base of the branch of Finno-Ugric peoples there were not only Slavs, but also the ancestors of the Yakuts and Buryats, whose roots stretch to Southeast Asia.

Genetic scientists have also established the path of movement of the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes to their common place settlement - to the Central Russian Plain: the Slavs moved from the west - from the Danube, from the Balkans, from the Carpathians, and the Finno-Ugric peoples, also known as the Urals, also known as the Altaians, moved along their arc from the northeast, and earlier - from the south of Siberia.

Thus, having converged in the northeast, in the area of the future Novgorod-Ivanovo-Vologda, these Plimen formed an alliance that became Ugro-Slavic, and then Russian (Russian definition, meaning belonging to the same kind of Rus, that is, light), in the first half of the first millennium AD, and possibly much earlier.

It is estimated that at that time there were four times more Eastern Slavs than Finno-Ugric people.

One way or another, there was no particular hostility between them, there was peaceful assimilation. Peaceful existence.

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Moscow

Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation

NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:

14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site

Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:

25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]

Consular Section

Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]

Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00

Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).

Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.

Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.

Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).

Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow

Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation

NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:

14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site

Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:

25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]

Consular Section

Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]

Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00

Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).

Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.

Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.

Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).

Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow

Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation

NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:

14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site

Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:

25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]

Consular Section

Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]

Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00

Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).

Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.

Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.

Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).

Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow

Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation

NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:

14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site

Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:

25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]

Consular Section

Phone: (7 495) 737 36 48 (weekdays 9.00 – 12.00 and 14.00 – 17.00)
Fax: (7 495) 691 10 73
Email: [email protected]

Office hours: weekdays 8.30-17.00

Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and Estonian and Russian national holidays (Public Holidays).

Visa applications may be submitted on weekdays 9.00-12.00, visas are issued 9.00-12.00.

Visa applications may also be submitted at the visa center of VFS Global.

Consul’s office hours on consular matters are on weekdays 9.30-12.00 and 14.00-16.00 (only in case of pre-registration).

Address:
8 Kalashny Pereulok (M. Arbatskaya)
Moscow

Postal address:
5 Maly Kislovsky Pereulok
125 009 Moscow
Russian Federation

NB! The Consular Section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow serves all Russian citizens who live on the whole territory of the Russian Federation, except:

14 Bolshaya Monetnaya
197101 St Petersburg
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 812) 702 09 20
Phone: (7 812) 702 09 24
Fax: (7 812) 702 09 27
Email: [email protected]
www.petersburg.site

Residents of Pskov city and Pskov region have to turn to the Chancery of St Petersburg’s Consulate General in Pskov:

25 Narodnaya
180016 Pskov
Russian Federation

Phone: (7 8112) 725 380 (messages)
Fax: (7 8112) 725 381
Email: [email protected]

http://www.estoniarussia.eu

The bilateral relations of Estonia and the Russian Federation, in the form of diplomatic contacts and communication between officials and experts, are mostly aimed at solving practical issues. Similar to the entire European Union, Estonian political relations with Russia have, since 2014, been restricted due to Russian aggression in Ukraine, the illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol. The main goals of the bilateral relations in the near future are enforcing border agreements and further border demarcations.

Cross-border cooperation between Estonia and Russia is successful, particularly within the framework of cooperation programs largely financed by the EU. Estonia-Latvia-Russia cross border cooperation program 2007-2014 supported 45 different projects in Estonia, Latvia and Russia in the amount of €48 million. For example, the reconstruction of border crossing points in Ivangorod and in Narva that help to increase the throughput capacity and make border crossing easier, was funded from the program. Small-craft harbors were constructed in Tartu, Mustvee and Räpina. First inland water body slipway in Estonia was built in Kallaste. Waste water treatment stations in Pskov, Gdov and Pechory and the districts of Pskov and Palkinsky were reconstructed.

Estonia-Russia cross-border cooperation program 2014-2020 (http://www.estoniarussia.eu) continues to finance cross-border projects. The program aims to support the development and competitiveness of border regions. Total amount of the program funds is €34.2 million, with most of the funding coming from the EU. Estonia will contribute €9 and Russia €8.4 million. The cooperation program helps to finance five large infrastructure projects, with €20 million in total funding: 1) development of small businesses in South-East Estonia and the district of Pskov, (connected to border crossing); 2) socio-economic and environmental development of the Lake Peipsi, including water tourism and small harbours, reconstruction of wastewater treatment facilities in the district of Pskov; 3) reconstruction of the Narva-Ivangorod fortresses ensemble; reconstruction of the Narva-Ivangorod promenade; 5) reconstruction of the Luhamaa-Shumilkino border crossing points.

Estonia’s air is among the cleanest in the world, and the freedom to roam is codified in law. Pick berries, mushrooms, or herbs. Go hiking. Or sit still and take inspiration from the sounds of nature.

A short ride is all that’s required to experience Estonia’s full natural diversity. Little distance separates cities and nature. Our versatile cultural heritage and seasons of the year make every visit unique.