The ancient Slavs, who are they and where did they come from? Origin of the Slavs. History of the Slavs of the East European Plain
Let's remember about DNA genealogy
Each of us has a notebook of humanity on our DNA cuffs, in the non-genic regions of our DNA, what are sometimes called “junk DNA”. It contains, in the form of a set of special nucleotide sequences, the history of our ancestors thousands and tens of thousands of years ago. Most likely millions of years ago, but we lexicon small, and we still don’t know how to read that deeply. This history in our DNA is littered with markers along the time scale, and these markers, or notches, are given by mutations in the DNA. Each of these mutations occurs once every few thousand years, so history is already tied in time to some extent.
This language " notebook“We have already translated the DNA into certain symbols, and the sequence of these symbols is called the human haplotype. Each person has their own haplotype, which can be called a “passport,” an individual passport for each person. I talked about this in the article (About men.). This passport is inherited, the male “passport” is given to boys at birth, the female “passport” is given to girls (About women.).
Haplotypes
So, the hereditary DNA passport for each of us is called a haplotype. Each ethnic group has its own haplotype. Each subgroup does the same. Every family has their own too. The greater the number of characters in the passport, the higher the resolution, from ethnic group to specific direct family line. Sometimes just six characters are enough to describe an ethnic group. For example, for Jews of Middle Eastern origin - in an ethnic sense - the following six characters are sufficient for the so-called patriarchal haplotype, or basic haplotype, or “haplotype of the twelve tribes of Israel”:
14-16-23-10-11-12
These characters correspond to six DNA markers, and the numbers themselves are called alleles. They show the number of repeats of certain nucleotide sequences in each marker. The patriarch of the clan had this haplotype, and according to the Bible, his name was Jacob. Over the past 3600 years, the appearance of the haplotype has been changed to a certain extent by mutations that occur in each marker with a certain probability once every few thousand years. And since the probabilities of mutations add up, the entire 6-marker haplotype, an example of which is given above, changes once every thousand years, or even faster. As a result, the descendants form a set of haplotypes, which in a sense represents a “cloud”. For example, in 200 Jews, modern descendants of Jacob (or, more streamlined, descendants of the Middle Eastern Hebrew patriarchs), a “cloud” of 47 haplotypes is found, in which the first marker has the numbers 13, 14 and 15 (mutations of the original 14 in both directions), the second - 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, the third - 22, 23, 24 and 25, the fourth - 9, 10 and 11, the fifth and sixth - 11, 12 and 13. This is how a “cloud” is formed, grouping around the “central ", or "basic" haplotype.
Haplotypes of the Slavs
Since we cannot yet clearly define who the Slavs are, we will take as a conditional definition of Slavs those who mostly live in ancient Russian cities. The fact that they speak Russian, are fair-haired, have “Slavic facial features” and profess Orthodox Christianity is completely secondary to our consideration. After all, we are leading to the origins of the Slavic ethnic group, presumably thousands of years ago, and all of the indicated “secondary” characteristics are either relatively recent, or could have been blurred by genetics over centuries or millennia of mixing genes in each generation with wives and girlfriends of very different ethnic origins. And the haplotype from the male Y chromosome is indestructible during the transmission of heredity and does not change for millennia and tens of thousands of years, except due to natural mutations. Therefore, the haplotype can be a real “mark” of the genus in the male line.
So, let's take a look at the haplotypes of men living in ancient Russian cities.
Their three most common haplotypes are:
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
They account for half of the first ten haplotypes in ancient Russian cities. By the way, the second one is my haplotype.
The appendix gives the most common haplotypes for 26 cities and territories of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. They diverge into three main Slavic haplogroups - R1a, I1b and N. All three top, most popular haplotypes belong to the R1a haplogroup. Relatively speaking, Eastern Slavs. Their ancestors came from the east. The second haplogroup is I1b. These are, relatively speaking, the southern Slavs. They came from the Balkans. The third haplogroup is northern. Pomeranian Slavs, relatively speaking. Although the range of haplogroup N is generally the entire north of the Russian Federation, with a transition to Scandinavia. A relatively small proportion of Slavs belong to haplogroup I1a. This is a North Germanic, Scandinavian, Sami haplogroup.
Comparison of haplotypes of the Slavs with some others
Haplotypes of the Eastern Slavs (haplogroup R1a) are quite unique among many others ethnic groups. We have already mentioned Jews; their haplotypes have on average 10 mutations to the side compared to the Eastern Slavs. This is tens of thousands of years before the common ancestor. A formal calculation gives approximately 1000 generations to a common ancestor, which is twenty-five to thirty thousand years. Even a close ethnic relative, the Western European Atlantic haplotype
14-12-24-11-13-13
is five mutation steps away from East Slavic. This, according to formal calculations, is 520 generations before the common ancestor. In general, one mutation in such a haplotype, as shown above, in a six-marker one, is approximately 2500 years of difference in the history of the haplotype.
Arab haplotypes are usually 9-11 mutations away from Slavic haplotypes, for example
14-17-23-11-11-12.
Haplotypes of Ethiopians are 7 mutations apart. Example:
15-12-21-10-11-14
Haplotypes of Armenians and Turks (ironically, they are very similar) - 6-9 mutations away from the Eastern Slavs:
14-12-24-11-13-12
14-15-23-10-11-12
Chinese haplotypes - usually 3-5 mutations per side, as, for example, in the haplotype
15-12-23-10-11-14
Mongolian haplotypes - usually 8-10 mutations per side, such as
13-12-24-10-14-13
13-12-24-10-14-14
13-12-23-10-14-13
13-12-24- 9-14-14
Japanese haplotypes – often 6-7 mutations per side
15-12-25-10-14-14
15-12-22-10-13-13
American Indian haplotypes – often 8-9 mutations per side
13-12-23-10-14-13
despite the fact that they come from haplotypes of Siberian peoples.
In other words, the coincidence of basic haplotypes is extremely rare, and there must be good reasons for this. In addition, all of the haplotypes listed above belong to other haplogroups - J, C, O, Q and others. The Eastern Slavs, let me remind you, belong to the haplogroup R1a and its subgroup R1a1. And a haplogroup is not only haplotypes, but also additional unique mutations.
Haplotypes of Hindus
And so, after considering how the haplotypes differ in different nationalities and ethnic groups, suddenly we see that the haplotypes of many Indians and many Slavs are almost identical!
When considering 718 haplotypes of Pakistanis (it is hardly worth reminding that Pakistan separated from India only recently, and we are talking about millennia), the largest group had the following haplotype:
16-12-25-11-11-13
What was the “basic” one among the Slavs?
16-12-25-11-11-13
The same.
Let us recall that the “basic” is the haplotype that was present in the ancestors thousands of years ago, and then acquired mutations in the descendants. Although it itself was preserved in many descendants, unmutated due to simple probability, and, as a rule, in the largest quantities. It takes at least 10-15 thousand years for it to mutate completely. It turns out that the Slavs and Indians could well have had a common ancestor, with the same “basic” haplotype, 16-12-25-11-11-13.
Wait a minute, there is a big difference between “was” and “could have been”. Is not it?
So. And in order to clarify this difference, there are haplogroups. A haplogroup is a sign of an ethnic community. This is one clan. This is one common ancestor of the clan, marked by a special single mutation called a “snip” ( ). And all the descendants of this clan carry this special mutation in their genes, regardless of the type of haplotype. More precisely, haplotypes are secondary in relation to the snip. The snip determines whether an individual belongs to a haplogroup, and haplotypes illustrate this affiliation. Haplotypes and their mutations show how far a descendant has gone from a common ancestor with another relative from the same haplogroup.
So, both the Eastern Slavs and the Indians (Pakistanis) belong to the same haplogroup - R1a. This means that they HAD a common ancestor, and not just could have existed.
So we found him, a common ancestor. By haplotypes.
Naturally, the basic haplotype of both the Hindus in India-Pakistan and the Slavs in Russia-Ukraine-Belarus is surrounded by a cloud of haplotypes. And these haplotypes are strikingly similar. Branches of one tree.
Let's take a look at the haplotypes of the Pashtun tribe. There are 93 of them in the tested group. 37 people have the following haplotypes:
16-12-24-11-11-13
15-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-23-11-11-13
15-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
17-12-23-11-11-13
This is true for 40% of all tested Pashtuns!
The first haplotype is mine. And what’s amazing is that the next pair of markers, the seventh and eighth, with a finer structure of the haplotype, also completely coincides with mine. These are markers with serial numbers 389-1 and 389-2. Both for me and for those Pashtuns with the most popular haplotype among them in the first line (out of 13 people out of 93, or 14%), the corresponding alleles are equal to 13.30. That is, a complete coincidence with me, a Slav, already on 8 markers.
In the article Joseph and his brothers, or adult games with molecular genealogy. part - 5, I looked at 260 East Slavic haplotypes, and found 293 mutations in them relative to the base haplotype 16-12-25-11-11-13. This gives an average of 0.19 mutations per marker, or approximately 117 generations, or 3000 years before the common ancestor.
Another database, section " South India" The most popular haplotypes:
16-12-25-11-11-13
15-12-25-10-11-13
17-12-25-11-11-13
15-12-26-11-11-13
17-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
As we see, the same picture, the same “East Slavic haplotypes”. And the haplogroup is the same - R1a.
Everything agrees that the Eastern Slavs are direct relatives of the Hindus - if not all, then a very representative group that still dominates in a number of regions of India and Pakistan.
How did this happen?
But this is already the area of interpretation and connections with numerous data from many scientific fields. For my part, I can only say that the common ancestor of us, the Slavs and Indians, lived only about 3000 years ago, after which we diverged. And then genetics completed the matter - it formed the faces, now so different among the Slavs and Indians, the color of skin and hair, coupled with being, which, as we know, determined consciousness.
Let's dig a little deeper
So, it turns out that the ancestors of the Slavs are Indians. Proto-Slavs. Or vice versa, the ancestors of the Hindus are Slavs. Proto-Indians. And the Proto-Slavs may have spoken Sanskrit. I can’t resist and I’ll bring you short excerpt from the link at the end of this investigative story, although this passage was based on completely different facts and considerations:
“Now it becomes clear why Indian and Russian folk motifs are so similar, why ancient Sanskrit and the Russian language are so similar. Moreover, they are similar not only in some words, like many languages of the world. What is surprising is that our two languages have similar word structures, style and syntax. Let's add even greater similarity of grammar rules -
Curious facts: Russian and Sanskrit
From the doctor's book historical sciences N.R. Guseva "Russians through the millennia. Arctic theory." Impressions of an Indian resident who came to Moscow.
“When I was in Moscow, at the hotel they gave me the keys to room 234 and said “dwesti tridtsat chetire”. In perplexity, I could not understand whether I was standing in front of a nice girl in Moscow, or whether I was in Benares or Ujjain in our classical period of 2000 years ago.
In Sanskrit 234 it will be: "dvishata tridasha chatvari" -
Note that in in this case The similarity of the Russian language with Sanskrit is closer than with English, German, French, Spanish and other related languages. Try saying 234 on any of them and listen.
But which Slavs are we talking about? And now it turns out that we can only talk about the Eastern Slavs, whose haplotypes, like the Indians, belong to the R1a haplogroup with subgroups. "Northern Slavs", with haplogroup N, descended from other "proto". They do not have that unique mark, snip, which both the Hindus and the Eastern Slavs have. Which once again confirms the common origin of the last two nationalities.
But what shakes the foundations of “Slavism” in general is that a significant part of Ukrainians, namely the South Slavs, also do not have a common origin with the Eastern Slavs. Both of them have reproducibly different haplotypes, reproducibly a different haplogroup, and the Indians have nothing to do with the South Slavs, at least after leaving Africa, about 60 thousand years ago.
Let's figure it out.
The Eastern Slavs and Indians have haplogroup R1a, the Southern Slavs have haplogroup I1b. Those who later became the Eastern Slavs came from the east. If you believe in the concept of Arkaim - from the southern Urals, three to four thousand years ago, with its haplogroup R1a. Those who became the South Slavs came from the Balkans, with their haplogroup I1b. And then they got married, mixed, exchanged genes, and continue to exchange in each subsequent generation - no wonder that a Slavic community arose with similar languages, religion, and culture. But haplotypes cannot be changed - they carry their R1a, I1b and N through hundreds and thousands of generations, through genetics, through religion, through culture, almost unchanged, except through spontaneous mutations.
And what do we have now?
Here's what. The haplotype of haplogroup N, the northern Slavs, the “Hyperboreans,” is noticeably different from the haplotypes of other Slavs. If, by a whim of fate, the eastern and southern Slavs have six-digit haplotypes that are very close - that’s how the statistics work - and they look like (with mutations)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-13-25-11-11-13,
Accordingly, among the Northern Slavs the haplotypes usually have the form
14-12-23-11-14-14
14-12-23-10-14-14
that is, 8-9 mutations away from the first. 800-1000 generations before the common ancestor, 20-30 thousand years. These haplotypes don’t even need to be looked at very closely, and it’s clear that they are very different.
The haplotypes of the eastern and southern Slavs begin to differ noticeably even with a slight increase in the number of markers, up to seven or eight. Among the Eastern Slavs there appear 11-14 or 11-15 (with slight mutations), among the Southern Slavs - 14-14 or 15-15 (again with single mutations). Therefore, a trained eye will immediately recognize by haplotype where the southern Slavs are, with their ancestral homelands in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia or Bulgaria, and where the eastern Slavs are.
There are much more Eastern Slavs in ancient Russian cities. But with a shift to the southwest, from Ukraine to the Balkans, the number of South Slavs increases sharply. They, I repeat, have practically no relation to Indians anymore. But they have long been related to the Eastern Slavs.
In Slavic cities, approximately 70% of the inhabitants belong to the Eastern Slavs (haplogroup R1a), 23% to the Southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b), and approximately 7% to the Northern Slavs (haplogroup N). This is from those who were tested for haplotypes. When crossing the southwestern borders of the former Soviet Union the situation changes dramatically - there are only a quarter of Eastern Slavs and three quarters of Southern Slavs. So, in this case, ethnic, or, more precisely, DNA-genealogical boundaries really coincide with state boundaries.
The South Slavs received their genetic mark, or “snip,” M170, which determined their original haplogroup I, approximately 20-25 thousand years ago. Then it was followed by snip S31, which separated the genealogically southern from the Baltic Slavs, whose snips are completely different, receiving the indices M253, M307, P30 and P40. In any case, the Eastern Slavs have a completely different history of snips. They crossed paths with the southern ones last time, having received - both - snips M168 upon leaving Africa and M89 approximately 45 thousand years ago. Since then, their paths have diverged. The future Eastern Slavs left Mesopotamia to the east in order to return from there to the southern Urals, the Central Russian Upland and the Black Earth and Caspian steppes, and the future Southern Slavs left through the Bosporus and Dardanelles to the Balkans. Most of them settled in Bosnia and Croatia, but many advanced to what later became Ukraine and Russia. So, after thousands of years they met with the Eastern Slavs and formed the Slavic community. As we can see, the South Slavs now make up about 20% of the population of Russia and Ukraine, and much more in the Balkans. And the Eastern Slavs several thousand years ago were brothers of the Hindus.
So who came from whom?
Hard to say. The efforts of representatives of many specialties are needed to answer this question. And this connection between the Eastern Slavs and the Indians, which I show here with the help of DNA genealogy, is an additional contribution to resolving this issue.
The similarity between the haplotypes of the Eastern Slavs and Indians is impressive. Above we considered short 6-marker haplotypes, which were almost identical for both groups. But it turned out that the 12-marker haplotypes for them are almost the same. Let's try to show this “in real life”.
If we take, for example, the haplotypes of Slavs and Jews, they do not coincide. This was shown above. The Slavs have a cloud of mutated haplotypes around 16-12-25-11-11-13, the Jews have a cloud around 14-16-23-10-11-12. If we present this graphically, using a professional clustering program, then for 59 Slavic haplotypes (this is all that was found in the database for haplogroup R1a) and 200 haplotypes of Jews, descendants of the Middle Eastern patriarchs (haplogroup J1), the cluster turns out to be double, as shown in the figure:
On the left, in red, are the Slavs, on the right, the Jews. Each cluster has its own core, and a cloud of more mutated haplotypes around. The more identical haplotypes, the larger size mug. It is clear that we are faced with two different ethnic and genealogical communities.
And this is what the clusters of Slavs and Hindus look like. The graph below shows 113 people, approximately equal in number to both. Red, again, are Slavs, yellow are Indians. Almost complete overlap of clusters. I will add that 27 out of 113 haplotypes are cross-identical - among the Slavs and Indians. And this is based on 12-marker haplotypes! Let me remind you that for a 12-marker haplotype the probability random coincidence for two people - one out of two billion (Joseph and his brothers, or adult games with molecular genealogy. part -1). And here – 27 out of 113 are cross-identical!
Haplotypes that differ in mutations more than others extend off to the sides like needles. And here there were some incidents. The fact is that here the term “Slavs” is rather arbitrary. In fact, I took from the database the haplotypes of ALL residents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus who were in this database and who had the R1a haplogroup. I didn't want to discriminate against anyone. So, the haplotypes that deviate most from the cluster, numbered 13, 34, 44, 54 and 87, are those whose structure is most different from the “canonical” Hindu or Slavic. I can’t say anything about the Indians under the first three numbers, except that number 44 is called Said Akbar, but numbers 54 and 87 can be called Slavs rather conventionally, with the name Borukh for one, and the surname Leventhal for the other.
In short, the similarity of haplotypes with a rather fine structure (12-markers!) among the Slavs and Indians is striking.
If this mixed Slavic-Indian cluster is simplified and the entire cluster is built from short 6-marker haplotypes, then it will look like the one shown below.
Here it is already useless to distinguish Indians and Slavs with different colors - in most cases their haplotype circles have merged. There are 113 haplotypes, and there are much fewer circles, only 31. In other words, 82 haplotypes overlapped, and the entire set of haplotypes was reduced to thirty-one. Here I marked in red only those that fall out the most among the Slavs to show that both Slavs and Indians fall out approximately equally. The most outlier haplotype among Indians, number 44, is the same Said Akbar. His haplotype is truly anomalous - instead of the usual 16-12-25-11-11-13 or around it, Said has 15-14-22-10-12-13. So it was carried away. Among our Slavs, the loss of haplotypes is much more modest. Instead of the same usual 16-12-25-11-11-13 and around it, they have 15-12-26-11-11-14 (number 58 on the chart) and 16-12-26-11-11-14 (number 81). Otherwise, the Eastern Slavs and Indians in this combined cluster are practically indistinguishable.
So, where did the common ancestor of the Eastern Slavs and Indians live? Where did the ancestors of the Slavs come to Eastern Europe? Maybe with Southern Urals? Maybe the discovery of Arkaim (Arkaim) will clear up these secrets?
But this is a topic for another story.
Application
Let's take a look at the population of cities and some regions. The first figure will show the proportion of Eastern Slavs, the second - southern, the third - northern.
Arkhangelsk 38 41 21
Belgorod 56 40 4
Brest 59 36 5
Bryansk 79 21
Vitebsk 68 22 10
Vladivostok 74 26
Vladimir 85 15
Bulgaria 21 79
Banja Luka (Bosnia-Herzegovina) 35 65
Mostar (Bosnia-Herzegovina) 17 83
Vologda 61 26 9
Volot 78 22
Gomel (Belarus) 67 33
Grodno (Belarus) 88 12
Ivanovo 78 22
Kaluga 71 29
Kyiv 73 27
Lipetsk 71 29
Moscow 69 28 3
Nizhny Novgorod 55 30 15
Novgorod 70 16 14
Eagle 81 19
Penza 81 19
Pskov 52 16 32
Ryazan 77 14 9
Saratov 68 14 18
Smolensk 81 15 4
Tambov 72 28
Tartu (Estonia) 60 4 36
Tver 76 16 8
Tula 75 25
The most common haplotypes in ancient Russian and other Slavic cities. The number of people tested is indicated in parentheses.
Belgorod (35 people)
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-26-11-11-13
Bryansk (43 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Vladimir (50 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-12
16-12-26-11-11-13
Vologda (40 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
14-12-23-10-11-13 (haplogroup I1a, Baltic, Scandinavian, North Germanic, Sami)
Volot (32 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
16-12-24-10-11-13
Ivanovo (40 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Kaluga (36 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Kyiv (243 people)
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
17-12-25-10-11-13
Lipetsk (47 people)
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Moscow (85 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Nizhny Novgorod (53 people)
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
14-12-23-11-14-14 (haplogroup N, northern, Pomeranian, Scandinavian)
Novgorod (127 people)
16-12-25-10-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
15-12-25-11-11-13
14-12-23-10-14-14 (haplogroup N)
Arkhangelsk (42 people)
14-12-23-11-14-14 (haplogroup N)
14-12-22-11-14-14 (haplogroup N)
16-12-24-11-11-13
Orel (72 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
15-12-25-11-11-13
Penza (81 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
15-12-25-11-11-13
Pskov (40 people)
15-12-23-11-14-14 (haplogroup N)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Ryazan (35 people)
16-12-24-10-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
15-12-25-10-11-13
Smolensk (43 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
15-12-25-11-11-13
Tambov (48 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
15-12-25-10-11-13
17-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Tula (42 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-24-10-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Tver (43 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Brest (30 people)
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
16-12-24-10-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
Vitebsk (53 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
Gomel (30 people)
16-12-24-11-11-13
15-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-10-11-13
Grodno (56 people)
16-12-25-10-11-13
16-12-25-11-11-13
17-12-25-10-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
Belarus “as a whole” (69 people)
16-12-25-11-11-13
16-12-24-11-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13
16-12-24-10-11-13
16-12-25-10-11-13 (10)
16-12-25-11-11-13 (6)
16-12-24-10-11-13 (5)
15-12-25-11-11-13 (4)
16-12-24-11-11-13 (3)
15-12-25-10-11-13 (3)
15-12-24-11-11-13 (2)
17-12-25-11-11-13 (2)
15-12-25-11-10-13 (2)
15-12-24-10-11-13 (1)
15-12-25-11-11-13 (1)
16-12-24-11-11-12 (1)
16-12-23-11-11-13 (1)
15-12-24- 9-11-13 (1)
15-12-25-10-12-13 (1)
15-12-23-10-11-13 (1)
15-12-24-10-10-13 (1)
15-12-26-10-11-13 (1)
15-12-26-11-11-13 (1)
16-12-24-11-11-14 (1)
16-12-22-11-11-13 (1)
15-12-22-10-12-13 (1)
17-12-25-10-11-13 (1)
16-12-25-12-11-13 (1)
And all of them have typically Hindu surnames - Srinivasan, Singh, Patel, Krishnaswami, Bhatnagar, Sharma...
The most common haplotypes are the same as among the Eastern Slavs. In total, in this group of 52 haplotypes, there are 85 mutations in relation to both the “base” 16-12-25-10-11-13 and the second haplotype 16-12-25-11-11-13, with an average of 0.27 mutations to the marker. This corresponds to approximately 170 generations back to the common ancestor, or 4,200 years.
There is a widespread opinion that real story the Slavs begins with the Christianization of Rus'.
It turns out that before this event the Slavs did not seem to exist, since, one way or another, a person, reproducing, inhabiting the territory, leaves behind a trace in the form of a system of beliefs, writing, language, rules governing the relationship of fellow tribesmen, architectural buildings, rituals, legends and legends.(jcomments on)
Based on modern history, writing and literacy came to the Slavs from Greece, law - from Rome, religion - from Judea.
Raising the Slavic theme, the first thing that Slavism is associated with is paganism. But let me draw your attention to the essence of this word: “language” means people, “nik” - none, unknown, i.e. a pagan is a representative of an alien, unfamiliar faith.
Can we be gentiles and pagans to ourselves?
The Christian religion came from Israel, just as history came from the Jewish Torah. Christianity has existed on Earth for only 2000 years, in Rus' - 1000. Considering these dates from the perspective of the Universe, they seem insignificant, because the ancient knowledge of any people goes far beyond these figures.
It’s strange to think that everything that existed long before Christianity was developed, collected, passed on from generation to generation - heresy and delusions. It turns out that all people on Earth have lived for centuries in illusion, self-deception and delusion.
Returning to the Slavs, how then were they able to create so many beautiful works arts: literature, architecture, architecture, painting, weaving, etc., if they were ignorant forest dwellers?
Raising the richest Slavic-Aryan Heritage, the Slavs appeared on Earth long before representatives of other nations. Previously, the term "land" had the same meaning as Greek name"planet", i.e. a celestial object moving in its orbit around the sun.
Our Earth had the name Midgard, where “mid” or “middle” means middle, “gard” means city, city, i.e. the middle world (remember the shamanic idea of the structure of the Universe, where our Earth was connected with the middle world).
About 460,500 years ago, our ancestors landed on the north pole of Midgard-Earth. Since that period, our planet has undergone significant changes, both climatic and geographical.
In those distant times North Pole was a continent rich in flora and fauna, the island of Buyan, on which lush vegetation grew, which our ancestors settled.
The Slavic Family consisted of representatives of four nations: Da'Aryans, Kh'Aryans, Rasens and Svyatorus.
The Da'Aryans were the first to arrive on Midgard-Earth. They came from the star system of the constellation Zimun or Ursa Minor, land of Rai. The color of their eyes - gray, silver - corresponded to the sun of their system, which was called Tara.
They named the northern continent, where they settled, Daariya. Next came the Kh'Aryans. Their homeland is the constellation Orion, the land of Troara, the sun - Rada - Green colour, which is imprinted in the color of their eyes.
Then the Svyatorus arrived - blue-eyed Slavs from the constellation Mokosh or Ursa Major, who called themselves Svaga. Later, brown-eyed Rasens appeared from the constellation Rasa and the land of Ingard, the Dazhdbog-Sun system or modern beta Leo.
If we talk about the nationalities belonging to the four Great Slavic-Aryan Clans, then from the Da'Aryans came the Siberian Russians, northwestern Germans, Danes, Dutch, Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, etc.
From the Kh'Aryan Family came the Eastern and Pomeranian Rus, Scandinavians, Anglo-Saxons, Normans (or Muromets), Gauls, and Belovodsk Rusichs.
The clan of Svyatorus - blue-eyed Slavs - is represented by northern Russians, Belarusians, Polans, Poles, East Prussians, Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Scotts, Irish, Ases from Iria, i.e. Assyrians.
The grandchildren of Dazhdbozhy, the Rasens are the Western Rosses, the Etruscans (Russian ethnic group or, as the Greeks called them, these Russians), Moldavians, Italians, Franks, Thracians, Goths, Albanians, Avars, etc.
The ancestral home of our ancestors is Hyperborea (Boreas - north wind, hyper - strong) or Da'Ariya (from the first Slavic clan of Da'Aryans who populated the Earth) - the northern continent of Midgard-Earth.
Here was the source of ancient Vedic knowledge, grains of which are now scattered throughout the Earth among various peoples.
But our ancestors had to sacrifice their homeland to save Midgard-Earth. In those distant times, the Earth had 3 satellites: the Moon Lelyu with an orbital period of 7 days, Fattu - 13 days and the Month - 29.5 days.
The Dark Forces from the technogenic galaxy of 10,000 planets (darkness corresponds to 10,000), or, as they also call it, the Pekel World (i.e., the lands there are not yet fully developed, just “baking”) took a fancy to Lelya and deployed their forces on her and directed their blow to Midgard-Earth.
Our ancestor and Supreme God, Tarkh, the son of God Perun, saved the Earth, defeating Lelya and destroying the kingdom of the Kashchei. Hence the custom of beating eggs on Easter, which symbolizes the victory of Tarkh Perunovich over Kashchei, a mortal demon who found his death in an egg (a prototype of the Moon).
This event happened 111,814 years ago and became new point counting chronology from the Great Migration. So the waters of Lelya poured onto Midgard-Earth, flooding the Northern Continent. As a result, Daaria sank to the bottom of the Arctic (Icy) Ocean.
This became the reason for the Great Migration of Slavic clans from Daria to Rasenia along the isthmus to the lands lying to the south (the remains of the isthmus were preserved in the form of the Novaya Zemlya islands).
The Great Migration lasted 16 years. Thus, 16 became a sacred number for the Slavs. The Slavic Svarog circle or zodiac, consisting of 16 Heavenly Halls, is based on it.
16 years is a full part of the circle of years of 144 years, consisting of 16 years passing through 9 elements, where the last 16 year was considered sacred.
Gradually, our ancestors populated the territory from the Ripeian mountains, covered with burdock, or the Ural, which means lying near the Sun: U Ra (Sun, Light, Radiance) L (bed), to Altai and the Lena River, where Al or Alnost is the highest structure, hence reality - repetition, reflection of Alness; tai - top, i.e. Altai is both mountains containing the richest mine deposits, and a center of energy, a place of Power. From Tibet to Indian Ocean in the south (Iran), later in the southwest (India).
106,786 years ago, our ancestors again built Asgard (the city of Asov) at the confluence of Iria and Omi, erecting Alatyr-Mountain - a temple complex 1000 Arshin high (more than 700 m), consisting of four pyramid-shaped Temples (Temples), located one above the other .
And so the Holy Race settled: the Clans of the Ases - the Gods living on Earth, the Country of the Ases throughout the territory of Midgard-Earth, multiplied and became the Great Family, forming the country of the Ases - Asia, in modern terms - Asia, building the state of the Aryans - Great Tartary.
They called their country Belovodye from the name of the Iriy River, on which Asgard Iriysky was built (Iriy - white, pure). Siberia is the northern part of the country, i.e. Northern Truly Divine Iriy).
Later, the Clans of the Great Race, driven by the harsh Daarian wind, began to move further south, settling on different continents. Prince Skand settled the northern part of Venea.
Later, this territory began to be called Skando(i)nav(i)ya, because, when the prince was dying, he said that his Spirit after death would protect this Earth (Navya is the soul of the deceased living in the world of Navi, in contrast to the world of Revealing) .
The Van clans settled Transcaucasia, then, due to drought, moved south of Scandinavia, to the territory of modern Netherlands. In memory of their Ancestors, residents of the Netherlands keep the prefix Van in their surnames (Van Gogh, Van Beethoven, etc.).
The clans of God Veles - the inhabitants of Scotland and Ireland - named one of the provinces Wales or Wels in honor of their ancestor and patron.
The Svyatorus clans settled in the eastern and southern parts of Venia, as well as the Baltic states.
In the eastern part is the country of Gardarika (a country of many cities), consisting of Novgorod Rus', Pomeranian Russia (Latvia and Prussia), Red Rus' (Rzeczpospolita), White Rus' (Belarus), Little ( Kievan Rus), Middle (Muscovy, Vladimir), Carpathian (Hungarians, Romanians), Silver (Serbs).
The clans of God Perun settled Persia, and the Kh'Aryans settled Arabia.
The clans of God Nya settled on the Antlan mainland and began to be called Ants. There they lived together with the indigenous population with Fire-colored skin, to whom they passed on secret knowledge.
Just remember the fall of the Inca civilization, when the Indians mistook the conquistadors for the White Gods, or another fact - the patron of the Indians is the flying Serpent Queizacoatl, described as a white man with a beard.
Antlan (doe is an inhabited territory, i.e. the country of the Ants) or, as the Greeks called it - Atlantis - became a powerful civilization, where people over time began to abuse their knowledge, as a result of which, violating the laws of nature, they brought down the moon Fattu on the Earth, themselves and they flooded their peninsula.
As a result of the catastrophe, the Svarog circle or Zodiac was shifted, the Earth's rotation axis tilted to one side, and Winter, or Madder in Slavic, began to cover the Earth with its snow cloak for a third of the year. All this happened 13,016 years ago and became the starting point of the new chronology from the Great Cooling.
The Ant families moved to the country of Ta-Kem, where they lived with people with skin the color of Darkness, taught them sciences, crafts, agriculture, and the construction of pyramidal tombs, which is why Egypt began to be called the country of man-made mountains.
The first four dynasties of pharaohs were white, then they began to train chosen ones from indigenous peoples to become pharaohs.
Later, a war occurred between the Great Race and the Great Dragon (Chinese), as a result of which a Peace Treaty was signed in the Star Temple (Observatory) between Asur (As - earthly God, Ur - inhabited territory) and Ahriman (Arim, Ahriman - a person with a darker color skin).
This event occurred 7516 years ago and became the starting point of the new chronology from the creation of the World in the Star Temple.
The Slavs were called Ases - Gods living on Earth, children of the heavenly Gods - the Creators. They were never slaves, a “dumb herd” without the right to choose.
The Slavs never worked (the root of the word “work” is “slave”), they never seized other people’s territories by force (the Greeks called them tyrants or tyrens because they did not allow their lands to be seized), they worked for the good of their Family, they were the owners of the results of your labor.
The Slavs sacredly revered the laws of RITA - the laws of Race and Blood, which did not allow incestuous marriages. For this, Russians are often called racists. Again, you need to look at the root to understand the deepest Wisdom of our Ancestors.
The globe, like a magnet, is represented by two opposite poles. White peoples inhabited the North positive pole, black peoples inhabited the southern negative pole. All physical and energy systems organisms were tuned in accordance with the work of these poles.
Therefore, in the case of a marriage between a white and a black person, the child is deprived of clan support from both parents: +7 and -7 add up to zero. Such children are more susceptible to diseases, because deprived of full immune protection, they often become revolutionary aggressors, protesting against systems that did not accept them.
Now the Indian teaching about chakras has become widespread, according to which there are 7 main chakras located in the human body along the line of the spine, but then the question arises: why does the energy in the head area change its signs: if Right side body has a positive charge, then the right hemisphere will have a negative one.
If energy, like an electric current, flows in a straight line without being refracted anywhere, it cannot simply change its sign to the opposite one.
Our ancestors said that there are 9 main chakras in the human body: 7 are located along the line of the spine, 2 in the armpits, forming an energy cross.
Thus, the flow of energy is refracted in the center of the cross, changing its sign to the opposite. Jesus Christ also said that everyone carries his own cross, i.e. Everyone has their own energy cross.
Now scientists are ridiculing the ancient ideas about the structure of the Universe, which is shaped like a disk resting on three elephants, which, in turn, stand on a turtle swimming in the vast oceans of the world. The picture seems naive and stupid if you look at things flatly.
The Slavs have always been famous imaginative thinking, behind every word, every image you need to look for a series of meanings. The flat disk of the Earth was associated with flat everyday thinking and dual consciousness, thinking in yes-no categories.
This world rests on three elephants: matter, as the basis of the West, idea, the basis of the Arab East, and transcendentalism or mysticism, the basis of India, Tibet, Nepal, etc.
The turtle is the source, the primordial knowledge from which “elephants” draw their energy. The North is precisely such a turtle for other peoples, directly connected to the Primordial Knowledge - the ocean of Limitless Knowledge and Absolute Truth (energy).
The simplest solar symbol of the Slavs is the swastika, which was widely used by Hitler, which left a negative imprint on the symbol of human structure.
On the other hand, Hitler’s main goal was world domination, to achieve which he used the most powerful and advanced weapons, he took as a basis neither Egyptian hieroglyphs, nor Jewish or Arabic cabalistic signs, namely Slavic symbolism.
After all, what is a Swastika - this is an image of a cross in motion, this is a harmonious number four, indicating the presence in any descendant of the Slavic-Aryan peoples of the Body that his parents endowed him with, the Soul that the Gods inhabited this body, the Spirit - communication with the Gods and protection Ancestors and Conscience, as a measure of all human deeds.
Let us at least remember the holiday of Kupala, when people washed themselves in rivers (cleansed the body), jumped over a fire (purified the Soul), walked on coals (purified the Spirit).
The swastika also pointed to the structure of the Universe, consisting of our Reality World, two Navi worlds: dark Navi and light Navi, i.e. Glory and peace to the Most High Gods - Rule.
If we turn to the Western hierarchy of worlds, it is presented physical world, corresponding to the World of Reveal, which is washed on both sides by the astral plane, corresponding to Navi, above comes the mental plane, as an analogue of Slavi. In this case there is no talk of a higher World of Rule.
From school, children are told that the ignorant Slavs were taught to read and write by Greek monks, forgetting that these same monks took the Slavic initial letter as a basis, but, since it could only be understood in images, they excluded a number of letters, changing the interpretation of the remaining ones.
Subsequently, the language became more and more simplified. The Slavs always had two prefixes without- and bes-, where without meant absence, bes - belonging to a resident dark world, i.e., when we say immortal, we mean a mortal demon; if we say immortal, it will mean something completely different - the absence of death.
The initial letter of the Slavs carried a huge meaning. At first glance, the same sounding word could carry a completely different meaning. So the word “peace” can be interpreted in completely different ways, depending on which letter “and” is used.
Peace through “and” meant a state without war, because. the figurative meaning of “and” is the connection of two streams. The world through “i” had a Universal meaning, where the dot denoted the Supreme God the Progenitor. Peace through; was interpreted as a community, where two dots denoted the union of the Gods and Ancestors, and so on.
Often scientists see a kind of underdevelopment in the polytheism of the Slavs. But again, superficial judgments do not provide an understanding of the issue.
The Slavs consider the Great Unknown Being as God's Progenitor, whose name is Ra-M-Ha (Ra - light, radiance, M - peace, Ha - positive force), who manifested himself in New Reality, from the contemplation of this reality, I was illuminated by the Great Light of joy, and from this light of joy, various Worlds and Universes, Gods and Ancestors were born, as direct descendants, i.e. whose children we are.
If Ramha manifested itself into the New Reality, it means that there is still some higher Old Reality, and above it there is another and another.
In order to understand and know all this, for the Slavs the Gods and Ancestors established the Path of Spiritual Revival and Improvement through creation, awareness of various worlds and infinities, development to the level of Gods, because The Slavic Gods are the same people - Ases, who inhabited various Earths, created for the good of the Family, and passed the Path of Spiritual Improvement.
The images of the Slavic Gods were not and could not be photographic; they did not convey the shell, did not make a copy, but conveyed the essence of the Deity, the main grain and the Divine structure.
So Perun with a raised sword personified the protection of the Clans, Svarog with a sword with the tip down guarded the Ancient Wisdom. He is God because he could take on different guises in the Obvious World, but His Essence remained the same.
The same superficial understanding attributes human sacrifice to the Slavs. Western materialists, attached to the body, identifying the physical shell with a person, cannot understand that people did not burn in fire, but used fire (remember the chariots of fire) as a means of transportation to other worlds and realities.
Thus, Slavic knowledge has a rich history and culture; the roots of that wisdom go back centuries and millennia.
We, as direct descendants of our Slavic Gods and Ancestors, have an internal key to the system of this knowledge, by opening which, we open the Bright Path of Spiritual Development and Improvement, we open our eyes and hearts, we begin to see, know, live, know and understand.
All Wisdom is within man (Wisdom is not within man. Here the author is mistaken. Man is born an animal. Further, when proper development and education, he has a chance to become a “reasonable animal” and a human being. For more information about this, see the book by Academician N.V. Levashov "Last appeal to humanity". - D.B.), you just need to want to see it and realize it. Our Gods are always nearby and ready to help at any moment, like our parents, ready to lay down their lives for their children.
Only children often don’t understand this; they look for the Truth in other people’s houses, in overseas countries. Parents are always tolerant and kind to their children, contact them and they will always help.
There are many hypotheses about the origin of the Slavs. Someone attributes them to the Scythians and Sarmatians, who came from Central Asia, some to the Aryans, Germans, others even identify them with the Celts.
"Norman" version
All hypotheses of the origin of the Slavs can be divided into two main categories, directly opposite friend to a friend. One of them, the well-known “Norman” one, was put forward in the 18th century by German scientists Bayer, Miller and Schlozer, although such ideas first appeared during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
The bottom line was this: the Slavs are an Indo-European people who were once part of the “German-Slavic” community, but broke away from the Germans during the Great Migration. Finding themselves on the periphery of Europe and cut off from the continuity of Roman civilization, they were very behind in development, so much so that they could not create their own state and invited the Varangians, that is, the Vikings, to rule them.
This theory is based on the historiographical tradition of the Tale of Bygone Years and famous phrase: “Our land is great and rich, but there is no harmony in it. Come reign and rule over us." Such a categorical interpretation, which was based on obvious ideological background, could not but arouse criticism. Today, archeology confirms the presence of strong intercultural ties between the Scandinavians and Slavs, but it hardly suggests that the former played a decisive role in the formation of the ancient Russian state. But the debate about the “Norman” origin of the Slavs and Kievan Rus does not subside to this day.
"Patriotic" version
The second theory of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, on the contrary, is patriotic in nature. And, by the way, it is much older than the Norman one - one of its founders was the Croatian historian Mavro Orbini, who wrote a work called “The Slavic Kingdom” at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. His point of view was very extraordinary: among the Slavs he included the Vandals, Burgundians, Goths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Gepids, Getae, Alans, Verls, Avars, Dacians, Swedes, Normans, Finns, Ukrainians, Marcomanni, Quadi, Thracians and Illyrians and many others: “They were all of the same Slavic tribe, as will be seen later.”
Their exodus from the historical homeland of Orbini dates back to 1460 BC. Where did they not have time to visit after that: “The Slavs fought with almost all the tribes of the world, attacked Persia, ruled Asia and Africa, fought with the Egyptians and Alexander the Great, conquered Greece, Macedonia and Illyria, occupied Moravia, the Czech Republic, Poland and the coasts of the Baltic Sea "
He was echoed by many court scribes who created the theory of the origin of the Slavs from the ancient Romans, and Rurik from the Emperor Octavian Augustus. In the 18th century, the Russian historian Tatishchev published the so-called “Joachim Chronicle,” which, as opposed to the “Tale of Bygone Years,” identified the Slavs with the ancient Greeks.
Both of these theories (although there are echoes of truth in each of them) represent two extremes, which are characterized by a free interpretation historical facts and archaeological information. They were criticized by such “giants” national history, like B. Grekov, B. Rybakov, V. Yanin, A. Artsikhovsky, arguing that a historian should in his research rely not on his preferences, but on facts. However, the historical texture of the “ethnogenesis of the Slavs”, to this day, is so incomplete that it leaves many options for speculation, without the ability to definitively answer main question: “Who are these Slavs anyway?”
The Slavs are perhaps one of the largest ethnic communities in Europe, and there are numerous myths about the nature of their origin.
But what do we really know about the Slavs?
Who the Slavs are, where they came from, and where their ancestral home is, we will try to figure it out.
Origin of the Slavs
There are several theories of the origin of the Slavs, according to which some historians attribute them to a tribe permanently residing in Europe, others to the Scythians and Sarmatians who came from Central Asia, and there are many other theories. Let's consider them sequentially:
The most popular theory is about the Aryan origin of the Slavs.
The authors of this hypothesis are the theorists of the “Norman history of the origin of Rus',” which was developed and put forward in the 18th century by a group of German scientists: Bayer, Miller and Schlozer, for the substantiation of which the Radzvilov or Königsberg Chronicle was concocted.
The essence of this theory was as follows: the Slavs are an Indo-European people who migrated to Europe during the Great Migration of Peoples, and were part of some ancient “German-Slavic” community. But as a result of various factors, having broken away from the civilization of the Germans and finding itself on the border with the wild eastern peoples, and becoming cut off from the advanced Roman civilization at that time, it fell so far behind in its development that the paths of their development radically diverged.
Archeology confirms the existence of strong intercultural ties between the Germans and the Slavs, and in general the theory is more than respectable if you remove the Aryan roots of the Slavs from it.
The second popular theory is more European in nature, and it is much older than the Norman one.
According to his theory, the Slavs were no different from other European tribes: Vandals, Burgundians, Goths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Gepids, Getae, Alans, Avars, Dacians, Thracians and Illyrians, and were of the same Slavic tribe
The theory was quite popular in Europe, and the idea of the origin of the Slavs from the ancient Romans, and Rurik from the Emperor Octavian Augustus, was very popular with historians of that time.
The European origin of peoples is also confirmed by the theory of the German scientist Harald Harmann, who called Pannonia the homeland of Europeans.
But I still like a simpler theory, which is based on a selective combination of the most plausible facts from other theories of the origin of not so much the Slavic, but the European peoples as a whole.
I don’t think I need to tell you that the Slavs are strikingly similar to both the Germans and the ancient Greeks.
So, the Slavs, like other European peoples, came from Iran after the flood, and they landed in Illaria, the cradle European culture, and from here, through Pannonia, they went to explore Europe, fighting and assimilating with the local peoples, from whom they acquired their differences.
Those who remained in Illaria created the first European civilization, which we now know as the Etruscans, while the fate of other peoples depended largely on the place they chose for settlement.
It’s hard for us to imagine, but virtually all European peoples and their ancestors were nomads. The Slavs were like that too...
Remember the most ancient Slavic symbol, which fit so organically into Ukrainian culture: the crane, which the Slavs identified with their most important task, exploration of territories, the task of going, settling and covering more and more new territories.
Just as cranes flew into unknown distances, so the Slavs walked across the continent, burning out forests and organizing settlements.
And as the population of the settlements grew, they collected the strongest and healthiest young men and women and sent them on a long journey, as scouts, to explore new lands.
Age of the Slavs
It is difficult to say when the Slavs emerged as a single people from the pan-European ethnic mass.
Nestor attributes this event to the Babylonian pandemonium.
Mavro Orbini by 1496 BC, about which he writes: “At the indicated time, the Goths and Slavs were of the same tribe. And having subjugated Sarmatia, the Slavic tribe was divided into several tribes and received different names: Wends, Slavs, Ants, Verls, Alans, Massetians... Vandals, Goths, Avars, Roskolans, Polyans, Czechs, Silesians....”
But if we combine the data of archaeology, genetics and linguistics, we can say that the Slavs belonged to the Indo-European community, which most likely emerged from the Dnieper archaeological culture, which was located between the Dnieper and Don rivers, seven thousand years ago during the Stone Age.
And from here the influence of this culture spread to the territory from the Vistula to the Urals, although no one has yet been able to accurately localize it.
Around four thousand years BC, it again split into three conditional groups: the Celts and Romans in the West, the Indo-Iranians in the East, and the Germans, Balts and Slavs in Central and Eastern Europe.
And around the 1st millennium BC, the Slavic language appeared.
Archeology, however, insists that the Slavs are carriers of the “culture of subklosh burials,” which received its name from the custom of covering cremated remains with a large vessel.
This culture existed in V-II centuries BC between the Vistula and the Dnieper.
The ancestral home of the Slavs
Orbini sees Scandinavia as the original Slavic land, referring to a number of authors: “The descendants of Japheth, the son of Noah, moved north to Europe, penetrating into the country now called Scandinavia. There they multiplied innumerably, as St. Augustine points out in his “City of God,” where he writes that the sons and descendants of Japheth had two hundred homelands and occupied the lands located north of Mount Taurus in Cilicia, along the Northern Ocean, half of Asia, and throughout Europe all the way to the British Ocean."
Nestor calls the homeland of the Slavs the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Pannonia.
The prominent Czech historian Pavel Safarik believed that the ancestral home of the Slavs should be sought in Europe in the vicinity of the Alps, from where the Slavs left for the Carpathians under the pressure of Celtic expansion.
There was even a version about the ancestral home of the Slavs, located between the lower reaches of the Neman and Western Dvina, and where the Slavic people themselves were formed, in the 2nd century BC, in the Vistula River basin.
The Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis about the ancestral home of the Slavs is by far the most popular.
It is sufficiently confirmed by local toponyms, as well as vocabulary.
Plus, the areas of the Podklosh burial culture already known to us fully correspond to these geographical characteristics!
Origin of the name "Slavs"
The word “Slavs” came into common use already in the 6th century AD, among Byzantine historians. They were spoken of as allies of Byzantium.
The Slavs themselves began to call themselves that in the Middle Ages, judging by the chronicles.
According to another version, the names come from the word “word”, since the “Slavs”, unlike other peoples, knew how to both write and read.
Mavro Orbini writes: “During their residence in Sarmatia, they took the name “Slavs”, which means “glorious”.
There is a version that relates the self-name of the Slavs to the territory of origin, and according to it, the name is based on the name of the river “Slavutich”, the original name of the Dnieper, which contains a root with the meaning “to wash”, “to cleanse”.
An important, but completely unpleasant version for the Slavs states that there is a connection between the self-name “Slavs” and the Middle Greek word for “slave” (σκλάβος).
It was especially popular in the Middle Ages.
The idea that the Slavs, as the most numerous people in Europe at that time, constituted the largest large quantity slaves and were a sought-after commodity in the slave trade, this is the case.
Let us remember that for many centuries the number of Slavic slaves supplied to Constantinople was unprecedented.
And, realizing that the Slavs were dutiful and hardworking slaves in many ways superior to all other peoples, they were not just a sought-after commodity, but also became the standard idea of a “slave.”
In fact, through their own labor, the Slavs ousted other names for slaves from use, no matter how offensive it may sound, and again, this is only a version.
The most correct version lies in a correct and balanced analysis of the name of our people, by resorting to which one can understand that the Slavs are a community united by one common religion: paganism, who glorified their gods with words that they could not only pronounce, but also write!
Words that had a sacred meaning, and not the bleating and mooing of barbarian peoples.
The Slavs brought glory to their gods, and glorifying them, glorifying their deeds, they united into a single Slavic civilization, a cultural link of pan-European culture.
East Slavic tribes In the 4th-6th centuries, according to various sources, the lands east of the Carpathians were inhabited by the descendants of the Eastern Veneti - the Ants, who presumably served as the basis for the ethnogenesis of the East Slavic tribes. Most likely, the Antes formed in the 2nd-4th centuries in the area between the Dnieper and Dniester rivers and were part of the Chernyakhov archaeological culture, which was succeeded by the Penkovo archaeological culture in the 6th-8th centuries.
Another descendants of the Eastern Veneti - the Sklavens - also partially migrated to the east after the 6th century and contributed to the ethnogenesis of the East Slavic tribes.
History knows about 15 East Slavic tribes that existed approximately in the 9th-11th centuries, and by the 11th-13th centuries they formed the Old Russian people. (Wikipedia).
This is how the official history briefly describes the appearance of the Eastern Slavs, the ancestors of the modern Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian peoples, on the Russian Plain. However, the direct connection between the Antes, Wends and Sklavens has not yet been confirmed. And by the 9th century, as if by magic, they appeared on historical scene 15 East Slavic tribes.
There are two types of resettlement of people to new territories: spontaneous and organized by the state. Spontaneous relocation is always associated with a great risk to life. Unknown lands, habitat conditions, predatory animals, diseases and hostile local populations pose a direct threat to life. Therefore, spontaneous relocation is most often carried out by people, saving themselves from inevitable problems and often alone.
Not everyone will decide to move families with children to nowhere and, at the same time, risk their lives. But the resettlement of peasant families at the state level is a completely different formulation of the issue. New lands have been explored, the amount of land suitable for agriculture has been determined, governmental support and protection of migrants. An agreement with the local population is also possible.
The factor of procreation is also important. After all, if a family moves to new lands, this may mean the end of the family line, since the grown children will have no one to marry. So the Lykov family died out in Siberia and moved to the taiga, and the family had four children. The instinct of self-preservation also applies to the preservation of the race.
It is difficult to imagine that spontaneous settlers during the 8th century formed 15 tribal formations on the Russian Plain or that the Sklavens and Wends split into these tribes. Yes, there are no sources confirming the kinship of the Antes, Wends and Sklavens. As an indirect example we can consider female name Anna, in Polish this name sounds like Hannah. What do antas sound like in Polish? Maybe the Khanty, then they are more likely related to the modern Khanty, and not to the Slavs.
The connection of the tribes mentioned in the works of ancient historians to the archaeological finds of the Chernyakhov or Penkov culture is also not provable and is a conclusion of historians. As an example of the resettlement of people, we can consider the resettlement of Russian townspeople in the 20th century.
At the beginning of the century a large number of The townspeople lived in barracks and semi-basements; after October 1917, they began to be moved to communal apartments, where the luxury of the 19th century was partially preserved. In the mid-50s, relocation began to "Khrushchev" buildings, and 20 years later to new panel buildings. Otherwise, one and the same person could become a representative of four eras and cultures. This could be the case with archaeological cultures, and the difference between them of 200-300 years is not necessary.
Empirically, this can be observed today. After 1991, there was a strong stratification of people in Russia. Some people live very poorly and still use 20th-century appliances and furniture, while others have everything modern. A conditional excavation of a conditional two-story house will identify the second floor residents as 21st century residents and the 1st floor residents as 20th century residents. Thus, a time gap of 100 years will appear between contemporaries. If “archaeologists” find a smartphone on the ground floor, they will attribute it to soil shifts.
Similar processes could have occurred in the past. If we imagine the organized resettlement of five families to a given territory, and five families are enough to exclude consanguineous marriages among the descendants of settlers in the next generations, then the first two main tasks for people will be sowing and building temporary housing.
In mid-latitudes, these problems cannot be solved before May, and summer is short. In such conditions, the most logical solution would be to collectively solve these problems. Some of the resettlers will be busy building new housing, and the other part will be busy with plowing and sowing. Without solving these problems in the winter, they would face death from hunger and cold.
What kind of housing can be built on a quick fix in a forest or forest-steppe zone? The simplest architecture is a barracks-type semi-dugout. It is possible that the settlers did just that. Then they built a large half-dugout for five families at once, taking into account the keeping of poultry and livestock. This type of settlement is similar to the Chernyakhov culture.
But peasant families prefer to live on their own farms. Then it is natural that next year they will begin to move into a common barracks. Practice shows that collective work is very rarely of high quality. Therefore, it is difficult to assume that the settlers began to build good houses and outbuildings for each other. The most likely step in resettlement was the construction of separate half-dugouts for each family. And it is quite logical that people could look for a more convenient place to move to.
Then, instead of a common barracks, five half-dugouts appeared for each separate family. Which is very similar to the Penkov culture. And the construction of more comfortable houses with outbuildings was carried out by each family independently, while it is possible that people continued to help each other. Just like in modern times. Thus, the same people could become representatives of three, or even four different cultures. In the 20th century, several cultures can be traced in music and architecture alone.
From the point of view of time assessment, the first common half-dugout will collapse first and become an artifact for archaeologists. Family semi-dugouts can be used for several years before building a house, then as a barnyard. Then they have a chance to outlive their prototype by 20 years. But this is not 200 years!
When the state organized the resettlement of peasants, people could prepare their resettlement during the cold period of the year, after the harvest. Primarily for preparation building material for dwellings. If you imagine the entire resettlement process, it might look like this. In a certain kingdom-state, prosperity began. The rural population increased sharply, or each family was able to raise more children.
As children grow up and new families and new children appear, there will no longer be enough agricultural land. Then there will be a threat of famine and, as a consequence, the decline of the state. Eat the only way out from such a situation - the resettlement of the surplus population. Analogues of such migrations are also known in modern history. This is how North America, the Urals were settled by the Stroganovs and Demidovs, the south of Siberia and Far East. The same resettlement at the state level was Tselina during Soviet power in the 60s, with the only difference that it was not families who were sent to the Virgin Lands, but young people.
Which state could carry out large-scale resettlement of people in Eastern Europe? All historians attribute the appearance of the Slavs in Europe in the 6th - 8th centuries. At that time the only large state There was the Byzantine Empire in the Mediterranean. So from there?
Official history states that in the late 5th and 6th centuries, under the emperors Justin and Justinian, the Byzantine Empire was at its peak. Then the conclusion arises that the ancestors of all modern Slavs were resettled to the expanses from the Oder to the Volga by these emperors from the territory of the Byzantine Empire. Is there any evidence for this?
There is no direct evidence and, most likely, there will not be. But there are several indirect confirmations. For example, in Russian folklore there are the concepts of Constantinople and Tsar Father. Constantinople is Byzantium or Constantinople, where the Tsar Father sat. Could the settlers and their descendants call the king so affectionately? Why not, if the monarch gave them and their descendants rich lands, which ensured prosperity for centuries. And why in Russia were Moscow and St. Petersburg never called Constantinople, but only the capital? As if hinting that there is a throne, but there is no king on it. This reasoning leads to the question: did our ancestors accept the Rurikovichs and Romanovs as kings?
The second indirect confirmation is the names of wildflowers in the Russian field. Both the Russian field and these wildflowers are symbols of our identity. We are talking about chamomile and cornflower. These names clearly show a semantic connection with the Byzantine Empire: the chamomile is named in honor of the beloved fatherland of the Roman Empire, and the cornflower in honor of the beloved Tsar-Father of the Byzantine Emperor Basileus. And another good quarter of the wildflowers from the Russian field have distinct Greek-Byzantine names - clover, lemon balm, valerian, buttercup (Lucius) and timothy grass or sow thistle and some others.
It turns out that the ancestors of the Slavs were there and from there they went to the Slavic lands.
There is one more confirmation that has not been noticed by official history. This is the date of the founding of Kyiv. According to legend, a certain prince Kiy with his brothers and sister founded the city of Kyiv, which became the capital of the glades and the ancestor of all Russian cities. The legend dates the foundation to the year 482. How legendary is this date?
This is the end of the 5th century, when the Byzantine Empire began to flourish before the Justinians. At that time, the resettlement of peasants could well have begun. Who was the Byzantine emperor in 482? The answer is amazing - Zeno Flavius Tarasikodissa! Isn’t this where the Ukrainian Zenovichs, Tarasenkis, Zins and Tarasas came from? After all, the name Taras can be considered purely Ukrainian. A version suggests itself that the Tiverts, White Croats and Kyiv Polyans could actually be resettled by the Byzantine emperor Tsar-Father Zenon-Taras, after whom a huge number of children were named.
If we really consider the resettlement of peasants by the state to new lands, then the first step should have been to reconnaissance of the area by an armed detachment, similar to Ermak’s detachment during the development of Siberia. In the Byzantine Empire in those days, troops were commanded by cavalry chiefs - strategists. Chief of the cavalry. How can it be called in another language? It is quite possible that this name will be king or prince.
Legend has it that Prince Kiy and his brothers Shchek and Khorev founded Kyiv on the Kiev hills. On the other hand, it could look like this - Emperor Taras sent his detachment under the command of Kiy ( with Latin letters Kiy) to establish an outpost for the subsequent resettlement of peasants to new lands. Just what name can be associated with the name of King Kai? Probably only the Jewish name Cain!
If so, then the founder of modern Kyiv was the Byzantine strategist the Jew Cain. His detachment organized the resettlement of groups of peasants from Balkan Peninsula, which subsequently formed the East Slavic tribes of the Polyans, White Croats and Tiverts. Among whom the names Taras and Zina spread. It is possible that the second strategist-king was Horev, from whom the name Croats came, or vice versa. One can only guess who was the prototype of Shchek and Lybid.
It can also be assumed that the word white did not appear by chance in the name of the White Croats tribe. By analogy with the legendary Hellene, which means light, whites were called because they were fair-haired and light-skinned. It is likely that at that time genetic mutation continued, and light-skinned people appeared.
The logistics of resettlement at the state level at that time suggests that it would take 3-5 years to resettle a population group of 5,000 people into one region. 5,000 settlers in one century can grow into a tribe of up to 150,000 people. Then Rus' early Middle Ages with 15 resettlement centers, populated by 75,000 settlers, could count up to 10 million people by the 8th century.
There are estimates of the population of Kievan Rus in the 10th century from 5,400,000 to 7,500,000 people, which looks very realistic. The version about the resettlement of the ancestors of the Slavs from the territory of the Byzantine Empire looks the same. Therefore, many Greco-Slavic traditions, such as writing and religion, have much in common. Common ancestors could not live on the same territory and, at the same time, communicate in absolutely different languages and have a completely different religion.
From all of the above, it turns out that the history of the Byzantine Empire is significantly shortened. The entire “Kievan Rus” was part of a single Byzantine Roman Empire, and until its fall, a certain ruling dynasty of Rurik and his descendants could not appear in Rus'. The same processes could occur in other European lands. The so-called Great Migration was the resettlement of peasants from the Byzantine Empire to Western Europe.
The Great Migration organized by the Justinians was revolutionary, and at the same time, destructive for the empire. If we actually consider the entire territory of Europe from England to the Urals in the 10th century, and how it was inhabited by the peoples of that time. It is not difficult to imagine that the entire forest part was inhabited by tribes of hunters who were representatives of the Finno-Ugric language family and partly Germanic and Celtic in Western Europe.
Land suitable for agriculture, which bordered forested hunting grounds, began to produce agricultural products. A real exchange of goods appeared between hunters and peasants. Grains, vegetables, Domestic bird and animals were easily exchanged for honey, wax and furs. Previously, the Tsar-Father could collect taxes only from neighboring peasants, because a slaughtered chicken cannot be delivered a thousand kilometers away. And salt won't help!
And wax, honey or animal skins can be transported thousands of kilometers away. What was wax in those days? Yes, this is the oil of our time! This is a hydrocarbon energy carrier! What about honey? This is the sugar of our time and a preservative! What about furs? So this is a freely convertible currency! It turned out that the wise emperor, having resettled the peasants in the forest-steppe and broad-leaved forests, carried out an economic revolution in the empire!
Tax collection increased a hundredfold, and wax, honey and furs were replaced by monetary circulation in the form of coins. Is this why the Yaroslav Pravda mentions kuna? Perhaps this is the value of the sable-marten skin expressed in coin. The Empire has strengthened a hundredfold!
But the great migration of the ancestors of the Romans, Germans and Slavs to Europe from the autochthonous Balkan and Asia Minor lands of the Byzantine Empire caused an explosion of the empire from within. The departure of the Caucasians from the empire to Europe, and they were the main carriers of the European part of the common religion, caused opposition from the Semitic part of the population of the empire.
A huge part of the people of the empire - the Semites, feeling themselves to be the bulk of the population, demanded recognition of their religious persuasion as the main one. On the new outskirts of the empire they became isolated religious movements Orthodoxy and Catholicism. The process of formation of religion is very similar to the process of formation of the language of their dialect.
The version is quite plausible. Then the appearance of the Slavs, Romans and Germans in Europe is directly related to the split of the church into three concessions - Christian, Muslim and Jewish. It is possible that fluctuations occurred until the 10th century. What was reflected in Russian folklore as the baptism of Rus'.
