Features of financial and economic activities. The concept of financial and economic activity

Any society to ensure a normal (reasonably comfortable) level of one’s life activities, carries out many types of specific labor. For this purpose, certain organizations are created that jointly carry out a particular mission and act on the basis of certain rules and procedures. An enterprise (organization) is an organizationally separated and economically independent main (primary) link in the production sector National economy that manufactures products, performs work or provides services.

In business practice, each enterprise, as a complex production and economic system, carries out many specific types of activities. Each enterprise independently plans its activities and determines development prospects (strategy), based on the demand for manufactured products (work, services provided) and the need to constantly increase its own profits, and also provides logistics for production.

The functioning of an enterprise is accompanied by a continuous circulation of funds, carried out in the form of expenditure of resources and receipt of income, their distribution and use.

Every enterprise has a specific goal. There may be several goals; they are usually set by the owners, and to achieve them, material and human resources are used, with the help of which financial and economic activities are carried out. That is, in essence, financial and economic activity is a tool for achieving hierarchical, economic and other goals facing a specific enterprise.

Financial and economic activity is a purposefully carried out process of practical implementation of enterprise functions related to the formation and use of its financial resources to ensure economic and social development. It is carried out at all stages life cycle enterprise: from the moment of its birth until the moment of its liquidation as an independent business entity. The process of carrying out the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is characterized by a wide range of its financial relations with various entities of the country’s financial system.

The financial and economic activity of an enterprise is characterized, first of all, by the quantity and range of products produced, as well as the volume of its sales. The volume of products produced directly depends on the availability and quality of production facilities, the availability of necessary raw materials, materials or components, personnel with appropriate qualifications, and markets for products.

In turn, the volume of output affects all other aspects of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise - the cost of output, the amount of profit received, profitability production, financial condition of the enterprise.

The financial and economic activities of enterprises are purposeful activities based on decisions made, each of which is optimized based on intuition or calculations. Decision risk is understood as the probability that the results of the implemented decision will not correspond to the goals set.

There are a lot of factors influencing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise or organization. Not all of them can be analyzed. The most important are the available resources - financial, material, personnel.

Purpose of financial and economic activities- obtaining the best possible results. The tasks that are solved in achieving the goal are: providing the production process with resources and managing them; organization of production and technological process; formation of positive results. The objectives of managing financial and economic activities are: planning, control, adjustment, analysis, increasing efficiency.

Financial and economic activity is an activity primarily related to its basis - the finances of the enterprise. However, the efficiency of financial organization acts as the financial condition of the enterprise. The latter depends on the effective organization of all cash flow. Therefore, financial and economic activity as a concept covers a wide range of activities within the enterprise, consisting of control over the provision of cash payments, receipt of cash income and expenses, the formation and distribution of cash savings and financial resources.

The diverse financial and economic activities of the enterprise are carried out on the basis of planned and forecast current and operational financial documents. The objects of planning, regulation and control in them are monetary and financial relations, materialized in the corresponding indicators. The main objects of financial and economic activity are those diverse monetary and financial relations of enterprises that constitute the content of enterprise finance.

The efficiency of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise should be understood as its result, obtained or potentially possible in the process of converting certain resources into the final product (work, service). The level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is characterized by the level of its costs, results and financial condition. That is why, in order to determine the level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, it is necessary to calculate a set of indicators characterizing its cost intensity, effectiveness and financial condition.

To determine the essence of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, it is necessary to define its main constituent elements. Such elements are: the finances of the enterprise, the structure of the enterprise’s funds, the structure of the enterprise’s property, the goals of financial analysis, the subjects of analysis.

Savitskaya G.V. writes that in market conditions, enterprise finances become especially important. The increasing role of business finance should be seen as a trend occurring throughout the world.

The main goal of assessing the financial and economic activity of an enterprise, according to V.P. Strazhev, is to obtain a small number of key (most informative) parameters that give an objective and accurate picture of the financial condition of the enterprise, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, in settlements with debtors and creditors, about which we'll talk in the next paragraph of the final qualifying work.

Job commercial enterprise requires not only implementation modern technologies and increasing labor productivity, but also serious analytical work in the field of studying the financial and economic results of the company’s activities. By what methods is this type of activity implemented in modern companies?

Determination of the financial activities of an enterprise

What is “financial activity”? This is a complex term. It most often refers to activities related to generating commercial profit, increasing the efficiency of production processes, and reporting procedures.

In some cases, analysis is carried out financial activities enterprises in order to identify the economic indicators of the company as a whole, as well as to study the quality of work of various corporate institutions: management, accounting, sales department, etc. From the point of view of economic science, such procedures belong to the category of microeconomic, that is, they reflect the state of affairs at the local object, and may not correlate in any way with macro indicators.

Why analyze financial activities?

Analysis of the financial activities of an enterprise is the most important tool for increasing the competitiveness of a business. Key management decisions can be made based on certain indicators. Through the procedures described we're talking about, the effectiveness of already implemented management concepts can be investigated, as well as their necessary adjustments can be made after obtaining the results.

The results of the analysis in question can be used by management when drawing up a plan for the financial and economic activities of the company. Thus, having received certain figures, the company’s management can set a strategic goal - to achieve certain indicators to improve the efficiency of the business model. The financial plan of an enterprise may also include investment aspects that involve emphasizing the direction of cash flows. A detailed analysis of the company’s relevant activities will also help determine priorities.

The results of research into the effectiveness of an enterprise's business model can help its owners establish positive relationships with investors, creditors, partners, and in some cases, with clients. The results of the analysis are an important factor that determines what, as we noted above, the plan for the financial and economic activities of the company may be. The significance of the corresponding type of analysis is the highest, especially in highly competitive business sectors. Managers of many major companies conduct such studies on a regular basis.

Methods for analyzing financial activities

What methods can be used when analyzing a company's financial activities? This type of research involves studying the profile of a company in several aspects, and separate approaches can be used in each area of ​​work.

For example, a common method is based on studying business plans of enterprises for validity and balance. An approach is also often used in which analysts study specific business performance indicators in certain areas. A fairly common method is in which the financial results of an enterprise are compared with competitive firms that are commensurate in terms of revenue and market volume.

In most cases, approaches to business research involve a systematic approach. This is due to the need to create a comprehensive characteristic of the enterprise: in some aspects it may be inferior to competitive businesses, but in others it will be much superior to them. Systems approach to the analysis of the company’s activities will help to identify the primary indicators of the company’s performance, on the basis of which an overall assessment of business performance will then be developed.

Data sources for analysis

The financial activities of an enterprise are expressed in local operations, most of which are documented. Relevant sources are then used to analyze the firm's activities. What documents are we talking about? Through what sources is the company's financial activities recorded? There are quite a lot of them.

First of all, these are documents related to financial statements. Among these are sources recording profits and losses, and various applications to them. These are documents that reflect information about changes in capital and movements of financial assets.

The main aspect of financial statements is the balance sheet. The documents in which it is recorded allow a sufficiently reliable assessment of how successful the current financial activities of the enterprise are.

The balance sheet allows you to evaluate such indicators of a company’s commercial activities as assets and liabilities, working capital, net assets, stability ratios, solvency, liquidity (a little later we will look at their essence in more detail).

Another important source for determining how effective financial activities are is the profit and loss statement. This document records, respectively, the revenue and costs of the company in relation to certain areas of activity.

The statement of changes in equity is another important document through which the financial performance of a company can be analyzed. This source has a rather complex structure. So, there are four sections in the topics. The first three record indicators related to the company’s capital in relation to the reporting year. This area of ​​the report contains information about adjustments to the amount of capital and its components, profit, and reserves. The fourth section of the document records the factors that directly influenced the change in capital. This may be the issue of additional shares or an adjustment in their value, or the emergence of other income or expenses of the company.

Another significant source, without which it is problematic to carry out a full-fledged analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, is a traffic report Money. This document includes information regarding incoming and outgoing financial flows in relation to the current activities of the company in the direction of investment and other strategically significant activities.

The balance sheet is also accompanied by a special application. It may contain facts useful from the point of view of adjusting financial activities that can be obtained during the analysis. Thus, the application to the balance sheet can also be considered a significant source in assessing business performance.

Enterprise efficiency criteria

We have studied the main sources by which the financial results of an enterprise can be studied. Now let's look at the key criteria by which we evaluate how effective a business is. In general, they boil down to determining whether the enterprise’s performance is sufficiently high in relation to costs. A company, relatively speaking, will be assessed as efficient if it can produce a lot with small investments. Also, certain indicators, as we noted above, can be compared with the achievements of competing companies.

The main criteria that allow you to determine whether a business is effective can be presented in the form of the following list.

Firstly, it is the efficiency of using resources that are involved in production processes. These can be fixed assets, personnel, finances, raw materials. Secondly, this is the quality of the company’s investment policy (how quickly investments pay off). Thirdly, this is the efficiency of using the company's assets - for example, in terms of turnover. Fourthly, this is the quality of the use of capital, which can be assessed based on the amount of profit per share of the company. Let us now consider individual indicators on the basis of which, during the analysis, we can evaluate the financial result of the company’s activities.

Among the most important are liquidity ratios. Let's study their specifics.

Liquidity ratios

These indicators of a company's financial performance characterize the extent to which it is able to satisfy the needs of holders of short-term bonds issued by the company. Among the coefficients in question are those that correlate with absolute, urgent and current liquidity. For each of them, a separate calculation formula is used.

The coefficient correlated with absolute liquidity is an indicator that allows you to determine the share of short-term bonds that can be covered by the company's cash, as well as shares and deposits. The main criterion is that they must have absolute liquidity.

The average liquidity ratio shows the proportion between cash (as well as assets such as accounts receivable and short-term investments) and debt obligations. If the analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise fixes the indicator under consideration at a value of more than 1, then this can be considered an excellent result, 0.7-0.8 is acceptable.

The ratio related to current liquidity is calculated by dividing current assets by short-term bonds. It is an indicator of whether the company has enough funds to pay off its obligations. Interesting fact: if there are much more current assets than bonds, then the financial and economic activities of the enterprise can be assessed as insufficiently effective due to irrational distribution of assets.

Net working capital

Another important indicator of a company's performance is net working capital. It is calculated, as a rule, in the national currency of the country in which the enterprise operates. It is calculated as the difference between the company's assets and short-term debt obligations. If there is insufficient capital, this means that the company will not be able to repay loans and bonds on time. But if the corresponding indicator exceeds the value reflecting the amount of liabilities, then, as in the case of the current liquidity ratio, this may indicate that the company’s resources may be used irrationally. In practice, this may be an excessively large issue of shares or too much lending activity.

Stability factors

An analysis during which the financial and economic activity of an enterprise is assessed may involve the study of indicators correlated with the structure of monetary capital, which can give a fairly clear idea of ​​​​the stability of the company. Such criteria are indicators of how the company’s own funds and borrowed finances compare, and also show how dependent the business is on external creditors.

Among the indicators in question is a coefficient correlated with financial independence. The lower it is, the more debt the company has, and the higher the likelihood that it will not meet its obligations. However, too low a ratio may indicate that the company is experiencing a shortage of financial resources.

Another indicator within this category is the ratio of total liabilities to assets of the company. It is an indicator of the size of the company's assets financed by attracting loans. The optimal value of this parameter is 0.2-0.5.

Also important are indicators that reflect how the company’s assets relate to its long-term liabilities, what is the proportion of the company’s debts and equity, as well as “long-term loans” and non-current assets. If a researcher who analyzes the financial and economic activities of an enterprise studies these parameters, then he will have at his disposal more information reflecting how dependent the company is on debt obligations.

Profitability ratios

Another group of coefficients that are important from the point of view of business assessment correlates with the profitability of the company. What indicators within this category can be considered the most important?

First of all, this is a coefficient correlated with the level of profitability of sales. It shows the amount of net profit in the total sales of the company. Another important ratio is the one that relates to the organization's return on equity. This parameter shows how much investors earn per unit of invested currency. An important indicator is the coefficient correlated with current assets. It shows what the company’s capabilities are in terms of generating revenue relative to the involved working capital. The higher this ratio, the more efficient the business. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of a company may involve the use of another important parameter - a coefficient correlated with non-current assets. It shows whether the company is making enough profit relative to its fixed assets. The higher this parameter, the more efficient the business. Another important ratio within this category relates to return on investment. It shows how many units of currency the company invested in production in order to obtain one unit of profit.

Business activity ratios

Analysis of a company's financial performance may also involve identifying ratios that are correlated with the company's business activity. There are several such indicators, and all of them allow us to understand to what extent the company is effectively using its funds. Let's consider the essence of the main indicators.

Among the most significant is the coefficient correlated with the turnover of working capital. It shows the extent to which working capital investment is being made effectively, as well as how this affects sales dynamics. The higher this ratio, the more effective the enterprise’s business model is considered.

Another important parameter is related to the turnover of fixed assets. This indicator characterizes the extent to which the enterprise effectively uses fixed assets. The higher the coefficient under consideration, the better the company's business model.

Another significant parameter that allows you to understand how successfully an enterprise conducts its financial activities is the ratio correlated with asset turnover. It shows how effectively the company uses all its resources.

The ratio reflecting inventory turnover is also considered as a significant indicator of the success of the financial performance of the enterprise. It shows the rate at which the company sells inventory. The higher this ratio, the less the company’s funds are placed in this type of assets, which are characterized by low liquidity.

Another significant parameter is the ratio correlated with accounts receivable. It shows the length of the period in which the company collects funds owed to it by external entities. If this indicator is too high, then this indicates the difficulties that the company experiences when working with counterparties or borrowers.

Financial and economic activities

organizational and executive-administrative activities of the command (chief, commander), management bodies, services and officials of the troops and bodies of the PS of the Russian Federation in managing the economy, including the corresponding material and technical base, personnel and finances, in order to meet the material and physiological needs of the personnel (rest, timely and high-quality food, medical, trade, household and financial security, provision of uniforms and shoes, other material means), in accordance with the conditions of military labor, organization of leisure and satisfaction of spiritual needs, maintaining readiness for combat use (use) of weapons and military equipment; uninterrupted provision of combat, national and special training, daily border service for the protection of the State Duma and the exclusive economic zone; maintaining the combat readiness of border formations in stationary deployment conditions. It is carried out continuously, coordinated and interconnected with the daily activities of the RF PS on the basis of strict implementation of legislative and regulatory legal acts Russian state, military regulations, manuals and manuals, requirements of the governing documents of the PS of the Russian Federation. The basic principles of organizing the financial and economic activities of the border formation are: strict regulation of financial and economic activities; unity of command in the organization of financial and economic activities and its management; planning of financial and economic activities; constant readiness of all forces, means and objects of the material and technical base of the economy to solve the assigned tasks; compliance of the organization of financial and economic activities with the nature of the tasks solved by the border formation; compliance of the organization of financial and economic activities with physical and geographical conditions, dislocation of the border formation; efficiency of financial and economic activities.

Border Dictionary. - M.: Academy of the Federal PS of the Russian Federation. 2002 .

See what “Financial and economic activity” is in other dictionaries:

FHD- financial and economic activities... Dictionary of Russian abbreviations

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MZHK- MZhK, abbr., abbreviation 1. youth residential complex. 2. MZHK social movement in the USSR in 1971 1991 (peak activity 1984 1991). 3. Member of the MZhK emzhekovets (zh. emzhekovka). Commemorative plaque on the country's first residential building of the multi-residential complex (city... ... Wikipedia

Youth residential

Youth housing complex- MZhK, abbr., abbreviation 1. youth residential complex. 2. MZhK social movement in the USSR in 1971 1991 (peak activity 1984 1991). 3. Member of the MZhK emzhekovets (zh. emzhekovka). Initially it was intended as a way to create normal housing and... ... Wikipedia

Youth residential complex- MZhK, abbr., abbreviation 1. youth residential complex. 2. MZhK social movement in the USSR in 1971 1991 (peak activity 1984 1991). 3. Member of the MZhK emzhekovets (zh. emzhekovka). Initially it was intended as a way to create normal housing and... ... Wikipedia

Youth housing complex- MZhK, abbr., abbreviation 1. youth residential complex. 2. MZhK social movement in the USSR in 1971 1991 (peak activity 1984 1991). 3. Member of the MZhK emzhekovets (zh. emzhekovka). Initially it was intended as a way to create normal housing and... ... Wikipedia

Youth residential- MZhK, abbr., abbreviation 1. youth residential complex. 2. MZhK social movement in the USSR in 1971 1991 (peak activity 1984 1991). 3. Member of the MZhK emzhekovets (zh. emzhekovka). Initially it was intended as a way to create normal housing and... ... Wikipedia

Youth residential complex- Commemorative plaque on the country’s first residential building of the MZhK (Korolev, Korolev Ave., 18/6). Youth residential complex (YRC) is a social movement that existed in ... Wikipedia

Books

• Financial and economic activities of a book distribution enterprise, Ekaterina Ivanova. Based on factual materials from a number of bookselling enterprises in Moscow, the Moscow region and other cities of Russia, the concept, order of formation, methods of analysis and planning are revealed... Buy for 199 rubles eBook
• Financial and economic activities of the head of an educational institution, N. I. Ponomarev, L. M. Syromyatnikov. The qualitative use of the regulatory framework for financial and economic activities is not a simple matter, and it is associated with certain difficulties. Therefore, the experience of those...

In modern market conditions, the financial activity of a company is a key point in creating financial stability in the daily functioning of the enterprise. Without the ability to use the necessary financial resources and their proper allocation, without rational management cash flows it is impossible for a company to create stability and sustainability of the company's financial system. In this regard, they highlight financial side management of the organization as a share of the overall business process of the enterprise. Moreover, the word “activity” implies a certain activity.

Concept

The financial and economic activity of an enterprise is a set of activities for the production and sale of goods, services, products with a limited amount of finance and resources of the company.

In essence, economic activity involves the process of creating goods, services, and products. Financial activities are part of the economic activities of the entire enterprise.

Activities

The process of carrying out financial and economic activities involves the following options:

• creation of equity capital through the issue of shares and other instruments;
• use of credit resources, loans, trade loans;
• use of equipment and fixed assets in the process of operation;
• creation of working capital funds: use of raw materials for production, spare parts, formation of various reserves;
• lending to customers in product areas;
• optimization of cash in the cash register and on current account;
• formation of the company's investment portfolio;
• creating opportunities for generating income, creating an assortment of goods and products, choosing places for sale and distribution, developing a communications policy, and other marketing tools of the company;
• optimization of production costs, company expenses, bringing them into line with sales levels;
• other measures aimed at increasing the stability of the company’s financial system and its efficient operation in the near future.

Activity planning

Sustainable performance of an organization in the market does not exist without the use of modern methods of financial management and planning. Practical and international experience shows that the problems of improving financial planning at the micro level are very relevant. Planning makes organizations stable in unpredictable market conditions. The development and implementation of a financial and economic activity plan occupies a decisive place in the complex of measures to create financial stabilization.

Let's consider the basic concepts related to financial planning in an enterprise. A financial and economic activity plan is a planned summary document that reflects the company’s expenses and cash flows for periods: current (up to one year) and long-term (more than one year). The role of this plan is to formulate the company’s forecast indicators.

The plan includes the preparation of capital and current estimates, forecast financial indicators for 1 or more years.

More recently, in Russia such a plan was drawn up in the form of a balance of income and expenses.

The extensive experience of most successful organizations in developed countries shows that in the midst of intense competition, financial and business planning creates the prerequisites for the survival of companies, their prosperity and economic growth, as well as the implementation of a successful strategy.

If the organization’s strategy is fundamental and aimed at the future development of the company, then planning represents more optimal methods for forming the company’s production and sales systems, since there is a connection between the resources, potential of the organization and the company’s development goals in given periods of time. In case of uncertainty in the economic development of the company and conditions of fierce competition, financial risks that determine the market economy, planning becomes the only condition that forms the basis for the sustainability of the financial and economic activities of the organization. Planning allows a company to calculate the necessary resources in order to organize the production and sale of products, subject to the impact of all external changes that occur in the economic environment. Yes, highly effective financial management organization is possible only taking into account the forecasting of possible and existing resources and finances, as well as their sources.

Analysis Basics

Analysis of financial and economic activities is carried out to identify the main factors that influence the financial profit and viability of the company. It allows you to predict growth and development trends, as well as business strategy.

This analysis is carried out by assessing the composition and structure of the company's assets, their movement and condition, and studying the dynamics and structure of sources (debt and equity capital). The methodology also examines the characteristics and properties of the company's financial stability.

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is a research procedure that can be used to identify the financial weaknesses of a company in order to predict its most likely development. The analysis also includes the development of solutions to reduce and eliminate risks in the process of operation.

In modern conditions of economic development of our country, the issues of analyzing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise are very relevant. Ultimately, the success of a company depends on its economic health. Therefore, maximum attention should be paid to the analysis.

The most common areas of financial analysis of a company's activities are the following: study of solvency, financial independence (stability, sustainability), structural analysis of assets and liabilities, business activity (turnover, efficiency of capital use), efficiency (profitability, profitability), liquidity.

Less frequently studied are the following issues: assessment of bankruptcy potential, cash flow management, analysis of investment attractiveness, business prospects, etc.

Purpose of analysis

The main goal of analyzing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is as follows:

• assessment of the dynamics of movement and the state of the composition, structure of assets;
• assessment of the dynamics of movement, composition of equity and borrowed capital;
• analysis of the company’s financial stability indicators, assessment of changes in the level and identification of trends in dynamics;
• analysis of the company's solvency and the liquidity of its assets.

Analysis results

The analysis and results of financial and economic activities are as follows:

• determination of financial position indicators;
• calculation of changes in financial ratios over time;
• calculation of the influence of factors that cause changes in financial condition;
• development of conclusions and forecasts of the main trends of the company.

The role of financial analysis in forecasting management decisions is determined by the fact that the subjects of analysis are the economic services of an economic entity, as well as external users of information interested in its activities.

It is possible to obtain a comprehensive assessment of the state of the company, taking into account the parameters of the enterprise. There are approaches to conducting an integral assessment, financial control mechanisms have been developed. There are management methods that include normalizing financial stability through the preparation of payment calendars.

Activity audit

An audit of the financial and economic activities of an institution is the most reliable and accurate method of creating an opinion that it is functioning and developing in a positive direction in accordance with applicable law. It is recommended to regularly organize audit activities, analyzing the entire range of factors influencing the company.

To achieve the company's goals, control technologies were invented, but their implementation in production still does not allow achieving the desired result. For maximum efficiency, it is necessary to regularly audit the financial and economic activities of the organization.

The best option is to engage independent auditors. These are, as a rule, highly qualified experts whose extensive experience allows them to carry out the test accurately, clearly, taking into account all important factors. As a result of these processes, they provide a report with findings and recommendations to optimize the company's performance. The audit of financial and economic activities covers various areas and aspects of the business, which provides business owners with a lot of information about what is happening in the company.

A specialist who conducts an audit of the financial and economic activity plan, accumulates analytical information about all financial and accounting processes of the company, and assesses the completeness of the methods and forms of accounting activities used. The auditor checks the accuracy accounting company and offers the manager a plan of measures that will increase the profitability of the company. The auditor makes recommendations on how to minimize and optimize them. Based on the results of innovation in the near future, the company will achieve higher profitability while optimizing production costs.

An audit of financial and economic activities is important because the organizational structure of modern companies is very complex, as well as the business processes carried out within its framework. Involving an auditor is the best option to achieve the results of an independent assessment of the company in terms of its financial condition.

In the future, this will help to clarify data on whether a complete record is kept, what shortcomings it has, and what errors are made systematically.

An audit of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise includes a comprehensive study of the company, designed to determine: the financial position, firm liabilities, and assets of the company. In accordance with the results of the audits, information is disclosed that in the near future will be used with high efficiency for management decisions.

Profit as the most important result

Profit is always an indicator of the company's performance in the market, since it shows the share of funds that the company retains at its disposal after all expenses incurred.

To determine the financial result of a company, it is necessary to compare income with the cost of production and sales (product cost):

• if income exceeds cost, then the financial result shows profit;
• if income is equal to cost, then the company has only recovered the costs of production and sale of products, there are no losses, but there is no profit as a source of industrial, scientific and social development;
• if costs exceed income, the company receives a negative financial result, i.e., it puts the company in a very difficult financial situation, which leads to bankruptcy.

Profit functions

• Profit is a characteristic of a company's profitability as a result of its activities. This indicator is studied in conjunction with other financial ratios of the company.
• The stimulating function of profit is reflected in the fact that, being the financial result of the company, it ensures its self-financing. Part of this amount can be directed to the development of the company itself, to social development personnel, innovation and innovation.
• The company's profit creates sources of income for the state, since it is from its amount that the company pays profit tax, which takes a significant share of the country's budget revenues.

Possible ways to improve efficiency

There are two parameters: profitability and risk level. Each business entity is characterized by a level of sustainability and efficiency. The first parameter indicates the ability to carry out continuous production activities and fulfill its obligations on time, and efficiency indicates the company’s ability to sell goods and services and make a profit for the owners.

Recommendations for strengthening the sustainability of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise are associated with increasing the stability of the economic system of the enterprise itself. Therefore, actions to increase financial independence, reduce the share of borrowed funds in the structure of sources, and increase liquidity indicators become obvious for the company. An example of such measures could be raising additional funds from the owners, refusing clients who create problematic accounts receivable.

Conclusion

If a company seeks to increase the profitability of its work, management must take measures to increase the profitability and business activity of the company. An example of such actions could be the introduction of new products and services into the product range, an increase in sales volumes, optimization of costs and financial investments.

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Introduction

1. Theoretical basis analysis of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

3.2 The main ways to improve the financial results of an enterprise

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Currently, the role of economic analysis is significantly increasing as an important tool for assessing the results of an enterprise’s economic activities, identifying internal reserves and determining ways for the most efficient use of resources.

Financial analysis becomes especially relevant when training specialists in the field of economics, because For them, economic activity is refracted, first of all, through the prism of financial relations, so the course project is proposed to be completed specifically on financial analysis.

The main goal of financial analysis is to obtain a small number of key parameters that give an objective picture of the financial condition of the enterprise, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities. Financial analysis allows us to identify the most rational directions for the distribution of material, labor and financial resources.

The main source of information for completing the course project is the annual accounting report of the enterprise.

The purpose of the course project is to master the methodology for the effectiveness of financial and economic activities of enterprises.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks must be completed:

Familiarize yourself with the methods of conducting financial and economic activities.

1. Theoretical foundations for analyzing the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise

1.1 Essence, significance and objectives of the analysis of financial and economic activities

The financial condition of an enterprise (FSP) is an economic category that reflects the state of capital in the process of its circulation and the ability of a business entity to self-develop at a fixed point in time.

In the process of supply, production, sales and financial activities, a continuous process of capital circulation occurs, the structure of funds and sources of their formation, the availability and need for financial resources and, as a consequence, the financial condition of the enterprise, the external manifestation of which is solvency, change.

The financial condition can be stable, unstable (pre-crisis) and crisis. The ability of an enterprise to make payments on time, finance its activities on an expanded basis, withstand unexpected shocks and maintain its solvency in adverse circumstances indicates its sound financial condition, and vice versa.

To ensure financial stability, an enterprise must have a flexible capital structure and be able to organize its movement in such a way as to ensure a constant excess of income over expenses in order to maintain solvency and create conditions for self-reproduction.

Consequently, the financial stability of an enterprise is the ability of a business entity to function and develop, to maintain a balance of its assets and liabilities in a changing internal and external environment, guaranteeing its constant solvency and investment attractiveness within the acceptable level of risk.

The financial condition of an enterprise, its sustainability and stability depend on the results of its production, commercial and financial activities. If production and financial plans are successfully implemented, this has a positive effect on the financial position of the enterprise. And vice versa, as a result of underfulfillment of the plan for the production and sale of products, there is an increase in its cost, a decrease in revenue and the amount of profit and, as a consequence, a deterioration in the financial condition of the enterprise and its solvency. Consequently, a stable financial condition is not a fluke, but the result of competent, skillful management of the entire complex of factors that determine the results of the enterprise’s economic activities.

A stable financial position, in turn, has a positive impact on the implementation of production plans and the provision of production needs with the necessary resources. Therefore, financial activities as component economic activity should be aimed at ensuring the systematic receipt and expenditure of monetary resources, implementing accounting discipline, achieving rational proportions of equity and borrowed capital and its most efficient use.

The main goal of financial activity comes down to one strategic task - increasing the assets of the enterprise. To do this, it must constantly maintain solvency and profitability, as well as optimal structure assets and liabilities of the balance sheet.

Main tasks of analysis.

1. Timely identification and elimination of deficiencies in financial activities and the search for reserves for improving the financial condition of the enterprise and its solvency.

2. Forecasting possible financial results, economic profitability based on the actual conditions of economic activity and the availability of own and borrowed resources, developing models of financial condition for various options for using resources.

3. Development of specific measures aimed at more efficient use of financial resources and strengthening the financial condition of the enterprise.

To assess the FSP and its stability, a whole system of indicators is used that characterize:

a) availability and placement of capital, efficiency and intensity of its use;

b) the optimal structure of the enterprise’s liabilities, its financial independence and the degree of financial risk;

c) the optimal structure of the enterprise’s assets and the degree of production risk;

d) optimal structure of sources for the formation of current assets;

e) solvency and investment attractiveness of the enterprise;

f) the risk of bankruptcy (insolvency) of a business entity;

g) the margin of its financial stability (break-even sales volume zone).

The analysis of the FSP is based mainly on relative indicators, since absolute balance indicators in conditions of inflation are very difficult to bring into a comparable form.

The relative indicators of the analyzed enterprise can be compared:

with generally accepted “norms” for assessing the degree of risk and predicting the possibility of bankruptcy;

with similar data from other enterprises, which allows us to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise and its capabilities;

with similar data from previous years to study trends in the improvement or deterioration of FSP.

Analysis of the financial condition is carried out not only by the managers and relevant services of the enterprise, but also by its founders, investors in order to study the efficiency of the use of resources, banks - to assess lending conditions and determine the degree of risk, suppliers - to receive payments on time, tax inspectorates - to fulfill the income plan funds to the budget, etc. In accordance with this, analysis is divided into internal and external.

Internal analysis is carried out by the enterprise services and its results are used for planning, monitoring and forecasting the FSP. Its goal is to ensure a systematic flow of funds and allocate own and borrowed funds in such a way as to create conditions for the normal functioning of the enterprise, obtaining maximum profits and eliminating the risk of bankruptcy.

External analysis is carried out by investors, suppliers of material and financial resources, and regulatory authorities based on published reports. Its goal is to establish the opportunity to invest funds profitably in order to ensure maximum profit and eliminate the risk of loss. financial economic capital

The main sources of information for analyzing the financial condition of an enterprise are the reported balance sheet, profit and loss statements, capital flow statements, cash flow statements and other forms of reporting, primary and analytical accounting data, which decipher and detail individual balance sheet items.

1.2 Characteristics of the enterprise’s balance sheet and its structure

The organization's assets and liabilities are continuously involved in production. In order to determine the value of all property and liabilities, give them an economic assessment for the reporting period, as well as promptly manage the organization, manage financial and economic activities, it is necessary to have generalized data on its property and liabilities. This generalization is achieved in the process of compiling a balance sheet.

In accounting, the word "balance sheet" has a dual meaning.

1. Equality of totals, when the totals of entries in the debit and credit of accounts, the totals of entries in analytical accounts and the corresponding synthetic account, the totals of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet, etc. are equal.

2. The most important form of accounting reporting, showing the state of the organization's funds in monetary terms as of a certain date. Equal totals of the form for assets and liabilities are located for the most part on the same level, occupying a strictly horizontal position, like the yoke of a scale in a state of equilibrium. Unlike balance sheets used in planning and analysis, the balance sheet is a system of momentary indicators that characterize the state of the enterprise’s funds at a certain date (moment).

The balance sheet is the most important source of information about financial situation organizations for the reporting period. It allows you to determine the composition and structure of the organization’s property, mobility and turnover of working capital, the state and dynamics of receivables and payables, and the final financial result (profit or loss). The balance sheet acquaints founders, managers and other stakeholders involved in property management with the state of the organization, shows what the owner owns, i.e. what is the quantity and quality of the stock? material resources how it is used and who was involved in creating this stock.

The balance sheet can be used to determine whether the organization will be able to justify its obligations to shareholders, investors, creditors, buyers, sellers in the near future, or whether it is facing financial difficulties. Of course, the balance sheet is not able to cover the entire volume of information about the organization’s activities, therefore the missing part of the information is presented in other forms of reporting. Balance sheet data is widely used by tax inspectorates and tax police, credit institutions, statistical authorities and other users.

Consequently, the balance sheet, being a source of information, is a method of economic grouping and generalization of information about the organization’s property by composition and location, as well as by the sources of its formation (own and borrowed liabilities), expressed in monetary value and presented on a certain date.

The term "balance" comes from Latin words"bis" - twice, "bank" - scales, literally means two cups and is used as a concept of equality, balance.

One of the main forms of annual reporting is the balance sheet. To fill it out, account turnover is calculated and balances at the end of the next month of the reporting quarter are displayed.

Section 1 “Non-current assets” of the balance sheet presents the following groups of items:

1) “Intangible assets”, in accordance with PBU-14, consist of :

Intellectual property objects,

Exclusive rights owned by the organization and used in production or management activities,

Organizational expenses associated with organizing the activities of the enterprise,

The business reputation of a company is the difference between the purchase price of the organization as a property complex as a whole and the value of all its assets and liabilities on the balance sheet,

Residual value of intangible assets.

2) “Fixed Assets” - reflects the property that is accounted for on account 01 “Fixed Assets” minus “Depreciation of Fixed Assets”. In accordance with PBU - 6, fixed assets include: assets of an organization worth more than 10,000 rubles with a service life of more than 12 months.

3) “Construction in progress” - the balances of account 07 “Equipment for installation” and 08 “Investments in non-current assets” are shown. Advances issued to developers and other advance payments related to capital investments, costs of construction and installation work, purchase of buildings, equipment, vehicles, tools, inventory are also reflected.

A breakdown of information on the movement of funds under the item “Construction in progress” is given in Form No. 5.

4) “Profitable investment in material assets” - data from account 03 is used. This article takes into account the value of property that the organization intends to use for rent or leasing, housing facilities used to generate income. If the property is not used for its original purpose, then its value is transferred to account 01 “Fixed assets” or account 10 “Materials”.

5) “Long-term financial investments” are the amounts of an enterprise’s investments for a period of more than 1 year in securities of other organizations, authorized capitals of other organizations, as well as the amount of long-term loans provided to other organizations. To fill out the line, use data from accounts 58 “Financial investments” and 59 “Reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities.”

6) “Deferred tax assets” is the positive difference between the real income tax and the conditional one calculated from the balance sheet profit (PBU-18). The deferred asset shows how much the amount of this tax will need to be reduced in the next reporting period. It is calculated as the product of the tax rate and the deductible temporary difference.

7) “Other non-current assets” - funds and long-term investments that are not reflected in section 1 of the balance sheet are reflected.

Section 2 “Current assets” of the balance sheet is presented the following groups articles:

- “Inventories” - reflects the cost of all material inventories and expenses of the organization. To fill out the line: “Raw materials, materials and other similar values”, account data 10 and 16 are used; “Animals for growing and fattening” - count 11; “Costs in work in progress” - accounts 20, 21, 23, 29, 44, 46. It includes products that have not gone through all stages of processing. The article “Finished products” and “Goods for resale” shows the actual or standard (planned) cost of the balance of manufactured products, using data from account 43. The cost of goods purchased for resale is also reflected - account 41. The article “Goods shipped” reflects data on the actual cost of products shipped to customers. The article “Future expenses” includes the amount of expenses incurred by the company in the reporting period, but related to its activities in the future period - account 97.

- “Receivables, payments for which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date” and “Receivables, payments for which are expected within 12 months after the reporting date” data are shown separately. A breakdown of the status of accounts receivable is given in the appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5). Accounts receivable previously reflected as long-term, but expected to be repaid in the reporting year, can be reflected at the beginning of the reporting year as short-term, which is recorded in the “Explanatory Note”.

- “Short-term financial investments” shows short-term loans, company investments in shares, bonds and other securities for a period of no more than 1 year.

- “Cash” includes “Cash Office”, “Cash Accounts”, “Currency Accounts”, where they reflect cash balances in credit institutions. If the enterprise has foreign currency, it is recalculated at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the end of the reporting period.

Section 3 of the balance sheet “Capital and reserves” combines the organization’s own sources and consists of the following items:

- "Authorized capital". It shows the amount of the company’s capital recorded in the constituent documents. Its increase or decrease is recorded in the balance sheet after changes are made to the documents.

- “Additional capital” - the share premium is reflected when selling one’s shares at a price above par value, an increase in the value of fixed assets after their revaluation.

- “Reserve capital” - includes the amount of balances of reserve and other similar funds created in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Section 4 “Long-term liabilities” is represented by the following articles:

- “Loans and credits” - reflects the balance of borrowed funds that the company received for a period of more than a year.

- “Deferred tax liabilities” - according to PBU 18/2, this is the negative difference between the real income tax and the conditional one calculated from the balance sheet profit.

- “Other long-term liabilities” - all amounts that are not included in section 4 of the balance sheet are reflected.

Section 5 “Short-term liabilities”.

This section includes the following types of articles:

1) “Loans and credits” - reflects the balance of borrowed funds that the company received for a period of less than one year.

2) “Accounts payable”. It includes:

- “Suppliers and contractors” - reflects the organization’s outstanding debt for received goods and materials.

- “Debt to the organization’s personnel” - includes debt for accrued wages, social and compensation payments.

- “Debt on taxes and fees” - reflects the debt for the unified social tax, which is subject to payment to the federal budget.

- “Debt to state extra-budgetary funds” - reflects the debt to the Pension Fund, Social Insurance Fund, and Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund. The accrued but not paid contributions for compulsory pension insurance, accident insurance and the part of the unified social tax due for payment to the Pension Fund, Social Insurance Fund, and Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund are indicated.

- “Other creditors” - reflects the debt for compulsory and voluntary insurance, for deposited wages, and for accountable persons.

3) “Debt to participants for payment of income” - shows the amount of debt of the organization for accrued but not paid dividends, interest on shares, bonds.

4) “Deferred income” shows income received in the reporting period, but relating to the following reporting periods.

5) “Reserves for future expenses” shows the amount of reserves formed by the organization for vacation pay, repairs of fixed assets, payment of remunerations based on the results of the year and length of service, warranty repairs and maintenance.

In addition, behind the balance sheet, the certificate of the availability of valuables recorded on off-balance sheet accounts provides data on leased fixed assets, inventory items accepted for safekeeping, goods accepted for commission, depreciation of the housing stock, and intangible assets received for use. , etc.

The structure of the balance sheet, which implies the allocation of certain sections and articles, can be different; currently it has the following form (Table 1.1)

Table 1.1 - Presentation of the balance sheet

The main factors determining the financial condition of the enterprise are, firstly, the implementation financial plan and replenishment as the need arises for own working capital at the expense of profit and, secondly, the turnover rate of working capital (assets). The signal indicator in which the financial condition is manifested is the solvency of the enterprise, which means its ability to timely satisfy the payment requirements of suppliers of equipment and materials in accordance with business contracts, repay loans, pay staff, and make payments to the budget. Since the implementation of the financial plan mainly depends on the results of production and economic activities as a whole, we can say that the financial situation is determined by the most general indicator. Therefore, the income statement is also used to analyze the financial position.

2. Information and methodological support for analyzing the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

2.1 Information and regulatory framework for analyzing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise

The effectiveness of financial analysis largely depends on its proper organization, the systematicity of its implementation and the sources of information and methodological support for the analysis. All data sources for financial analysis are divided into three groups.

1. Regulatory - planning sources - all types of plans that are developed in the organization, regulatory materials, estimates, price tags, calculations, design assignments, etc.

2. Sources of accounting information - all data that contains accounting, statistical and operational accounting documents, as well as all types of reporting, primary accounting documentation.

3. Non-accounting sources - documents regulating economic activities, as well as data characterizing changes in the external environment of the organization. These include official documents (laws, regulations, etc.), economic and legal documents (agreements, court decisions, etc.), technical and technological documentation, information about the organization’s main counterparties, data on market conditions, etc.

Basically, the information base for analyzing the financial condition of a commercial organization is accounting (financial) reporting.

Accounting (financial) reporting is a unified system of data on the property and financial position of an organization and the results of its economic activities, compiled on the basis of financial accounting data in order to provide external and internal users with general information about the financial position of the organization in a form that is convenient and understandable for acceptance by these users of certain business solutions.

The reporting includes all types of current accounting: accounting, statistical and operational-technical, which makes it possible to reflect in the reporting the entire variety of business activities of the organization.

There are a number of requirements for reporting: completeness, materiality, relevance, understandability, timeliness, truthfulness, applicability for forecasting purposes, prudence.

Understandability serves as the main criterion for the quality of information, implying accessibility for understanding by a trained user. Users must have sufficient knowledge of business and accounting. Information that is too complex for individual users to understand, but important for making economic decisions, should not be excluded from reporting.

Information is relevant, from the point of view of interested users, if its presence or absence has or is capable of influencing the decisions (including management) of these users, helping them evaluate past, present or future events, confirming or changing previously made assessments. The relevance of information is influenced by its content and materiality. Information is considered material, the absence or inaccuracy of which may affect the decisions of interested users.

The reliability of information is determined by the absence of significant errors and distortions in it. The qualitative characteristics of the reliability of information are revealed through its truthful presentation, neutrality, prudence, completeness and the predominance of essence over form.

Another qualitative characteristic of accounting information is comparability. This requirement means that the information contained in financial statements organization must be comparable over time and comparable with information from other organizations. This allows one to observe trends in the financial position and performance of the reporting entity.

The use of high-quality basic characteristics and relevant accounting standards will ensure the preparation of reliable reporting, the analysis of which will allow making optimal management decisions.

The financial statements of a commercial organization consist of several reporting documents that form a single whole:

Balance sheet;

Profit and loss statement;

Appendixes to the balance sheet and income statement, which include a statement of changes in equity and a statement of cash flows;

Explanations for the balance sheet and income statement.

Data from an organization's financial statements serve as the main source of information about its activities. Financial reporting is a real means of communication, thanks to which:

Managers get an idea of ​​the place of their organization in the system of similar organizations, the correctness of the chosen strategic course, the efficiency of using resources and decisions made on a wide variety of organizational management issues;

Auditors receive a hint to choose the right solution during the audit process, plan their audit, identify weaknesses in the accounting system and areas of possible intentional and unintentional errors in the client’s external reporting;

Analysts determine the direction of financial analysis.

Based on the study of the balance, external users can make decisions about the feasibility and conditions of doing business with this organization as a partner; assess the creditworthiness of an organization

as a borrower; assess the possible risks of your investments, the feasibility of purchasing shares of this organization and its assets and other decisions.

The volume and general nature of the information contained in the financial statements limits the possibilities of analysis. However, the ability to read financial statements and knowledge of analysis methods and techniques allow one to fairly fully and objectively assess many areas of the organization’s financial condition, see the reasons for their changes, make a forecast for the future and make appropriate management decisions.

2.2 Methodological provisions for assessing the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise

To diagnose the effectiveness of financial and economic activities, the following absolute indicators are calculated.

The main indicator for assessing financial and economic activity is profit. Profit is net income expressed in monetary terms, which is the difference between total income and total costs. An enterprise makes a profit if sales revenue exceeds the cost of products (works, services) sold. IN general view The profit indicator can be calculated using the formula:

where P is profit, D is income, I is production costs.

Gross profit is the total, total profit of an enterprise received over a certain period from all types of production and non-production activities of the enterprise, recorded in its balance sheet; part of the added value that remains with producers after deducting the costs associated with paying for the body and taxes. Calculated by the formula:

Where - gross profit, B-revenue, s/s - cost.

Profit from sales is the profit of an economic entity from its main (ordinary) activities. Calculated:

where is sales profit, Y is administrative expenses, K is commercial expenses.

Profit (loss) before tax is profit from sales taking into account other income and expenses, which are divided into operating and non-operating:

where is profit (loss) before tax, Sodr is operating income and expenses, Sdr is non-operating income and expenses.

Net profit is the part of the enterprise's balance sheet profit that remains at its disposal after paying taxes, fees, deductions and other obligatory payments to the budget. Net profit is used to increase the working capital of the enterprise, the formation of funds and reserves, and reinvestment in production. Calculated using the formula:

where PE is net profit, N is taxes.

These indicators are indicated in the income statement.

After calculating the previous absolute indicators, it became possible to calculate relative indicators that most accurately reflect the situation at the enterprise.

Profitability is a relative indicator economic efficiency. Profitability comprehensively reflects the degree of efficiency in the use of material, labor and monetary resources, as well as natural resources. The profitability ratio is calculated as the ratio of profit to the assets, resources or flows that form it. It can be expressed both in profit per unit of invested funds, and in the profit carried by each monetary unit received. Profitability ratios are often expressed as percentages.

Return on sales is a coefficient equal to the ratio of profit from product sales to the amount of revenue received. The data for its calculation is the balance sheet.

Return on sales shows how much profit the company receives from each ruble of products sold.

Return on sales is used as the main indicator to assess the financial performance of companies that have relatively small amounts of fixed assets and equity capital. Assessing the profitability of sales allows you to take a more objective look at the state of affairs.

The return on sales indicator characterizes the most important aspect of the company's activities - the sale of main products.

Return on sales is determined by the formula:

Where is the profitability of sales, Ppr is the profit from sales, B is revenue.

2. Accounting profitability from ordinary activities shows the level of profit after taxes. If this indicator is negative during the analyzed periods, this means that the organization has no profit, does not pay taxes on it, and, accordingly, nothing remains at its disposal. Found by the formula:

Where - accounting profitability from ordinary activities, Pdn - profit before tax, B-revenue.

3. Net profitability shows how much net profit is accounted for by the sold products from the CC investment. Calculated by the formula:

Where is net profitability, PE is net profit, B-revenue.

4. Return on assets is a financial ratio that characterizes the return on use of all assets of the organization. The ratio shows the organization’s ability to generate profit without taking into account the structure of its capital (financial leverage), and the quality of asset management. Unlike the “return on equity” indicator, this indicator takes into account all the assets of the organization, and not just equity. Therefore, it is less interesting for investors.

Where is return on assets, PE is net profit, A is assets at the end of the period.

Return on equity is an indicator of net profit in comparison with the organization's equity capital. This is the most important financial indicator of return for any investor or business owner, showing how effectively the capital invested in the business was used. Unlike the similar indicator “return on assets,” this indicator characterizes the efficiency of using not all of the capital (or assets) of the organization, but only that part of it that belongs to the owners of the enterprise. Calculated using the formula:

Where is return on equity, PE is net profit, SC is the cost of equity.

Gross profitability - commercial activity, reflects the amount of profit that an enterprise receives from each ruble of profit. Found by the formula:

where is gross profitability, VP is gross profit.

Since profit from the sale of products, works, services is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products, works, services (minus value added tax, excise taxes and similar mandatory payments), the cost of goods sold, works, services, commercial and administrative expenses, the most important factors that affect the amount of profit from the sale of products, works, services are:

change in product sales volume. An increase in sales of profitable products leads to an increase in profits and an improvement in the financial condition of the enterprise. An increase in the volume of sales of unprofitable products affects the decrease in the amount of profit;

changing the structure of the range of products sold. An increase in the share of more profitable types of products in the total sales volume leads to an increase in the amount of profit. An increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products affects a decrease in profits;

change in product costs. Reducing costs leads to an increase in profits, and vice versa, its growth affects a decrease in profits. This dependence exists in relation to commercial and administrative expenses;

change in product sales price. As the price level increases, the amount of profit increases, and vice versa.

results factor analysis profits from sales make it possible to evaluate reserves for increasing production efficiency and make informed management decisions.

The assessment of the above factors is possible using the factor analysis method. In external analysis, accounting (financial) statements “Report on financial results” are used as a source of information.

Impact of changes in revenue on sales profit:

where is the change in profit from changes in the volume of product sales, is profit in the previous year, B 1 is revenue for the reporting period, B about is revenue for the previous year, is the price change index.

The influence of the structure of the range of sold products on profit by comparing the profit of the reporting period, calculated on the basis of prices and costs of the base period, with the base profit, recalculated for changes in sales volume:

where is the change in profit from changes in the range of products sold, is the cost price in the previous year, K 0 - commercial expenses in the previous year, U 0 - administrative expenses in the previous year.

The impact of changes in agricultural products on sales profit:

where is the change in profit from changes in the cost of goods sold, is the cost in the previous year, is the cost in the reporting year.

The impact of changes in administrative expenses on sales profit:

where is the change in profit from changes in the amount of management costs, is management costs in the previous year, is management costs in the reporting year.

The impact of changes in business expenses on sales profit:

where is the change in profit from changes in the value of commercial expenses, is commercial expenses in the previous year, is commercial expenses in the reporting year.

The influence of sales prices of products, works, services on changes in profit by comparing the sales volume of the reporting period, expressed in prices of the reporting and base periods, i.e.:

where is the change in profit from changes in sales prices of products, works, services.

The impact of changes in all previous factors on sales profit:

By calculating these indicators, we will be able to fairly accurately assess the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise in question and assess the degree of influence of factors on the amount of profit.

3. Directions for improving the financial results of the enterprise and the efficiency of their use

3.1 Assessment of the financial results of the enterprise

The financial results of an enterprise are characterized by the amount of profit received and the level of profitability. The greater the profit and the higher the level of profitability, the more efficiently the enterprise operates, the more stable its financial condition. Therefore, finding reserves for increasing profits and profitability is one of the main tasks in any area of ​​business. Great importance in the process of managing financial results is given to economic analysis.

The main goal of financial analysis is to obtain a small number of key parameters that give an objective and accurate picture of the financial condition of the enterprise, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, and in settlements with debtors and creditors. At the same time, the analyst and manager may be interested in both the current financial state of the enterprise and its projection for the near or longer term, i.e. expected parameters of financial condition.

The goals of analysis are achieved as a result of solving a certain interrelated set of analytical problems. The analytical task is a specification of the goals of the analysis, taking into account the organizational, informational, technical and methodological capabilities of the analysis.

The assessment of the financial activities of an enterprise is carried out on the basis of financial statements.

The deductive method (studying from the general to the specific) is the main one when reading (analyzing) financial statements. It must be used repeatedly. In the course of such an analysis, the historical and logical sequence of economic factors and events, the direction and strength of their influence on the results of activity, is reproduced.

The practice of financial analysis has developed the following six basic rules for reading (analysis methods) of financial statements.

Rule 1. Horizontal analysis - comparison of each reporting item with the previous period;

Rule 2. Vertical analysis - determining the structure of the final financial indicators, identifying the impact of each reporting item on the result as a whole;

Rule 3. Trend analysis - comparison of each reporting item with a number of previous periods and determination of the trend, i.e. the main trend in the dynamics of the indicator, cleared of random influences and individual characteristics of individual periods. With the help of a trend, possible values ​​of indicators in the future are formed, and, therefore, a promising forecast analysis is carried out;

Rule 4. Analysis of relative indicators - calculation of relationships between individual report positions or positions of different reporting forms, determination of interrelations of indicators;

Rule 5. Comparative analysis - analysis that includes both an inter-company analysis of the indicators of a given company with the indicators of competitors, with industry average and average economic data, and an intra-company analysis of summary reporting indicators for individual indicators of the company, subsidiaries, divisions, etc.;

Rule 6. Factor analysis - analysis of the influence of individual factors on a performance indicator using deterministic or stochastic research techniques. Moreover, factor analysis can be either direct, when the effective indicator is divided into its component parts, or reverse (synthesis), when its individual elements are combined into a common effective indicator.

Financial analysis is part of a general, complete analysis of economic activity, which consists of two closely interrelated sections: financial analysis and management (production) analysis.

Financial analysis is divided into external and internal.

Features of external financial analysis are:

multiplicity of subjects of analysis, users of information about the activities of the enterprise;

· diversity of goals and interests of the subjects of analysis;

· availability of standard analysis techniques, accounting and reporting standards;

· orientation of the analysis only to public, external reporting of the enterprise;

· limited analysis tasks as a consequence of the previous factor;

· maximum openness of the analysis results for users of information about the activities of the enterprise.

Financial analysis, based only on financial statements, takes on the character of external analysis conducted outside the enterprise by its interested counterparties, owners or government agencies. This analysis does not reveal all the secrets of the company's success.

· analysis of absolute profit indicators;

· analysis of relative profitability indicators;

· analysis of the financial condition, market stability, balance sheet liquidity, solvency of the enterprise;

· analysis of the efficiency of use of borrowed capital;

· economic diagnostics of the financial condition of the enterprise and rating assessment of issuers.

There is a variety of economic information about the activities of enterprises and many ways to analyze these activities. Financial analysis based on financial statements is called in the classic way analysis.

Internal (on-farm) financial analysis uses accounting data, data on technical preparation of production, regulatory and planning information, etc. as a source of information.

analysis of the efficiency of capital advances,

· analysis of the relationship between costs, turnover and profit.

In the system of management (production) analysis, it becomes possible to conduct a comprehensive economic analysis and evaluate the efficiency of economic activity by attracting data from management production accounting.

Features of management analysis are:

· orientation of the analysis results to your management;

· use of all sources of information for analysis;

· lack of regulation of external analysis;

· completeness of the analysis, study of all aspects of the enterprise’s activities;

· integration of accounting, analysis, planning and decision-making;

· maximum secrecy of analysis results in order to maintain trade secrets.

3.2 Main ways to improve financial performance

Each enterprise must provide for planned measures to increase profits.

IN in general terms these activities may be of the following nature:

· increase in production output;

· improving product quality;

· selling or leasing excess equipment and other property;

· reduction in production costs due to more rational use material resources, production capacities and areas, labor and working hours;

· diversification of production;

· expansion of the sales market, etc.;

· rational use of economic resources;

· reduction of production costs;

· increasing labor productivity;

· elimination of non-production expenses and losses;

· increasing the technical level of production.

In a market economy, the importance of profit is enormous. The desire to obtain it directs commodity producers to increase the volume of production of products needed by the consumer and reduce production costs. With developed competition, this achieves not only the goal of entrepreneurship, but also the satisfaction of social needs. However, economic instability and the monopoly position of commodity producers distort the formation of profit as net income and lead to the desire to obtain income, mainly as a result of rising prices.

Despite the fact that profit is the most important economic indicator of an enterprise’s activity, it does not characterize the efficiency of its work. To determine the efficiency of an enterprise, it is necessary to compare the results (in in this case profit) with the costs or resources that provided these results.

As you know, profit from sales is the difference between sales revenue and the full cost of products, works, and services. Thus, there are two ways to influence (increase, decrease) the profit of an enterprise:

· the first way is to reduce costs;

· the second way is to increase revenue, i.e. sales volume.

It should be noted that reducing costs for an enterprise is an objective process. Moreover, not only due to increased profits, but also due to competition and the need to reduce prices for manufactured products in certain situations. In these cases, in order to reduce or increase profits, it is necessary to promptly switch to the production of new products.

The purpose of enterprise profit management: optimization of profit planning; obtaining at least the planned profit; optimization of profit distribution from the point of view of business efficiency.

It should be noted that all activities of the enterprise are aimed at achieving the goal of profit management. Part of this activity is focused on the implementation of another, no less important goal - ensuring the liquidity and solvency of the enterprise.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the following should be noted.

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of a company in a market economy is becoming increasingly important.

Analysis is a management function aimed at clarifying the real state of the company's functioning. Depending on the goals set, emphasis can be placed on various aspects of the organization's activities.

The analysis of financial and economic activities is based on the analysis methodology, which determines the form of analytical research and analytical procedures. The detail of the procedural side of the FCD analysis depends on the information support and the selected areas of analysis. Analysis of financial and economic activities allows:

· Assess the financial and economic condition of the company and its compliance with its goals.

· Identify the economic potential of an economic entity.

· Determine the effectiveness of financial and economic activities.

· Develop measures to improve production and management efficiency and much more.

Thus, analysis of financial and economic activities is an integral part of enterprise management. It is an effective tool for influencing the economic life of a company, allowing you to control the current situation, determine development prospects, and much more. Analysis of financial and economic activities is beginning to occupy an increasing place in the management of Russian enterprises and it is obvious that its wider use will significantly improve production efficiency and ensure economic growth

Bibliography

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