The role of trade unions in regulating social and labor relations. Types of social and labor relations

The severity of the contradictions of interests of its main subjects in the organization, the significance of them negative influence on the effectiveness of activities, the forms of their manifestation will largely depend on the type of relationship established between the subjects. Type social and labor relations characterizes social, psychological, ethical and legal forms relationships between subjects in the labor process.

The most widely used classification of types is presented by the authors of the textbook “Economics and Sociology of Labor”, ed. G.G. Melikyan and R.P. Kolosova. The main role in the formation of its types is played by the principles of equality or inequality of rights and opportunities of subjects of social and labor relations. The specific type of social and labor relations depends on the extent and how these basic principles are combined. The authors identify the following possible principles:

• solidarity;
• subsidiarity;
• "dominance-subordination";
• equal partnership;
• conflict;
• conflict cooperation;
• conflictual rivalry;
• discrimination.

Let us briefly consider what these principles represent.

Solidarity - implies shared responsibility and mutual assistance based on the common interests of a group of people.

Subsidiarity means a person’s desire for personal responsibility for achieving one’s goals and joint actions in solving social and labor problems.

Although both principles are based on personal responsibility, they are completely different. Thus, the principle of solidarity presupposes the joint responsibility of people, based on personal responsibility and consent, unanimity and community of interests. In accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, “self-defense” should always be preferred, and if it is possible to transfer social responsibility to a third party, for example, the state, preference should be given to “subsidiary aid”. Subsidiarity can be seen as the opposite of paternalism. This principle is aimed at preserving the individual's desire for self-responsibility and self-realization and is intended to prevent the transfer of responsibility to society.

Conflict is considered as an extreme expression of contradictions in social and labor relations.

Discrimination is based on arbitrariness, illegal restriction of the rights of subjects of social and labor relations. Discrimination primarily violates the principles of equality of opportunity.

A slightly different classification of types of social and labor relations is presented in the works of foreign authors. Thus, M. Armstrong points out that in developed countries there are four approaches to employee relations policy

• antagonistic: the organization decides what it wants to do and expects workers to comply with these requirements: workers show their power only by refusing to cooperate;
• traditional: “good” day-to-day working relationships, but management makes suggestions and workers respond through their elected representatives;
• partnership: the organization involves employees in the construction and implementation various aspects organizational policy, but reserves the right to lead;
• Sharing of power: employees are involved in decision-making on both day-to-day and strategic issues.

M. Armstrong also points out that the antagonistic type of relationship is currently very rare, the most common type is traditional, although currently there is an increase in interest in partnership, and finally, he believes that the division of power as a type of social and labor relations is extremely rare .

Very interesting, both from scientific and practical points of view, is the classification of the main types of social and labor relations presented in the work of T.A. Medvedeva. The author identifies the following three types as the main ones: exploitation based on the principle of “dominance-subordination”; functional (rational) partnership and organic (social) partnership. When conducting a comparative assessment of the types presented above. Medvedeva gives them the following characteristics

1. Exploitation as a type of relationship is associated with violence, imposing its waves on other participants who, due to weakness, are forced to agree with it. Equilibrium in the system of social and labor relations in in this case achieved through strength and is only possible if one of the subjects is weaker. This type suggests two ways to resolve conflicts: either destroy those who think differently, or force them to reconsider their positions. According to the author, in modern society This type of relationship has acquired a new, no less terrifying form. Violence is expressed in the subjugation of a person based on the development of false needs in him. Indeed, it does not seem reasonable to disobey a society that provides you with a decent lifestyle. However, the price of such “reasonableness” is the loss of individuality and independence.

2. Functional partnership- based on compromise, the principle of equality of rights and opportunities of subjects. The prerequisite is the presence of both opposing and identical economic interests. This is a type of relationship in which the rights and interests of the individual are higher than the rights and interests of the collective. Each individual is interested in maintaining order in society, and recognizes that this requires compliance certain rules and laws. Thus, regulation is carried out through the establishment of certain norms and rules recognized and implemented by the subjects of labor relations

3. Organic partnership- based on cooperation. The prerequisite is that the team has common values, a common spiritual idea that is recognized by everyone. Relations in this case are close to the principles of communication in informal groups. Mutually beneficial cooperation in this type of relationship is ensured by the social responsibility of the subjects to each other and to society as a whole.

This classification has not yet become widespread, and the term “rational (functional) partnership” is practically not used by specialists, however, by the term “social partnership,” in our opinion, researchers often understand rational rather than truly social partnership. What unites both types of labor relations is that all subjects are aware of the presence of other (and sometimes opposing) interests of other participants and strive to harmonize these interests, through negotiations to reach a compromise (consensus). The difference is that the subjects of a rational partnership strive for cooperation (compromise), realizing that the realization of their interests is possible only if the interests of the counterparty are realized, and the subjects social partnership are ready to compromise not in order to realize their own interests, but based on an awareness of responsibility to society (social responsibility).

Paternalism can be divided into two subtypes: state and corporate. In both cases, complete regulation of social and labor relations is assumed, but in the first case such regulation is carried out at the state level (legislative), in the second - at the enterprise level. An example of the high efficiency of corporate paternalism is the experience of Japan. At the same time, the negative consequences of this type of STO are also known: passivity in work behavior, minimization of the level of claims to the quality of life in general and work life in particular.

In developed countries with social orientation market economy its predominant type is social partnership in the form of bipartisanship and tripartism.

Let us consider in more detail what these types of relationships are and what methods of regulation are used within each of them.

Paternalism. In most cases, when describing this type of relationship, the authors indicate the following: “Paternalism is characterized by a significant degree of regulation by the state or the management of the enterprise. It is carried out under the guise of “fatherly care” of the employer for the needs of employees.”

Characterizes it quite interestingly this type I.D. Kolmakova. She believes that paternalism is special shape regulation of social and labor relations at the enterprise level, which involves providing employees, at the initiative of employers, with additional benefits beyond those provided for by law.”

Paternalism, according to researchers, is a form of asymmetric social exchange, when workers exchange their low-productivity labor and passive economic loyalty for the basic stability of their position. At the same time, it is significant that paternalism means a system of strict subordination, in which subordinates can count on security and care from their superiors. On the one hand, paternalism inspires trust in management and creates mechanisms of solidarity between workers and employers; on the other hand, its consequence is opportunism and passivity. In addition, undermining trust in management and disappointed expectations can cause frustration, which stimulates increased demands on the administration and increased readiness for opportunism, expressed through open protest actions.

T.A. Medvedev, considering the type of relationship “dominance-subordination”, indicates that the regulation of social and labor relations in this case is based on the following provisions:

1. development among employees of the perception of the company’s values ​​as their own;
2. unquestioning obedience of workers;
3. caring for the needs of employees both in production and in personal household areas;
4. there is no conflict and there cannot be, those who disagree will be fired;
5. The employee does not and cannot have his own opinion.

As can be seen from the approaches presented above, researchers have developed a rather negative attitude towards paternalism as a type of social and labor relations that is based on violence. However, despite this, according to a number of authors, paternalism can be quite effective in certain sociocultural conditions. The employer takes care of the needs of employees, both in the production and personal household spheres, which guarantees that the employee receives various benefits, therefore, many authors consider this type of relationship in Russian conditions at the current stage of development to be the most acceptable.

So, P.V. Romanov believes that “the concept of paternalism most accurately characterizes many aspects of life Russian workers: behavioral strategy of management, relationships in work teams, interaction of production levels and stereotypical expectations of workers.”

A.L. Temnitsky believes that paternalism is characterized by mutual benefit for both parties. Based on informal and friendly relationships, it promotes flexibility in labor relations. Effective in the context of an anti-crisis management strategy. Notes that in organizations that adhere to paternalism, the level of employee satisfaction with social and labor relations is much higher. Employees in such organizations are more devoted to the organization, feel more responsible for its functioning, and do not seek to break off labor relations. The author believes that “paternalistic workers are better than partner workers,” while “partnership is more complex than paternalism and requires significant intellectual and volitional efforts.”

On the other hand, researchers believe that building social and labor relations on the basis of paternalism in a democratic state is unacceptable. Despite the presence of various advantages, it is believed that paternalism has a negative impact on both social and economic efficiency. The authors point out that the danger of building social and labor relations based on the principles of paternalism lies in limiting the independence of the subjects of these relations, in their manifestation of passivity and dependency in labor and public life. Informal, personal and contact relationships increase the worker’s dependence on the relationship with the manager, his subjective opinion and attitude. A paternalistic worker, delegating responsibility for determining and implementing his life strategy to his superiors, frees himself from the need to make independent decisions. A higher level of satisfaction with social and labor relations in such organizations, according to researchers, is due to the minimization of claims to quality of life.

As a conclusion, we can say that paternalism is a type of relationship in which the employer “takes care” of the employee, helping to satisfy both his material and non-material needs. At the same time, it is obvious that meeting these employee needs may depend on the following factors:

• the employer's own assessment of the most topical of the day this or that employee's needs for this moment time:
• own assessment of the significance and rationality of meeting certain needs of a particular employee;
• own opinion about how satisfying needs will have a stimulating effect on increasing employee productivity and increasing cost efficiency.

In addition, it is obvious that the decision to provide an employee with certain benefits will be influenced by the employer’s opinion about the current and/or potential “value” of this employee for the organization.

Moreover, we believe that friendly relations between employees and employers in a paternalistic organization also do not contribute to the exchange of information between subjects. In our opinion, the more loyal the employer is to the employee, the more difficult it is for the latter to show his own dissatisfaction with the effectiveness of the interaction. The above allows us to doubt that the employer will assess the impact of his own actions on the interests of the employee; moreover, if the employee displays destructive forms of behavior, the latter is fired, therefore, the emerging contradictions take, as a rule, the form of a latent conflict, which also does not contribute to identifying the actual sources employee dissatisfaction.

Social partnership. As already indicated, in most cases, the opinions of experts agree that the most promising type of relationship is social partnership. To date, a huge number of various scientific works (dissertations, monographs, articles) are devoted to research in the field of introducing the principles of social partnership into the practice of regulating social and labor relations, which indicates not only the relevance of this problem, but also its debatability.

According to researchers, “...without partnership, neither the vital interests of the private owner nor the well-being of workers will be ensured,” “the functioning of the social partnership system based on tripartism is the result of objective requirements and prerequisites for the functioning and development of any production management mechanism,” etc. .d.

However, along with this there are also direct opposing views. Thus, G. Standing and P. Smirnov believe that “...social partnership is a misleading term that means the existence of an agreement between those who are essentially cooperating rivals,... representatives of groups with deeply different interests.” Authors who adhere to this point of view believe that instead of the term “social partnership” it would be more correct to use the concepts of “social agreement”, “social dialogue”, “consultations”, etc.

The idea of ​​social partnership was first formulated in England in late XIX V. The question of what social partnership is and whether its existence is possible has worried the minds of many scientists for decades. As a result, the opinions of authors on this matter are sometimes not only different from each other, but even directly opposite.

The variety of approaches to defining the concept of “social partnership” is clearly presented in the monograph by A.D. Burdock. The author points out that “we imagine social partnership as:

• a complex phenomenon representing the rationale for a need;
• principle of labor relations.
• collaboration technology;
• system of interactions between service station parties,
• a system of interaction mechanisms between STO subjects;
• legally - the legal framework for resolving conflicts;
• the goal of social policy,
• preventing protests;
• mutually beneficial business;
• condition for the economic efficiency of the enterprise.
• condition of social stability;
• mechanism for regulating labor relations;
• basis of personnel tolerance;
• a form of class cooperation.
• growth factor of social integration;
• condition for motivation of work, team development, association).

O.G. Razumilov, as a result of conducting a study on the topic “Scientific and organizational foundations for the development of social partnership in the field of social and labor relations,” indicates that social partnership “is presented as:

• a set of relations between two polarities opposite friends friend of classes regarding the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods;
• mechanism for regulating production and service stations;
• a method proven by the experience of most developed countries to solve socio-economic problems and regulate contradictions between workers, employers and the state;
• a new ideology of relations between employers and employees, which replaced the ideology of class struggle, meaning a transition from “conflict rivalry” to “conflict cooperation”;
• a special model of labor relations based on industrial democracy and socially oriented norms of behavior of workers and employers, readiness for mutual understanding, and high responsibility to each other.”

Analysis of these and a number of other definitions of the term “social partnership” leads to the fact that they all actually express two approaches to the essence of social partnership.

The first approach characterizes social partnership as a special type of relationship (not necessarily social and labor). In this case, experts characterize social partnership as a specific type, a special model, a principle, a special ideology, a system, a method or set of relations (relationships, interactions), a form or method of cooperation (interaction), a form of organizing joint activities.

In the second case, the authors consider social partnership as a mechanism for regulating relations. In this case, social partnership is defined as a mechanism (method, method or form) for regulating labor relations, resolving conflicts and contradictions, a system of institutions and procedures for reconciling interests.

Authors of the textbook “Labor Economics and Social and Labor Relations”, ed. G.G. Melikyana, R.P. Kolosova believe that both are legitimate: in statics, social partnership is a type and system of social and labor relations, in dynamics, social partnership is a mechanism for regulating them.

The most widespread definition is that of I. Belyaeva and N. Malafeev, in which social partnership is considered as “... a special type of labor relations based on the awareness of a certain community of interests and strategic goals achieved through consensus, as a specific form of resolving contradictions of current interests.”

In other words, social partnership is a special type of relationship between people, within which interaction is carried out on the basis of established principles. At the same time, it is obvious that the implementation of these principles is carried out using those mechanisms, the use of which the subjects, guided by these principles, consider acceptable, i.e. Representing a certain type of relationship, social partnership offers its own specific set of methods and forms of regulation of social and labor relations.

The purpose of social partnership is to ensure the coordination of the interests of subjects and their implementation, achieving agreed decisions and social consensus in society.

Achieving these goals is based on appropriate principles. The principles express the essence of the property and the general direction of the functioning of the system.

The authors identify the following principles of social partnership:

• interaction on the basis of social dialogue;
• equality of the parties during negotiations;
• trust in relationships
• knowledge and respect of rights and responsibilities, avoidance of confrontation;
• openness and accessibility of equal negotiations;
• mutual desire and willingness to cooperate
• compliance with legal regulations;
• authority of representatives of the parties;
• coordination of interests based on mutual concessions, willingness to compromise;
• voluntariness of accepting obligations;
• the reality of ensuring the obligations assumed;
• responsibility for accepted mutual obligations;
• respect universal human values and etc.

As a consequence, the basis of social partnership as a mechanism for regulating social and labor relations is social dialogue and consensus achieved as a result of negotiations.

The mechanism for implementing social partnership includes procedures and the process of collective negotiations and consultations, concluding agreements and contracts. Various bodies for the participation of workers in the management of the enterprise, bodies for monitoring the implementation of agreements, commissions for the settlement of disputes and disagreements, etc. In other words, the main forms of regulation of social and labor relations in the conditions of social partnership can be identified: contractual and social activity, and the main ways are: coordination and involvement.

It is quite difficult to unambiguously determine which type of social and labor relations will be the most effective and will most contribute to the realization of the interests of subjects on the basis of theoretical research. In addition, it is obvious that in practice none of the types under consideration exists in its pure form. However, we consider it necessary and justified to draw the following conclusions.

The basis of this type of relationship as social partnership is: contractual forms of regulation, the negotiation process itself, methods of democratization of social and labor relations, etc. In the process of concluding agreements, its subjects can influence not only the result of interaction, but also the opinion about the equivalence of this result contribution. It is communication and exchange of information that will most contribute to the coordination of objective and elimination of subjective contradictions that arise in the process of interaction between participants. That is, the methods of influencing social and labor relations used in partnerships contribute to a simultaneous change in the opinions of both subjects. But it is obvious that the influence will largely depend on the parties’ ability to negotiate, their awareness, etc.

Destructive behavior of both subjects is possible both under paternalism and under social partnership, but to the greatest extent this will be characteristic of paternalism. The threat of dismissal will not be able to eliminate the desire of an employee who is dissatisfied with the efficiency of his labor costs to “restorate justice.” At the same time, without the opportunity to express their dissatisfaction in one way or another, workers have a lot of methods at their disposal to reduce the costs of their labor (and its productivity).

Management tests for testing knowledge in the section “Types of social and labor relations.” 121 test questions - correct options are highlighted in bold.

1. The system of social relations in coordinating the interests of employers and hired labor is:

• labor market
• collective agreement
• labor Relations

2. The peculiarities of the functioning of the labor market do not include:

• absence of non-monetary aspects of the transaction
• high degree of individualization of transactions
• long duration of contact between seller and buyer
• inseparability of ownership of goods from its owner

3. A market entity is not:

• state
• employer
• hired workers
• advanced training institutes

4. The division of jobs and workers into stable closed sectors, zones that limit the mobility of labor by their borders - these are:

• labor market segmentation
• market boundaries
• sustainable work groups
• low mobility of labor resources

5. Labor market components do not include:

• labor market objects
• labor market subjects
• collective agreement
• market mechanism
• labor market infrastructure

6. An integral part of the current labor market is not:

• integrated labor market
• open labor market
• hidden labor market

7. The area of ​​intersection of the aggregate demand for labor with the aggregate supply of labor is:

• aggregate labor market
• labor market
• satisfied labor demand

8. Stable level of employment and high wages, opportunity for professional advancement, etc. characteristic of:

• primary labor market
• secondary labor market
• unfinished labor market
• ideal labor market

9. The presence of a large number of independent buyers and sellers in the labor market creates:

• competition
• market conditions
• civility
• infrastructure

10. Labor market conditions depend on:

• level of technical base development
• demographic factors
• development of the goods and housing market
• all answers are correct

11. State institutions, non-state employment promotion structures, personnel services are:

• competition in the labor market
• labor market infrastructure
• market mechanism of the labor market

12. Employees belong to the following element of the labor market:

• subjects
• object
• infrastructure
• labor market mechanism

13. The priority direction in the process of effective functioning of the modern labor market is:

• flexibility
• focus on foreign market labor
• orientation to the domestic labor market
• segmentation
• reduction in the volume of the hidden labor market

14. The labor market mechanism does not include:

• labor supply and demand
• price of labor
• competition
• payment of unemployment benefits

15. is:

• US labor market model
• Japanese labor market model
• Swedish model
• Russian labor market model

16. A labor market focused on intra-company movement of workers is:

• US labor market model
• Japanese labor market model
• Swedish model
• Russian labor market model

17. The labor market is:

• system of socio-economic relations regarding hiring and payment
• unemployed part of the population regulated by labor standards
• system of socio-economic relations regarding the distribution and redistribution of the employed population
• system of socio-economic relations regarding the formation, consumption, distribution and redistribution work force, its hiring and payment, regulated by labor standards and manifested as a method of labor management
• all the above definitions are correct

18. Subjects of the labor market are:

• employees, entrepreneurs (employers), government
• labor supply and demand
• employed and unemployed

19. The theory, which is based on the fact that a person himself determines the amount of work, based on the standard of living that the corresponding salary provides him with, is:

• Keynesian labor market theory
• neoclassical labor market theory
• modern labor market theory
• classical labor market theory

20. The position of the labor supply curve in the real economic situation is influenced by the following factors:

• taxes and subsidies
• income per family member
• scientific and technical progress
• all listed

21. If the income of entrepreneurs increases, then the demand curve for labor will shift...

• left down
• right down
• right up
• will remain in the same position
• left up

22. Market focused on completed professional training (diploma, certificate, certificate):

• monotonic
• monopoly
• interior
• external
• all options are correct

23. Market where there is no high staff turnover:

• on the outside
• on the inside
• on the secondary

24. The labor process is:

• labor costs
• a set of sequential processes of manufacturing products, accompanied by the expenditure of human physical and nervous energy
• a set of interrelated technological and natural processes aimed at manufacturing products
• work performed on the same machine by different performers.

25. The duration of the labor process depends on:

• labor movements
• labor measures
• increasing the content of work
• technological cycle
• subject of labor.

26. Design of the labor process is appropriate for:

• determining labor costs
• identifying the content of work
• establishing reasonable labor standards and placement of people in production
• establishing a measure of labor
• identifying the subject of labor.

27. The need for a flexible labor market is explained by the fact that... Finish the sentence.

• it meets the needs of modern production
• it allows you to reduce or expand the amount of labor used
• it curbs the rise in unemployment
• it provides the opportunity to work and earn income
• categories of labor that are not fully
• able-bodied
• all of the above are true

28. Collective labor processes are characterized by:

• interaction and interchangeability of production participants
• wage growth
• increase in working time costs
• collective financial liability for performance indicators
• increasing labor intensity of products.

29. The organized labor market is distinguished by two qualitative characteristics:

• institutionalization
• structuring
• flexibility
• openness
• differentiation

30. Labor activity without a formal employment relationship (with an employer or as an employer) is:

• household employment
• hired labor
• self-employment
• entrepreneurship
• recruiting

31. This mechanism of social protection of workers in the process of work involves the use of labor protection and social guarantee systems at the national level:

• economic, legal
• social
• political, legal
• socio-legal
• social guarantee mechanism

32. The development of modern information technologies has introduced a new category into scientific circulation:

• information labor market
• spatial labor market
• communication labor market
• electronic labor market
• on-line labor market

33. The first labor exchanges appeared in Russia:

• at the beginning of the twentieth century
• in the 1990s
• during the NEP years
• during the period of industrialization of the country

34. The entire set of abilities to work is:

• general abilities
• primary abilities
• professional abilities

35. The ability to work of graduates of educational institutions, military personnel subject to reduction, persons released from prison is:

• current workforce
• potential labor force

36. “Only labor creates a commodity, and in it - value and use value. Labor itself has no value and acts as a measure of the value of the product being created.” This approach is inherent:

• proponents of the labor theory of value
• adherents of the theory of factors of production

37. The labor market in its entirety includes these stages of labor force reproduction (2 answers):

• workforce development
• labor distribution
• labor exchange
• labor use

38. The totality of social and labor relations regarding employment conditions, conditions for the use of workers in social production represents:

• labor market in the narrow sense
• labor market in a broad sense
• labor market

39. A system that includes a complex of social and labor relations regarding the conditions of hiring, use and exchange of labor for the means of subsistence, and the mechanism of supply and demand, operating on the basis of information received in the form of changes in the price of labor - wages - is:

• labor market in the narrow sense
• labor market in a broad sense
• labor market in the narrow sense
• labor market

40. Social and labor relations regarding the maintenance, retraining and inclusion of the unemployed labor force in the labor process are:

• labor market in the narrow sense
• labor market in a broad sense
• labor market in the narrow sense
• labor market

41. Social and labor relations regarding the formation and future use of the labor reserve or part of it on market principles based on the law of supply and demand are:

• labor market in the narrow sense
• labor market in a broad sense
• labor market in the narrow sense
• labor market

42. Protection of the rights of labor market subjects, socio-economic, legislative and role-based, regulation of the labor market by indirect methods are the functions of... Finish the sentence.

• employees
• employers
• employers' associations
• workers' associations
• states

43. Are labor market subjects engaged in individual labor activities:

• are
• are not

44. Horizontal and vertical types of mobility underlie this type of national labor market:

• labor market focused on territorial movement of labor

45. The structure of this element of the labor market includes demand for labor, supply of labor, price of labor, competition:

• competition in the labor market
• labor market mechanism
• labor market infrastructure
• socio-economic mechanism of the labor market
• labor market segmentation

46. ​​This type of labor market solves the problem of ensuring the process of transferring specific knowledge and in-house experience from old to new employees and preventing the leakage of accumulated knowledge and experience outside the company:

• labor market focused on territorial movement of labor
• labor market focused on intra-company movement of workers

1. This labor market model is characterized by a paternalistic attitude of company managers towards personnel:

• Japanese
• Swedish
• American
• Russian

1. In this labor market model, the state actively supports employment in sectors that provide socially necessary services, especially in those regions where the economy is depressed:

• Japanese
• Swedish
• American
• Russian

1. According to the criterion of stability of social and labor relations, the labor market is divided into sectors:

1. Uneven progress of scientific and technical progress in various industries and activities; cyclical development of production; discrimination in hiring and dismissal from work are the reasons that determine this division of the labor market into segments:

• core, periphery and unemployed
• controlled and uncontrolled
• official and informal hidden labor market

51. Based on the degree of government influence on the labor market, the following segments are distinguished:

• core, periphery and unemployed
• controlled and uncontrolled
• official and informal hidden labor market
• labor market for women, youth, elderly people, disabled people

52. Demand, taking into account the forecast for the development of an enterprise, firm or economy as a whole, is:

• potential labor demand
• unrealized, unmet demand
• latent demandThe number of effective jobs remaining free is:
• potential labor demand
• unrealized, unmet demand
• latent demand
• satisfied labor demand

53. Purposeful actions that influence the selection, placement, training and assessment of activities, the movement of personnel of organizations and enterprises, territories, regions are:

• human capital management
• labor management
• labor management
• employment management
• unemployment management

54. The period for final approval of the social partnership system is:

• late nineteenth – early twentieth century
• 20s of the twentieth century, after the formation of the ILO
• 60s of the twentieth century

55. The determining condition for the emergence of social partnership:

• gain social role states
• the presence of 2 subjects (employees and employers), whose interests do not coincide in the social and labor sphere
• emergence of trade unions
• creation of civil society institutions
• all of the above

56. Functions of the state in regulating labor relations between employees and employers: (2 answers)

• Keep out
• ensure the creation of a legal framework for regulating labor relations
• act as a guarantor of the payment of the minimum wage
• act as an arbiter in the event of conflicts between employees and employers

57. A strike is considered: (2 answers)

• sole termination of work
• work suspended by the entire team
• work is stopped by part of the team

58. An employer suspends work means:

• lockout
• simple
• strike
• strike

59. The subjects of social partnership are:

• workers (trade unions)
• employers
• state
• all of the above

60. The legal basis for social partnership is not:

• ILO conventions
• ILO recommendations
• national legislation
• tax code

61. A collective organization that unites employees with the aim of improving the conditions of their employment and representing their interests is:

• trade union
• labor collective
• workers' congress

62. The goal of trade unions is to increase the salaries of trade union members. It is not achieved by:

• increasing demand for labor
• reduction in labor supply
• implementation of monopoly power
• reduction in labor demand

63. The characteristics of a legal strike are:

• completeness
• collectivity
• consistency
• existence of trade union demands
• all of the above

64. “Tripartism” is cooperation between:

• workers, entrepreneurs and the state
• workers and entrepreneurs (or their representatives)
• trade unions and the state

65. Paternalism as a type of social and labor relations is characterized by:

• significant role of the state in social and labor relations
• common responsibility and mutual assistance
• personal responsibility
• illegal restriction of the rights of subjects of social and labor relations

66. The type of social and labor relations that ensures coordination of the most important social and labor interests of the subjects of social and labor relations is:

• social partnership
• paternalism
• solidarity
• competition
• subsidiarity

67. The Russian tripartite commission deals with:

• preparation of the General Agreement
• conclusion of the General Agreement
• preparation and conclusion of the General Agreement

68. The Russian tripartite commission concludes sectoral (tariff) agreements:

69. A legal act regulating social and labor relations and concluded by employees of an organization, branch, representative office with employers is called:

• collective agreement
• contract of employment
• social partnership

70. Social and labor relations that provide an optimal balance for the implementation of the basic interests of various social groups in a market society are:

• labor market regulation mechanism
• mechanism for managing the labor potential of society
• social partnership

71. The content of social partnership includes:

• joint review and agreement between employees and employers
• social and labor policy at all levels of public
• production based on increased labor efficiency
• development of criteria for social justice
• predominantly negotiated and contractual relationships between representatives of employees and employers
• all of the above are true

72. The main functions of the state as a social partner include (delete unnecessary):

• formation of the legal framework for social partnership
• coordination of actions of participants in social dialogue
• participation in conflict resolution in the field of social and labor relations
• participation in the financing of major projects and programs

73. Type of agreements that determine the features of socio-economic policy at enterprises producing products that have the same economic purpose:

• general
• territorial
• industry
• professional

74. Forms of implementation of social partnership include: -: collective agreements and agreements

• consultations and negotiations on the implementation of social and labor policy
• coordination of actions
• control of reached agreements
• all answers are correct

75. Methods of public and state regulation of social and labor relations considered within the framework of social partnership do not include:

• general agreement
• industry agreement
• collective agreement
• orders, instructions

76. The system of economic methods of public and state regulation of social and labor relations does not include:

• subsidies, benefits
• tax benefits
• straight financial aid in the implementation of government programs
• creation of special services for monitoring the implementation of programs

77. Temporary voluntary refusal of employees to perform labor duties (in whole or in part) in order to resolve a collective labor dispute is:

• strike
• passive strike
• protest
• strike

78. Workers can go on strike if (choose 3 incorrect answer options):

• employer's avoidance of establishing labor arbitration
• refusal of the employer to comply with the recommendations of labor arbitration
• the employer's avoidance of creating a commission to resolve problems
• if conciliation procedures did not lead to the resolution of the labor dispute
• if the employer evades conciliation procedures
• refusal to provide premises for the work of a trade union organization
• if the activities of the enterprise management do not lead to achieving
• goals social development labor collective

79. Restrictions on strikes are (4 answer options):

• the organization is a public educational institution
• periods of martial law or state of emergency
• in organs state power
• if the enterprise is recognized as a small enterprise under the legislation of the Russian Federation
• in organizations directly related to the livelihoods of the population
• if holding strikes poses a threat to the defense of the country and the security of the state, life and health of people
• crisis state of an economic entity
• in organizations where socially disadvantaged groups of the population (disabled people, youth, pensioners, etc.) prevail in the total number of employees

80. Types of obstacles to a strike (choose 3 correct answers):

• dismissal of the leaders of the trade union movement at the enterprise
• failure to provide premises for meetings or conferences
• physical obstruction (calling security, blocking entry and exit)
• sale of the enterprise to other owners
• psychological (threats, intimidation, blackmail)
• informing employees of the enterprise about the results of its activities
• holding a passive strike
• dismissal of the active part of the enterprise's workers for a strike

81. Workers are obliged to warn the employer about an impending strike (choose 2 correct answers):

• through negotiations, hanging banners, posters, etc.
• in writing, no later than three working days in advance, about the start of an hour-long warning strike
• no later than ten calendar days in advance about the upcoming main strike
• in writing no later than a week in advance about the start of the hourly
• warning strike
• no later than ten working days about the upcoming main strike

82. In accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, a time frame is established for holding a strike. A strike cannot be started:

• later than two months from the date of the decision to declare a strike
• later than one month from the date of the decision to declare a strike
• later than three months from the date of the decision to declare a strike
• later than two weeks from the date of the decision to declare a strike

83. The concept of “social partnership” in modern Russia came into legal use when in November ... the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On social partnership and resolution of labor disputes (conflicts)” was issued. Fill in the blank.

• 1995
• 1996
• 1991
• 1992
• 1990
• year 2001

84. Social partnership can be (choose 2 correct answers):

• bilateral
• tripartite
• one-sided
• four-way

85. In cases where it is necessary to coordinate the interests of workers and employers at the territorial, regional, sectoral or national level with the involvement of state representatives represented by the relevant bodies, we are talking about:

• bilateral social partnership
• tripartite social partnership
• one-sided social partnership
• quadripartite social partnership

86. In the primary level of labor relations and social partnership the following takes place (may take place):

• bilateral social partnership
• tripartite social partnership
• one-way social partnership
• quadripartite social partnership

87. The subject of social partnership, which determines the legal status of social partners, is a social partner of a collective agreement at the federal level, monitors compliance with the reached tripartite agreements - this is:

• The president Russian Federation
• state
• all-Russian association of employers
• all-Russian association of trade unions
• labor collectives
• Russian tripartite commission for regulation of social and labor relations

88. A non-profit organization that unites employers on a voluntary basis to represent the interests and protect the rights of its members in relations with trade unions, state authorities and local governments is:

• employers' union
• employers' association
• primary trade union organization
• employer partnership

89. The process carried out by an entrepreneur or a group of entrepreneurs is:

• debate
• social partnership
• collective bargaining
• pre-strike negotiations

1. Methods for implementing social partnership, specific types of interaction between its parties and subjects for the purpose of coordinated regulation of labor and other relations directly related to them are:

• collective bargaining regulations
• principles of social partnership implementation
• procedures for implementing social partnership
• forms of social partnership

91. Today in Russia there are two main laws that secure the rights of trade unions:

• Labor Code of the Russian Federation
• Federal Law “On Collective Bargaining Agreements” dated 11
• March 1992 No. 2490-1
• Federal Law “On Trade Unions, Their Rights and Guarantees for Their Activities” dated January 12, 1996 No. 10-FZ
• Constitution of the Russian Federation
• General agreement between all-Russian associations of trade unions, all-Russian associations of employers and the Government of the Russian Federation for 2005 - 2007" dated December 29, 2004

92. The trade union implements and achieves its main function and goal - representation and protection of the social and labor rights and interests of its members - through (choose 2 correct answer options):

• participation in the development of the General Agreement
• conclusion of a collective agreement
• concluding an industry tariff agreement
• control over the implementation of the collective agreement
• strikes
• creation of various committees, commissions

93. A person’s place in economic relations is primarily characterized by:

• its role in the labor process
• his position in property relations
• his involvement in business
• all answers are correct

94. The most important economic role of a person is:

• his participation in business;
• his position in society;
• his participation in the labor process;
• its position in the relations of distribution of the product produced in society.

95. The structural components in the system of social and labor relations (SLR) determine (remove the wrong answer):

• subjects and levels of service stations
• service station items and their structure
• principles and types of service stations
• service station facilities

96. The subject of social and labor relations can be:

• organization
• entity
• individual
• there is no right answer

97. Entrepreneurial activity is considered to be one of the most important forms of human participation in:

• political relations
• economic relations
• social relations
• psychological relationships

98. A person is a participant in a relationship... Finish the sentence.

• distribution and consumption
• distribution and promotion
• consumption and promotion
• there is no right answer

99. The sphere of formation of demand and supply for labor is called:

• market
• business
• labor market

100. An objective characteristic of a person’s work activity is not:

• professionalism;
• performance;
• efficiency;
• place in the system of social division of labor.

101. The assessment of work activity is characterized by the degree of compliance and is determined by:

• labor discipline
• qualifications
• contractual discipline
• all answers are correct

102. Social and labor relations are:

• relations between labor and society;
• interdependence of subjects in the labor process;
• interaction of subjects in the labor process;
• interdependence and interaction of subjects in the labor process, aimed at regulation of the quality of working life.

103. The component that is not structural in the system of social and labor relations is:

• division of labor;
• subjects and levels of social and labor relations;
• principles and types of social and labor relations;
• subjects of social and labor relations.

104. An employee is:

• object of social and labor relations;
• subject of social and labor relations;
• subject of social and labor relations.

105. The limiting case of aggravation of social and labor relations is called:

• paternalism
• discrimination
• conflict
• subsidiarity

106. Labor supply directly depends on:

• wage level
• competitiveness of the company
• company prestige
• nature of work

107. A person who works independently and constantly hires one or more persons to work is called:

• state;
• employer;
• employee;
• businessman.

108. Labor relations may have the following levels:

• individual
• group
• mixed
• all answers are correct

1. Social and labor relations cannot have:

• simple level;
• group level;
• mixed level;
• individual level.

1. The level that describes the relationship between the employee and the state, the employer and the state is called:

• simple;
• group;
• mixed;
• individual.

1. The level that describes the relationship between employee and employee, employee and employer is usually called:

• simple;
• group;
• mixed;
• individual.

1. The level that allows us to describe the relationship between workers’ associations is called:

• simple;
• group;
• mixed;
• individual.

113. A block that is not a subject in social and labor relations is:

• social and labor relations related to the organization and efficiency of labor;
• social and labor relations of unemployment;
• social and labor relations of employment;
• social and labor relations arising in connection with remuneration for work.

114. The dominant role of the state in social and labor relations, forming a special type of social and labor relations, is:

• solidarity;
• paternalism;
• social partnership;
• subsidiarity;
• discrimination;
• conflict.

115. The type of relationship developed by humanity in the process of its development, which presupposes the joint responsibility of people, is:

• solidarity;
• paternalism;
• social partnership;
• subsidiarity;
• discrimination;
• conflict.

116. Coordination of the most important social and labor interests between employers and employees on the basis of cooperation forms a type called:

• solidarity;
• paternalism;
• social partnership;
• subsidiarity;
• discrimination;
• conflict.

117. The type of social and labor relations, which presupposes as a basis a person’s desire for self-responsibility, self-realization and the absence of a desire to transfer responsibility to society, is:

• solidarity;
• paternalism;
• social partnership;
• subsidiarity;
• discrimination;
• conflict.

118. An extreme case of aggravation of contradictions in social and labor relations is characterized by:

• solidarity;
• paternalism;
• social partnership;
• subsidiarity;
• discrimination;
• conflict.

119. Arbitrary restriction of the rights of subjects of social and labor relations is of the following type:

• solidarity;
• paternalism;
• social partnership;
• subsidiarity;
• discrimination;
• conflict.

120. The sphere of formation of demand and supply for labor is called:

• land market;
• labor market;
• capital market;
• securities market.

121. Labor supply directly depends on:

• prices for goods and services;
• bank interest;
• wage level;
• land cost.

The main causes of cyclical unemployment

Macroeconomic imbalance

Labor market imperfections

State policy

Trade Union Actions

There are no correct answers

The following are not employed by Western standards:

Full-time students

Contract workers over 18 years of age

Self-employed

Correspondence students

Disabled people

The economy's need for a certain number of workers at any given time:

Demand for labor

Labor supply

Need for jobs

Job vacancy

Demand for management personnel

Persons formally employed in national economy, but which, due to a reduction in production volumes or a change in its structure, could be released without harming production:

Hidden unemployment

Unemployed

Unregistered unemployment

Apparent unemployment

Hidden unemployment

Part of the population classified as youth by age:

Does not relate to the peculiarities of the functioning of the labor market:

Absence of non-monetary aspects of the transaction

High degree of individualization of transactions

Long duration of contact between seller and buyer

Inseparability of ownership of a product from its owner

Wage-earners

Not a market entity:

State

Employer

Wage-earners

Institutes for advanced training

The division of jobs and workers into stable closed sectors, zones that limit the mobility of labor within their boundaries:

Labor market segmentation

Market boundaries

Sustainable work groups

Low labor mobility

Disabled population

Labor market components do not include:

Labor market objects

Subjects of the labor market

Collective agreement

Market mechanism

Labor market infrastructure

This segment of the labor market is characterized by competition between workers to occupy certain jobs. It is based on horizontal and vertical internal mobility.

Intra-company labor market

Vertical labor market

Secondary labor market

External labor market

Separate labor market

The area of ​​intersection of aggregate demand for labor with aggregate labor supply:

Aggregate labor market

Labor market

Satisfied demand for labor

Open labor market

Hidden labor market

This market is characterized by a stable level of employment and high wages, opportunities for professional advancement, etc.

Primary labor market

Secondary labor market

Unfinished labor market

Ideal labor market

Open labor market

Employment policy method related to direct impact:

Fiscal policy

Labor legislation

Collective agreements

Financial policy

Fiscal policy

The passive type of government influence on employment includes:

Social assistance to the unemployed population

Stimulating labor supply and demand

Measures to help the regions

Stimulating self-employment

Measures to help the regions

Government institutions, non-state employment promotion structures, personnel services are:

Competition in the labor market

Labor market infrastructure

Market mechanism of the labor market

There is no right answer

Initial preparation

Employees belong to the following element of the labor market:

Subjects

Objects

Infrastructure

Labor market mechanism

The priority direction in the process of effective functioning of the modern labor market is:

Flexibility

Orientation to the external labor market

Focus on the internal labor market

Segmentation

Reducing the volume of the hidden labor market

Labor market focused on territorial movement of labor

US labor market model

Japanese labor market model

Swedish model

American labor market model

Labor market focused on intra-company movement of workers

US labor market model

Japanese labor market model

Swedish model

Russian labor market model

French labor market model

Non-standard forms of employment

Part-time work

Temporary employment

Home work

Job division

All answers are correct

An additional form of using the labor force of an employee involved in work activities

Secondary employment

Unemployment

Primary employment

Expansion of labor functions

Reduction of labor functions

The participation of enterprises in regulating the ore market is ensured by the formation of:

Supply structures in the labor market

Structures of labor demand

Volume of employees hired

Characteristics of hiring workers

Structures of demand in the labor market

The lack of sufficient demand for this labor in a specific area of ​​economic activity is due to changes in both consumer demand and production technology and forms:

Frictional unemployment

Structural unemployment

Cyclical unemployment

Temporary unemployment

Matrix unemployment

A citizen is not recognized as unemployed if:

Does not want to be recognized as unemployed

Refused 2 suitable job options

Submitted a fictitious certificate of average wages

All answers are correct

There is no right answer

Determine the percentage reduction in the time standard when the production rate increases by 10%

Find the percentage change in the production rate when the time rate decreases by 16% (round to the nearest tenth)

Determine the percentage reduction in the time standard when the production rate increases by 20% (round to the nearest tenth)

Find the percentage change in the production rate when the time rate decreases by 5% (round to the nearest tenth)

Determine the percentage reduction in the time standard when the production rate increases by 15% (round to the nearest tenth)

Find the percentage change in the production rate when the time rate decreases by 30% (round to the nearest tenth)

Determine the percentage reduction in the time standard when the production rate increases by 12% (round to the nearest tenth)

Find the percentage change in the production rate when the time rate decreases by 19.5% (round to the nearest tenth)

The amount of working time spent by all categories of industrial production personnel of an enterprise

Full labor intensity

Production labor intensity

Labor intensity of production management

Total cost fund

Product cost

Socio-economic process, as a result of which the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the workforce change, its distribution between enterprises, industries and territories

Labor market regulation

Labor movement

Migration

State labor policy

The process of moving people across the borders of certain administrative-territorial entities with a change of permanent place of residence permanently or for a certain period, or with a regular return to it

Socio-economic destabilization

Labor movement

Population migration

Labor market regulation

Labor policy of the enterprise

A set of measures aimed at stimulating the involvement and effective functioning of individuals in the world of work to achieve the goals of society

Education policy

Incentive policy

Employment policy

Labor policy

State policy

At an enterprise with an average number of employees of 5,000 people, 400 people were fired during the year, and 500 people were hired. The staff turnover rate is:

External personnel movement includes:

Turnover by reception

Turnover on dismissal

All answers are correct

There is no right answer

The ratio of the sum of those hired and dismissed to the average number of employees of the enterprise

Admission turnover rate

Overall turnover rate

Personnel turnover ratio by dismissal

Staff turnover rate

Personnel turnover rate

Find the overall migration rate if the number of migrants per year is 50 thousand people with the average population of the region being 3.5 million people

Regular daily movements of the population from one locality to another and back, to work or study are called:

Permanent migration

External migration

Pendulum migration

Circular migration

Internal migration

Average per capita cash income is:

Nominal income minus taxes, mandatory payments and voluntary contributions from the population;

The ratio of total cash income to cash population.

Disposable cash income is:

The total amount of money received (or credited) over a certain period of time;

Nominal income minus taxes, mandatory payments and voluntary contributions from the population;

Nominal cash income adjusted to the consumer price index;

Cash income of the current period, adjusted to the price index, minus mandatory payments and contributions;

The ratio of total cash income to cash population.

Disposable income is:

Wages, rent and income in the form of interest on capital;

Wages, income in the form of interest on capital minus personal income tax;

Personal income minus individual taxes and other mandatory payments.

Interest;

Scholarship

Changes in the level of real income of the population are most influenced by:

Profit rate;

Price level for goods and services;

Tax rate;

Length of the working week.

Income indexation:

Stimulates productive work;

Helps reduce income gaps between people of different social groups;

Used to maintain the standard of living of persons on fixed incomes;

Leads to increased social differentiation.

Leads to an increase in the living standards of the population.

The determining condition for the emergence of social partnership

Strengthening the social role of the state;

The presence of 2 subjects (employees and employers), whose interests do not coincide in the social and labor sphere;

The emergence of trade unions;

Creation of civil society institutions;

All of the above.

Social income does not include:

Payment of sick leave;

Child benefit;

Child benefits;

Alimony.

A set of monetary and natural resources allocated to maintain the physical, moral and intellectual state of a person at a certain level of satisfying his needs:

Total income;

Income of the population;

Real income;

Disposable income;

Nominal income.

Income consisting of money received in the form of wages, social transfers, income from property, sales of private household plot products:

Cash

Natural

Real

Aggregate

Income adjusted for changes in prices for goods and tariffs and services:

Real

Nominal

Aggregate

Available.

The amount of accrued payments and in-kind distributions represents income:

Nominal

Aggregate

Real.

Available

The amount of funds that a family can allocate to the consumption of goods and services without using savings and other sources is called income:

Available

Real

Nominal

Aggregate.

Personal income from property does not include:

Earnings on shares

Interest

Payments on equity shares

Income from securities

Fees.

Differences in per capita income are called:

Income differentiation

Uneven distribution of income

Discrimination against employees

Social injustice

Personal income distribution.

Free or permanent provision of a certain amount of money to a specific person or group of persons is:

Social benefit

Compensation

Subsidy

Benefit

Temporary or permanent provision to a specific person or group of persons of certain material advantages in cash or in kind:

Social benefit

Compensation

Subsidy.

Alimony

Full or partial compensation to a specific person or group of persons for expenses incurred by them for the purposes established by law:

Compensation

Subsidy

Social benefit.

Strengthening the social orientation of production, creating the most favorable working conditions for the employee, providing him with opportunities for self-expression, realization of his abilities, labor potential - this is:

Humanization of labor

Labor enrichment

Creating favorable working conditions

Job satisfaction.

An employer suspends work means:

Simple

Strike

The legal basis for social partnership is not:

National legislation

tax code

Employment contract

The goal of trade unions is to increase the wages of trade union members. It is not achieved by:

Increased demand for labor

Labor supply reductions

Realization of monopoly power

Decrease in labor demand

Increase in labor supply

Indicators of the standard of living of the population that do not have a direct relationship to wages and the establishment of minimum wages include the following concepts (choose 3 correct answers):

Food and consumer baskets

Living wage budget

Rational consumer budget

Maximum budget

Objective and subjective indicators are used:

Quality of life

Working conditions

Standard of living

Quality of working life.

Overall working conditions

A higher value of the Gini coefficient indicates that the distribution of income in a society:

More uneven

More evenly

Optimal.

No difference

Depends on the type of activity

What type of agreements determines the general principles of socio-economic policy:

General

Territorial

Industry

Professionally.

Optimal

The basic principle social protection population should be:

Targeting

Voluntariness

Universality

Flexibility.

Rationality

Paternalism as a type of social and labor relations is characterized by:

Significant role of the state in social and labor relations

Shared responsibility and mutual assistance

Personal responsibility of a person

Illegal restriction of the rights of subjects of social and labor relations.

Reduced demand for labor

Type of social and labor relations that ensures coordination of the most important social and labor interests of the subjects of social and labor relations:

Social partnership

Paternalism

Solidarity

Competition

Subsidiarity

The transferred income does not include:

Inheritance

Alimony

Dividends on shares

Assistance provided to socially vulnerable segments of the population (in cash and in kind), requiring (usually) a means test and financed from general tax revenues:

Social Security

Social guarantees

Social insurance

Social benefits

Social support

System of public guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, labor veterans, low-income workers, etc.):

Social Security

Social guarantees

Social insurance

Social benefits

Social support.

The new ILO priorities are not:

Supporting the democratization process

Development of tripartism

Fight against poverty

Publication of research results on socio-economic problems

Social support

The headquarters of the International Labor Office (ILO) is located in:

Philadelphia

The degree of correspondence between the employee’s requests (requirements) and conditions labor activity, the level of their implementation is:

Job satisfaction

Getting rich by labor

Quality of working life

Minimum consumer budget

Income indexation

Who introduced the following two categories into the theoretical analysis of income: the expected flow of income (ex-ant) and the flow of actual income (ex-past):

D. Ricardo

IN state support in conditions of rapid inflation, the following are most needed social groups population:

Persons whose nominal income growth lags behind price growth

Participants in the “shadow economy”

Persons with fixed nominal incomes

Entrepreneurs producing consumer goods

All of the above

Physiologically, labor is a process of expenditure:

Human physical energy;

Physical and neuropsychic energy of a person;

Nervous-psychic and mental energy of a person;

Human mental and physiological energy.

Human mental energy

The bulk of the population satisfies their needs for food, clothing, etc. through:

Receiving dividends and interest on deposits;

Various forms of material reward;

Various forms of non-material reward;

Social benefits and payments

Subsidies

The main element of the social organization of labor is:

Reproduction of labor force;

Forms and methods of attracting people to work;

Division and cooperation of labor;

Forms of distribution of social product

Forms of salary distribution

The structure of labor functions does not include:

Measuring function;

Energy function;

Technological function;

Control and regulatory function;

Management function.

In modern conditions, the share of physical effort in labor functions:

Increases;

Remains unchanged;

Decreasing.

Does not change;

Level of complexity of work functions performed;

The level of diversity of work functions performed;

Level of production responsibility;

Level of production independence;

Level of severity of work performed

In recent years specific gravity manual labor in industry is about:

The process of changing the socio-economic heterogeneity of labor leads to (missing word) labor.

Diversification;

Dissemination;

Differentiation

Transformations

Globalization

The main criterion for socio-economic differentiation of labor is:

Amount of social payments and benefits;

Amount of contributions to the pension fund;

Salary amount;

Amount of remuneration for length of service

The size of the wage fund

Increasing labor productivity is that: (eliminate unnecessary things)

The share of living labor costs contained in each unit of product increases with a simultaneous increase in the costs of past labor;

The share of living labor costs contained in each unit of product decreases in the absence of an increase in past labor costs;

The total amount of labor input contained in each unit of product decreases.

The degree of use of working time during a work shift;

Equipment utilization rate per work shift

Labor intensity is the expenditure of a person’s physical and neuropsychic energy:

Per unit of production;

For one labor operation;

Per unit of working time;

Per unit of equipment used

Per one able-bodied worker