Distorted words in the story are left-handed. Dictionary of allegorical words based on N.S. Leskov’s tale “Lefty”

N.S. Leskov in “Lefty” very often uses colloquial and dialect words in the narrator’s speech, which characterizes the narrator as a person belonging to a certain culture and social class. When translating these words, which have a pronounced oral character, many translators experience certain difficulties. Let's look at a number of examples:

"shooting the eye" ("Lefty" ch. 14). - “our eyes are trained” (J. H). “a trained eyes” A. Yarmolensky, B. Deutsch (A. Ya)

“send for us” (“Lefty” ch. 5). - “send for us” (A. Ya).

“embarrassed” (“Lefty” ch. 2) - “embarrass” (A. Ya). “upset” (J.H.).

“and he walks with his eyes downcast” (“Lefty” ch. 2). -

“But Platov strode along with his eyes fixed on the floor” (J. H).

“But Platov walked on with his eyes lowered” (A. Ya).

As we see from the examples, translators fail to translate Russian vernacular speech correctly. In translation, the narrator’s speech is close to literary, and therefore there is no motivation in the tale, and thus the image of a hero from the people in the original disappears when translated into English.

In "Lefty" the narrator doesn't speak. literary language, but has a special socially defined manner of speaking; in his speech you can sometimes find dialect words:

“otherwise you are very skilled in your hands…” (“Lefty” ch. 15). -

“and although you are very clever with your hands...” (J. H).

"leg" (the name of stockings, usually for women in the Voronezh region) ("Lefty" ch. 15). - “velvet talmas” (J.H.).

Thus, in translations, dialecticisms are often replaced by literary expressions, and sometimes completely omitted, which leads to the loss of connotative meaning, i.e. to leveling out cultural flavor.

Proverbs are “stable sayings, grammatically and rhythmically organized, which capture the practical experience of the people and their assessment and which appear in speech as independent judgments” [Lekant 2002: 62] are also found in the tales of N.S. Leskova, and “Lefty” is no exception. Already in the first chapter we encounter the proverb: “the morning is wiser than the evening” (“Lefty” ch. 1) - “I must sleep on it, he thought” (J. H).

In translation by J.H. Hannah uses conventional literary words, which disrupts the perception of what was said when reading by a foreign reader. Therefore, we believe that in in this case it would be more appropriate to use an analogue of this proverb in English language“An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.”

Since a tale is associated with a socially marked narrator, it may have speech standards and colloquial phraseological units, which the authors may experience certain difficulties in translating. Let's look at examples from the tale "Lefty":

“snow falling on our heads” (“Lefty” ch. 14) - “snow falling on our heads” (J. H).

As we can see from the example, the translator uses tracing to convey this phraseological unit. But in English there is a more suitable correspondence to this phraseological unit “as a bolt from the blue”, which we believe the best option in this case.

“We made a mistake” (“Lefty” ch. 2) - “Oho, we’ve been had” (J. H).

Literally, this phrase can be translated as “well, we got there.” Of course, such a translation is inaccurate and does not reveal the full flavor of the original phraseological unit, but only shows its colloquial nature.

One of the specific features of the tale style of narration in “Lefty” is the use of a large number of occasionalisms. This can be explained not only by the style of the work itself, but also by the peculiarity of N.S.’s individual style. Leskova.

Many scientists distinguish two types of occasionalisms: potential and individual-authorial. Potential occasionalisms are created on the basis of highly productive word-formation models, and individual-author occasionalisms are created according to unproductive or unusual models and are distinguished by their originality and catchy novelty [Vinogradov 2004: 125]. Leskov is characterized by individual authorial occasionalisms, and especially by formations built in the spirit of “folk etymology.”

Basically, when translating occasional words, translators use tracing, replace them with standard literary words, and also use description, which often leads to the loss of the originality of the original:

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SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE

"FIRST STEPS INTO SCIENCE"

LANGUAGE FEATURES OF N. S. LESKOV’S TALE “LEFT-HANDED.”

Completed by a student of grade 8 "G" MOBU secondary school No. 4

Mayatskaya Anastasia.

(Scientific adviser)

Dostoevsky's equal - he is a missed genius.

Igor Severyanin.

Any subject, any activity, any work seems uninteresting to a person if it is not clear. The work of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov “Lefty” is not very popular among seventh graders. Why? I think because it is complex and incomprehensible to schoolchildren of this age. And when you start to think about it, figure it out, assume and get to the bottom of the truth, then things open up. most interesting moments. And personally, I now think the story “Lefty” is one of the most extraordinary works of Russian literature, in the linguistic structure of which so much is hidden for a modern schoolchild...

The linguistic features of the story “Lefty” were subject of study our work. We tried to deal with every word usage unusual for the modern Russian language, and, if possible, find the reasons for the differences. We had to track changes of this kind in all sections of the language: phonetics, morphemics, morphology, syntax, punctuation, spelling, orthoepy. This is what it's all about structure our work is a description of linguistic changes in different sections of the language, although it should be noted right away that this classification is very relative, because some language changes can be attributed to several sections at once (however, like many phenomena of modern language).

So , target work - study the work “Lefty” (The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the steel flea) on the subject of it linguistic features, identify word usages unusual for the modern Russian language at all language levels and, if possible, find explanations for them.

2. The reasons for the occurrence of inconsistencies in word usage in the tale “Lefty” and the modern Russian language.

“The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea” was published in 1881. It is clear that significant changes have occurred in the language over 120 years - and this first reason appearance of discrepancies with modern standards word usage.

The second one is genre feature. “Lefty” entered the treasury of Russian literature also because it brought to perfection such a stylistic device as the skaz.

A tale is, by definition, “an artistic orientation towards an oral monologue of a narrative type; it is an artistic imitation of monologue speech.” If you think about the definition, it will become obvious that a work of this genre is characterized by a mixture of spoken (“oral monologue”) and book (“artistic imitation”) speech.

“Skaz”, as a word in the Russian language, clearly comes from the verb “skazat”, the full meaning of which is perfectly explained by: “speak”, “explain”, “notify”, “say” or “bayat”, that is, the skaz style goes back to folklore It is closer not to literary, but to colloquial speech(which means it is used a large number of colloquial word forms, words of so-called folk etymology). The author, as it were, is eliminated from the narrative and reserves the role of recording what he hears. (Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka is in this style). In "Lefty" the imitation of oral monologue speech is carried out at all levels of language, Leskov is especially inventive in word creation. And this The second reason discrepancies with modern literary norms.

Sources artistic language The writer's experiences are varied - they are primarily associated with his stock of life observations, deep acquaintance with the life and language of various social groups. The sources of the language were both ancient secular and church books, historical documents. “On my own behalf, I speak in the language of ancient fairy tales and church folk in purely literary speech,” said the writer. In your notebook Leskov lists ancient Russian words and expressions that interested him for their expressiveness, which he later uses in the text. works of art. Thus, in the texts of the works the author also used Old Russian and Church Slavonic word forms, rooted in the distant linguistic past. And this third reason discrepancies between language word forms in Leskov’s work and modern ones.

Igor Severyanin, also distinguished by his unusual word-creation, once wrote a sonnet dedicated to him. There were lines:

Dostoevsky's equal, he is a missed genius.

Enchanted wanderer of the catacombs of language!

It is through these catacombs of language in Leskov’s work “Lefty” that I suggest you go.

VOCABULARY.

Turning to popular vernacular, spoken language, folklore expressions, using words with folk etymology, Leskov tries to show that Russian folk speech is extremely rich, talented, and expressive.

Obsolete words and forms of words.

The text of the work “Lefty”, of course, is unusually rich in archaisms and historicisms (chubuk, postilion, kazakin, erfix (sobering drug), talma...), but any modern edition contains the necessary number of footnotes and explanations of such words, so that every student can read them on one's own. We were more interested obsolete forms of words:

Adjective comparative degree more useful, that is, more useful;

The participle “servant” as a noun from the lost verb “serve”: “... showed to the servant on the mouth."

The short participle of “blankets” (that is, dressed) from the disappeared blanket.

The participle “hosha”, formed from the verb “to want” (with the modern suffix –sh-, by the way)

The use of the word “although” instead of the modern “though”: “Now if I had Although there is one such master in Russia..."

The case form “on digits” is not a mistake: along with the word “digit”, there also existed the now obsolete (with a touch of irony) form “tsifir”.

Obsolete form of the adverb " alone" instead of "however".(Like " far away burst out: hurray "y).

The appearance of the so-called prosthetic consonant “v” between vowels

(“right-wingers") was characteristic of the Old Russian language in order to eliminate the unusual phenomenon of gaping (confluence of vowels).

Colloquial expressions:

-“...a glass of sour milk choked out";

-“..great I’m driving”, that is, quickly

-“...so watered without mercy,” that is, they beat.

-“...something will take..." that is, it will distract.

-“...smoked without stop"

Pubel poodle

Tugament instead of document

Kazamat - casemate

Symphon - siphon

Grandevu - rendezvous

Schiglets = boots

Washable – washable

Half skipper-sub skipper

Puplection - apoplexy (stroke)

Words with folk zytymology, most often formed by combining words.

Coach two-seater– a combination of the words “double” and “sit down”

The text shows fluctuations in the gender of nouns, which is typical of the literary norm of that time: “. .shutter slammed"; and unusual, erroneous forms: “his by force did not hold back,” that is, the instrumental case is declined according to the masculine model, although the nominative case is a feminine noun.

Mixing case forms. The word “look” can be used both with nouns in V. p. and with nouns in R. p.., Leskov mixed these forms: “... in different states miracles look."

- “Everything here is in your sight,” and provide.”, that is, “view”.

- “... Nikolai Pavlovich was terrible... memorable." (instead of “memorable”)

- “...they look at the girl without hiding, but with all relatedness.”(relatives)

-“... so that not a single minute for the Russian usefulness didn’t disappear” (benefits)

Inversion:

- “...now very angry.”

- “...you will have something worthy of presenting to the sovereign’s splendor.”

Mixing styles (colloquial and bookish):

-“...I wish you soon native place, because otherwise I might get a form of insanity.”

-“...no emergency holidays” (special)

- “...wants a detailed intention to discover about the girl...”

-“..from here with the left-hander and foreign species have come.”

-“...we’re going to look at their weapons chamber of curiosities, there are such nature of perfection"

- “...every person has everything for himself absolute circumstances It has". In addition, the use of such a form of the predicate verb is not typical of the Russian language (as, for example, English; and it is the English that the hero is talking about).

-“.. I don’t know now , for what need Is this kind of repetition happening to me?

Conclusion.

As can be seen from the above examples, changes have occurred at all levels of language. I believe that having become acquainted with at least some of them, seventh graders will not only receive new information, but will also be very interested in reading the work “Lefty”.

For example, we suggested that our classmates work with examples from the “Vocabulary” section, here you can show your ingenuity, your linguistic flair, and no special preparation is required. Having explained several variants of words with folk etymology, they offered to figure out the rest on their own. The students were interested in the work.

And I would like to end my research with the words of M. Gorky: “Leskov is also a wizard of words, but he did not write plastically, but told stories, and in this art he has no equal. His story is an inspired song, simple, purely Great Russian words, descending one after another into intricate lines, sometimes thoughtfully, sometimes laughingly, ringing, and you can always hear in them tremulous love to people…"

1.Introduction (relevance of the topic, structure of the work, purpose of the study).

2. Reasons for the occurrence of inconsistencies in word usage in the work “Lefty” and in the modern Russian language.

3. Study of the language features of the tale “Lefty” at all levels:

Vocabulary;

Morphology;

Word formation;

Phonetics;

Textual criticism;

Syntax and punctuation;

Spelling.

4. Conclusion.

References.

1. . Novels and stories, M.: AST Olimp, 1998

2. . . Historical grammar of the Russian language.-M.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963

3. . Dictionary living Great Russian language (1866). Electronic version.

Realizing the place and significance of N.S. Leskov in the literary process, we always note that he is an amazingly original writer. The external dissimilarity of his predecessors and contemporaries sometimes made him see in him a completely new phenomenon, which had no parallel in Russian literature. Leskov is brightly original, and at the same time you can learn a lot from him.He is an amazing experimenter who gave birth to a whole wave of artistic searches in Russian literature; He is a cheerful, mischievous experimenter, and at the same time extremely serious and deep, setting himself great educational goals.

Leskov’s creativity, one might say, knows no social boundaries. He brings out in his works people of various classes and circles: and landowners - from the rich to the semi-poor, and officials of all stripes - from the minister to the quarterly, and the clergy - monastic and parish - from the metropolitan to the sexton, and military men of various ranks and types of weapons, and peasants, and people from the peasantry - soldiers, artisans and every working person. Leskov willingly shows different representatives of the nationalities of Russia at that time: Ukrainians, Yakuts, Jews, Gypsies, Poles... Leskov’s versatility of knowledge of the life of each class, estate, and nationality is amazing. Leskov's exceptional life experience, his vigilance, memory, his linguistic flair were needed to describe the life of the people so closely, with such knowledge of life, economic structure, family relationships, folk art, native language.

With all the breadth of coverage of Russian life, there is a sphere in Leskov’s work to which his most significant and famous works belong: this is the sphere of life of the people.

Who are the heroes of Leskov’s most beloved works by our readers?

Heroes" Sealed angel" - mason workers, "Left-handed" - blacksmith, Tula gunsmith, " Toupee artist"- serf hairdresser and theatrical make-up artist

To place a hero from the people at the center of the narrative, it is necessary First of all, master his language, be able to reproduce the speech of different segments of the people, different professions, destinies, ages. The task of recreating the living language of the people in a literary work required special art, when Leskov used the form of skaz.

The tale in Russian literature comes from Gogol, but was especially skillfully developed by Leskov and glorified him as an artist. The essence of this manner is that the narration is not conducted on behalf of a neutral, objective author; the narrative is narrated by a narrator, usually a participant in the events being reported. The speech of a work of art imitates the living speech of an oral story. Moreover, in a fairy tale, the narrator is usually a person from a different social circle and cultural layer to which the writer and the intended reader of the work belong. Leskov’s story is narrated by either a merchant, or a monk, or an artisan, or a retired mayor, or a former soldier. . Each narrator speaks in a way that is characteristic of his education and upbringing, his age and profession, his concept of himself, his desire and ability to impress his listeners.

This manner gives Leskov’s story a special liveliness. The language of his works, unusually rich and varied, deepens the social and individual characteristics of his heroes, and becomes for the writer a means of subtle assessment of people and events. Gorky wrote about Leskov's tale:"...The people of his stories often talk about themselves, but their speech is so amazingly alive, so truthful and convincing that they stand before you as mysteriously tangible, physically clear, as people from the books of L. Tolstoy and others, otherwise to say, Leskov achieves the same result, but with a different technique of mastery."

To illustrate Leskov’s storytelling style, let’s take some tirade from "Lefty" This is how the narrator describes, based on Lefty's impressions, the living and working conditions of English workers : “Every worker they have is constantly well-fed, is not dressed in rags, but each one is wearing a capable tunic vest, shod in thick boots with iron knobs, so as not to get his feet on anything; he works not with a boilie, but with training and has for himself concepts. In front of everyone, in plain sight, hangs a multiplication dot, and under his hand is an erasable board: all the master does is look at the dot and compare it with the concept, and then he writes one thing on the board, erases another, and neatly puts together what is written on the numbers. , that’s what actually happens.”

The narrator did not see any English workers. He dresses them according to his imagination, combining a jacket with a vest. He knows that they work there “according to science”; in this regard, he himself has only heard about the “multiplication dot”, which means that a master who works not “by eye”, but with the help of “digits”, must check his products with it. The narrator, of course, does not have enough familiar words; he distorts or uses unfamiliar words incorrectly. “Shiblets” become “schiglets” - probably by association with panache. The multiplication table turns into a “chicken” - obviously because the students “chuck” it. Wanting to designate some kind of extension on the boots, the narrator calls it a knob, transferring to it the name of the extension on a stick.

Popular storytellers often reinterpret strange-sounding foreign words into Russian., which, with such alteration, receive new or additional meanings; Leskov especially willingly imitates this so-called “folk etymology” ". Thus, in “Lefty” the barometer turns into a “storm meter”, the “microscope” into a “small scope”, the “pudding” into a “studying” " etc. Leskov, who passionately loved puns, wordplay, witticisms, and jokes, filled “Levsha” with linguistic oddities. But their set does not give the impression of excess, because the immense brightness of the verbal patterns is in the spirit of folk buffoonery. And sometimes a verbal game not only amuses, but behind it there is a satirical denunciation.

The narrator in a tale usually addresses some interlocutor or group of interlocutors, the narrative begins and progresses in response to their questions and comments. At the core "Toupee artist" - the story of an old nanny to her pupil, a nine-year-old boy. This nanny is a former actress of the Oryol serf theater of Count Kamensky. This is the same theater that is described in Herzen’s story “The Thieving Magpie” under the name of the theater of Prince Skalinsky. But the heroine of Herzen’s story is not only a highly talented, but, due to exceptional life circumstances, also an educated actress. Leskov’s Lyuba is an uneducated serf girl, with natural talent capable of singing, dancing, and performing roles in plays “by sight” (that is, by hearsay, following other actresses). She is not able to tell and reveal everything that the author wants to tell the reader, and she cannot know everything (for example, the master’s conversations with his brother). Therefore, not the entire story is told from the perspective of the nanny; part of the events are presented by the author with the inclusion of excerpts and small quotes from nanny's story.

In the very popular work Leskova - "Lefty" we encounter a tale of a different kind. There is no author, no listeners, no narrator. More precisely, the author’s voice is heard for the first time after the completion of the tale: in the final chapter, the writer characterizes the story told as a “fabulous legend,” an “epic” of the masters, “a myth personified by folk fantasy.”

(*10) The narrator in “Lefty” exists only as a voice that does not belong to a specific, named person. This is, as it were, the voice of the people - the creator of the “gunsmith legend”.

"Lefty"- not an everyday tale, where the narrator narrates events he has experienced or personally known to him; here he retells a legend created by the people, as folk storytellers perform epics or historical songs. As in the folk epic, in “Lefty” a number of historical figures act: two kings - Alexander I and Nicholas I, ministers Chernyshev, Nesselrode (Kiselvrode), Kleinmichel, ataman of the Don Cossack army Platov, commandant of the Peter and Paul Fortress Skobelev and others.

Contemporaries did not appreciate either “Lefty” or Leskov’s talent in general.They believed that Leskov was excessive in everything: he applied bright colors too thickly, put his characters in too unusual positions, forced them to speak in an exaggeratedly characteristic language, and strung too many episodes onto one thread. and so on.

Most associated with the creativity of the people "Lefty". At the very basis of its plot lies a comic saying in which the people expressed admiration for the art of Tula masters: "The Tula people shoed a flea". Used by Leskov and popularly used legends about the skill of Tula gunsmiths. Also in early XIX century, an anecdote was published about how an important Russian gentleman showed an expensive English pistol to a craftsman at the Tula Arms Factory, and he, taking the pistol, “unscrewed the trigger and showed his name under the screw.” In “Lefty,” Platov arranges the same demonstration to prove to Tsar Alexander that “we have our own at home just as well.” In the English “armoury cabinet of curiosities”, (*12) taking the especially praised “pistol” in his hands, Platov unscrews the lock and shows the tsar the inscription: “Ivan Moskvin in the city of Tula.”

As we see, love for the people, the desire to discover and show the best sides of the Russian folk character did not make Leskov a panegyrist, did not prevent him from seeing the features of slavery and ignorance that his history imposed on the people. Leskov does not hide these traits in the hero of his myth about the brilliant master. The legendary Lefty and his two comrades managed to forge and attach horseshoes with nails to the legs of a steel flea made in England. On each horseshoe “the artist’s name is displayed: which Russian master made that horseshoe.” These inscriptions can only be seen through a “microscope that magnifies five million times.” But the artisans did not have any microscopes, but only “shot eyes.”

This, of course, is a fabulous exaggeration, but it has a real basis. Tula craftsmen have always been especially famous and are still famous for their miniature products, which can only be seen with the help of a strong magnifying glass.

Admiring the genius of Lefty, Leskov, however, is far from idealizing the people as they were, according to historical conditions, at that time. Lefty is ignorant, and this cannot but affect his creativity. The art of the English craftsmen was manifested not so much in the fact that they cast the flea from steel, but in the fact that the flea danced, wound up with a special key. Savvy, she stopped dancing. And the English masters, cordially welcoming Lefty, sent to England with a savvy flea , indicate that he is hampered by a lack of knowledge: "...Then you could have realized that in every machine there is a calculation of force, otherwise you are very skilled in your hands, but you did not realize that such a small machine, like in the nymphosoria, is designed for the most accurate accuracy and does not have shoeings cannot. Now the nymphosoria does not jump and dance through this.” Leskov attached great importance to this point. In an article devoted to the tale of Lefty, Leskov contrasts Lefty’s genius with his ignorance, and his (ardent patriotism) with the lack of concern for the people and homeland in the ruling clique. Leskov writes: “The reviewer of “New Time” notes that in Lefty I had the idea to bring out not one person, and that where it says “Lefty”, you should read “Russian people”.

Lefty loves his Russia with a simple-hearted and ingenuous love. He cannot be tempted by an easy life in a foreign land. He is eager to go home because he is faced with a task that Russia needs to complete; thus she became the goal of his life. In England, Lefty learned that the muzzles of guns should be lubricated, and not cleaned with crushed bricks, as was customary in the Russian army then, - which is why “bullets dangle in them” and guns, “God bless war, (...) are not suitable for shooting ". With this he hurries to his homeland. He arrives sick, the authorities did not bother to provide him with a document, the police completely robbed him, after which they began to take him to hospitals, but they would not admit him anywhere without a “tugament”, they threw the patient onto the floor, and finally, “the back of his head split on the paratha” . Dying, Lefty thought only about how to bring his discovery to the king, and still managed to inform the doctor about it. He reported to the Minister of War, but in response he received only a rude shout: “Know (...) your emetic and laxative, and don’t interfere with your own business: in Russia there are generals for that.”

In the story" Stupid artist" the writer depicts a rich count with an “insignificant face” that exposes an insignificant soul. This is an evil tyrant and tormentor: people he dislikes are torn to pieces by hunting dogs, executioners torment them with incredible tortures. Thus, Leskov contrasts truly courageous people from the people with “gentlemen”, maddened by immense power over people and imagining themselves courageous, because they are always ready to torment and to destroy people at their own whim or caprice - of course, with the hands of others. There were enough such “foreign hands” at the service of the masters: both serfs and civilians, servants and people appointed by the authorities for all kinds of assistance.” strong of the world this." The image of one of the master's servants is vividly depicted in "The Stupid Artist." This is pop. Arkady, undaunted by the torture that threatens him, perhaps fatal, tries to save his beloved girl from the abuse (*19) of her by a depraved master. The priest promises to marry them and hide them at his place for the night, after which both hope to get into the “Turkish Khrushchuk”. But the priest, having previously robbed Arkady, betrays the fugitives to the count's people sent to search for the escaped ones, for which he receives a well-deserved spit in the face.

"Lefty"

ORIGINALITY OF NARRATION. LANGUAGE FEATURES. While discussing the genre uniqueness of the story, we said nothing about such a definition of the genre as “skaz”. And this is no coincidence. The tale as a genre of oral prose implies a focus on oral speech, narration on behalf of a participant in the event. In this sense, “Lefty” is not a traditional tale. At the same time, skaz can also be called such a way of storytelling, which involves “separation” of the narrative from the participant in the events himself. In “Lefty” exactly this process occurs, especially since the word “fable” is used in the story, suggesting the fantastic nature of the narrative. The narrator, being neither a witness nor a participant in the events, actively expresses his attitude to what is happening in various forms. At the same time, in the tale itself one can detect the originality of the position of both the narrator and the author.

Throughout the story the style of narration changes. If at the beginning of the first chapter the narrator outwardly ingenuously sets out the circumstances of the emperor’s arrival in England, then he consistently talks about the events taking place, using colloquialisms, outdated and distorted forms of words, different types of neologisms etc., then already in the sixth chapter (in the story about the Tula masters) the narrative becomes different. It does not completely lose its colloquial character, however becomes more neutral, distorted forms of words and neologisms are practically not used . By changing the narrative style, the author wants to show the seriousness of the situation described.. It doesn't happen by chance even high vocabulary, when the narrator characterizes “the skilled people on whom the hope of the nation now rested.” The same kind of narrative can be found in the last, 20th chapter, which obviously, to summarize, contains the author's point of view, so its style differs from the style of most of the chapters.

The narrator’s calm and seemingly dispassionate speech often includes expressively colored words(for example, Alexander Pavlovich decided to “travel around Europe”), which becomes one of the forms of expression author's position, deeply hidden in the text.

The narrative itself skillfully emphasizes intonation features of characters' speech(cf., for example, the statements of Alexander I and Platov).

According to I.V. Stolyarova, Leskov “directs readers’ interest to the events themselves”, which is facilitated by the special logical structure of the text: most of the chapters have an ending, and some have a kind of beginning, which makes it possible to clearly separate one event from another. This principle creates the effect of a fantastic manner. It can also be noted that in a number of chapters, it is at the end that the narrator expresses the author’s position: “And the courtiers who are standing on the steps all turn away from him, thinking: “Platov got caught and now they’ll drive him out of the palace,” that’s why they couldn’t stand him for bravery” (end of chapter 12).

It is impossible not to note the use of various techniques that characterize the features of not only oral speech, but also folk poetry in general: tautologies(“they shod on horseshoes”, etc.), peculiar forms of verbs with prefix(“I admired”, “send”, “clap”, etc.), words with diminutive suffixes(“palm”, “little belly”, etc.). It is interesting to pay attention to the entered text of the saying(“morning is wiser than night”, “snow on your head”). Sometimes Leskov can modify them.

ABOUT the mixing of different manners of narration is evidenced by the nature of neologisms. They can go into more detail describe an object and its function(two-seater carriage), scene(busters - combining the words busts and chandeliers, the writer gives a more complete description of the room in one word), action(whistles - whistle and messengers accompanying Platov), ​​designate foreign curiosities(marble coats - camel coats, etc.), the state of the characters (waiting - waiting and agitation, an annoying couch on which long years lay Platov, characterizing not only the hero’s inaction, but also his wounded pride). The appearance of neologisms in Leskov is in many cases due to literary play.

“Thus, Leskov’s tale as a type of narration was not only transformed and enriched, but also served to create a new genre variety: the tale. A fairy tale story is distinguished by its great depth of coverage of reality, approaching in this sense the novel form. It was Leskov’s fairy tale that contributed to the emergence of a new type of truth-seeker, who can be put on a par with the heroes of Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky” (Mushchenko E.G., Skobelev V.P., Kroichik L.E. S. 115). The artistic originality of “Lefty” is determined by the task of searching for special forms of expressing the author’s position to assert the strength of national character.

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary general education

Russian-Tatar school No. 000

Sovetsky district of Kazan"

Research

on this topic:

"Folk etymology in the tale

"Lefty."

Done the job

Zagidullina Denmark.

Checked the work

and literature

Solovyova M. G.

Kazan - 2009

Target:

Identify and describe the phenomenon of folk etymology in the tale “Lefty”.

Tasks:

Find out the understanding of the morphemic composition of a word and the motivation for its meaning based on convergence with consonant words that are different from it in origin.

Relevance:

The fate of Lefty symbolizes for Leskov the fate of the entire nation, the potential of which is enormous, but constrained by external circumstances. In the tale, the writer embodies the epic image of a gifted master living in the consciousness of the people. To do this, Leskov uses the technique of “folk etymology” - distortion of a word in a folk way, reproducing dialect ordinary people, which is relevant and informative today.

Practical meaning:

If a student knows from which language a word came into Russian, how it was formed, what its etymology is, then he will never make a spelling mistake.

1. Introduction.

2. Main part.

B) Folk etymology.

3. Conclusion.

1.Introduction.

In the tale “Lefty” we encounter many new words. Word creation begins where the narrator or hero encounters non-Russian names that are incomprehensible to an illiterate person. The artisan, talking about things unfamiliar and foreign to him, distorts their names according to his idea of ​​them. But at the same time, the narrator puts a humorous meaning into them in the spirit of popular understanding.

The irregularities that appear in the text reflect folk etymology (the science of the origin and history of words). Big encyclopedic Dictionary defines folk etymology as an understanding of the morphemic composition of a word and the motivation of its meaning based on convergence with consonant words that are different from it in origin. In other words, folk etymology is an alteration and rethinking of a borrowed (less often native) word based on the model of a word in the native language that is close in sound to it, but which differs from it in origin. Unlike scientific etymology, folk etymology is based not on the laws of language development, but on the random similarity of words.

Researchers have documented more than 3,000 tumors different parts speeches in Leskov’s works. He was the first in Russian literature to consistently use this method of word formation as an artistic device.

This is a feature of the writer's individual style.
Word game displays the assessment, creates a comic effect. It characterizes one’s outlook, attitude towards the usual phenomena of life, as well as another culture (the life of kings, English workers). In addition, word creation, “linguistic tricks,” wit, and buffoonery are manifestations of the talent of the Russian people, because the ability to speak “outlandishly” is not granted to everyone, just like any skill.

3. Main part.

A) "Left-handed". The originality of the genre.

The colorful character of a gifted Russian man and his fate in Russia are the focus of attention in his tale “Lefty”. The writer actively uses the traditions of folk tales, oral traditions, and jokes. Striving for authenticity in the depiction of folk life, the writer resorts to specific storytelling techniques developed by folklore, which ensure maximum objectivity of the story.

The plot of the tale is based on the characteristic folk epic motive of competition, rivalry, struggle.

The whole story is told from the point of view common man. It would seem that Leskov does not find himself anywhere. But in covering events, it is important for Leskov not only to see the whole story through the eyes of a character close to the hero, but also to correct him. Leskov reminds of himself either with a caustic word, or with a deliberately satirical depiction, or with a sad reflection. No matter how skilled Lefty is, his craft loses a lot from the fact that he creates on a whim, by inspiration, without taking into account the simplest knowledge. Therefore, Leskov is not only admired by the skill of the Russian man, but is sarcastic. His satire is directed, of course, not at Lefty, who “doesn’t know how to read and write,” but at those who excommunicated him from enlightenment and left his talent gray, unfinished. The fate of Lefty symbolizes for Leskov the fate of the entire nation, the potential of which is enormous, but constrained by external circumstances. Therefore, without abandoning the hymn to the talent of the ordinary Russian man, Leskov significantly sharpens satirical image, and the whole tale takes on a tragic sound. Leskov seems to be confronting two intonations and narratives: laudatory and sarcastic. The motive of rivalry allows the writer to give an incident, occasion, or curiosity a national, generalizing meaning. Life talented person in Russia, according to the writer, it is tragic and no one needs it. But Leskov does not lose faith in folk character, in his resilience, humane and moral principles.

In the tale, he embodies the epic image of a gifted master living in the consciousness of the people. The writer uses the technique of “folk etymology” - distortion of the word in a folk way, reproduces the oral dialect of ordinary people: “multiplication dot”, “two-light” (double), “nymphosoria” (ciliates), “prelamut” (mother of pearl), “without -reason”, etc.

Concluding the story about Lefty, he wrote: “This is their epic, and, moreover, with a very “human soul.” The writer strove to ensure that the thoughts and beliefs dear to him seemed to come from the people’s heart. That's why he introduced so widely folklore motives, and the whole tale grew out of the proverb “The Tula people shoed a flea.”

B) Folk etymology.

The phenomenon of folk etymology is a striking sign of vernacular speech, therefore, to characterize the speech of their characters, writers often resort to using words reinterpreted by accidental consonance and semantic similarity. This is the phenomenon we observe.

What interesting examples folk etymology we find in? Here is an incomplete list of words that illustrate the phenomenon of folk etymology.

couch - "couch" messengers - “whistle” table - “dobe” Apollo Belvedere - "Abolon of Polvedere" camel - "marble" pyramids - “ceramides” variations - "beliefs" mother of pearl - “prelamut” poodle - "pubel" document - “tugament” pudding - "studding" socks - “boots” dance - "danse" microscope - "melkoskop" pari - "parey" bay - "buffa" Mediterranean - "Solid Earth" barometer - "storm meter" “nymphosoria” - from the words nymph and ciliates “public” - from the words public and police “slander” - from the words feuilleton and slander.

Let's try to explain how some of these hilarious words came about. In my opinion, it is completely clear why the socks were called boots. They put them on their feet! And the messengers used a whistle to attract attention. Probably, the barometer received an even more accurate name: it can be used to determine the approach of bad weather or a storm. This is where the storm meter appears in the speech of Leskov’s heroes. And the beliefs sound quite reasonable, because the word “variation” comes from the Latin “change.”

It is interesting to use word-formation models of the Russian language to explain words of foreign origin.

Pudding is a casserole made from porridge, cottage cheese, and fruit. Apparently, this dish reminded our heroes of a Russian dish - jelly.

A feuilleton is a newspaper or magazine article on a topical topic, using humorous and satirical devices presentation. However, false information can also be used in feuilletons. And then it really turns into slander.

In a similar way, the words appeared: melkoscope, stormmeter, nymphosoria, public, etc.

The tale contains many linguistic curiosities in the spirit of buffoons; even in the language of the emperor there are irregularities. The language of the tale imitates living oral speech. The narrator speaks on behalf of the people themselves, and therefore distorts unfamiliar, especially foreign words so that they become close and understandable to him. The distortion of words revealed folk wit (slander), resourcefulness (storm meter), and irony (Count Kiselvrode).

The term folk etymology was introduced by the German linguist Förssmann in the middle of the last century. In Russia, such prominent scientists as de Courtenay, modern linguists, and others wrote about folk etymology. However, when describing folk etymology modern authors mainly use examples from the fund created by Russian linguists on turn of XIX-XX centuries and replenished very sparingly. This suggests that folk etymological words appear, firstly, in oral speech, and secondly, among illiterate people or people who have not received sufficient education, and are not written down or recorded. With the growth of scientific knowledge and linguistic culture, this phenomenon may disappear altogether.

Nowadays, the principle of bringing together different but somewhat consonant words, characteristic of folk etymology, is used by some students when writing dictations. Of course, such “folk etymology” does not save them; on the contrary, it leads to spelling errors. This happens when a word (and even a foreign one) contains a vowel [a] or [o], [e] that cannot be verified by stress. So the writer is looking for an explanation, bringing together the word he needs with a similar sounding one and does not take into account that they are etymologically completely unrelated. For example, how to write the word vanilla (French vanille) and morality (French moga1e)? A person who is not literate enough can write “stink” and “stain”, elevating vanilla to the word stink, and morality to the verb to dirty. If the student knows from which language the word came into the Russian language, how it was formed, what its etymology is, then he will never make a spelling mistake. Let's look into the etymological dictionary more often!

3. Conclusion.

Leskov called himself an “artist of style,” that is, a writer who masters living, rather than literary, speech. From this speech he drew its imagery and strength, clarity and precision, lively emotional excitement and musicality. Leskov believed that in the Oryol and Tula provinces the peasants spoke surprisingly figuratively and accurately. “So, for example,” the writer reports, “a woman does not say about her husband, “he loves me,” but says, “he pities me.” Think about it, and you will see how complete, tender, accurate and clear it is. A husband does not talk about a pleasant wife says that he “liked” her, he says, “she came to all my thoughts.” Look again, how clear and complete she is.

In an effort to enrich, strengthen language means artistic depiction and expressiveness, Leskov skillfully used the so-called folk etymology. Its essence lies in rethinking words and phrases in the spirit of the common people, as well as in the sound deformation of words (especially of foreign origin). Both are carried out on the basis of corresponding semantic and sound analogies. In the story "Lady Macbeth" Mtsensk district" we read: “Few people will speak to you with a long tongue.” In “Warrior”: “Why are you... you’re really disgusting yourself.” In “Lefty”: “two-seater carriage”, “small scope”, “nymphosoria”, etc. n. Of course, Leskov overheard such speeches not for the sake of aesthetic collecting or photographic copying, but in the name of achieving certain ideological and artistic goals. Reinterpretation and sound deformation of words and phrases in the narrator’s speech often gave the language of the work an almost imperceptible comic or parody-satirical quality. humorous and ironic tone.

Used Books:

1. Encyclopedia for children. T. 10: Linguistics. Russian language. M., 1999.

2. , Bobrova dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1994.

3. , Telenkova - directory of linguistic terms. M., 1985.

4. http://*****

5. http://ru. wikipedia. org/

6. http://*****

7. ksana – k / people / ru / book / 3 tom / 3 / literature / 12/ htm Features of the poetics of works

6th grade students

The compilation of this dictionary is a project of 6th grade students based on the work “Lefty”. In it you will find required material about the tale “Lefty”, and also collected words that are puns. Leskov's language this work- this is his wealth.

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“Lefty” (full title “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”) - storyNikolai Leskov , written and published in1881 . The author included the story in his collection of works “The Righteous”.

First published in the magazine "Rus". Published in a separate edition in 1882.

The story “Lefty” is an example of a Russian tale, the traditions of which were laid backGogol . Tale - epic genre based on folk legends and legends. The narration is told on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and style of speech.

The narrative looks like an oral story in which the author, unfamiliar with foreign words, distorts them in the most unexpected way. Plunging into folk life, the writer wanted to portray her as she really is and with her language. Therefore, his heroes express their thoughts with those irregularities, speech distortions, and purely folk turns of speech that are characteristic of to the common people. Leskov eavesdropped on the speech of different segments of the Russian population and turned to folklore. The famous Leskov tale was compiled from different layers of language. And this one special language story, which is peppered with puns and words that arose in the writer’s imagination, a kind of folketymology and there is the real richness of the work.

The main character of the story is a left-handed craftsman. He is unusually talented, gifted with unusual abilities. And at the same time, he does not know the basics of science, he acts by intuition.

Leskov mourns the fact that the people, although infinitely talented, are uneducated and unenlightened. The writer dreams that the talent of the people will be united with the broad scientific knowledge. And he also thinks that the people are endlessly humiliated, that they do not listen to him and do not delve into his feelings and thoughts. The talent and lack of education of ordinary people is the main problem in Russia.

“Dictionary of allegorical words based on N.S. Leskov’s tale “Lefty”

Abolon Polvedere - Apollo Belvedere

Anticipation - endurance

Aglitsky - English

Storm gauge - barometer

Bufta - bay

With a boilie - with beatings

Beliefs - variations

Grandevu – rendezvous (meeting, date)

Sepulchral icons - myrrh-streaming, exuding fragrant liquid

Twelve languages ​​– twelve languages

Double carriage – double

Multiplication dolbit - multiplication table

Slander - from the words feuilleton and slander

Root tube - a tube made from the root of a tree

Ceramides - pyramids

Melkoscope - microscope

Boots - socks

Nymphosoria - from nymph and ciliate; something strange, microscopic

Ozyamchik - peasant clothing like a coat

Pistolya – pistol, weapon

Prelamut - mother of pearl

Nasty - on the opposite side of the street

Pubel - poodle

Chicken with lynx – with rice

Studing - pudding

Symphon – siphon for water

Tugament - document

Solid Earth Sea - Mediterranean

With a repeater - with a repeater (fight)

Couch - couch