Verbs with ing ending table. The ending ing in English, rules of use and writing
There are many cases in which it is necessary to transform a word, adding a meaning that is not as strong as in Russian. Since English is an analytical language, grammatical relationships are expressed using various function words, unlike Russian, which belongs to the category of synthetic languages. In the latter, grammatical functions are more clearly expressed using various morphemes: prefixes, endings, suffixes.
Most often, the “ing” ending is used when using impersonal verb forms (gerund, present participle, infinitive) and when forming continuous tenses. However, verbs ending in -ing English language- not an isolated case of such word formation. There are also adjectives with this ending.
Group of tenses Continuous and Perfect Continuous
When forming long tenses, to be is used in combination with the participle of a verb that conveys the essence of the statement. The form of the participle in this case is in the present tense.
- I am watering the camomiles in my garden. - I water the daisies in my garden (Present Contiuous).
- I had been watering the camomiles for twenty minutes when suddenly it began to rain. - I was watering the daisies for 20 minutes when it suddenly started to rain (Past Perfect Continuous).
Using a verb ending -ing in combination with an infinitive: examples
The infinitive is an impersonal verb form that indicates only an action in the process. In this case, the person, number and pledge are not indicated. It is translated into Russian in an indefinite form (that is, a verb that answers the question: “What to do?”). Formed by adding the particle to before the verb.
There is such a thing as Continuous; there is no analogue to this form. It is translated mainly by a verb in the personal form. Formed by to be + a semantic verb ending in -ing. (the ending in English is added according to the rules listed in the special section of this article).
- She was so happy to be playing the grand piano. - She was so happy to play the piano.
- The water for our tea seems to be boiling. - The water for our tea seems to be boiling.
- They are sorry to have been coming so late. - They're sorry they were so late.
Present Patriciple
Participle is one of the impersonal verbal forms of the English language. The analogues of this concept in Russian are participle and gerund. In a sentence, it most often serves as an adverbial adverb.
- The talking girl is my friend's sister. - The girl who is talking now (the talking girl) is my friend's sister.
- He must be listening to you. - He's probably listening to you.
- Having visited my sister, I went home. - After visiting my sister, I went home.
- Standing near the lake, she admired the picturesque landscape. - Standing by the lake, she admired the picturesque view.
Using the gerund
The Gerund is one of the impersonal verb forms. Combines the characteristics of a noun and a verb. A gerund, like a noun, can act as both a subject and minor members sentences: complements, nominal parts of the predicate.
There are a number of words that require the use of a gerund after them. Verbs after which the gerund is required:
- admit - admit;
She admitted being dishonest. - She admitted that she was dishonest. - accuse of - accuse;
They accused her of cheating. - They accused her of cheating. - be fond of - to love;
My mother fond of knitting. - My mother loves to knit. - be proud of - to be proud;
She was proud of being the best student. - She was proud of being the best student. - be interested in - to be interested;
I am interested in being here. - I'm interested in being here. - be engaged in - to be busy;
She was engaged in cooking. - She was busy preparing dinner. - complete - finish;
He will complete teaching soon. - He will stop teaching soon. - mind - to object;
I don't mind waiting there. - I don't mind waiting there. - practice - to train, to practice;
I practice playing the piano every day. - I practice playing the piano every day. - recommend - advise;
They recommended buying the purple dress. - They recommended buying a purple dress. - recall - remember;
I recall visiting the great place - paradise of the Pacific. - I remember how I visited beautiful place- a piece of paradise in the Pacific Ocean.
Other uses of the "ing ending"
The ing ending in English is found not only in verbs, but also in adjectives:
- The end of that book was surprising. - The ending of the book was unexpected.
- The film was interesting. - The film was interesting.
Rules for adding endings
There are a number of rules to keep in mind when adding the -ing ending in English.
Rules for adding an “ing” ending:
- The last letter of a monosyllable word is doubled:
sit - sitting, stop - stopping; - The silent vowel -e at the end of the word is removed and replaced with the ending -ing:
change - changing, make - making; - the vowel combination -ie at the end is replaced by -y, then the ending is simply added:
tie - tying, lie - lying; - in other cases -ing is added without any transformation of the base word:
start - starting, read - reading, play - playing.
To better master this topic, it is important to devote some time to exercises and working on sentences that will include words ending in ing. “Ending in English” is a fairly simple topic.
Words ending in -ing are constantly found not only in English, but also in Russian: diving, training, marketing and dozens of other borrowings, of which there are more and more every year. What is it? What words does it join to? In what cases is it used?
In this article I will talk about the use of this ending and the varied life of -ing words in English.
Rules for adding -ing endings in English
In English you will often notice that a mysterious -ing appears at the end of a word. It can be part of various constructions, but they all have one thing in common: the ending -ing is attached only to words denoting action (run, jump, walk, etc.).
In most cases we simply add -ing to the end of the word.
Play (play) + ing = playing.
Talk (talk) + ing = talking.
But there are a couple of exceptions to the rule.
1. If suddenly our action ends in -e, then -ing “eats” this -e.
Bite (bite) + ing = biting.
Hide (hide) + ing = hiding.
2. There are two words starting with -ie where the following change occurs.
Lie (lie or lie) + ing = lying.
Die (die) + ing = dying.
When does this happen and most importantly, why? There are three main cases when we need -ing. Let's look at them in order.
3 uses of -ing ending in English
So, we use this ending in the following cases:
1) -ing as part of continuous tenses
Among English tenses there is a whole group of those that have the word Continuous in their name. They are called “continued” because they deal with a process, that is, rather long actions.
These are exactly the tenses that are formed with the help of be (to be) in different forms and actions in -ing.
Let's look at the most commonly used ones.
- Present Сontinuous(present continious).
It means an action that is happening right now, at the moment of speech. To form it, we use am/is/are + ___ing.
I am watching TV.
I I'm watching TV.
Are you listening to me?
You me are you listening?
Details about Present Continuous I told you.
- Past Сontinuous(past continuous).
Refers to a long action that took place at a certain point in the past. That is, we always specify when exactly: last night, at 10 am on Saturday, and so on. For this time we will need was/were + ___ing.
I was sleeping yesterday at 10 PM.
I slept yesterday at 10 pm.
Today at breakfast we were talking about our upcoming trip.
Today at breakfast We talked about our upcoming trip.
It is also used when we want to show that two actions in the past occurred simultaneously.
We were discussing John when he suddenly entered the room.
We discussed John when he suddenly entered the room.
I found this photo when I was sorting out my grandfather's papers.
I found this photo when sorted it out grandfather's documents.
While Tom was trying to sleep, his neighbors were listening to dance music.
Bye Tom had tried sleep, his neighbors listened dance music.
I was having a shower when you were calling me. (That's why I didn't hear the call.)
I took shower, when you called to me. (That's why I didn't hear the call.)
- Future Сontinuous(future continuous).
Means a long action that will take place at a certain point in the future. Just as with the past continuous, here you definitely need to specify the time: on Friday at 8, tomorrow at the same time, etc. We build it using will be + ___ing.
Tomorrow at 9 we"ll be dancing in a club!
Tomorrow at 9 we will dance in the club!
I will be having lunch with Prime Minister at this time on Friday.
I will be dining with the Prime Minister at this time on Friday.
These are not all tenses of the Continuous group, but only the most common ones. These should be enough to give an idea of how -ing works within them.
2) -ing to form participles
What is a communion? Take, for example, the action “sleep.” It can be changed so that you get practically a sign: which one? - sleeping. These are words formed from actions, but answering the questions “Which one?” Which? Which? Which?" and there are participles.
In English, such things are formed using -ing. Please note that in Russian you can say “reading” (in this moment), or you can say “read” (in the past). There is no such difference in English; you will understand the tense from the entire sentence.
Also, the -ing form is used after actions that denote perception using the senses: see, hear, feel, smell.
In English, these verbs can be used as abbreviations to shorten sentences. Compare:
A) Fullphrase
She saw that a strange man was climbing into the neighbors’ window.
She saw that an unknown man was climbing into the neighbors’ window.
B) Abbreviateddesign
She saw a strange man climbing into neighbors’ window.
Literally: she saw unknown man climbing into the neighbors window.
I saw him entering the building.
I saw, How is he comes in into the building. (Literally: I saw his those coming in into the building.)
I heard my neighbor singing.
I heard like my neighbor sang. (Literally: I heard your neighbor singing.)
In Russian there are words like “reading, knowing, reasoning” - that is, an action that occurs against the background of some other action: while reading a book, he noted with a pencil important places; Knowing the traffic situation, she drove the car carefully.
In English, such actions are again expressed using -ing.
Three young people walked by laughing and shouting.
Three young men passed by laughing And screaming.
Reading my grandfather's diary I wondered what kind of man he was.
Reading Grandfather's diary I wondered what kind of person he was.
3) -ing when forming a gerund
We've come to the worst part - gerund. What is it? Essentially, this is when we use -ing to turn an action into an object: sing+ing = singing, watch+ing = (watching), etc.
Fashionable foreign words like diving (dive (dive) + ing) and coaching (coach (train) + ing) that came into the Russian language were formed just like this.
So, when is this gerund used?
- Main actor in a sentence
A gerund can be the main character of a sentence! Sometimes in Russian we want to speak about some action. For example: smoking is harmful, eating vegetables is healthy, starting a car in such cold weather was difficult.
In English, all this can be said using -ings.
Calling people in the middle of the night is impolite.
Call It's rude to people in the middle of the night. (Literally: " naming"It's rude to people in the middle of the night.)
Convincing him to believe us was hard.
Convince It was difficult for us to believe him. (Literally: " belief"It was difficult for us to believe him.)
- Use after prepositions
The ing form is also required after small words like about, without, for, at, with, and so on.
What about going to the cinema together?
What about go to the cinema together? (Literally: what about « walking"to the cinema together?)
He said this without thinking.
He said this Not after thinking. (Literally: he said this without « thinking»)
Some words have their own little word that you just need to remember: good at (good at some activity), forgive for (forgive for something), etc.
He is very good at running.
He is very Fine succeeds run. (Literally: he is very good V « running»)
She forgave him for coming late.
She forgave him for being late. (Literally: she I forgave his behind « arrival late")
- Used after specific words
Finally, there are certain words (usually those denoting action) that simply require -ing after them. There is no logic here; they need to be memorized when learning the word itself. The list of such words, by the way, includes quite common actions: enjoy ([ɪn"dʒɔɪ]/[eng`oy] - to enjoy) and suggest (/[saj`est] - to offer someone an idea to do something).
Sarah enjoys meeting new people.
Sarah enjoys meeting new people. (Literally: enjoys « meeting»)
Frank suggested having a break.
Frank offered arrange break. (Literally: offered « arrangement» break)
That's all. We have looked at all the uses of the -ing form in English. Now let's put what we've learned into practice.
Reinforcement task
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Leave your answers in the comments.
1. He (ask) for (take) my pen.
2. (Smoke) is bad for your health.
3. I was (work) when you were (have) the rest.
4. We (sit) in the kitchen (discuss) the news.
5. I have been (study) English for many years.
6. He (suggest) (discuss) the problem together.
7. I (hear) John (talk) to our boss.
8. This (smile) girl on the photo is my sister.
English belongs to the category of analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, endings), but with the help of various function words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And therefore there are not so many endings in the English language - only three: -s (-es), -ed And -ing. For comparison, Russian is a synthetic language, and it is morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.
So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.
Ending -s (-es)
The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:
Plural nouns
Almost all nouns form their plural by adding -s (-es). For example:
dog - dog s
book - book s
When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:
Church - church es
box - box es
tomato - tomato es
Verbs in the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple tense
Used when we're talking about about events that happen constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular(he, she, it) also adds the ending -s (-es) as a verb ending. For example:
She play s every tennis weekend. — She plays tennis every weekend.
Sometimes my grandmother watch es soap operas — Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.
Possessive case of nouns
By and large, the ending of the possessive case should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written through apostrophe ("). For example:
John 's car - John's car
My daughter "s book - my daughter's book
If the word ends in -s or initially ends in -s, only an apostrophe is placed at the end of the word. For example:
Her parent s" house - her parents' house
Jam s' coat - James' coat
In this case, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr(ə)ntsiz], [‘dʒeɪmziz].
Ending -ed
Second form of the regular verb
This form is used to express . For example:
Yesterday he paint ed the window frame. — Yesterday he painted the window frame.
Third form of regular verb (past participle)
Used in Present Perfect, Past Perfect and others. For example:
She has lived ed here since childhood. — She has lived here since childhood.
The rain had stopp ed when we left home. — The rain stopped when we left the house.
The past participle often acts as a modifier.
For example:
Clos ed door - closed door
Well-dress ed woman - well dressed woman
Ending -ing
Fourth form of any verb (present participle)
As you know, the fourth form of the verb is used in the group of continuous tenses. For example:
She is sleeping ing now. - She's sleeping now. (Present Continuous)
Yesterday at six I was wash ing my car. — Yesterday at 6 I was washing the car. (Past Continuous)
The present participle can also play the role of a modifier. For example:
Bark ing dog - barking dog
Bloom ing tree - flowering tree
Gerund/verbal adjective
Swim ing is good for health. — Swimming is good for health.
I like eat ing outdoors. — I like to eat in the fresh air.
In the English language, word endings play a huge role, although there are not so many of them when compared with the Russian language. They change depending on what tense is used and what role this or that part of speech plays in the sentence. In this article we will look at the rules for writing the ending -ing in English.
Long time
First, let's figure out when to use the ending -ing in English? According to the rules of grammar, this ending is primarily used to form long tenses that depict an action in progress. There is present, past and future long times. All of them are formed according to the same principle: the auxiliary verb to be in the required form plus a semantic verb that ends in -ing. Examples:
- I'm walking now. I am walking now. This continuous action is presented in the present tense.
- I was walking when she returned. When she came back, I was walking. And this continuous action is presented in the past tense.
- I'll be walking tomorrow at six o'clock. I will be walking tomorrow at six o’clock. And finally, a continuous action in the future tense.
First Communion
Participle 1 has the properties of not only a verb, but also an adjective. According to the rules, the ending -ing in English is written the same way at the end of the first participle. It helps to describe an action that occurs simultaneously with another, expressed by the predicate. Examples:
Look at the woman reading this magazine. Look at the woman reading this magazine. The word “reading” appears as a participle in this sentence.
Adding the -ing ending in English. Rules.
So, it's not enough to just add that ending at the end of a word. Some conditions must be met, for example, pay attention to which letter the word ends with.
If a word ends in -e, then according to the rules, the ending -ing in English displaces the last letter:
Bite - biting, close - closing.
If a word ends with the vowel combination -ie, then the ending is added as follows:
Lie turns into lying, and die becomes dying according to the same principle. That is, -ie is replaced by y and an ending is added at the end of the word.
If the last letter is a consonant with a preceding stressed vowel, then the consonant is doubled:
If a word ends in l, then a variable spelling is possible. This is due to the peculiarities of British English and American.
These were the basic rules for using the -ing ending. They need to be learned and assimilated, because in oral speech very often you have to mention some long lasting or use participles. It is necessary to use endings correctly, this is the key correct speech and letters.
Often there is a need to designate an action, activity or process in in a general sense. In this case, a noun is used that has the same form as the present participle of the verb.
In different grammars, these nouns have received different names: gerunds, verbal nouns or -ing forms. In this grammar we use the term -ing nouns.
It can be difficult to distinguish an -ing noun from a present participle, and it is usually not particularly necessary. However, in some cases it is obvious that such a word is precisely a noun, for example, when it is the subject of a verb, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.
Singing's one of my interests – I belong to a choir.
They were at school when the emphasis was on teaching rather than learning.
He told how hard the days of walking had been, how his muscles had ached.
The coming of the transistor could not have been foreseen.
Some people have never actually done any computing.
Countable nouns
Since nouns are -ing denote activities in a general sense, they are usually uncountable nouns (un count nouns); that is, they have only one form, are not used with numerals, and are not usually used with determiners preceding them.
Nouns on -ing are often used due to the fact that they are the only noun forms derived from verbs such as hear, go, come, bless. Other verbs have derived nouns that are not nouns in -ing: for example, see And sight, arrive And arrival, depart And departure.
Eating, unlike fighting, is a puisuit in which both sexes freely indulge.
…loss of hearing in one ear.
Only 6 percent of children receive any further training when they leave school.
Use with adjectives
If you want to describe the action indicated by a noun on -ing, you can use one or more adjectives in front of it.
The fight against reckless driving is directed extremely skilfully.
Better training is one of the big challenges of the 1940s.
Not called for a national campaign against under-age drinking.
Several nouns on -ing, denoting sports or recreation, are used much more often than their corresponding verbs. In some cases there is no corresponding verb, although such a verb can always be formed if necessary. For example, a sentence We went caravanning round France much more likely than a proposal We caravanned round France.
angling, caravanning, paragliding, surfing, blackberrying, electioneering, shoplifting, weightlifting, boating, hang-gliding, sightseeing, window-shopping, bowling, heliskiing, skateboarding, windsurfing, canoeing, mountaineering, snorkelling, yachting
Although these words are not always associated with a verb, most of them can be used as present participles.
Didn't feel fully-clothed into the lake while boating with a girl-friend.
I spent the afternoon window-shopping with Grandma.
Countable nouns
Some verb-related nouns in -ing are countable nouns. They usually denote the result of an action or process, or a single example of such an action. Sometimes their meaning is not very close to the meaning of the verb.
Below is a list of the most common nouns of this type:
beginning, feeling, meeting, setting, being, finding, offering, showing, building, hearing, painting, sitting, drawing, meaning, saying, suffering,
