Robinson Crusoe read the shortest part. Foreign literature abridged. All works of the school curriculum in a brief summary
This work is one of the most popular in a number of English novels. In it we're talking about about the life of a sailor from York who spent 28 years on a desert island, where he ended up as a result of a shipwreck.
The theme of the work included spiritual and intellectual development a young guy who found himself in unusual living conditions. The main character has to learn to live and make crafts again necessary items, get food and take care of yourself.
1. Since childhood, Robinson Crusoe dreamed of connecting his life with sea voyages, but his parents were against such a hobby for their son. But despite this, when Robinson turned 18, he took his friend and his father’s ship and they went to London.
2. Already from the first day of sailing, trouble befalls the ship; it gets caught in a storm. The main character, frightened, promises never to go to sea again and to always be on land, but as soon as the storm calmed down, Robinson forgot all his promises and gets drunk. As a result, the young crew is again overtaken by a storm and the ship sinks. Robinson is ashamed to return home and decides on new adventures.
3. Arriving in London, Crusoe met a captain who wants to take the guy with him to Guinea. Soon the old captain died, but the heroes continue their journey. So, while sailing near Africa, the ship is captured by the Turks.
Robinson Crusoe is taken prisoner for three years, after which he manages to escape by deception, taking with him the boy Xuri. Together they swim to the shore, where the roar of animals is heard; during the day they go ashore to find fresh water and also to hunt. Crusoe explores the island in hopes of finding signs of life.
4. The heroes find savages with whom they manage to make friends, so they fill the supplies of what they need. They gave the leopard to the savages as a token of gratitude. After spending some time on the island, the heroes are taken away by a Portuguese ship.
5. Robinson Crusoe lives in Brazil and grows sugar cane. There he makes new friends, to whom he tells about his travels. After some time, Robinson is offered another trip in order to obtain gold dust. And thus the team sets off from the shores of Brazil. The ship lasted 12 days during the voyage, after which it fell into a storm and sank. The crew seeks salvation on a boat, but they still go down. Only Robinson Crusoe managed to get out alive. He is glad to be saved, but still sad for his dead comrades. Crusoe spends his first night in a tree. and is engaged
6. When Robinson woke up, he saw that the ship had washed up much closer to the shore. The hero goes to explore the ship to find supplies of food, water and rum. To transport the things he found, Robinson builds a raft. Soon the hero realizes that he is on an island; in the distance he sees several more islands and reefs. It takes several days to transport things and build a tent. Crusoe managed to translate almost everything that was on the ship, after which a storm arose, which carried the remains of the ship to the bottom. he ended up on the island
7. Robinson Crusoe devotes the next two weeks to sorting out supplies of food and gunpowder, and then hiding them in the crevices of the mountains.
8. Robinson came up with his own calendar; a dog and two cats from the ship became his friends. He keeps a diary and writes down what happens to him and what surrounds him. All this time, the hero waits for help to come for him and therefore often falls into despair. So a year and a half passes on the island, Crusoe practically no longer expects the ship to come, so he decides to equip his place of residence as best as possible.
9. Thanks to the diary, the reader learns that the hero managed to make a shovel and dig a cellar. Crusoe hunts goats and also tames a wounded kid, and he also catches wild pigeons for food. One day he finds ears of barley and rice, which he takes for sowing. And only after four years of life, he begins to use grains as food.
10. An earthquake hits the island. Crusoe begins to get sick, he is tormented by a fever, which he treats with tobacco tincture. Soon Crusoe explores the island more carefully and finds new fruits and berries. In the depths of the island is pure water, and so the hero establishes a dacha. In August, Robinson dries the grapes, and in the period August-October the island experiences heavy rains.
11. During heavy rains, Robinson is engaged in weaving baskets. He makes the transition to the opposite side of the island, and it turns out that living conditions there are much better.
12. Robinson continues to grow barley and rice and to scare away the birds, Robinson uses the corpses of their comrades.
13. Robinson tames a parrot and teaches him to talk, as well as learn how to make dishes from clay. For some time he learned to bake bread.
14. The hero devotes the fourth year of his stay on the island to building a boat. He also hunts animals for their skins so he can make new clothes. To protect himself from the sun's rays, Crusoe makes an umbrella.
15. It took about two years to build the boat; with its help it was possible to travel around the island. During all this time, the hero has become accustomed to the island and it already seems like home to him. Soon he managed to create a smoking pipe.
16. It was the eleventh year of Robinson’s stay on the island, by which time his supplies of gunpowder were running out. Crusoe tames goats so as not to be left without meat supplies. Soon his herd becomes larger and larger, thanks to this main character no longer lacks meat food.
17. One day Robinson Crusoe found someone’s print on the shore, it was clearly a person. This discovery frightens the hero, after which Robinson cannot sleep peacefully and leave his hideout. After sitting in the hut for several days, Crusoe finally went out to milk the goats and realized that the traces found were his. But carefully examining the size of the print, I realized that it was still the trace of an alien.
18. Two years have passed since Robinson Crusoe found traces on the island. One day he explored the west of the island and found a shore with human bones. After such a discovery, Crusoe does not want to explore the island anymore and is on his part, busy with home improvement.
19. Twenty-four years have passed since the main character has been on the island. And the hero notices that an unknown ship has crashed not far from the island.
20. Robinson Crusoe failed to understand whether someone from the destroyed ship survived or not. On the shore he found the body of a cabin boy, and on the ship a dog and some things.
21. Robinson Crusoe finds himself a new friend, calls him Friday, since on that day he was saved. Now the main character sews clothes and teaches Friday, thanks to this Crusoe feels less lonely and unhappy.
22. Robinson teaches Friday to eat animal meat, teaches him to eat boiled food. The savage, in turn, gets used to Robinson, tries in every possible way to help him and tells him about the island that is nearby.
23. Robinson and Friday are making a new boat to leave the island, adding a rudder and sails to it.
24. The main characters are attacked by savages, but are repulsed. Among the savages in captivity was a Spaniard, as well as Friday's father.
25. The Spaniard helps Robinson build a ship.
26. Escape from the island is delayed due to low tide.
27. Armed people are making their way onto the island after their missing comrades. But Friday and his assistants cope with some of the attackers.
Don Juan was the most terrible of all sinners combined. Since this man did not violate an earthly law, but violated a moral, heavenly law. He trampled on the most pure, tender and innocent
The pig, under a huge oak tree that was hundreds of years old, ate plenty of acorns. After such a good and satisfying lunch, she fell asleep, right under the same tree.
The diary, of course, conveys Zhenya’s childish spontaneity. She herself cannot impress others with anything, and she does not try. She gets straight C grades, because for the Sister of a great musician, grades are nonsense. Why try? After all, she has a brilliant brother
In one of the Russian provinces, a good and hospitable gentleman Gavrila Gavrilovich lived on his estate with his wife and seventeen-year-old daughter Masha. Masha was considered a rich heiress in the area, and contenders for her hand
Robinson was the third son in a middle-class family, he was spoiled and not prepared for any craft. Since childhood, he dreamed of sea voyages. The hero's brothers died, so his family doesn't want to hear about letting him go last son in the sea. His father begs him to strive for a modest, dignified existence. It is abstinence that will protect a sane person from the evil vicissitudes of fate.
However, the young man still goes to sea.
Storms, sailor drinking bouts, the possibility of death and a happy rescue - all this is met with heroism and abundance already in the first weeks of the voyage. In London, he meets the captain of a ship heading to Guinea. The captain has developed friendly feelings towards his new acquaintance and invites him to be his “companion and friend.” The captain does not take money from his new friend and does not require work. But still, the hero learned some nautical knowledge and acquired physical labor skills.
Robinson later travels to Guinea on his own. The ship is captured by Turkish corsairs. Robinson turned from a merchant into a “pathetic slave” on a robber ship. One day the owner let his guard down and our hero managed to escape with the boy Xuri.
The fugitives' boat contains a supply of crackers and fresh water, tools, guns and gunpowder. They are eventually picked up by a Portuguese ship, which transports Robinson to Brazil. An interesting detail that speaks about the morals of that time: the “noble captain” buys a longboat and “faithful Xuri” from the hero. However, Robinson's savior promises in ten years - "if he accepts Christianity" - to return the boy's freedom.
In Brazil, the hero buys land for tobacco and sugar cane plantations. He works hard, and his plantation neighbors are willing to help him. But the thirst for wandering and the dream of wealth again call Robinson to the sea. By the standards of modern morality, the business started by Robinson and his plantation friends is inhumane: they decide to equip a ship in order to bring black slaves to Brazil. Slaves are needed on plantations!
The ship was caught in a fierce storm and was wrecked. Of the entire crew, only Robinson makes it to land. This is an island. Moreover, judging by the inspection from the top of the hill, it is uninhabited. Fearing wild animals, the hero spends the first night in a tree. In the morning, he is happy to discover that the tide has driven their ship close to the shore. Robinson swims to it, builds a raft and loads it with “everything necessary for life”: food supplies, clothing, carpentry tools, guns, shot and gunpowder, saws, an ax and a hammer.
The next morning, the involuntary hermit goes to the ship, hurrying to take what he can before the first storm breaks the ship into pieces. On the shore, a thrifty and smart merchant builds a tent, hides food supplies and gunpowder in it from the sun and rain, and finally makes a bed for himself.
As he foresaw, the storm wrecked the ship and he was unable to profit from anything else.
Robinson does not know how long he will have to spend on the island, but the first thing he did was set up a reliable and safe home. And definitely in a place where you can see the sea! After all, only from there can one expect salvation. Robinson pitches a tent on a wide ledge of a rock, fencing it with a palisade of strong, pointed trunks driven into the ground. He built a cellar in a hole in the rock. This work took many days. At the first thunderstorm, the prudent merchant pours gunpowder into separate bags and boxes and hides them in different places. At the same time, he calculates how much gunpowder he has: two hundred and forty pounds. Robinson constantly calculates everything.
The islander first hunts goats, then tames one goat - and soon he is engaged in cattle breeding, milking goats and even making cheese.
Randomly, grains of barley and rice spill out of the bag along with dust onto the ground. The islander thanks divine Providence and begins to sow the field. A few years later he is already harvesting. In the flat part of the island he finds melon and grapes. He learns to make raisins from grapes. Catches turtles, hunts hares.
The hero makes a notch on a large pillar every day. This is a calendar. Since there is ink and paper, Robinson keeps a diary in order to “at least somewhat ease my soul.” He describes in detail his activities and observations, trying to find not only despair in life, but also consolation. This diary is a kind of island scales of good and evil.
After a serious illness, Robinson begins to read the Holy Scriptures every day. His loneliness is shared by the rescued animals: dogs, a cat and a parrot.
My cherished dream remains to build a boat. What if you manage to get to the mainland? A stubborn man takes a long time to carve out a hollow pirogue from a huge tree. But he did not take into account that the pirogue is incredibly heavy! It is still not possible to launch it into the water. Robinson acquires new skills: he sculpts pots, weaves baskets, builds himself a fur suit: trousers, a jacket, a hat... And even an umbrella!
This is how he is depicted in traditional illustrations: overgrown with a beard, wearing homemade furry clothes and with a parrot on his shoulder.
In the end, they managed to make a boat with a sail and launch it into the water. It is useless for long journeys, but you can get around a rather large island by sea.
One day Robinson sees a bare foot print in the sand. He is scared and sits in the “fortress” for three days. What if they are cannibals, human eaters? Even if they don’t eat it, the savages can destroy the crops and disperse the herd.
Confirming his worst suspicions, having emerged from hiding, he sees the remains of a cannibal feast.
The islander is still worried. Once he managed to recapture a young savage from the cannibals. It was on Friday - that’s what Robinson called the rescued man. Friday turned out to be a capable student, a faithful servant and a good comrade. Robinson began to teach the savage, first of all teaching three words: “master” (meaning himself), “yes” and “no”. He teaches Friday to pray to “the true God, and not to “the old man Bunamooka who lives high on the mountain.”
The island, which had been deserted for many years, suddenly begins to be visited by people: they managed to recapture Friday’s father and the captive Spaniard from the savages. A team of rebels from an English ship brings the captain, mate and passenger to massacre. Robinson understands: this is a chance for salvation. He frees the captain and his comrades, and together they deal with the villains.
The two main conspirators are hanging on the yardarm, five more are left on the island. They are given provisions, tools and weapons.
Robinson's twenty-eight-year odyssey was completed: on June 11, 1686, he returned to England. His parents died long ago. Having gone to Lisbon, he learns that all these years his Brazilian plantation was managed by an official from the treasury. All income for this period was returned to the owner of the plantation. A rich traveler takes two nephews into his care, and appoints the second to be a sailor.
At sixty-one, Robinson marries. He has two sons and a daughter growing up.
Daniel Defoe
"Robinson Crusoe"
Robinson dreamed of traveling since childhood. His parents tried their best to persuade him not to go to sea. They have already lost two sons. One of Robinson's brothers died in the battle with the Spaniards, the second went missing. But despite everything, on September 1, 1651, Robinson Crusoe sailed from Hull to London.
The first day of the voyage was marked by a severe storm, which awakened remorse in Robinson’s soul. But drinking with other sailors quickly relieved him of this feeling. The storm returned a week later. The ship sank. The crew miraculously escaped on a boat. But Robinson does not give up his intention to become a sailor.
As a friend of the captain, Robinson sails on another ship to Guinea. During the journey, he acquires some knowledge in maritime affairs and soon sets off on his own to Guinea. The expedition was unsuccessful. The ship was captured by a Turkish corsair, and Robinson had to go through a testing period. From a successful merchant he turned into a slave. Only two years later he managed to escape. He was picked up by a Portuguese ship bound for Brazil.
In Brazil it is being thoroughly established. Breaks up sugar cane and tobacco plantations. His business is going well, but his passion for travel does not leave him.
There were not enough workers on the plantations, and Robinson and his plantation neighbors decided to secretly bring slaves from Guinea on a ship and divide them among themselves. Robinson himself was supposed to act as a ship's clerk and be responsible for the purchase of blacks. And the neighbors promised to look after his plantations in his absence. On September 1, 1659 he sails. Two weeks later, Robinson, shipwrecked and miraculously surviving, finds himself on the shore of the island. He soon realizes that the island is uninhabited. Having reached his ship, which the tide washed ashore, he loads onto the raft everything he might need for life on the island. Having visited the ship several times, he brought food supplies, gunpowder, tackle and other necessary things on the raft.
Robinson arranges a safe and secure home on the hillside. Establishes agriculture and cattle breeding, keeps a calendar, making notches on the pillar. I live with him three cats, a dog from the ship and a talking parrot. He keeps a journal of his observations using paper and ink from the ship. So Robinson spends several years on the island in everyday worries and waiting for salvation. His attempt to build a boat and sail away from the island ends in failure.
During one of his walks, Robinson saw a footprint in the sand. Fearing that these are traces of cannibal savages, he does not leave his part of the island for two years, and his life gradually returns to normal.
Twenty-three years have passed since the day he arrived on the island. He is still waiting for salvation. Loneliness upsets him, and he comes up with a cunning plan. He decides to save a savage destined for slaughter and find a friend and ally in him. After another year and a half, he succeeds.
Robinson's life was filled with new worries. He named the rescued savage Friday. He turned out to be a loyal comrade and a capable student. Robinson teaches him to wear clothes, speak English and eradicates his savage habits. Friday tells Robinson that seventeen captive Spaniards live on the mainland. They decide to build a pirogue and rescue the prisoners. But their plans are disrupted by the savages who brought Friday’s father and one of the Spaniards to the island. Robinson and Friday free them and send them to the mainland. A week later, new guests appeared on the island. The ship's crew decided to deal with their captain, his assistant and the ship's passenger. Robinson saves them and together they deal with the villains. Robinson asks to deliver him and Friday to England.
Robinson was the third son in the family, a spoiled child, he was not prepared for any craft, and from childhood his head was filled with “all sorts of nonsense” - mainly dreams of sea voyages. His eldest brother died in Flanders fighting the Spaniards, his middle brother went missing, and therefore at home they don’t want to hear about letting the last son go to sea. The father, “a sedate and intelligent man,” tearfully begs him to strive for a modest existence, extolling in every way the “average state” that protects a sane person from the evil vicissitudes of fate. His father's admonitions only temporarily reason with the eighteen-year-old teenager. The intractable son’s attempt to enlist his mother’s support was also unsuccessful, and for almost a year he tore at his parents’ hearts, until on September 1, 1651, he sailed from Hull to London, tempted by free travel (the captain was the father of his friend).
Already the first day at sea became a harbinger of future trials. The raging storm awakens repentance in the disobedient soul, which, however, subsided with the bad weather and was finally dispelled by drinking, “as usual among sailors.” A week later, in the Yarmouth roadstead, a new, much more ferocious storm hits. The experience of the crew, selflessly saving the ship, does not help: the ship is sinking, the sailors are picked up by a boat from a neighboring boat. On the shore, Robinson again experiences a fleeting temptation to heed the harsh lesson and return to parents' house, but “evil fate” keeps him on his chosen disastrous path. In London, he meets the captain of a ship preparing to sail to Guinea, and decides to sail with him - fortunately it will not cost him anything, he will be the captain’s “companion and friend.” How the late, experienced Robinson will reproach himself for this calculated carelessness of his! If he had hired himself as a simple sailor, he would have learned the duties and work of a sailor, but as it is, he is just a merchant making a successful return on his forty pounds. But he acquires some nautical knowledge: the captain willingly works with him, while away the time. Upon returning to England, the captain soon dies, and Robinson independently goes to Guinea.
It was an unsuccessful expedition: their ship is captured by a Turkish corsair, and young Robinson, as if in fulfillment of his father’s gloomy prophecies, goes through a difficult period of trials, turning from a merchant into a “pathetic slave”, the captain of a robber ship. The owner once relaxes his supervision, sends the prisoner with the Moor and the boy Xuri to fish for the table, and, having sailed far from the shore, Robinson throws the Moor overboard and persuades Xuri to escape. He is well prepared: in the boat there is a supply of crackers and fresh water, tools, guns and gunpowder. On the way, the fugitives shoot down living creatures on the shore, even kill a lion and a leopard; the peace-loving natives supply them with water and food. Finally they are picked up by an oncoming Portuguese ship. Condescending to the plight of the rescued man, Kalitan undertakes to take Robinson to Brazil for free (they are sailing there); Moreover, he buys his longboat and “faithful Xuri,” promising in ten years (“if he accepts Christianity”) to return the boy’s freedom.
In Brazil, he settles down thoroughly and, it seems, for a long time: he receives Brazilian citizenship, buys land for tobacco and sugar cane plantations, works hard on it, belatedly regretting that Xuri is not nearby (how an extra pair of hands would have helped!). The planter neighbors are friendly to him and willingly help him; he manages to get the necessary goods, agricultural tools and household utensils from England, where he left money with the widow of his first captain. Here he would have calmed down and continued his profitable business, but the “passion for wandering” and, most importantly, the “desire to get rich sooner than circumstances allowed” prompt Robinson to sharply break his established way of life.
It all started with the fact that the plantations required workers, and slave labor was expensive, since the delivery of blacks from Africa was fraught with the dangers of a sea crossing and was also complicated by legal obstacles (for example, the English parliament would allow the trade in slaves to private individuals only in 1698). ). Having heard Robinson's stories about his trips to the shores of Guinea, the plantation neighbors decide to equip a ship and secretly bring slaves to Brazil, dividing them here among themselves. Robinson is invited to participate as a ship's clerk, responsible for the purchase of blacks in Guinea, and he himself will not invest any money in the expedition, but will receive slaves on an equal basis with everyone else, and even in his absence, his companions will oversee his plantations and look after his interests. Of course, he is seduced by favorable conditions, habitually (and not very convincingly) cursing his “vagrant inclinations.” What “inclinations” if he thoroughly and intelligently, observing all the formalities, disposes of the property he leaves behind?
Never before had fate warned him so clearly: he set sail on September 1, 1659, that is, to the day eight years after escaping from his parental home. In the second week of the voyage, a fierce squall hit, and for twelve days they were torn by the “fury of the elements.” The ship sprang a leak, needed repairs, the crew lost three sailors (there were seventeen people in total on the ship), and there was no longer a way to Africa - they would rather get to land. A second storm breaks out, they are carried far from the trade routes, and then, in sight of land, the ship runs aground, and on the only remaining boat the crew “surrenders to the will of the raging waves.” A huge shaft “the size of a mountain” capsizes the boat, and Robinson, exhausted and miraculously not killed by the overtaking waves, gets out onto land.
Alas, he alone escaped, as evidenced by three hats, a cap and two unpaired shoes thrown ashore. The ecstatic joy is replaced by sorrow for the dead comrades, pangs of hunger and fear of wild animals. He spends the first night on a tree. By morning, the tide has driven their ship close to the shore, and Robinson swims to it. He builds a raft from spare masts and loads it with “everything necessary for life”: food supplies, clothing, carpentry tools, guns and pistols, shot and gunpowder, sabers, saws, an ax and a hammer. With incredible difficulty, at the risk of capsizing every minute, he brings the raft into a calm bay and sets off to find a place to live. From the top of the hill, Robinson understands his “bitter fate”: this is an island and, by all indications, uninhabited. Protected on all sides by chests and boxes, he spends the second night on the island, and in the morning he swims to the ship again, hurrying to take what he can before the first storm breaks him into pieces. On this trip, Robinson took many useful things from the ship - again guns and gunpowder, clothes, a sail, mattresses and pillows, iron crowbars, nails, a screwdriver and a sharpener. He builds a tent on the shore, carries food supplies and gunpowder into it from the sun and rain, and makes a bed for himself. That same night a storm broke out, and the next morning there was nothing left of the ship.
Robinson's first concern is the arrangement of reliable, safe housing, and most importantly - in view of the sea, from where only salvation can be expected. On the slope of a hill, he finds a flat clearing and on it, against a small depression in the rock, he decides to pitch a tent, fencing it with a palisade of strong trunks driven into the ground. It was possible to enter the “fortress” only by a ladder. He expanded the hole in the rock - it turned out to be a cave, he uses it as a cellar. This work took many days. He is quickly gaining experience. In the midst of it construction work rain poured down, lightning flashed, and Robinson's first thought: gunpowder! It was not the fear of death that frightened him, but the possibility of losing gunpowder at once, and for two weeks he poured it into bags and boxes and hid it in different places (at least a hundred). At the same time, he now knows how much gunpowder he has: two hundred and forty pounds. Without numbers (money, goods, cargo) Robinson is no longer Robinson.
Although Robinson is lonely, he hopes for the future and does not want to get lost in time, which is why the first concern of this life-builder is the construction of a calendar - this is a large pillar on which he makes a notch every day. The first date there is September 30, 1659. From now on, each of his days is named and taken into account, and for the reader, especially the one of that time, a reflection falls on the works and days of Robinson great history. During his absence, many events will happen in England; in London there will be a “great fire” (1666), and the revived urban planning will change the appearance of the capital beyond recognition; during this time Milton and Spinoza will die; Charles II will issue a "Habeas Corpus Act" - a law on the inviolability of the person. And in Russia, which, as it turns out, will also be not indifferent to the fate of Robinson, at this time Avvakum is burned, Razin is executed, Sophia becomes regent under Ivan V and Peter I. These distant lightning flickers over a man firing a clay pot.
Among the “not particularly valuable” things taken from the ship (remember “a bunch of gold”) were ink, feathers, paper, “three very good Bibles,” astronomical instruments, telescopes. Now that his life is getting better (by the way, three cats and a dog live with him, also from the ship, and then a moderately talkative parrot will be added), now is the time to comprehend what is happening, and until the ink and paper run out, Robinson keeps a diary in order to “ to ease your soul at least a little.” This is a kind of ledger of “evil” and “good”: In the left column - thrown onto a desert island without hope of deliverance; on the right - he is alive, and all his comrades drowned. In his diary, he describes in detail his activities, makes observations - both remarkable (regarding barley and rice sprouts) and everyday ones (“It rained.” “It rained again all day”). An earthquake forces Robinson to think about a new place to live - it is not safe under the mountain. Meanwhile, a shipwrecked ship washes up on the island, and Robinson unexpectedly receives construction material, tools. During these same days, he fell ill with a fever, and in his feverish delirium he dreamed of a man “engulfed in flames” who threatened him with death because he “did not repent.” Lamenting his fatal errors, Robinson for the first time “in many years” says a prayer of repentance, reads the Bible - and receives treatment to the best of his ability. Rum infused with tobacco will wake him up, after which he sleeps for two nights. Accordingly, one day fell out of his calendar. Having recovered, Robinson finally explores the island where he has lived for more than ten months. In the flat part, among unknown plants, he meets old acquaintances - melon and grapes; grapes especially please him; he will dry the berries in the sun, and in the off-season raisins will strengthen his strength. And the island is rich in wildlife - hares (very tasteless), foxes, turtles (these, on the contrary, pleasantly diversify its table) and even penguins, which cause bewilderment in these latitudes. He looks at all these heavenly beauties with his master's eye - he has no one to share them with. And he decides to build a hut here, fortify it well and live for several days at a “dacha” (that’s his word), spending most of his time “on the old ashes” near the sea, from where liberation can come.
Working continuously, Robinson, for the second and third year, does not give himself any relief. Here is his day: “In the foreground were religious duties and the reading of the Holy Scriptures. The second of the daily tasks was hunting. The third was the sorting, drying and cooking of killed or caught game.” Then there is also the care of the crops, and then the harvest; and, of course, caring for livestock; not counting the housework (making a shovel, hanging a shelf in the cellar), which takes a lot of time and effort due to a lack of tools and inexperience. Robinson has the right to be proud of himself: “With patience and labor, I completed all the work that I was forced to do by circumstances.” Just kidding, he will bake bread without salt, yeast or a suitable oven.
His cherished dream remains to build a boat and get to the mainland. He doesn’t even think about who or what he will meet there; the main thing is to escape from captivity. Driven by impatience, without thinking about how to get the boat from the forest to the water, Robinson huge tree and for several months he carves a pie out of it. When she is finally ready, he never manages to launch her. He endures failure stoically; Robinson became wiser and more self-possessed; he learned to balance “evil” and “good.” He wisely uses the resulting leisure time to update his worn-out wardrobe: he builds himself a fur suit (pants and jacket), sews a hat and even makes an umbrella. Another five years pass in daily work, marked by the fact that he finally built a boat, launched it into the water and equipped it with a sail. You can't get to the distant land on it, but you can go around the island. The current carries him out to the open sea, and with great difficulty he returns to the shore not far from the “dacha”. Having suffered through fear, he will lose the desire for sea walks for a long time. This year, Robinson improves in pottery and basket weaving (stocks are growing), and most importantly, he gives himself a royal gift - a pipe! There is an abyss of tobacco on the island.
His measured existence, filled with work and useful leisure, suddenly bursts like a soap bubble. During one of his walks, Robinson sees a bare foot print in the sand. Scared to death, he returns to the “fortress” and sits there for three days, puzzling over an incomprehensible riddle: whose trace? Most likely, these are savages from the mainland. Fear settles in his soul: what if he is discovered? The savages could eat him (he had heard of such a thing), they could destroy the crops and disperse the herd. Having started to go out little by little, he takes safety measures: he strengthens the “fortress” and arranges a new (distant) pen for the goats. Among these troubles, he again comes across human traces, and then sees the remains of a cannibal feast. It looks like guests have visited the island again. Horror possesses him for the entire two years that he remains incessantly on his part of the island (where the “fortress” and “dacha”), living “always on the alert.” But gradually life returns to its “previous calm channel,” although he continues to make bloodthirsty plans to drive the savages away from the island. His ardor is cooled by two considerations: 1) these are tribal feuds, the savages personally did nothing wrong to him; 2) why are they worse than the Spaniards, who were covered in blood? South America? These conciliatory thoughts are not allowed to strengthen by a new visit to the savages (it is the twenty-third anniversary of his stay on the island), who landed this time on “his” side of the island. Having celebrated a terrible funeral feast, the savages sail away, and Robinson is still afraid to look towards the sea for a long time.
And the same sea beckons him with the hope of liberation. On a stormy night, he hears a cannon shot - some ship is giving a distress signal. All night he burns a huge fire, and in the morning he sees in the distance the skeleton of a ship crashed on the reefs. Longing for loneliness, Robinson prays to heaven that “at least one” of the team will be saved, but “ evil rock", as if in mockery, the cabin boy's corpse is thrown ashore. And there wasn’t a single living soul on the ship. The meager “boot” from the ship does not upset him very much; he stands firmly on his feet, fully providing for himself, and only gunpowder, shirts, linen - and, according to old memory, money - make him happy. He is haunted by the thought of escaping to the mainland, and since this is impossible to do alone, Robinson dreams of saving a savage destined “for slaughter” for help, “to acquire a servant, or maybe a comrade or assistant.” For a year and a half he has been making the most ingenious plans, but, as usual, everything falls through. And only after some time his dream comes true.
Robinson's life is filled with new and pleasant worries. Friday, as he called the rescued man, turned out to be a capable student, a faithful and kind comrade. Robinson lays the basis of his education on three words: “master” (meaning himself), “yes” and “no”. He eradicates bad savage habits, teaching Friday to eat broth and wear clothes, and also “to know the true God” (before this, Friday worshiped “an old man named Bunamuki who lives high”). Mastering English language, Friday says that on the mainland his fellow tribesmen live with seventeen Spaniards who escaped from the lost ship. Robinson decides to build a new pirogue and, together with Friday, rescue the prisoners. The new arrival of savages disrupts their plans. This time the cannibals bring a Spaniard and an old man, who turns out to be Friday's father. Robinson and Friday, who are no worse at handling a gun than their master, free them. The idea of everyone getting together on the island, building a reliable ship and trying their luck at sea is something that the Spaniard has to offer. In the meantime, a new plot is being sown, goats are being caught - a considerable replenishment is expected. Having taken an oath from the Spaniard not to surrender him to the Inquisition, Robinson sends him with Friday's father to the mainland. And on the eighth day new guests arrive on the island. A mutinous crew from an English ship brings the captain, mate and passenger to massacre. Robinson can't miss this chance. Taking advantage of the fact that he knows every path here, he frees the captain and his fellow sufferers, and the five of them deal with the villains. The only condition that Robinson sets is to deliver him and Friday to England. The riot is pacified, two notorious scoundrels hang on the yardarm, three more are left on the island, humanely provided with everything necessary; but more valuable than provisions, tools and weapons is the experience of survival itself, which Robinson shares with the new settlers, there will be five of them in total - two more will escape from the ship, not really trusting the captain’s forgiveness.
Robinson's twenty-eight-year odyssey ended: on June 11, 1686, he returned to England. His parents died long ago, but a good friend, the widow of his first captain, is still alive. In Lisbon, he learns that all these years his Brazilian plantation was managed by an official from the treasury, and since it now turns out that he is alive, all income for this period is returned to him.
A wealthy man, he takes two nephews into his care, and trains the second to become a sailor. Finally, Robinson marries (he is sixty-one years old) “not without profit and quite successfully in all respects.” He has two sons and a daughter.
Title of the work: Robinson Crusoe
Defoe Daniel
Year of writing: 1719
Genre: novel
Main characters: Robinson Crusoe, Friday
Immortal story English writer compactly and succinctly presented in summary novel "Robinson Crusoe" for a reader's diary.
