Lyrical genres of literature. Genre story: features, history of development, examples. Is the story a genre of literature? Signs of a story as a genre

The short story genre is one of the most popular in literature. Many writers turned to him and continue to turn to him. After reading this article, you will learn what the features of the short story genre are, examples of the most famous works, as well as popular mistakes that authors make.

The story is one of the small literary forms. It is a short narrative work with a small number of characters. In this case, short-term events are depicted.

A Brief History of the Short Story Genre

V. G. Belinsky (his portrait is presented above) back in the 1840s distinguished the essay and story as small prose genres from the story and novel as larger ones. Already at this time, the predominance of prose over poetry was fully evident in Russian literature.

A little later, in the 2nd half of the 19th century, the essay received its widest development in democratic literature our country. At this time, there was an opinion that it was documentary that distinguished this genre. The story, as was believed then, is created using creative imagination. According to another opinion, the genre we are interested in differs from the essay in the conflicting nature of the plot. After all, an essay is characterized by the fact that it is mainly a descriptive work.

Unity of time

In order to more fully characterize the short story genre, it is necessary to highlight the patterns inherent in it. The first of them is the unity of time. In a story, the time of action is always limited. However, not necessarily only one day, as in the works of classicists. Although this rule is not always followed, it is rare to find stories in which the plot covers the entire life of the main character. Even less often are works created in this genre, the action of which lasts for centuries. Usually the author depicts some episode from the life of his hero. Among the stories in which the entire fate of a character is revealed, one can note “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (author Leo Tolstoy) and It also happens that not the whole life is presented, but a long period of it. For example, in Chekhov's "The Jumper" a number of significant events in the fate of the heroes, their environment, and the difficult development of relationships between them are depicted. However, this is given in an extremely condensed and condensed manner. It is the conciseness of the content, greater than in the story, that is common feature story and, perhaps, the only one.

Unity of action and place

There are other features of the short story genre that need to be noted. The unity of time is closely connected and conditioned by another unity - action. A short story is a genre of literature that should be limited to describing a single event. Sometimes one or two events become the main, meaning-forming, culminating events in it. This is where the unity of the place comes from. Usually the action takes place in one place. There may be not one, but several, but their number is strictly limited. For example, there may be 2-3 places, but 5 are already rare (they can only be mentioned).

Character unity

Another feature of the story is the unity of the character. As a rule, in the space of a work of this genre there is one main character. Occasionally there may be two of them, and very rarely - several. Concerning minor characters, there can be quite a lot of them, but they are purely functional. A short story is a genre of literature in which the task minor characters limited to creating a background. They can hinder or help the main character, but nothing more. In the story "Chelkash" by Gorky, for example, there are only two characters. And in Chekhov’s “I Want to Sleep” there is only one, which is impossible neither in a story nor in a novel.

Unity of the center

Like the genres listed above, one way or another they come down to the unity of the center. Indeed, it is impossible to imagine a story without some defining, central sign that “pulls together” all the others. It doesn’t matter at all whether this center will be some static descriptive image, a climactic event, the development of the action itself, or significant gesture character. Main image must be in any story. It is due to him that the entire composition is held together. It sets the theme of the work and determines the meaning of the story being told.

The basic principle of constructing a story

The conclusion from thinking about “unities” is not difficult to draw. The thought naturally suggests itself that the main principle of constructing the composition of a story is the expediency and economy of motives. Tomashevsky called the smallest element a motive. This could be an action, a character or an event. This structure can no longer be decomposed into components. This means that the author’s greatest sin is excessive detail, oversaturation of the text, a pile-up of details that can be omitted when developing this genre of work. The story should not dwell on details.

You need to describe only the most significant things to avoid a common mistake. It is very typical, oddly enough, for people who are very conscientious about their works. They have a desire to express themselves to the maximum in each text. Young directors often do the same thing when they stage their graduation films and performances. This is especially true for films, since the author’s imagination in this case is not limited to the text of the play.

Imaginative authors love to fill the story with descriptive motifs. For example, they depict how the main character of the work is being chased by a pack of cannibal wolves. However, if dawn begins, they always stop at describing long shadows, dim stars, reddened clouds. The author seemed to admire nature and only then decided to continue the chase. Genre fantastic story gives maximum scope to the imagination, so avoiding this mistake is not at all easy.

The role of motives in the story

It must be emphasized that in the genre that interests us, all motives should reveal the theme and work towards meaning. For example, the gun described at the beginning of the work must certainly fire in the finale. Motives that lead astray should not be included in the story. Or you need to look for images that outline the situation, but do not overly detail it.

Features of the composition

It should be noted that it is not necessary to adhere to traditional construction techniques literary text. Breaking them can be spectacular. A story can be created almost on descriptions alone. But it’s still impossible to do without action. The hero simply must at least raise his hand, take a step (in other words, make a significant gesture). Otherwise, the result will not be a story, but a miniature, a sketch, a poem in prose. One more important feature The genre we are interested in is a meaningful ending. For example, a novel can last forever, but a story is constructed differently.

Very often its ending is paradoxical and unexpected. This is precisely what was associated with the appearance of catharsis in the reader. Modern researchers (in particular, Patrice Pavy) view catharsis as an emotional pulsation that appears as one reads. However, the significance of the ending remains the same. The ending can radically change the meaning of the story and prompt a rethinking of what is stated in it. This must be remembered.

The place of the story in world literature

A story that occupies an important place in world literature. Gorky and Tolstoy turned to him both in their early and mature periods of creativity. Chekhov's short story is his main and favorite genre. Many stories have become classics and, along with major epic works (stories and novels), are included in the treasury of literature. Such are, for example, Tolstoy’s stories “Three Deaths” and “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, Turgenev’s “Notes of a Hunter”, Chekhov’s works “Darling” and “Man in a Case”, Gorky’s stories “Old Woman Izergil”, “Chelkash”, etc.

Advantages of the short story over other genres

The genre that interests us allows us to highlight particularly clearly this or that typical case, this or that aspect of our life. It makes it possible to depict them so that the reader's attention is completely focused on them. For example, Chekhov, describing Vanka Zhukov with a letter “to his grandfather in the village,” full of childish despair, dwells in detail on the contents of this letter. It will not reach its destination and because of this it becomes especially strong from the point of view of exposure. In the story “The Birth of Man” by M. Gorky, the episode with the birth of a child, which occurs on the road, helps the author in revealing the main idea - the affirmation of the value of life.

Historically, three types of literature have developed in literature: epic, dramatic and lyrical. These are groups of genres that have similar structural features. If the epic in the story establishes external reality (events, facts, etc.), then the drama does the same in the format of a conversation, not on behalf of the author, but the lyrics describe inner reality person. Of course, the division is arbitrary and to a certain extent artificial, but, nevertheless, our acquaintance with the book begins with the fact that we see the genre, gender or combination thereof on the cover and draw the first conclusions. For example, a person only likes to watch plays in the theater, which means that he does not need a volume of Moliere and will pass by it without wasting time. Knowledge of the basic principles of literary criticism also helps during reading, when you want to understand the author, to penetrate into his creative laboratory, to unravel why his plan was realized this way and not otherwise.

Each genre has an example and theoretical justification, the most concise and simple.

The novel is large shape epic genre, a work with expanded themes and many themes. Usually, classic novel depicts people participating in various life processes that give rise to external and internal conflicts. Events in the novel are not always described sequentially, for example, Lermontov in the novel “A Hero of Our Time” deliberately breaks the sequence.

By thematic basis novels are divided into autobiographical (Chudakov's "Darkness Falls on the Old Steps"), philosophical (Dostoevsky's "Demons"), adventure (Dafoe's "Robinson Crusoe"), fantastic (Glukhovsky's "Metro 2033"), satirical (Rotterdam's "In Praise of Stupidity"), historical (Pikul “I have the honor”), adventurous (Merezhko “Sonka Golden Pen) etc.

According to the structure of novels are divided into a novel in verse (Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin"), a novel-pamphlet (Swift's "Gulliver's Travels"), a novel-parable (Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea"), a novel-feuilleton ("The Countess of Salisbury" by Dumas), an epistolary novel ( Rousseau "Julia or new Eloise") and others.

An epic novel is a novel with a panoramic depiction of the life of the people at turning points in history (Tolstoy’s “War and Peace”).

The story is average (between a short story and a novel) in size epic work, which sets out a narrative about a particular event in a natural sequence (Kuprin “The Pit”). How is a story different from a novel? At least in that the material of the story is presented chronically, and not for the sake of the action-packed composition of the novel. In addition, the story does not pose problems of a global historical nature. In the story, the author is more constrained, all his inventions are subordinated to the main action, but in the novel the writer is carried away by memories, digressions and analysis of the characters.

The story is small epic prose form. The work has a limited number of characters, one problem and one event (Turgenev “Mumu”). How is a novella different from a short story? The boundaries between these two genres are very arbitrary, but in the short story the ending most often develops unpredictably (O'Henry's "The Gift of the Magi").

Essay is small epic prose form (many classify it as a type of story). The essay usually concerns social problems and tends to be descriptive.

The parable is moral teaching in allegorical form. How is a parable different from a fable? A parable draws its material primarily from life, while a fable relies on fictional, sometimes fantastic stories(gospel parables).

Lyrical genres are...

A lyric poem is a small genre form of lyrics written on behalf of the author (Pushkin “I loved you”) or on behalf of lyrical hero(Tvardovsky “I was killed near Rzhev”).

Elegy is a small lyrical form, a poem that is imbued with a mood of sadness and melancholy. Sad thoughts, sorrow, sad reflections make up the repertoire of elegies (Pushkin’s elegy “On the rocks, on the hills”).

The message is poetic letter. According to the content of the messages, they can be divided into friendly, satirical, lyrical, etc. They can be dedicated to either one person or a group of people (Voltaire’s “Message to Frederick”).

Epigram is a poem that makes fun of a specific person (from friendly ridicule to sarcasm) (Gaft “Epigram on Oleg Dahl”). Features: wit and brevity.

Ode is a poem distinguished by its solemn tone and sublime content (Lomonosov “Ode on the day of Elizabeth Petrovna’s accession to the throne, 1747”).

A sonnet is a poem of 14 verses (“Twenty Sonnets to Sasha Zapoeva” by Timur Kibirov). The sonnet is one of the strict forms. A sonnet usually consists of 14 lines, forming 2 quatrains (with 2 rhymes) and 2 tercets (with 2 or 3 rhymes).

The poem is the average lyric-epic form, in which there is a detailed plot and several experiences are embodied, that is, attention to the inner world of the lyrical hero (Lermontov’s “Mtsyri”).

Ballad is average lyric-epic form, story in verse. Often a ballad has a tense storyline (Zhukovsky’s “Lyudmila”).

Dramatic genres are...

Comedy is a type of drama in which the content is presented in a funny way, and the characters and circumstances are comical. What types of comedies are there? Lyrical (" The Cherry Orchard"Chekhov), high ("Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov"), satirical ("The Inspector General" by Gogol).

Tragedy is a type of drama based on an acute life conflict that entails the suffering and death of the heroes (Shakespeare’s “Hamlet”).

Drama is a play with an acute conflict that is ordinary, not so sublime and resolvable (for example, Gorky “At the Depths”). How does it differ from tragedy or comedy? Firstly, the material used is modern, not from antiquity, and secondly, it appears in the drama new hero rebelling against circumstances.

Tragifars - a dramatic work that combines tragic and comic elements (Ionesco, “The Bald Singer”). This is a postmodern genre that has appeared relatively recently.

All literary genres are unique, each of which has a set of qualities and characteristics unique to it. The first known classification of them was proposed by Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist. In accordance with it, basic literary genres can be compiled into a small list that is not subject to any changes. An author working on any work must simply find similarities between his creation and the parameters of the specified genres. Over the next two millennia, any changes in the classifier developed by Aristotle were met with hostility and were considered a deviation from the norm.

In the 18th century, a large-scale literary restructuring began. The established types of the genre and their system began to undergo major modifications. The current conditions became the main prerequisite for the fact that some genres of literature have sunk into oblivion, others have gained incredible popularity, and others have only just begun to take shape. We can see the results of this transformation, which continues even now, with our own eyes - types of genres that are dissimilar in meaning, gender and many other criteria. Let's try to figure out what genres there are in literature and what their features are.

A genre in literature is a historically established set of literary creations, united by a set of similar parameters and formal characteristics.

All existing species and genres of literature can be visually represented in a table in which large groups will appear in one part, and its typical representatives in the other. There are 4 main groups of genres by genre:

• epic (mostly prose);
• lyrical (mostly poetry);
• dramatic (plays);
• lyroepic (something between lyric and epic).

Also, types of literary works can be classified according to content:

• comedy;
• tragedy;
• drama.

But it will become much easier to understand what types of literature there are if you understand their forms. The form of a work is the method of presenting the author’s ideas that form the basis of the work. There are external and internal forms. The first is essentially the language of the work, the second is the system artistic methods, images and means with which it was created.

What are the genres of books by form: essay, vision, short story, epic, ode, play, epic, essay, sketch, opus, novel, story. Let's look at each in detail.

Essay

An essay is a short prose composition with a free composition. His the main objective– show the author’s personal opinion and concepts on a specific issue. In this case, the essay does not have to fully disclose the problem of presentation or clearly answer the questions. Basic properties:

• figurativeness;
• closeness to the reader;
• aphorism;
• associativity.

There is an opinion that the essay - separate species artistic works. This genre dominated XVIII-XIX centuries in British and Western European journalism. Famous representatives of that time: J. Addison, O. Goldsmith, J. Wharton, W. Godwin.

Epic

Epic is simultaneously a genus, type and genre of literature. It is a heroic tale of the past, showing the life of people at that time and the reality of the characters from an epic perspective. Often the epic talks in detail about a certain person, about an adventure with his participation, about his feelings and experiences. It also talks about the hero's attitude towards what is happening around him. Representatives of the genre:

• "Iliad", "Odyssey" Homer;
• "The Song of Roland" Turold;
• "The Song of the Nibelungs", author unknown.

The ancestors of the epic are the traditional poem-songs of the ancient Greeks.

Epic

Epic – large works with heroic overtones and those that are similar to them. What kind of literature is there in this genre?

• narration of important historical moments in poetry or prose;
• a story about something, including several descriptions of various significant events.

There is also a moral epic. This is a special type of storytelling in literature, distinguished by its prosaic nature and ridicule of the comical state of society. It includes “Gargantua and Pantagruel” by Rabelais.

Sketch

A sketch is a short play in which there are only two (rarely three) main characters. Today the sketch is used on the stage in the form comedy show with miniatures lasting no more than 10 minutes. Such shows regularly appear on television in Britain, the USA and Russia. Well-known example programs on TV are “Unreal Story”, “6 Frames”, “Our Russia”.

Novel

The novel is isolated literary genre. It provides a detailed account of the development and life key characters(or one hero) in the most crisis and difficult periods. The main types of novels in literature are those belonging to a specific era or country, psychological, chivalric, classical, moral and many others. Known examples:

• "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin;
• "Doctor Zhivago" Pasternak;
• "The Master and Margarita" Bulgakov."

Novella

A short story or short story is a key genre of fiction, which has a smaller volume than a story or novel. The main properties of the work include:

• the presence of a small number of heroes;
• the plot has only one line;
• cyclicality.

The creator of the stories is a short story writer, and the collection of stories is a short story.

Play

The play is a representative of dramaturgy. It is intended for display on the theater stage and in other performances. The play consists of:

• speeches of the main characters;
• author's notes;
• descriptions of the places where the main actions take place;
• characteristics appearance the individuals involved, their behavior and character.

The play includes several acts, which consist of episodes, actions, and pictures.

Tale

The story is a work of prosaic nature. It has no special limitations in terms of volume, but is located between a short story and a novel. Usually the plot of a story has a clear chronology and shows the natural course of the character’s life without intrigue. All attention belongs to the main person and the specifics of his nature. It is worth noting that there is only one plot line. Famous representatives of the genre:

• “The Hound of the Baskervilles” by A. Conan Doyle;
• “Poor Liza” by N. M. Karamzin;
• “The Steppe” by A.P. Chekhov.

In foreign literature, the concept of “story” is equal to the concept of “short novel”.

Feature article

An essay is a condensed, truthful artistic tale about several events and phenomena thought out by the author. The basis of the essay is an accurate understanding of the subject of observation directly by the writer. Types of such descriptions:

• portraits;
• problematic;
• travel;
• historical.

Opus

Opus in general understanding- a play accompanied by music. Main characteristics:

• internal completeness;
• individuality of form;
• thoroughness.

In the literary sense, an opus is any scientific work or the creation of the author.

Oh yeah

Ode is a poem (usually solemn) dedicated to a specific event or person. At the same time the ode may be a separate work with similar topics. IN Ancient Greece All poetic lyrics, even the singing of the choir, were considered odes. Since the Renaissance, this name began to be given to exclusively high-flown lyrical poems, focusing on the images of antiquity.

Vision

Vision is a genre of literature of the Middle Ages, which is based on a “clairvoyant” who talks about the afterlife and unreal images that appear to him. Many modern researchers attribute visions to narrative didactics and journalism, since in the Middle Ages a person could convey his thoughts about the unknown in this way.

These are the main types of literature in form and what their variations are. Unfortunately, it is difficult to fit all genres of literature and their definitions into a short article - there are really a lot of them. In any case, everyone understands the need and importance of reading a wide variety of works, because they are real vitamins for the brain. With the help of books you can increase your level of intelligence, expand lexicon, improve memory and attentiveness. BrainApps is a resource that will help you develop in this direction. The service offers more than 100 effective exercise machines that will easily pump up your gray matter.

A literary genre is a group of literary works that have common historical development trends and are united by a set of properties in their content and form. Sometimes this term is confused with the concepts of “type” and “form”. Today there is no single clear classification of genres. Literary works are divided according to a certain number characteristic features.

History of genre formation

The first systematization of literary genres was presented by Aristotle in his Poetics. Thanks to this work, the impression began to emerge that the literary genre is a natural, stable system that requires the author to fully comply with the principles and canons a certain genre. Over time, this led to the formation of a number of poetics that strictly prescribed to authors exactly how they should write a tragedy, ode or comedy. Long years these requirements remained unshakable.

Decisive changes in the system of literary genres began only towards the end of the 18th century.

At the same time literary works aimed at artistic exploration, in their attempts to distance themselves as much as possible from genre divisions, gradually came to the emergence of new phenomena unique to literature.

What literary genres exist

To understand how to determine the genre of a work, you need to familiarize yourself with existing classifications and the characteristic features of each of them.

Below is an approximate table for determining the type of existing literary genres

Division of genres by content

Classification literary trends based on content includes comedy, tragedy and drama.

Comedy is a type of literature, which provides a humorous approach. Varieties of comic direction are:

There are also comedy of characters and sitcoms. In the first case, the source of humorous content is internal features characters, their vices or shortcomings. In the second case, comedy manifests itself in current circumstances and situations.

Tragedy - dramatic genre with an obligatory catastrophic outcome, the opposite of the comedy genre. Typically, tragedy reflects the deepest conflicts and contradictions. The plot is of the most intense nature. In some cases, tragedies are written in poetic form.

Drama is a special kind fiction , where the events taking place are conveyed not through their direct description, but through monologues or dialogues of the characters. Drama as a literary phenomenon existed among many peoples, even at the level of works of folklore. Initially in Greek this term meant a sad event affecting one specific person. Subsequently, drama began to represent a wider range of works.

The most famous prose genres

The category of prose genres includes literary works of various lengths, written in prose.

Novel

A novel is a prose literary genre that involves a detailed narrative about the fate of the heroes and certain critical periods of their lives. The name of this genre dates back to the 12th century, when knightly stories arose “in the folk Romance language” as the opposite of Latin historiography. The short story began to be considered a plot variety of the novel. IN late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century such concepts as detective novel appeared in literature, women's novel, fantasy novel.

Novella

Novella - a variety prose genre. Her birth was caused by the famous collection "Decameron" Giovanni Boccaccio . Subsequently, several collections based on the model of the Decameron were published.

The era of romanticism introduced elements of mysticism and phantasmagorism into the short story genre - examples include the works of Hoffmann and Edgar Allan Poe. On the other hand, the works of Prosper Merimee bore the features of realistic stories.

Novella as short story with a sharp plot became characteristic genre For American literature.

Characteristics the novellas are:

1. Maximum brevity of presentation.
2. The poignancy and even paradoxical nature of the plot.
3. Neutrality of style.
4. Lack of descriptiveness and psychologism in the presentation.
5. An unexpected ending, always containing an extraordinary turn of events.

Tale

A story is prose of a relatively small volume. The plot of the story, as a rule, is in the nature of reproducing natural life events. Usually the story reveals the fate and personality of the hero against the backdrop of current events. Classic example- “Tales of the late Ivan Petrovich Belkin” by A.S. Pushkin.

Story

A short story is a small form of prose work that originates from folklore genres- parables and fairy tales. Some literary experts as a type of genre review essays, essays and short stories. Usually the story is characterized by a small volume, one plot line and a small number of characters. Stories are characteristic of literary works of the 20th century.

Play

A play is a dramatic work that is created for the purpose of subsequent theatrical production.

The structure of the play usually includes phrases from the characters and the author's remarks describing the environment or the actions of the characters. At the beginning of the play there is always a list of characters With brief description their appearance, age, character, etc.

The whole play is divided into large parts - acts or actions. Each action, in turn, is divided into smaller elements - scenes, episodes, pictures.

The plays of J.B. have won great fame in world art. Moliere (“Tartuffe”, “The Imaginary Invalid”) B. Shaw (“Wait and see”), B. Brecht (“The Good Man from Szechwan”, “The Threepenny Opera”).

Description and examples of individual genres

Let's look at the most common and significant examples of literary genres for world culture.

Poem

A poem is a large work of poetry that has a lyrical plot or describes a sequence of events. Historically, the poem was “born” from the epic

In turn, a poem can have many genre varieties:

1. Didactic.
2. Heroic.
3. Burlesque,
4. Satirical.
5. Ironic.
6. Romantic.
7. Lyrical-dramatic.

Initially, the leading themes for the creation of poems were world-historical or important religious events and themes. An example of such a poem would be Virgil's Aeneid., “The Divine Comedy” by Dante, “Jerusalem Liberated” by T. Tasso, “ Lost heaven"J. Milton, Voltaire's Henriad, etc.

At the same time, it developed romantic poem- “The Knight in Leopard’s Skin” by Shota Rustaveli, “Furious Roland” by L. Ariosto. This type of poem to a certain extent echoes the tradition of medieval chivalric romances.

Over time, moral, philosophical and social themes began to take center stage (“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” by J. Byron, “The Demon” by M. Yu. Lermontov).

In the 19th-20th centuries the poem increasingly began become realistic(“Frost, Red Nose”, “Who Lives Well in Rus'” by N.A. Nekrasov, “Vasily Terkin” by A.T. Tvardovsky).

Epic

An epic is usually understood as a set of works that are combined common era, nationality, theme.

The emergence of each epic is conditioned by certain historical circumstances. As a rule, an epic claims to be an objective and authentic account of events.

Visions

This unique narrative genre, when the story is told from a person's point of view ostensibly experiencing a dream, lethargy, or hallucination.

1. Already in the era of antiquity, under the guise of real visions, fictitious events began to be described in the form of visions. The authors of the first visions were Cicero, Plutarch, Plato.
2. In the Middle Ages, the genre began to gain momentum in popularity, reaching its peak with Dante in his “Divine Comedy,” which in its form represents an expanded vision.
3. For some time, visions were an integral part of church literature in most European countries. The editors of such visions were always representatives of the clergy, thus gaining the opportunity to express their personal views, supposedly on behalf of higher powers.
4. Over time, new acute social satirical content was put into the form of visions (“Visions of Peter the Plowman” by Langland).

In more modern literature the genre of visions began to be used to introduce elements of fantasy.

Instructions

Explore epic kind literature. It includes the following: - story: relatively small in volume prose work(from 1 to 20 pages), describing an incident, a small incident or an acute dramatic situation in which the hero finds himself. The action of the story usually takes no more than one or two days in duration. The location of the action may not change throughout the story;
- story: a sufficient work (on average 100 pages), where from 1 to 10 characters are considered. The location may change. The validity period can cover a significant period, from one month to a year or more. The story in the story unfolds vividly in time and space. Significant changes may occur in the lives of the characters - moves, and meetings;
- novel: large epic form from 200 pages. A novel can trace the lives of the characters from beginning to end. Includes an extensive system storylines. Time can touch past eras and carry far into the future;
- an epic novel can examine the life of several generations.

Familiarize yourself with the lyrical genre of literature. It includes the following genres:
- ode: a poetic form whose theme is the glorification of a person or event;
- satire: a poetic form that aims to ridicule any vice, situation or person worthy of ridicule
- sonnet: a poetic form that has a strict compositional structure. For example, the English model of a sonnet, which at its end has two obligatory stanzas containing some kind of aphorism;
- the following poetic genres are also known: elegy, epigram, free verse, haiku, etc.

The following genres belong to the dramatic genre of literature: - tragedy: a dramatic work in the finale of which there is the death of the hero. Such a ending for a tragedy is the only possible resolution of a dramatic situation;
-: a dramatic work in which the main meaning and essence is laughter. It may be satirical or kinder, but every incident makes the viewer/reader laugh;
- drama: a dramatic work in the center of which is the inner world of a person, the problem of choice, the search for truth. Drama is the most common genre nowadays.

note

In some cases, genres may be mixed. This is especially common in drama. You've probably heard such definitions of film genres as comedy melodrama, action comedy, satirical drama, etc. The same processes are possible in the literature.

Helpful advice

Read the works of Aristotle “Poetics”, M.M. Bakhtin “Aesthetics and Theory of Literature” and other works devoted to the problem of genders and genres in literature.

In modern literature there are many different genres, each of which is unique and original. But if tragedy or comedy is easy enough to identify, then give precise definition the drama genre is not always possible. So what is dramatic work and how not to confuse it with something else?

Unlike, the drama shows life experiences and various intricacies of fate. Of course, people's lives, their morals and characters can be quite vivid in comedic works, but drama is not so inherent in ridiculing vices and comically exposing any of the characters' actions. Here the hero’s life itself, his thoughts and feelings are at stake. Dramatic works are very realistic because they show a person exactly as he is without allegories, grotesqueries and embellishments. That is why drama is considered the most complex and, at the same time, one of the most interesting literature. Sometimes drama is very reminiscent of tragedy, because here sharp corners are exposed and light is shed on many unpleasant details of the lives of the heroes. Often the drama becomes so intense and heavy that it is almost impossible to distinguish it from. But tragic works are no longer so popular now and never have a chance of a happy ending. But a drama can end well, despite all the intricacies of the plot and the difficult fate of the heroes. In our language, the word “drama” itself has firmly become associated with a tragic plot or the life drama of the characters, while historically the meaning of this word does not have such a meaning at all. Any dramatic the work, regardless of its content, shows real life ordinary people, their sorrows, joys, experiences and bright moments. It is not at all necessary that the reader will have fun during the plot, but the drama should not intimidate or make him cry. It is just a part of life, no more terrible or unsightly than reality. It is interesting that the very concept of drama, as in works of art, back in the 18th century. She was very much among the enlightened pundits, politicians and philosophers. Initially dramatic works were strongly associated with tragedies, tragicomedies, farces and even costumed performances in masks. But centuries later, drama became part of artistic reproduction and received its own, separate from others. genres, place. Dramatic works amaze with their realism and genuine plot. There are few places where you can meet a destiny that is not fictional, but similar to your own, like two peas in a pod. In dramas, of course, there are also, but such dramas are also necessary, because they teach us goodness and faith in the best and brightest. Love drama because it is based on life.

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Sources:

• drama as a genre

To identify a person by laughter, it is not at all necessary to be a professional psychologist. The power of laughter, its intensity, and the actions that accompany it can all tell a lot about a person.

Instructions

Laughter from the heart speaks of a cheerful disposition and flexible character e. Laughter until you wheeze, until you cry, relieves any nervous tension.

People with a weak will have a quiet, soft laugh.

Quiet short laugh- evidence of strength, great intelligence, will. Such people are often excellent storytellers. They can easily handle heavy loads.

Silent laughter is a sign of secrecy, caution, prudence and cunning.

They usually have a jerky laugh nervous people with troubled character ohm

Rough laughter is a sign of authority, selfishness, and animal nature. Often these people laugh alone with themselves.

Laughter ending in a sigh indicates a tendency to hysteria, susceptibility to sudden mood swings, and weak will.

A person who laughs openly and loudly is confident in himself and knows how to enjoy life. True, sometimes these people show rudeness and sarcasm. They love to laugh at others.

If a person laughs quietly, tilting his head slightly, he is not too confident in himself. People with such laughter try to adapt to the situation and please others.

A person who squints his eyelids is balanced and confident. He is stubborn and persistent, always achieves his goal.

If your interlocutor wrinkles his nose while laughing, it means that he is prone to frequent changes of views. Such people are emotional, capricious, and act depending on their mood.

A person covering his mouth with his hand is shy and timid. He doesn't like being the center of attention. People with such a laugh are quite repressed and cannot open up to a stranger.

Laughter accompanied by touching the face character depicts its owner as a dreamer and visionary. Such a person is emotional, sometimes even excessively. He has difficulty navigating real world.

If a person often holds back his laughter, he is reliable and self-confident. Such people are balanced, do not waste time on trifles, and firmly move towards their goals.

Your interlocutor does not smile, but grins, his mouth tilted to the right. Be careful! Here is a rude, thick-skinned and unreliable person, prone to deception and cruelty.

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Until now, people who are far from literary criticism as a science believe that “novel” and “romantic” are close concepts, which means that novels are about love. Of course, this is far from true. The novel is an ancient, complex and controversial literary genre, which includes Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, Palahniuk's Fight Club, and Apuleius's The Golden Ass. But this, of course, is very, very various novels.

The novel received its rebirth in the Middle Ages, it is either - or romance. These include, for example, about King Arthur, Tristan and Isolde, etc.

What can be called a novel

The novel is a very complex and controversial genre, the study of which is still difficult for literary scholars. According to researcher M.M. Bakhtin, this happens because all others, except the novel, have already been established, have their own specific canons and distinctive ones, while the novel is still a very mobile, constantly changing genre, which has been in its infancy for many hundreds of years.

Distinctive features the novel can be distinguished only very approximately. As a rule, this is an epic work of large form, in the center of which is individual. Most often, this person is depicted at a turning point, a crisis moment in his life. Depending on the literary movement, to which the novel belongs, a personality can develop (for example, the well-known technique of “dialectics of the soul” by L.N. Tolstoy), find himself in non-standard situations and experience adventures (in an adventure or adventure novel), experience love vicissitudes (in love story).

The novel must be built on conflict - interpersonal, intrapersonal, social, etc.

Unified classification There are no types of novels to this day, but they are different. For example, according to content they most often distinguish:

Social,
- moral, descriptive
- cultural and historical,
- psychological,
- a novel of ideas,
- adventure.

Recently, more and more new types of novels have appeared, for example the novel-. Many of the novels combine features of both.

Some literary works, which are essentially novels, are classified by the authors as a story, and stories and stories are often written into novels.