Breeding pigs in a private farmstead. Pig breeding as a business - what you need to consider to achieve high profitability

Pig farmingin Russia- one of the most important branches of livestock farming. Farms specializing in fattening piglets are usually profitable. The share of pig farming is currently accounts for about 20% of the total gross livestock production of the Russian Federation. In our time, support for farmers specializing in raising piglets is also provided by the state.

How profitable is this business in Russia today?

The profitability of this type of livestock farming in the Russian Federation is currently determined by several factors. The introduction of sanctions against Russia, of course, became a serious cause of various kinds of economic shocks. However, such political situation and played well into the hands of domestic food producers. As a result of the imposition of sanctions, Russian livestock farmers were able to occupy vacant niches in the country’s food market without much difficulty and fierce competition.

The state of pig farming in RussiaV Lately has improved significantly, including thanks to the federal policy of supporting domestic producers.Farmers today cantake toredits by favorable rates, win grants and even get paid initial stages free assistance from the state.

Small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises today are usually registered as peasant farms. For such enterprises, the country, among other things, has a fairly convenient taxation system.

Pig farming in Rus'

Another factor determining the profitability of this type of livestock farming in Russia is that it is traditional for our country. V RFWe have accumulated a wealth of experience in keeping and breedingpiglets.

History of pig farming in Russiaspans several centuries.Piglets on the territoryour countrydivorceyatsince ancient times. There is a lot of evidence of this. For example, the English poet Fletcher, who lived in the 16th century, mentioned in his notes that Russiansin areas bordering Turkic landskeep very few livestock. The exception to this ism, according to him,are piglets, since the Tatars and Turks raiding Rus',those who do not eat pork are not driven away.

The beginning of the rapid development of the industry

Breedingthese animals in our countryhave been doing for centuries. However, rapidly developingpig farming in Russia, like everywhere else in the world, I startedOin the 19th century. The first industrial exhibition, at which pig products were also presented, took place in St. Petersburg in 1926. According to surviving documents, at that time mainly Danish and Chinese piglets were bred in the country.

Later, domestic highly productive breeds began to be created in Russia. Cattle breeders in the southern provinces were the first to breed piglets well adapted to the harsh climate. In the 40s of the 19th century they managed to obtain, for example, breeds such as Mirgorod and Poltava.

Pig farming in Russia: areas for raising animals

Todaythis industrywell developed in almost all regions of Russia.But the greatest popularitypig farmingreceived in our countryOin highly developed agricultural regions specializing in the cultivation of beets, corn and sunflowers.

It is in these areas that farmers have the opportunity to not spend too much on feedfarms. Pig farming (Russiadue to sanctions, today a lot of domestic meat is actually required) as an area of ​​economic activity in the 90s of the last century in our country practically disappeared. However, today this industryreallyis feeling uplifted. This fact is also confirmed by statistical data.Meat production in the Russian Federation in last years has grown significantly.

Distributedsamelivestock by district in Russiaapproximatelyin the following way(data for 2014):

Central - 8260 thousand tons of meat per year.

Privolzhsky - 2388 thousand tons.

Siberian - 1631 thousand tons.

North-West - 1124 thousand tons.

Ural - 950 thousand tons.

Yuzhny - 700 thousand tons.

North Caucasus - 220 thousand tons.

Far Eastern - 149 thousand tons.

Crimean - 86 thousand tons.

Productivity indicators

Running a pig breeding business in Russia is profitable, of course, not only due to state support and sanctions. They determine the high degree of profitability of pig farms and the excellent productivity indicators of these animals themselves.Piglets reach a weight of 90-110 kg by 6-7 months. The slaughter weight of pigs averages 75-85%. For comparison: for cattle this figure is only approximately 55%.

Talsopig farming in Russia,as throughout the world, the business is profitable because these animalsdiffer high degree fertility. A purebred queen alone can bring and feed up to 12-14 piglets at a time.

Farmers' profit

The main products of pig farms in Russia are meat and lard. Farmers make most of their profits from their sales. Many farms of this specialization also sell breeding young animals. Pedigree piglets are very popular in the Russian Federation and people buy them willingly.

In general, the profitability of a pig farm depends on the cost of feed and the price of meat. The latter figure in our country is quite high. Compared to food products from other groups, pork is quite expensive - around 200-400 rubles per 1 kg, depending on the region.

Approximate calculation for clarity

Pig farming in Russiatoday it can be considered quite profitable. To verify this, you just need to do simple calculations.One pig eats about 400 kg of feed before slaughter. The cost of a ton of the latter is about 20,000 rubles. Accordingly, it will cost approximately8 thousand rubles The slaughter weight of the pig is about 75%. That is, from a six-month-old pig you can get approximately 75 kg of meat. Multiplying this figure by the cost of 300 rubles, we get revenue in22.5 thousand rubles We take into account the cost of feed and get 14 .5 thousand rub. The farmer will have to allocate part of this money, of course, for staff salaries, veterinarian services, rent of premises, equipment maintenance, etc. But stillIn the end, the farmer makes a pretty good profit.

Development of pig farming in Russia: prospects

An increase in pork production in Russia, as already mentioned, is already observed today. Domestic statisticians draw this conclusion based on the graphs of recent years. The profitability of this industry has increased in Russia to 42%. Most researchers give positive forecasts regarding the further development of the industry. According to some data, pig farming in Russia may reach 100% self-sufficiency in the next few years.

The main goal of farms of this specialization today is not only to increase the number of livestock, but also:

improvement of breeding qualities of animals;

use of new promising technologies cultivation;

use of modern equipment;

improving the quality of veterinary care.

Improving the breeding qualities of animals will lead to a significant increase in their productivity. After all, purebred pigs, with lower feed requirements, usually gain more weight than ordinary pigs. The use of new growing technologies and the installation of modern equipment on farms certainly leads to a reduction in material and labor costs for maintaining animals. Improving the quality of veterinary care can prevent a decrease in livestock productivity due to disease and significantly reduce losses due to mortality.

Victor Kalinin

Pig farmer with 12 years of experience

Articles written

One of the most profitable and promising areas of livestock farming has been and remains pig breeding, including on small private farms. The relatively quick and high profitability in the future is worth making keeping pigs your business. Its success is due both to incentive programs from the state and to the characteristics of the animal itself:

1. Record fertility. During one farrow, from 10 to 14 piglets are born, and proper maintenance of sows leads to the appearance of offspring twice a year.
2. High rates of weight gain.
3. The highest percentage ratio between skinned carcass weight and live weight among all livestock breeds is up to 85%.
4. The best indicators of feed digestibility are up to 30%, compared with 20% for all other farm animals. This allows you to expect 1 kg of weight gain for every 2.5-3 kg of feed.
5. Constantly high demand for pig products.

Pig farm

How to care for pigs, what does success in this type of business depend on? Having decided to make keeping pigs the basis of our own business, we determine the main tasks:

• construction of a pigsty and recruitment of personnel;
• selection of breed;
• acquisition of the initial herd;
• breeding your own livestock;
• raising piglets;
• competent maintenance and care.

Let's take a closer look at each point separately.

Construction of a pigsty and hiring of personnel

• a good foundation to avoid digging and pigs getting out;
• sufficient area - for one individual you need 4 square meters. m, for a sow – 6 sq. m;
• dividing the premises into group and individual pens for sows;
• wooden flooring in the place of the den, dry straw bedding;
• lighting - a combination of natural and artificial; necessary for wellness livestock;
• high-quality ventilation while eliminating drafts; the optimal humidity when caring for pigs is 70%, increased humidity has a very bad effect on the health of animals, 85% is detrimental to young animals;
• floor slope with a recess for draining slurry;
• paddock for walking with a canopy from the sun; the possibility of walking can significantly improve the living conditions of pigs, strengthen the skeletal system, avoid rickets, accelerate growth, and reduce the frequency of cleaning pens;
• feeders, drinking bowls, cleaning and disinfection equipment;
• heating or insulation; at temperatures below 12 °C, keeping pigs becomes unprofitable - the animals spend 70% of the energy they receive on heating their bodies and lose weight even with good feeding.

Pigpen with division into pens

When discussing the issue of heating, Canadian technology for raising pigs deserves attention. If straw prices are low enough, the system allows you to reduce the cost of heating the barn and save on installation heating equipment and raise pigs at a comfortable temperature even in northern regions. At the same time, the costs of cleaning are reduced, which is carried out only 2-3 times a year, with the condition of constantly adding fresh straw to the top layer of litter. The cost of constructing pens is eliminated, and the herd is kept in a large common space. The method is based on the natural process of fermentation in a thick layer of straw. The temperature reaches 50-60 °C, due to which the room is heated.

For achievement best results Work on a pig farm should be entrusted to professionals. Therefore, the next step in building a business should be hiring personnel who will monitor the health of the herd, feed, clean, and raise piglets. When calculating for a minimum farm livestock of 300 units, you should hire 4 pig farmers, 1 livestock specialist, 1 veterinarian, 2 auxiliary workers.

Canadian technology for keeping herds in a hangar

Most people who have any plot in rural areas, sooner or later they think about opening their own business. As practice shows, the most popular area for beginning farmers is pig farming. Firstly, even during a crisis, people will buy meat, and pork, especially high-quality pork, is always in demand on the market.

Secondly, in order to make a profit, you need to raise the animal and sell the meat. But, as in any other business, there are difficulties here. Before you start breeding piglets, you need to carefully consider all the nuances: from choosing a breed to the rules of care and feeding.

According to statistics, domestic pig farming occupies second place (after poultry farming) in the ranking of the most profitable agricultural activities. Sows give birth up to three times a year and “bring” about thirty piglets. But such a result can only be achieved if you properly care for the animals.

The benefits of raising pigs at home should be considered in several aspects:

Selection of piglets

There is no clear answer to the question: “Which breed of pig is better?” The farmer himself must make his choice based on what goal he set when starting to raise piglets. Several types of breeds can be distinguished: lard (predominantly lard), meat (predominantly meat), bacon (equal amount of lard and meat) and universal. The advantage of the latter is that the farmer himself can regulate the content of meat and fat in the carcass. It depends on the conditions of detention and.

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 13 minutes

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Pig farming in Russia has always been one of the most important branches of livestock farming. Second in importance to the breeding of large cattle, this industry nevertheless means a lot for the country’s food security.

This year, 2016, is characterized by high growth rates in domestic pork production.

A significant increase in the number of this livestock in our country and, as a consequence, the increase in the volume of production of this meat recently, is explained by the devaluation processes of our national currency, which caused a significant decrease in the amount of imported products, as well as a number of restrictions introduced by our government in August 2014 for the supply of pork from some countries.

Number of Russian herds in 2016

As of October 1 of this year, the number of these animals in Russian Federation in all categories of farms amounted to 23 million 256 thousand 800 units.

Compared to last year, the increase was 1 million three thousand heads, or 4.5 percent. Compared to the same data for 2014, this figure increased by 2 million 543 thousand 500 units of livestock, or by 12.3%, and if we take the data from 2013, then by all 14.6 percent or (in numerical terms) expression) by 2 million 963 thousand 600 heads.

If we look at the structural component, then of the total number of the domestic herd, 83.5% is in the commercial sector (agricultural enterprises - 81.5%, peasant farms - 2%). The remaining 16.5 percent are pigs kept on private farms.

Regional structure of domestic livestock (October 2016)

If we consider the geographical aspect of the placement of these farm animals on the territory of our country, the rating of the leading regions looks like this:

1. Belgorod region. This region of our country deservedly takes first place with a herd of 4,240,200 pigs, which is 18.2% of the total domestic livestock. From last year the increase was 217,500 individuals, or 5.4%;
2. Kursk region. If we compare the number of pigs in this region as of the indicated period in 2016 with the same date in 2015, then it increased by 103,700 animals (or by 7.7%) and in quantitative terms amounted to 1,447,400 units. Based on this, the share of the Kursk region in the Russian livestock is at the level of 6.2%;
3. Tambovskaya. It closes the top three with a herd size of 1,010,600 heads. Share in Russian numbers these animals – 4.4%. The increase compared to the same period in 2015 was 29,100 animals, or 3.0%;
4. Chelyabinskaya. An impressive increase in the number of these animals in 2016 by 11% (relative to the same reporting period in 2015) allowed this region to come close to the leading three. In quantitative terms, the number of these animals has reached 922,300 heads, which allows them to occupy 4% of the pig herd in our country;
5. Pskovskaya. Fifth place in Russia. The herd size is 805,900 individuals. The share in the domestic livestock is 3.5%. The annual growth is 35.4% (the best growth rate among all regions of the Russian Federation), which in quantitative terms is 210,600 animals.

Places from sixth to twentieth were distributed as follows:

The number of animals in the herds of regions not included in the top 20 ranking, according to Rosstat, as of October 1, 2016 (regardless of the category of the farm) totaled 7,207,400 animals, which is 31 percent of the total domestic livestock.

The volume of pork produced in Russia in the period from January to September 2016 amounted to 2,357,000 tons in terms of slaughter (net) weight. In live weight, a value of 3,030,600 tons was achieved.

If, according to tradition, we compare with similar figures from the previous year, 2015, the increase was 10.9 percent or 231,900 tons in quantitative terms (slaughter weight was calculated). The increase in this indicator compared to the same time period in 2014 reached a value of 16.5% or 333,200 tons, and relative to January-September 2013 - 23.2% and 443,900 tons, respectively. The entire quantitative increase was achieved due to the products of the commercial sector (in particular, agricultural enterprises).

In digital terms, the increase in the number of products produced at these enterprises over the past three years amounted to 562,800 tons or, if in percentage, then 39.4. In personal subsidiary plots, production, on the contrary, decreased by a quarter (more precisely, by 25.3%) or, in numerical terms, by 113,800 tons (over the same time period). The volume of peasant production farms in recent years has also decreased (by 5,200 tons or 14.6%).

If we consider the structure of the distribution of meat produced by farm category, it looks like this:

• agricultural enterprises – 84.4%;
• personal subsidiary plots – 14.3%;
• peasant farmers - 1.3%.

Geographically, the main quantities of pig meat produced on the territory of the Russian Federation were distributed as follows:

1. Belgorod region. Possessing the largest number of these animals, this Russian region naturally became the leader in the ranking with a slaughter weight of 450,700 tons, which is 19.1% of all domestic pork produced. The growth from the previous year, 2015, reached 4.1% and amounted to 17,800 tons.
2. Kurskaya. Producing 165,700 tons or 7.0% of the total volume produced in Russia, this region rightfully occupies second place in the ranking. The production of this product compared to the same period in 2015 showed an increase of 11.4%, or, in physical form, by 16,900 tons.
3. Tambovskaya. An honorable third place in Russia. The quantity of products in slaughter weight is 110,600 tons, which is 4.7% of all-Russian production. The Tambov region also recorded an increase in production compared to the same time period in 2015. Its figures are 9,800 tons or 9.7%.
4. Pskovskaya. Quantitative values ​​- 86,200 tons or 3.7% of total production, an increase in quantitative values ​​relative to January-September 2015 - 27,500 tons or 46.9 percent.
5. Voronezhskaya. During the period from January to September 2016, Voronezh pig farmers supplied 81,900 tons of meat to the market, which allowed them to take a share of total production at 3.5%. In this Russian region, production of this type of agricultural product increased by 23,500 tons or 40.2% (compared to the same time period last year, 2015.

Based on the results of the period from January to September 2016, its productivity also included:

The total amount of meat of this type produced in all categories of farms in the regions that were not included in the top twenty domestic producers for the period from January to September 2016 was at the level of 735,600 tons, which accounted for a share of 31.2% of the total pork produced in the country.

Pig farming is considered to be the most profitable area in livestock farming. This is due to the fact that these animals gain weight quite quickly and are unpretentious in food. However, do not forget that, like any business, this one will require investments, risk and constant participation in the business.

Where do you start breeding pigs?

Pig farming as a business can only be considered by those who have prepared a specific plan and are ready to engage in raising animals every day. Despite the fact that the business started will require huge investments and patience, the results that it can bring will fully compensate for all the efforts. Pig farming is divided into two areas: raising animals for meat and selection, which is not considered as an independent business. In itself it is unprofitable. Pork is always a popular product. The result of production is meat, fat, skin and blood. They are purchased by sausage factories, workshops, grocery store chains and market resellers. Smoked sausages and lard can be stored for a long time, which allows you to increase the duration of product sales without compromising its taste. What makes this business profitable is the sale of meat.

If we're talking about For the needs of your family within one shed, you can do without complex calculations. But you still have to invest time and money.

Pig farming for aspiring livestock farmers should start with a business plan. It should take into account such aspects as farm organization, possible sales markets, feed purchases, breeds of pigs and their cost, and maintenance costs. Separately, it is necessary to identify all possible risks and ways to reduce them. To effectively start a business, it is recommended to attract experienced specialists, among whom should be a livestock specialist.

Farm organization

When considering pig farming as a business, the main focus must be on the farm. The room should be bright, clean and draft-free. The optimal area for a 300-head herd is 5000 square meters. meters. This will allow it to accommodate household, office and industrial offices, as well as a laboratory.

Particular attention when various options farm design must be given to manure removal. This is a very important factor for compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards, and therefore for healthy growth of the livestock.

Equally important is what equipment will be installed on the farm. Equipment for pig farming must meet the latest requirements to prevent animal diseases. The success of the business depends on how modern it is. European companies remain leaders in the production and development of such equipment. Modern farms are equipped in such a way that most of process occurs in automatic mode. These include electronic feeding systems and separate areas for sow insemination, farrowing, growing piglets and fattening. In Russia, such farms are still very rare. The equipment used here is 15-20 years old. Half of it is not functioning. The result of such activities is losses.

Purchasing pigs

To organize a farm, experts recommend purchasing a herd of 300 heads for a novice pig breeder. There should be no more than 10 producers in the herd, no less than 150 sows. This will be the main potential for replenishing the herd. Almost half of the livestock will need to be fattened and sold to generate funds. It is better to buy dozens of pigs from different owners in order to prevent mating of animals that are close in pedigree. The choice must be made with an experienced livestock specialist or veterinarian, who will immediately determine the health status of the animal. If the farm where you plan to purchase piglets has many unhealthy-looking piglets, it is better not to risk it. And look for another farmer. In any case, this must be done in breeding farms.

Pig breeds

There are about 100 breeds of pigs in the world. To select livestock, you need to carefully study them. Each of them has its own pros and cons. Pigs are raised for meat, lard and bacon. Pig breeds differ based on what more can be obtained from them. There are differences in their fertility and resistance to change temperature regime. They differ in skin color and temperament.

In Russia, 32 breeds of pigs are actively used. Photos of some of them are presented below.

1. Large white. The most common breed in Russia and the CIS.

2. Landrace.

Even outwardly you can see how different all these representatives are.

Pig farming as a business has the main goal of growing the existing livestock and providing offspring to replenish the herd. To do this, it is necessary to take into account all factors, including the time of year.

It is better to start raising pigs in early spring. These animals are very thermophilic. During the warm season, a pig weighing 25 kg grows into a pig weighing 115 kg. With such a mass, they are already ready for sale. Piglets that were born during the warm period will get stronger and gain weight faster.

To grow properly, pigs must drink a lot. If the water supply is not automated, then it must be provided in another way. It is not recommended to leave a trough with water, since it can easily be overturned. Animals will be left without water.

Pigs are very positive about feeding. The food should be balanced according to their age. Normal weight gain should be 0.5 kg per day.

Pig rearing technologies

The technologies for breeding these animals have many differences. But they all relate to feeding and maintaining the herd. Each farmer chooses the one that is most economically acceptable for him and meets his objectives.

Technologies differ in their approach. Some are designed for free movement of the herd. Others completely block it and are aimed at keeping the animal in a narrow cage.

There are various Danish, Brazilian, German, Canadian, Finnish technologies in the world. Each of them has its opponents and supporters. The technology of breeding pigs in hangars is gaining popularity in Russia. This is very economical in terms of constructing a farm.

Those who have already started this business unanimously say that with any technology important factors to make a profit are the source material (piglets), quality investments in their cultivation and market prices at the time of delivery of the products.

Development of pig farming in Russia

Pig farming is poorly developed in Russia. As a business, this type of livestock farming is not profitable for small farmers. This is due to the fact that new technologies, which are based on the capabilities of modern equipment, are not being implemented in most farms. Russian factories that produced equipment for pig farming have almost completely stopped. Which leads to the use of old energy-intensive technologies for keeping animals. This affects costs and reduces production profitability.

Pig farming in Russia is represented by a number of largest companies, which have not given up their positions for several years.

TOP 5 most successful pork producers in Russia

As can be seen from the table, production growth is obvious. But on a national scale this figure is very small. Recently, special attention has been paid to the development of pig farming. This is due to Russia’s reorientation towards the domestic market and the ban on the import of meat from European countries and the USA. The government plans to allocate special subsidies for the development of farms.