Russian surnames for women and men. Slavic surnames

Scientists managed to compile full list true Russian surnames by region of the country: Kuban turned out to be Russian
Unfortunately, the interpretations of the family analysis that appeared in the media this summer (after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal) could create a false impression about the goals and results of the enormous work of scientists; the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people, than Ivanov, but the fact that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by region of the country. At the same time, scientists had to spend a lot of time collecting Russian surnames on their own.

The Central Election Commission and local election commissions flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, citing the fact that only if voter lists are kept secret can they guarantee the objectivity and integrity of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for inclusion of a surname in the list was very lenient: it was included if at least five bearers of this surname lived in the region for three generations.

First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.”

It's interesting that on final stage research, they decided to add surnames of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern region, expecting that the predominance Ukrainian surnames the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II will be significantly reduced by the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. Which led to the obvious and not pleasant conclusion for everyone that Kuban is populated mainly by Russian people. Where did the Ukrainians go and were they even here at all is a big question.

The analysis of Russian surnames generally gives food for thought. Even the simplest action - searching for the names of all the country's leaders - gave an unexpected result. Only one of them was included in the list of bearers of the top 250 all-Russian surnames - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). The surname Brezhnev occupies 3767th place in the general list (found only in Belgorod region Southern region). The surname Khrushchev is in 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arhangelsk region). Chernenko took 4749th place (Southern region only). Andropov has 8939th place (Southern region only). Putin took 14250th place (Southern region only). And Yeltsin was not included in the general list at all. Stalin's surname - Dzhugashvili - was not considered for obvious reasons. But the pseudonym Lenin was included in the regional lists at number 1421, second only to the first president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.

250 MOST RUSSIAN SURNAMES

Surnames Slavic peoples sometimes it is difficult to divide into “national apartments”, although Lately they are trying to do this in Ukraine. For many centuries the so-called writing people strived for Slavic unity. They studied from the same books in both Russia and Serbia. The Kiev monk Pamvo Berynda, who created an excellent lexicon, believed that he was writing in a “rosh” language (that is, Russian), although his own language by that time was already Ukrainian. The famous lexicographer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal included words from all East Slavic languages ​​in his dictionary, without dividing them into Ukrainian and Belarusian, but only noting “western” and “southern”.

Moreover, all this applies to surnames. After all, people do not sit still; in the history of our homeland there were mass migrations, and movements of individual people, and marriages between representatives of different branches of the Slavs. It is especially difficult to determine the linguistic affiliation of the surnames of people in the Smolensk region, in Belarus, in Western Ukraine, where Orthodoxy and Catholicism met, where there were significant Polish penetrations, and in some parts of this zone, at one time, documentation was conducted in Polish.

The most pronounced Polish and Belarusian elements are felt in surnames that include a combination of the letters dz, dl, and partially rzh. For example, Belarusian surname Dzyanisau corresponds to the Russian Denisov and is written that way in Russian. The Polish surname Dzeshuk is formed from the name Dzesh, derived from Dzeslaw (a two-part name formed from the stem of the verb do (sya) + Slavic component) with the suffix -uk, indicating that Dzeshuk is the son of a man named Dzesh.

Common features of the surnames of Slavic peoples

The Polish surname Orzhekhovskaya corresponds to the Russian Orekhovskaya, Grzhibovskaya - Gribovskaya. Since these surnames end in -skaya, they do not come directly from the words mushroom or nut, but are most likely derived from the names of places with such stems.

The Polish surname Szydlo corresponds to the Ukrainian Shilo, the Polish Sverdlov corresponds to the Russian Sverlov.

The Polish surname Dzenzeluk is derived from the name or nickname Dzendzel, which comes from the word dzenzol - woodpecker. Breaking away from the original word, surnames develop dozens similar options. The surnames Dzenzelovsky, Dzenzelevsky (with the transformation of the second “d” into “z”) and the Ukrainianized surname Dzynzyruk mentioned by the author of the letter, Elena Dzenzelyuk, go back to the same basis.

The Polish-Belarusian surname Golodyuk is derived from the word hunger (Polish glut). The Polish dictionary of surnames, compiled by Professor Kazimierz Rymut (this is the modern Polish pronunciation of the name, which is traditionally written in Russian Kazimir), along with the forms Glud and Glod, also lists the surnames Hunger, Goloda, Golodok. The form Golodyuk indicates that the bearer of this surname is a descendant of a person named Golod.

The Ukrainian-South Russian surname Murienko is derived from the nickname Mury (Ukrainian Mury), which a person could get from the color of his hair. V.I. Dal explains: mury (about the fur of cows and dogs) - reddish-brown with a black wave, dark motley. In the Ukrainian-Belarusian dictionary of V. P. Lemtyugova, these meanings of the adjective are confirmed and the addition is made - “with red, dark face" The surname Murienko suggests that its bearer is a descendant of a person with the nickname Murii. The suffix -enko, more widespread in the eastern part of Ukraine than in the western part, is similar to the Russian patronymic suffix -ovich/-evich. Compare in fairy tales: the Russian Ivan Tsarevich corresponds to the Ukrainian Ivan Tsarenko.

The Ukrainian-South Russian surname Kvitun is formed from the verb to get even - to settle, to avenge an insult, to pay a debt; -un - suffix of the name of the figure, as in screamer, squeaker, talker. With the same basis there is Polish surnames: Kvit, Kvitash, Kviten, Kvitko.

The surname Sitar is most likely Czech. It was formed from a nickname by profession: sitar - one who makes sieves.

The surname Kuts is very interesting, which can be compared with the words different languages. I always perceived it as coming from the short adjective kuts, corresponding to the full form kutsy. But the semantics of this word “short-tailed, tailless, short-haired” is far from any characteristic of a person. True, in the 17th-18th centuries, a short dress or a short caftan was called a “German dress” in contrast to Russian long-skimmed caftans, and there was also an expression: a short captain of a plucked team, but this does not explain the surname formed from short form adjective

The surname Kuts is in the Polish language. It is formed from the same word, which has developed some other meanings there. For example, the verb “squat” means to squat, which indicates short stature. This means that a short man could have received the nickname Kuts. The Poles use the word kuts to describe a small horse, including a pony.

Finally, the surname Kuts may be German origin, as formed from one of the many derivatives of the name Conrad. The surname Kunz is of the same origin.

Surname Kakov - Greek origin. In Greek, “kako” means evil, damage, loss, misfortune; kakos - bad, evil, evil, compare the word cacophony - bad sounds, bad sound. The surname could be formed from the name given “from the evil eye.”

Surnames appeared quite late in Russia. In ancient times, before the advent of surnames, the Slavs had a personal name (they could have several names) and the name of the clan from which the person came (for example, Vinitarchus from the Oriya clan). But since the number of members of the clan has increased incredibly, it became necessary to introduce the concept of “Last Name”, which reflects which family of this clan a person belongs to. Most surnames come from given names (the baptismal or secular name of one of the ancestors), nicknames (based on the type of activity or some other characteristic of the ancestor) or family names. Much less often - from the names of the area (for example, Belozersky from Beloe Ozero). As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed down only through the male line.

Researchers have found that the vast majority of Russian surnames come from ancestry, that is, the name of the grandfather (or great-grandfather), thus securing the hereditary name in the third (fourth) generation. This made it easier to designate families of the same root, because usually each genus had its own most frequently used names. The children who were born were named in honor of their deceased grandfathers and great-grandfathers, in order to give them the opportunity to be born again (in case they did not complete all their work on this earth). But call born child the name of a living family member was not allowed, since it was believed that guardian legions (like Greek guardian angels) would not be able to protect several family members with the same name at once.

History of the origin of Russian surnames

In various social strata, surnames appeared in different time. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. they appeared among princes and boyars. As a rule, they were given by the names of their patrimonial possessions: Tverskoy, Zvenigorodsky, Vyazemsky. Among these families, many have eastern or western (Karamzin, Lermontov, Fonvizin) origin, due to the fact that many nobles came to serve the tsar from foreign countries. Ways of education noble families(surnames of ancient noble families and families that served the nobility with ranks after the introduction of the Table of Ranks) were diverse. A small group consisted of the names of ancient princely families, which, as mentioned above, were derived from the names of their reigns.

A little later, surnames appeared among service people, including those who transferred to the service Tsarist Russia Cossacks As a rule, they came from worldly names (native Vedic, not Christian) - Kirpa, Duremka, Strikha, Sokur, Khribut, Rijaba, Trush; generic names – Lega, Bily; and nicknames - Shcherbina, Klochko, Polovinok, Lifeless, Naida, Zima, Us, Lezhebko.

IN mid-19th century, especially after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the surnames of peasants were formed, and before that their function was performed by nicknames and patronymics. For example, in archival documents of that time one can find the following entries: “Ivan Mikitin’s son, and his nickname is Menshik,” entry from 1568; “Onton Mikiforov’s son, and nickname is Zhdan,” document from 1590; “Guba Mikiforov, son of Crooked Cheeks, landowner,” entry from 1495; “Danilo Soplya, peasant”, 1495; “Efimko Sparrow, peasant,” 1495.

In the XVII - first half XVIII centuries The peasants did not have hereditary surnames at all. The peasant family lived only for one life. For example, Procopius was born into the family of Ivan, and in all metric records he is called Procopius Ivanov. When Vasily was born to Procopius, the newborn became Vasily Prokopyev, and not Ivanov at all. And only from the middle of the nineteenth century did hereditary surnames of peasants begin to form:

1. From the names of landowners. Some peasants were given the full or changed surname of their former owner, the landowner - this is how entire villages of the Polivanovs, Gagarins, Vorontsovs, and Lvovkins appeared.
2. At the root of some surnames were the names settlements. Mostly these are surnames ending in -tskiy, -skiy. Gorodetsky, Polotsk, Uluzhsky
3. The majority of peasants had a “street” nickname written down in the document, which another family might have had more than one. Nicknames appeared much earlier than the general surnameization that occurred after the abolition of serfdom. It was these nicknames that were included in the census forms first.
4. For some, the patronymic was recorded as a surname.

The first census of 1897 showed that up to 75% of the population did not have a surname. This whole process was very complex and lengthy, often people continued to do without surnames, and for some they appeared only in the 30s of the 20th century during the era of passportization.

Under Peter the Great, by the Senate Decree of June 18, 1719, in connection with the introduction of the poll tax and conscription, the earliest police registration documents for foreigners were officially introduced - travel documents, some prototypes of modern passports. The travel document contained information: name, surname, where he left from, where he was going, place of residence, characteristics of his type of activity, information about family members who were traveling with him, sometimes information about his father and parents.

By decree of January 20, 1797, Emperor Paul I ordered the compilation of a General Arms Book of noble families, where more than 3,000 noble family names and coats of arms were collected. But the register of surnames in Russia is not limited to this number, so in order for all of us to restore a single ancestral connection with our ancestors, we definitely need to conduct research on the appearance of our family name.

An example of research into the appearance of the surname “Trush”

All my life I thought my surname “Trush” was not common enough. Having started collecting information on the history of the family name, I found out that the main geography of settlement of representatives of my family name was Ukraine (there was even the village of Trushka in the Kyiv Province), the south of Belarus, Kuban and the Volga. If so, does this mean that Old Slavic name“Trush,” which was the basis of the surname, was once very common in one of the Slavic clans, which, when forming surnames, settled precisely in these territories? Where was the original center of settlement of this genus and its name, its area of ​​origin? And can we, based on data historical sources, find him? Until what century will we have to continue our genealogical search?

Gorbanevsky’s book lists 5 main ways of forming Russian surnames:

1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms baptismal Christian names.
2. Surnames that retain worldly names at their core. Worldly names came from the Vedic times of our ancestors, when there was native faith and church names did not exist. After all, Christianity did not immediately captivate the minds, much less the souls, of the Slavs. Old traditions were preserved for a long time, the covenants of ancestors were revered sacredly. Every family remembered the names of their ancestors up to the 7th generation and even deeper. Legends from the history of the family were passed down from generation to generation. Cautionary stories the past deeds of the ancestors were told at night to the young successors of the family. Many of the worldly ones were proper names (Gorazd, Zhdan, Lyubim, Trush), others arose as nicknames, but then became names (Dur, Chertan, Neustroy).
3. Surnames derived from the professional nicknames of their ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs, Cherepennikovs, Bondarchuks, Kovalis, etc.
4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors was from (the basis of such surnames were different geographical names- cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Semiluksky, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc.
5. A most interesting group Russian surnames - belonging to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky.

Before the adoption of Christianity, the Slavs had names that called a person by some significant characteristic of him, external or internal, reflecting his belonging to a certain clan, the order of appearance of new family members and his relationship to them - Bel, Mal, Buyan, Molchan, Lyubim, Zhdan, Pervusha, Tretyak, etc.

The researcher of the process of formation of surnames, Tupikov, made a very interesting conclusion: secular (non-Christian) Russian names in the southwestern regions of Russia could be used independently (without mentioning the name given at baptism). Another interesting conclusion by Tupikov: “..in the 17th century. Russian names began to lose their meaning as personal names and began to pass from father to son, i.e. began to become family nicknames..."

From here we conclude that most likely before the seventeenth century “Trush” was a common name in one of the Slavic clans and this conclusion is confirmed by documents.

1. Year 1490 Trush - voit (city head) of Lutsk (Ukraine). The year is 1563, Trush is mentioned in the city of Kremenets (Ukraine, near Lutsk). — materials taken from A. Bazhenova’s dictionary.
2. “List from the scribe and boundary book of the city of Sviyazhsk. Letters from Dmitry Andreev, son of Kikin, and his comrades in the summer of November 7076 (1567): “In the village in Burundukov, poloneniks and newly baptized people live with the Chuvash and the Tatars, in the yard of Mitko, in the yard of Malaiko, in the yard of Mikhalko, in the yard of Rothko, a shoemaker, in In Ivanko’s yard there is a polonenik, in Belyayko’s yard Trusha is newly baptized...” (Volga)
3. In the register of the Zaporozhye Cossack Army from 1649. (Hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky) two people with the name “Trush” are mentioned, these are Trush Moskal from the hundred of Jabotin and Trush Yaschenko from the hundred of Veremievskaya from across the Dnieper. (Ukraine) And in all these documents “Trush” is written as a name, but in documents dating back to the 18th century “Trush” is written as a person’s surname:
4. Pivovar A.V. in his work “Settlements of Trans-Dnieper places in documents of the mid-18th century” he lists an apiary owned by Trokhim Trush (Ukraine).
5. When settled by Zaporozhye Cossacks North Caucasus The Bryukhovetsky kuren arrived in Kuban, named after the Zaporozhye ataman - Ivan Martynovich Bryukhovetsky. When drawing lots for places for smoking in the winter of 1794, Ataman Bryukhovetsky got the territory at the mouth of the Beisuzhok River, near the so-called Great Kurgan. The Cossack Demko Trush is listed at number 184 in the kuren register.

That is, we see that the fact is confirmed that most Russian surnames come from grandfatherism, that is, the name of a grandfather (or great-grandfather), who, as we have established, was most likely a Zaporozhye Cossack. But let’s move on and see where the Zaporozhye Cossacks came from in Ukraine. Historical documents They tell us the following: The Zaporozhye Cossacks are directly connected with the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, Mamai. Mamai had two sons. One of them, Prince Mansur Kiyat, after the death of his father, continued to lead mixed detachments of Cherkasy Cossacks, Kiyat Cossacks, and descendants of other Slavic families who lived in the North Caucasus and part of the territory of the Chernihiv region and professed Rodnoverie (they revered their native Gods). This association in history is called the Sevruks and many historians call them the ancestors of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. Mansur Kiyat was the founder of three fortresses - Glinskaya, Glinishchevskaya and Poltava. Mansur’s son, Oleks (a very common Cossack name, is often mentioned in the register of the Zaporozhye army of Khmelnytsky and the register of the Kuban army) was forced to be baptized in Kyiv in 1390. Oleksa Mansurovich was named Alexander at baptism. At the same time, Mansur’s grandson, Alexa’s son, named Ivan, was also baptized. It was this Ivan Alexandrovich who in 1399 obtained for himself the title of Prince Glinsky from the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas. Grand Duke Vitovt married Prince Ivan Alexandrovich Glinsky to the Ostrog princess Nastasya Danilovna, but their grandson Ivan Mamai is considered the founder of the Zaporozhye Sich.

But who is Mamai himself? Noteworthy is the long-term and constant support provided to Mamai in the Crimea, Don and Kuban. He escaped there more than once after defeats in the Horde strife, and from there he reappeared with fresh strength. And the point was not only in the financial (and in 1380 - also in the military) assistance of the Genoese, but also in the fact that it was there that Mamai recruited the main, shock part of his troops. Even after huge losses on the Kulikovo field, he immediately recruited another army there and fought with Tokhtamysh, but the strength after the Kulikovo duel was no longer the same (and the ataman’s age was already adult grandchildren and great-grandsons) and he lost again. It is unlikely that such selected military contingents at that time could only be supplied by Crimea, where at that time there was neither the Crimean Khanate nor Crimean Tatars in the form in which they became known in the next century. Apparently main role the former population of Ruskolani played here: hordes of Cherkasy Cossacks, Kiyat Cossacks, descendants of the Gothic Cumans and ancestors of the North Black Sea Russians, who wandered in the strip from the northern part of the Crimea and adjacent parts of Tavria and the Azov region, along the left bank of the Dnieper in the area of ​​​​the rapids and further to the north to Vorskla.

For them, Mamai was not just an administrator sent from Sarai, but also their hereditary local prince, one of whose close ancestors was considered almost the direct successor of the pre-Horde rulers of these places (Ruskolani).

The text of the genealogy of the Glinsky princes: “And Mamai Tsar has a son Mansur-Kiyat, and Mansur-Kiyat Prince has children, two sons: Prince Alexa (Olexa is a very common name among the Cossacks), and the other Skidyr Prince. And after the Don Massacre, Mamaev’s son Mansur-Kiyat Prince hacked to death the three cities of Glinesk, Poldova (Poltava), and Glechenitsa (Glinitsa). The children of Mansur-Kiyatov, the youngest son Skider (Skidyr) Prince, captured a herd of horses and camels and migrated to Perekop, and big son his Alexa Prince, stayed on those
grades of the previously spoken.

From the following phrase of the above quoted text it is clear that the heirs of Mansur divided themselves and divided the remnants of their army. And this division, as we will see below, occurred because of Faith. Some stayed with Alexa. Others went south with Skider because they did not want to change their native Vedic Faith and were, like Mamai, idolaters (that is, they revered the idols of their Gods). In "The Tale of Mamaev's massacre"(otherwise known as "Zadonshchina") it says: "By God's forgiveness for our sins, from the obsession of the devil, a prince will rise from the eastern country, named Mamai the Greek (as the Old Believers were called in our chronicles, or in another way - a pagan), by faith an idolater (that is, a worshiper of idols Gods) and an iconoclast, an evil Christian reproacher."

Further in the same place we see which Gods Mamai calls for help during his flight: “The godless King Mamai, seeing his death, began to call on his Gods Perun and Raklia and Khors.” God Perun is the patron of the Slavic princes, and God Khors (together with Kolyada) is the patron of the Cossacks. The horse was always presented surrounded by white dogs or wolves, which in the Cossack balachka are called horts. Also, the island of Khortitsa, the main base of the Cossacks, was named in honor of this God. And the fact that some of the Mamaevites went south with Skider is indirectly confirmed by the fact that much later, at the end of the 18th century, when Suvorov captured Kuban, many Kuban Cossacks in order not to accept someone else's Christian faith, they were forced to emigrate to Turkey and among them there was a group that the Muscovites called “Mamaevites”.

In the XVIII – 19th centuries In Ukrainian folk painting there was a characteristic plot: a Zaporozhye Cossack was depicted sitting cross-legged and playing the bandura. Poems were written under the painting, most often containing characteristics of the Zaporozhye Cossacks in general, often ironic, but always quite benevolent. Sometimes this Cossack was the only hero the entire composition, in other cases other figures and entire scenes were added, but in all scenes the Cossack bandura player was certainly present in his stereotypical pose. Often the name of a Cossack was written. The names were different, but among them the most common was “Cossack Mamai,” and among the people, in general, all paintings of this type were known as portraits of “Cossack Mamai.” “Cossack Mamai” is generally known throughout Ukraine, but this picture was most widespread in the Chernihiv region, Poltava region and Kharkov region, that is, in the territory of which the Poltava region is the center.

And so we see that the Zaporozhye Cossacks moved to Ukraine from the territory of the North Caucasus. But what kind of Slavic families lived in these places in ancient times? The “Veles Book” gives us the answer to this:

“The Goths that remained after Galarekh left at midnight and disappeared there, and Deterich led them. Afterwards we know nothing about them. And the Berendeys came before us, and told us about a very great oppression from the Yags, who were following the trail of the Huns. And so that Beloyar told them to wait, and unexpectedly he came to them with 50,000 (warriors), and Yagov defeated them, who he scattered in all directions like blessed ones..... after all, the husband of Beloyar’s clan went to the other side of the Ra (Volga) river and warned the Sintsev there , coming from the Fryazhtsev, as the Huns on the islands will wait for the guests and rob them. It was 50 years from Aldoreh. And the ancient family of Beloyars was strong..... Beloyar Krivorog was at that time the prince of Rushti (in the Veles book of Russians, they are often called by the name “Rush” - Russian, in English our name is still written this way only, hence the name in this family T-rush, That's Russian). And he lets out a white dove. Wherever it flies, go there. And he flew to the Greeks. Krivorog attacked them and defeated them. Here the Greeks were wagging their tails like foxes. Gave to Krivorg The Golden Fleece with a silver skate. And Krivorog held out on Surozhi (a city in the Crimea)..."

So everything fell into place, people from the ancient Slavic family Rush roamed in these places, and the surname Trush only speaks of belonging modern descendants to this kind.

Explanation of the name Trush

• In the “Book of Veles”, written by Slavic priests in the 9th century, Russians are called by the generic name “RUSH”. Also in the 10th century the name “Rushav” was mentioned among the southern Slavs, in the 11th century the name “Rush” was mentioned in Bohemia and Moravia, in the 13th century Rushkovichev was the Prince of Lithuania. It follows that “Trush” simply means – To Russian, descendant of Rush.
• If we read this name from the Glagolitic alphabet or from the Slovenian Initial Letter using figurative meanings, we get: T - firmly, approved by the gods, unshakable; R - speeches, wisdom arising from the world of the Rules that we speak. That is, what they received from above, they said. U - uk, (uok) connection of the heavenly and earthly, connection on the verge of contacts. Ш - The breadth of the aces, their wisdom, three channels of forces (soul, spirit, conscience), that is, the connection of man with heaven, the divine level. It follows that Trush is the one who must have a connection on the verge of contact with heaven and firmly convey to people the wisdom received from the gods (numerical value of the name = 800).
• If we read this name from the runes using figurative meanings, we get: T - approved by the gods Ru - an active influencing principle, both destructive and creative, bringing divine forces into action Ш - Divine forces of life.

That is, Trush is a person who must firmly and actively influence life with the help of divine powers.

Now let's put it all together and get more full meaning ancient family name.

Trush is a person belonging to a Russian clan-tribe who is capable of: 1) establishing a connection with the forces of the three worlds (Reveal, Navi and Pravi) on the verge of contact; 2) firmly convey to people, without distortion, the wisdom received from the gods; 3) firmly and actively influence life with the help of divine powers (but we must not forget that all these are potential possibilities that still need to be realized).

Some famous representatives surnames Trush who managed to realize, to one degree or another, their potential inherent in the name Rod:

• Ivan Ivanovich Trush, born in 1869, is a Ukrainian painter, paintings (“Hutsul woman with a child”), portraits (I. Franko), lyrical landscapes. A monument to him was erected in Lviv.
• Famous genealogist late XIX century K. A. Trush
• Vladimir Yakovlevich Trush (1869 -193...). “one of the decisive and undaunted fighters and pioneers in the cause of the complete inclusion of Galician Rus' in the all-Russian culture”, he “turned out after the war to be one of the first awakeners of the fallen, it was, folk spirit in the region." In 1923, the Russian School society was founded in Lvov, the founding member of which was the same V.Ya. Trush...

This material has been prepared in order to, through the study of surnames, encourage those living today to restore the broken connection with their ancient families. Therefore, I wish everyone good luck on this path.

The surnames of Slavic peoples are sometimes difficult to divide into “national apartments,” although recently they have been trying to do this in Ukraine. For many centuries, the so-called writing people strived for Slavic unity. They studied from the same books in both Russia and Serbia. The Kiev monk Pamvo Berynda, who created an excellent lexicon, believed that he was writing in a “roman” language (that is, Russian), although his own language by that time was already Ukrainian. The famous lexicographer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal included words from all East Slavic languages ​​in his dictionary, without dividing them into Ukrainian and Belarusian, but only noting “western”, “southern” (East Slavic).

Moreover, all this applies to surnames. After all, people do not sit still; in the history of our homeland there were mass migrations, and movements of individual people, and marriages between representatives of different branches of the Slavs. It is especially difficult to determine the linguistic affiliation of the surnames of people in the Smolensk region, in Belarus, in Western Ukraine, where Orthodoxy and Catholicism met, where there were significant Polish penetrations, and in some parts of this zone, at one time, documentation was conducted in Polish.

The most clearly Polish (and Belarusian) elements are felt in surnames that include a combination of letters dz, dl, partially - LOL. For example, a Belarusian surname Dzyanisau corresponds to Russian Denisov and this is how it is written in Russian. Polish surname Dzeshuk formed on behalf of Dzesh, derived from Dzieslaw(a two-part name formed from the stem of the verb do(Xia) + component glory) with suffix -uk, indicating to them that Dzeshuk- the son of a man named Dzesh.

Polish surname Orzhekhovskaya corresponds to Russian Orekhovskaya , Grzhibovskaya - Gribovskaya. Since these last names end in - sky, they do not come directly from words mushroom or nut, but, most likely, are formed from the names of places with such bases.

Polish surname Szydlo corresponds to Ukrainian Awl, Polish Sverdlov- Russian Sverlov.

Polish surname Dzenzelyuk derived from a name or nickname Dzendzel, coming from the word zenzol- woodpecker Breaking away from the original word, surnames develop dozens of similar variants. Surnames go back to the same basis Dzenzelovsky , Dzenzelevsky(with the transformation of the second dz V h) and mentioned by the author of the letter, Elena Dzenzelyuk, Ukrainianized surname Dzynzyruk .

Polish-Belarusian surname Golodyuk derived from the word hunger(Polish glud). A Polish dictionary of surnames compiled by Professor Kazimierz Rymut (this is the modern Polish pronunciation of the name, which is traditionally written in Russian Kazimir), along with forms Glud And Glod also lists names Hunger, Hunger, Hunger. Form Golodyuk indicates that the bearer of this surname is a descendant of a person with the surname Hunger.

Murienko derived from nickname Mury(Ukrainian Murii), which a person could get from the color of his hair. V. I. Dal explains: mury Murienko(about the fur of cows and dogs) - reddish-brown with a black wave, dark motley. In the Ukrainian-Belarusian dictionary of V.P. Lemtyugova, these meanings of the adjective are confirmed and the addition is made - “with a red, dark face.” Murii Surname indicates that its bearer is a descendant of a person with the nickname. Suffix -enko/, more widespread in the eastern part of Ukraine than in the western part, is similar to the Russian patronymic suffix-ovich

-evich . Compare in fairy tales: the Russian Ivan Tsarevich corresponds to the Ukrainian Ivan Tsarenko. Ukrainian-South Russian surname Kvitun derived from the verb get even- to pay off, to avenge an insult, to pay a debt; -un, - suffix of the person's name, as in, screamer squeaker talker, . There are Polish surnames with the same basis:, Quit, Kvitash.

Quiten Kvitko Surname Sitar, most likely Czech. It was formed from a nickname by profession:

sitar - one who makes sieves. Very interesting surname Kuts, which can be compared with words of different languages. I always perceived it as coming from a short adjective kuts. But the semantics of this word “short-tailed, tailless, short-haired” is far from any characteristic of a person. True, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. a short dress or a short caftan was called a “German dress” in contrast to Russian long-skimmed caftans, and there was also an expression: a short captain of a plucked team (according to V.I. Dahl), but this does not explain the surname formed from the short form of the adjective.

Quiten - one who makes sieves. is in Polish. It is formed from the same word, which has developed some other meanings there. For example, verb cut- squatting, which indicates short stature. So the nickname - one who makes sieves. a short person could get it. In a word Kuts Poles call a small horse, including a pony.

Lastly, last name - one who makes sieves. may be of German origin, as formed from one of the many derivatives of the name Conrad. Last name of the same origin Kunz.

Quiten What- of Greek origin. In Greek kako Means evil, damage, loss, misfortune; cacos- bad, evil, no good, compare the word cacophony- bad sounds, bad sound. The surname could be formed from the name given “from the evil eye.”

The surnames of Slavic peoples are sometimes difficult to divide into “national apartments,” although recently they have been trying to do this in Ukraine. For many centuries, the so-called writing people strived for Slavic unity. They studied from the same books in both Russia and Serbia. The Kiev monk Pamvo Berynda, who created an excellent lexicon, believed that he was writing in a “roman” language (that is, Russian), although his own language by that time was already Ukrainian. The famous lexicographer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal included words from all East Slavic languages ​​in his dictionary, without dividing them into Ukrainian and Belarusian, but only noting “western”, “southern” (East Slavic).

Moreover, all this applies to surnames. After all, people do not sit still; in the history of our homeland there were mass migrations, and the movements of individual people, and marriages between representatives of different branches of the Slavs. It is especially difficult to determine the linguistic affiliation of the surnames of people in the Smolensk region, in Belarus, in Western Ukraine, where Orthodoxy and Catholicism met, where there were significant Polish penetrations, and in some parts of this zone, at one time, documentation was conducted in Polish.

The most clearly Polish (and Belarusian) elements are felt in surnames that include a combination of letters dz , dl , partially - LOL . Dzyanisau For example, a Belarusian surname Denisov corresponds to Russian Dzeshuk formed on behalf of Dzesh and this is how it is written in Russian. Polish surname Dzieslaw (a two-part name formed from the stem of the verb do (Xia ) + component glory ) with suffix -uk , indicating to them that Dzeshuk - the son of a man named Dzesh.

Polish surname Orzhekhovskaya corresponds to Russian Orekhovskaya , Grzhibovskaya - Gribovskaya . Since these last names end in - sky , they do not come directly from words mushroom or nut , but, most likely, are formed from the names of places with such bases.

Polish surname Szydlo corresponds to Ukrainian Awl , Polish Sverdlov - Russian Sverlov .

Polish surname Dzenzelyuk derived from a name or nickname Dzendzel , coming from the word zenzol - woodpecker Dzenzelovsky , Dzenzelevsky (with the transformation of the second dz Breaking away from the original word, surnames develop dozens of similar variants. Surnames go back to the same basis h ) and mentioned by the author of the letter, Elena Dzenzelyuk V Dzynzyruk .

Polish-Belarusian surname Golodyuk derived from the word hunger (Polish glud , Ukrainianized surname Glud And Glod ). A Polish dictionary of surnames compiled by Professor Kazimierz Rymut (this is the modern Polish pronunciation of the name, which is traditionally written in Russian Kazimir), along with forms Hunger , Hunger , also lists names . Form Golodyuk Hunger Hunger .

Murienko indicates that the bearer of this surname is a descendant of a person with the surname Mury derived from nickname Murii (Ukrainian ), which a person could get from the color of his hair. V. I. Dal explains: mury Murienko (about the fur of cows and dogs) - reddish-brown with a black wave, dark motley. In the Ukrainian-Belarusian dictionary of V.P. Lemtyugova, these meanings of the adjective are confirmed and the addition is made - “with a red, dark face.” Surname Murii indicates that its bearer is a descendant of a person with the nickname indicates that its bearer is a descendant of a person with the nickname . -enko /, more widespread in the eastern part of Ukraine than in the western part, is similar to the Russian patronymic suffix Suffix

-evich . Compare in fairy tales: the Russian Ivan Tsarevich corresponds to the Ukrainian Ivan Tsarenko. , more widespread in the eastern part of Ukraine than in the western part, is similar to the Russian patronymic suffix Kvitun . Compare in fairy tales: the Russian Ivan Tsarevich corresponds to the Ukrainian Ivan Tsarenko. get even - to pay off, to avenge an insult, to pay a debt; -un , - suffix of the person's name, as in , screamer derived from the verb talker , . There are Polish surnames with the same basis: , Quit , Kvitash .

Quiten Kvitko - to pay off, to avenge an insult, to pay a debt; Sitar . There are Polish surnames with the same basis:

, most likely Czech. It was formed from a nickname by profession: - one who makes sieves. - one who makes sieves. Kuts Very interesting surname kuts , which can be compared with words of different languages. I always perceived it as coming from a short adjective

Quiten - one who makes sieves. , corresponding to the full form cut . But the semantics of this word “short-tailed, tailless, short-haired” is far from any characteristic of a person. - one who makes sieves. a short person could get it. In a word Kuts True, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. a short dress or a short caftan was called a “German dress” in contrast to Russian long-skimmed caftans, and there was also an expression: a short captain of a plucked team (according to V.I. Dahl), but this does not explain the surname formed from the short form of the adjective.

is in Polish. It is formed from the same word, which has developed some other meanings there. For example, verb - one who makes sieves. may be of German origin, as formed from one of the many derivatives of the name Conrad. Kunz .

Quiten What - of Greek origin. In Greek kako Last name of the same origin evil , damage, loss, misfortune; cacos Means cacophony - bad, evil, no good, compare the word

- bad sounds, bad sound. The surname could be formed from the name given “from the evil eye.”

ORIGIN OF FAMILIES, 2003, No. 8

EVDOKIM - EVDOKIMOV - EVDOKIMENKO

I have been subscribing to the magazine "Science and Life" since the sixties. I really want to know the truth about our last name. My grandfather came to Siberia for resettlement in 1910. His last name is Evdokimenko. He said that one of our ancestors, named Evdokimov, participated in the commission for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. The stamp paper about the diplomatic mission of our ancestor (his surname was changed to the Ukrainian style) was lost during dispossession. Is it possible to find any confirmation?

N. Bochkareva (village of Pomyany, Primorsky Territory). During Ukrainian-Russian contacts, surnames were constantly transformed into types that were more natural for the majority of residents of the area: Evdokimov turned into Evdokimenko , and the last one - even in Evdokimenkova . All these surnames are derived from Orthodox name Evdokim . But even the mention of the last name Evdokimova

among the participants in the meetings at which the issue of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia was decided is not accurate proof that it was your ancestor - you need to have a list of all generations of your family, but it is impossible to get it now.

LENTIL - GERM, KIDNEY My family has been subscribing to the magazine “Science and Life” for a long time. We read with interest the doctor's section philological sciences

A. Superanskaya about the origin of names and surnames. I would like to know about the origins of our surname. In our area, apart from relatives, we have not encountered the surname Chechevichkin. My father comes from the village of Diveevo, in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region, which borders the Mordovian Republic.

Quiten M. Chechevichkina (Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region). Chechevichkin may come from the name of the plant - lentils and its edible seeds. There are many surnames derived from the names of food products. But another explanation is also possible: in Russian dialects lentil - this is something small, an embryo, a kidney. Old Russian name Lentil could have been given at the time the child was born. Then the last name Chechevichkin derived from.

old Russian name

Please explain the meaning of the names of my ancestors Khokhryakov (he left the Vologda province in the 19th century for Siberia) and Cherkashin (according to the stories of his great-grandmother, he came to Siberia with Ermak).

T. Sergeeva (Algeria).

Quiten Khokhryakov known in Rus' since ancient times. It comes from an old Russian name or nickname Khokhryak . Word little hog akin to the verb to laugh, to laugh . Khokhryak It meant a bump, a hump, a bump, and besides, a frail, weak person who always shrank and hunched over. If Khokhryak was the nickname of your distant ancestor, then he obviously had a hump or some kind of bump. Name

they could give the child “from the evil eye” so that he would actually be beautiful and healthy. In a word Cherkashin different people were named in different places. It comes from the name of the people Cherkas/Circassian , but has long lost its ethnographic connection with this people. Cherkasy called the Don Cossacks; compare the name of their capital - Novocherkassk. And Cherkasy Cherkashenins

in some places they began to call people from the Don; in Zaporozhye this was the name given to people from Moscow.

To say for sure, you need to know your entire family history. Only linguistic analysis can be done on the basis of surnames. SURNAMES FORMED FROM NICKNAMES AND OLD RUSSIAN NAMES Nicknames that existed in the 19th-20th centuries can be difficult to separate from Old Russian names. For example, in ancient times (before the adoption of Christianity) Russians had personal names Bear, Wolf, Hare, Korob, etc. After the adoption of Christianity, similar names could be given as nicknames: Bear - to a large

to a strong man

, Wolf - lonely and to some extent predatory, Hare - a short, cowardly person, Box - dense, trying to hoard everything. There were also nicknames by profession: Turner, Tanner, Carpenter. Such nicknames were passed on to the descendants of the named and, formalized with appropriate suffixes, turned into surnames. - In the following presentation, no distinction is made between Old Russian names and nicknames (all are given in a single alphabet). But, if the basis of a particular surname was known as an Old Russian name, this is noted. Brylev shaved, shaved - lip, especially the upper one; b dug - at least cook some jelly (about a thick-lipped person); shaved - drooping lips of dogs such as boxers and bulldogs. This human trait has long attracted the attention of others; compare the names and nicknames of the 16th-17th centuries: Timofey Nikonovich Brilo Buturlin; Bryla .

, peasant; Vasily Shumilov - Brylkin Bolkunov to chat, to chat - to speak out of place, to chatter. Surname

Bolkunov - an Old Russian name not formalized with a special suffix, more widely known in the form Vereshchag - chatterbox, talker, grumpy person; squeal (about a child) - squeal, squeak, cry. Known: Vereshchag Blekly, late 15th century, Uglich; Vereshchag , peasant, 1510, Uglich.

Voltov - word volt borrowed from Italian. In Russian it is accepted in several meanings: revolution, circle, especially in special speech, for example: among musicians - repetition of some passage; for riders, turning the horse according to special rules. Some musician or equestrian instructor might have received the nickname Volt , because he often repeated this word. At the sharpies volt Some musician or equestrian instructor might have received the nickname it was called overexposure of cards. Nickname volt could have been given to someone who did it cleverly. Finally, in common parlance the word corresponds to literary jack Some musician or equestrian instructor might have received the nickname . Nickname owner

could become a man who looked like a jack. Among the gentlemen, jack was sometimes called a lackey and a boor. / Zhugan Zhukan - Old Russian name, derived from the name Bug

, very common. Zhigar - an Old Russian name not formalized by a suffix, formed from a verb , burn (set) on fire . .

Zhigar means “incited, instigator in a game, revelry, dance, indignation” (V. Dal). Stepan lived in Novgorod in 1495 - Zhigar Zverev Zhigar Beast - Old Russian name: Vasily Semenovich Kutuzov, 16th century, surname Zhigar Zverev Zhigar noted in 1497. Possibly a name

It was given as a protective measure so that the person named would not be harmed by any beast. In the 19th-20th centuries the nickname given to evil, ferocious people. Kozhevnikov - surname from nickname Kozhevnikov Tanner Kozhevnikov (by profession). The surname is common, since tanners - people engaged in tanning leather - were everywhere. Word

, given as a name or nickname to a person, was found for the first time in the 15th century: -Karpovich Kholopishchev, Suzdal. - Kolobkov Kolobok diminutive form old Russian name Kolob. Kolob - a lump of dough, a thick flatbread, a small round bread. Everyone knows the fairy tale about Kolobok . In 1550, Alabysh lived in the Moscow region Kolobov

, son of Perepechin, which indicates that

Kolob

he doesn't have a nickname, but a name. So:

son - Alabysh / Olabysh - small round bread;

father - Kolob - a small round bread or pie, flatbread; grandfather - Perepecha - a type of Easter cake, loaf. Thus, the entire family was named after the names of round-shaped bread products. Kolobok - son .

Koloba, diminutive form. From here - Kolobkovs - a box, a container for storing something. Perhaps such a name was given as a wish, so that the named would have everything in abundance. In Gogol, one elderly landowner was called Box . A peasant named Kalina Box

lived at the end of the 15th century in Novgorod. Lomovtsev - Lomovets - a person from the owner's house by name or nickname Scrap - a person from the owner's house by name or nickname . Nickname could have been given to a large, physically strong person. In a word scrap - a person from the owner's house by name or nickname vanity and turmoil were indicated. Old Russian name

could have been given to a child born during some kind of family turmoil. - Meshcheryakov surname formed from the word meshcheryak - inhabitant Meshchera - geographical area on the Oka River. In a word Meshchera

denote an ancient Finno-Ugric tribe that lived on the Oka. Muravyov - from the Old Russian name Ant - from the Old Russian name . In the 15th century, Ivan lived in the Moscow district

Olupovsky. Mushkatov - the surname is derived from a nickname Muscat / Muscat . This is the name of the grape variety, as well as the nutmeg tree - a tropical plant, the fruit of which, nutmeg, is eaten as a spicy seasoning. Nickname Muscat could be given to a person who mispronounced a word nutmeg . They could have given it to the person who used it Muscat nutmeg

nut, grape or wine made from it, which made him stand out from other people who did not use these rare dishes for Russia. Polishchuk / Poleshchuk - the surname is derived from the designation of the resident Polesie- a natural area located on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and partly Russia and Poland. Since they live on the territory of the region different peoples , (although all Slavic), in some parts of it the names of the inhabitants sound differently: Russian Polesians woodlander, woodlander; poleshuk, poleshuk; Poleschuki, Poleschuk; poleshchka ; Ukrainian Polishchuk, Polishchuk, Polishchuk

; Belarusian paleshuki, palashuk, palashuchka ; Belarusian . All this variation was reflected in the spelling of surnames. Reut - a surname without a special suffix, formed from an Old Russian name . In a word reut called the big bell. The word is sometimes explained in such a way that at the beginning of the ringing of this bell the note is heard re , gradually turning into Reut or before (which is otherwise called ut ). One of the bells on the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in Moscow is called ; Belarusian howler ; Belarusian . Perhaps it would be more correct to explain this word as a verb roar . Old Russian name roar , known already in the 15th century, when the peasant Yuri lived in Novgorod .

Perhaps this name was given to a child who cried in a particularly low voice. - the surname is formed from an Old Russian name or nickname Ronja . Ronja - this is the name of the bird, otherwise it is called the forest funnel.

Soloviev - from the Old Russian name Nightingale , widespread. For example, Ilya Elizarovich is famous Nightingale Borshchev, 1558, Yaroslavl. His son is Skvorets Ilyich Soloviev son Borshchev. Godname Starling Ilyich was not included in the vital records.

United - rare surname, possibly derived from the verb eat (each other), that is, to scold, quarrel, eaten, eaten - swearing, quarrel. I'll move out, I'll move out - a grumpy person.

Cheese milk - not specially designed suffixed surname, formed from the word cheese milk - curdled milk from raw milk. Name or nickname Cheese milk It wasn’t in my materials. Apparently it was given to a child with very white skin, similar to the name Sour cream .

Shamarov, Shamarin - a very difficult surname to explain. There is nothing similar in dictionaries. It is known that sound w often appeared on the spot With , as well as the syllable sha was replaced by she And shi . Based on this, let's try to make a short review.

Samar - the name of the tribal division of the Bashkirs. Samara - the name of a tributary of the Volga and the city that arose at its confluence with the Volga. In the 15th century the name was attested Samara Stepan Rodionovich Kvashnin. Whether this name is connected with the fact that Kvashnin had Bashkirs in his family is unclear, since V. Dahl’s dictionary contains the word Samar in the meaning of “long-length clothing” (in the Vladimir region). In the Old Russian language there was a word Samar in the meaning of “bag”, borrowed from Turkic languages. So last name Shamarov , apparently, is associated with the name of the Bashkir tribal division. At mixed marriages With these names were usually retained. When borrowing from one language to another w often replaced by Russian Muscat - , How - musket, string lace . Surname Shamarin Samara , possibly derived from the name of a river or city

, can also be associated with long-length clothing or a bag. - from the Old Russian name Shevyakov Shevyak . This name was given "from the evil eye." It is derived from the word shevyak - droppings of livestock and wild animals. There was a saying: "By shevyakam Shevyakov You recognize every beast." The name was registered in 1624 in Belyov: Lev

, peasant. Sheko - the surname is obviously formed from an Old Russian name Cheek with replacement of the initial sch w on - the surname is obviously formed from an Old Russian name . Name given to a child with full cheeks - the surname is obviously formed from an Old Russian name . Could be a nickname - a lively talker. When a surname was formed from this name or nickname, the final A replaced by O